1

APPRAISAL OF THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN NIGERIAN PUBLIC

SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED GOVERNMENT

ESTABLISHMENT IN ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

Accounting can be defined as the recording summarizing analyzing and interpretation

of an organization.Accounting system is a set of rules regulations and procedures

which are articulated by a appropriate theoretical force into a system. Ti process data

into information which are required as input in the decision making system of the

organization.Based on these definitions accounting of public sector involves activities

of collecting analyzing recoding summarizing reporting and interpretation of

transaction of government units.The objective of the study is to determine he

effectiveness of the existing system of accounting of government units to appraise the

system and ascertain their suitability to analyze the problem associated with the

system of accounting adopted (if any) by these organization and to identify future

improvement. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used in this research.

Research question were formulated and a questionnaire comprising statement drawn

form the research question were prepared as well. Interviews as a primary sources and

textbooks as a secondary sources were also used. Some of the major finding form the

analysis of data colected are appointment of unqualified accountants to act as accounts

supervisor negative attitude of most accountants towards accountability resulting to

inadequate keeping of records and accounts the effect of self accounting system which
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is now used as an act for embezzlement/ self enrichment by the public sector

accountants inadequate training and development of public sector accountants which

results to lack of proficiency of public sector accounting system incompetent among

accountants in the public sector and the delay is presenting and preparation of annual

financial statement in the public sector.On the basis of these finding the following

recommendation are made viz.

- Adequate internal control system has to be institute by the management for

the prevention and detection of fraud and irregularities is the public sector

- Training of the account personnel should be adopted in the public sector

service.

- Financial statement must be prepared and present to members annually to

have the related information on their loopholes and area to improve on.

- The above recommendation of fully implemented will enhance government

accounting system and records and also stimulated improved financial

reporting system in the public sector

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Purpose of the study

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1.4 Significance of study

1.5 Statement of hypothesis

1.6 Scope and limitation of study

1.7 Summary of methodology

1.8 Brief history/background of the study

1.9 Definition of term

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Who is an accountant

2.2 Accounting defined

2.3 Book-keeping and accounting differentiated

2.4 Government accounting is the public sector

2.5 Basis of the accounting and legal basis

2.6 Objective of accounting in the public sector

2.7 The nature of Nigerian public sector accounting

2.8 The scope of public sector accounting

2.9 Government and commercial accounting compared

2.10 Some identified problem of the Nigerian public sector accounting.

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2.11 Reference

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Method and sources of data

3.2 Research population

3.3 Research instrument

3.4 Sampling method

3.5 Data analysis technique

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Data analysis

4.2 Data presentation

4.3 Test of hypothesis

4.4 Major finding

CHAPETR FIVE

Summary recommendation and conclusion

5.0 Summary of finding

5.1 Recommendation

5.2 Conclusion
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Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Accounting system is an organization has a significance impact is the efficient

management and administration of the organization accounting has been called the

“language of business and financial decision” because it provide management with

data needed for decision making and for efficient operation of the firm.

Walgenbach Dlttrich and Hanson defined accounting as the process of recording

classifying reporting and interpreting the financial data of an organization.

Once an accounting system has been defined and installed recording and classifying

data become some what routine and repetitive. Accounting is a dynamic profession

like language it does not stay static it grows embrace additional rolls in its

development trail.

Extensively accounting records has to be maintained not just because these records are

required by law but to avoid confrontation with a multitude of complex variables.

Accountants cannot just observe the daily operation instead he must depend on the

accounting process to convert business transaction into statistical data that can be

abstracted and summarized in accounting reports.

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It is a thing of joy that an accounting body in Nigeria the institute of chartered

accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) has lately accredited two institute as recognized

training countries for the purpose of training accountants solely for the public sector

though the curriculum for government accounting yet to be fully developed and

integrated into the accountancy programmes of our institutions. Based there is also a

great search of textbook on governmental accounting is the country these are problem

that must be promptly tacked.

Government establishment are set up to provide social goods and service for public

welfare. These establishment finance their activities principally from government

subventions which are derived directly or indirectly form government various sources

in come (such as fees charges central or local taxation and borrowing) the need for a

good book-keeping and accounting system together with proper accountability for

public fund cannot be over accounting officers operate as an internal security men and

through records control what goes on inside the business.

They have to preserve the company’s property form loss by embezzlement fraud or

carelessness.

Pandy state that about two decades age the scope of the financial management was

circumscribed to the raising of funds whenever needed and no significant use attached

to day-to-day financial decisions making and problem solving’2

In other words mangers and accounting officers entrusted with public funds must

ensure that such funds are properly distributed and adequate accounted for. They
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should also exercise due care skill diligence and prudence in the management of

public funds.

In the light of this it is necessary for an investigation to be conducted to find out the

problem often encountered by operators of government establishment in maintaining a

good accounting system with a view enhancing accountability and the prospects of

accounting in these establishments.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

It is worthy to note that accounting information often suffer lots of distortion due

clerical technical and non-professional errors. Accounting process as an information

system serve persons both inside and outside an organization but most operators/

practitioners of government accounting are unable to produce perfect accounting

information desired by user.

Although theses problem are common to the private and public sectors it appears that

the public sector suffers more.

Among the common problems of the government unit accounting are:

a. Inconsistency in government accounting system comparison impossible.

b. Delay in presentation and preparation of annual financial statement

c. Ineffective control systems

d. Lack of proper and suitable accounting system

e. Using untrained personnel to do accounting work

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f. Delay in receiving report from out stations with subsequent delay in

preparing financial reports.

g. Untimely reconciliation of accounts.

h. Inefficiency of accounting and internal control

i. Negative attitude of government functionaries towards accountability

On this background the researchers intends to find appropriate answers to these

problems by understanding their root caused so as to find a lasting solution if possible

or ameliorate the incidence of inaccurate accounting is government establishments.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aims of this study includes:

1. To determine the effectiveness of the existing system of accounting of

government units.

2. To appraise the systems and ascertain their suitability.

3. To identify and analyze the problem associated with the system of

accounting adopted by these organization examine their root causes

and based on the outcome of the analysis draw conclusion

4. To undertake a prospective view of government accounting need and

identity possible future improvement of its application by the public

sector.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

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The significance of the study it that it will nightlight the consequences of not having

adequate accounting system is a pubic sector organization.

Having identified the problems and consequences this will pave was for preparation

and presentation of improved quality of accounting by government accounting

personnel practitioners.

It will also highlight the benefits a public sector organization will derive if and when a

good accounting system is efficiently and adequately applied.

This project work will enhance decision making of user of accounting information.

The following group of user will benefit from this research work.

a. Staff and practitioners of government accounting who would need the

information for improving their job

b. It will serve as a reference material to accounting students lectures and

researcher that might lay their hand on a copy in the library for academic and

research purpose is the future.

c. Moreover, the success of this work could be of immense benefit to the

operators of government establishment who need financial information for

decision making and also help them to understand the concept of

stewardship accounting. Millchamp define stewardship accounting as “the

process whereby the managers of a business accounts or report to the owners

of the business”.
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d. Finally, the public also sand a ground to benefit from this work in various

ways.

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

H0: Self accounting system introduced is government accounting do not help

to make accountability more efficient?

H2: Extensive accounting training is the public sector enhance the

performance of government accountants.

H0: Extensive accounting training is the public sector do not enhance the

performance of government accountants.

H3: The existing problems of accounting is the public sector the product of

human deficiency?

H0: The existing problems of accounting is the public sector is not the product of

human deficiency?

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

For the purpose of time and cost involved is this research work the study is limited to

selected government establishment is Enugu (Enugu state capital)

Moreover is carrying out the research certain category of people which include

accountants other account personnel audit and stores personnel is these organization

were selected for interview. I feel that these selected ones are best suited for a research

work of this kind.

Other limiting factors which might further create some constraints includes:
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1. Resources at the researcher’s disposal

2. Availability of relevant data/ information.

3. Financial constraints involved is gathering the data and other

important documents necessary for smooth work.

1.5 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY

The method of data collection obviously suggests the method of analyzing it. In the

course of preparing this work the researcher used primary and secondary sources of

data but reliance was placed more on the primary sources. This is due to its relatively

factual nature.

PRIMARY SOURCES

Consisted of questionnaires and direct interview with staff the firms.

SECONDARY SOURCES

In the secondary sources of data collection newspaper magazines and textbook were

extensively used

BRIEF HISTORY/ BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research study followed a case study approach. But because of time effort and

finance which it will taken to study all the government establishment in Enugu hence

the selection of three government establishment in Enugu. Enugu state.

These are Nigeria telecommunications Ltd (NITEL) national electric power authority

(NEPA) and Nigeria postal service (NIPOST)

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Nigeria telecommunication came into existence is 1985 as a result of emergence

between post and telecommunication (NET) with a staff strength of 16000 then.

It operates three- tier organizational structure as follows:

1. The corporate headquarter

2. Zonal which is six is number

3. Territorial which is forty is number

Nigeria telecommunication Enugu is Enugu state is one of the territorial. Ti has a

staff strength of about 400 and it is located at Okpara Avenue Enugu the capital of

Enugu state

National electric power authority (NEPA) is located along Okpara Avenue Enugu. It

came into existence is 1972 due to amalgamation of Niger. Down and electricity

corporation of Nigeria. The two emerged and became national electric power authority

(NEPA) it has district and zones. Each district is dependent on imprest as approved by

the corporate headquarters at Abuja and the revenue generated is remitted to the

corporate headquarters. It operation is mainly based on remittance and imprest

account.

Nigeria postal service which was together with Nigeria telecommunication was spitted

out to start and stand on its own is 1976 it become independent and there is no

working together and transfer of staff with Nigeria telecommunication. It is located

long Okpaar Avenue Enugu. It render both local and international service to the pubic.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

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ACCOUNTING:

Is the act of recording classifying and summarizing reporting and interpreting in a

significant manner the finance data of an organization.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

A summary of figure and facts showing the financial condition of a business. It is also

an itemized list of assets liabilities and net worth of capital account.

PUBLIC SECTOR

By definition public sector include all organizations not privately owned not privately

owned which are operated or established by government on behalf of the public.

ACCOUNT OFFICE

The title of the post held by the minister as the head of a central government

department. He is responsible for the general supervision of the accounts of his

ministry and is expected to observe and comply fully with the checks and balances

spelt out is the existing guidelines and financial regulations.

He is also responsible fro the fund voted to his department by national assembly

PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING

Is the composite activity of collecting analyzing recording summarizing reporting and

interpreting the financial transaction of government units.

SELF ACCOUNTING UNIT

Is a unit entrusted with the receipt custody and disbursement of public money

rendering monthly account to the accountant general.

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STEWARDSHIP ACCOUNTING

Is the process whereby the managers of a business account or report to the owners of

the business.

INTERNAL CONTROL

It is the measures used by the management to regulate and control the affairs of the

business which includes day to-day transactions.

FRAUD

Is defined as misappropriation of cash or goods and also intentional falsification of

book of account.

FUND

It relates to a sum of segregated for he purpose of carrying on specific activities or

attaining certain objective in accordance with special regulation restrictions limitation

and constituting an independent fiscal and accounting entity .

REFERENCE

1. Walgenbac H Dittrich Hanson Financial Accounting 2nd ed Har. Brack

Toranrich Inc 1997 Pg 4

2. Pandy F.M Financial Management New Delnrikas Publishing House Ltd

1981 pg 7

3. Millicamp A.H Auditing Hampshire Dp Publication Ltd 1986 pg1

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The chapter of the project attempts to review the nature of Nigerian public sector

accounting comparing government and commercial accounting.

It also define accounting government accounting and explain who an accountant is the

objective of accounting and the distinction between book-keeping and accounting are

also explained is this chapter. Some identified problem of the Nigerian public sector

accounting are also highlighted.

2.1 WHO IS AN ACCOUNTANT

An accountant is a person profession is to keep and examine business accounts with a

view to reporting on them for the benefit of all interested group. That group of

interested persons includes management owner/shareholder investors and creditors

employees and government.

Accounting journal (1998) defines accountant as:

“An expert in accordance with section 554 (3) of the companies and allied matters

decree 1990 includes every engineers legal practitioner accountant and any career

whose profession gives authority to a statement made by him.

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The accountant therefore occupies a place of pride and responsibility the is found in

all human organization including clubs societies business enterprises and government

whenever financial matters arises the accountant is indispensable.

2.2 ACCOUNTING DEFINED

Accounting is a language used to communicate financial and other information to all

the interested parties business enterprises use accounting to plan and control their

business activities and to report the result of these activities to shareholder creditors

labour union and government agencies.

No-profit organization such as church also use accounting information for planning

and conducting their activities federal state local government and other government

agencies use accounting information is similar way we can therefore see that

accounting pervades all aspects of our social life.

Davidson Schindler well is their book titled “information fundamentals for

accounting” defines accounting as;

“An information system designed to communicate significance financial facts”

The America institute of certified public accountant ( AICA) defined accounting as “a

discipline which provides financial and other information essential to the efficient

conduct and evaluation of the activities of any organization”.

In their own contribution to the definition of accounting Waletr B Weigs and Roberts

said that;
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“The basic purpose of accounting is to provide financial information about a business

enterprise or any other economic entity”

Accounting was discussed under the following sub headings:

- Management accounting is concerned with preparation of internal report for use

by management and person within the firm

- Financial accounting is concerned with the preparation of report for use by

person outside the organization.

Smith Keith and Stephens in 1983 compared the difference between financial

accounting and management accounting by saying that:

“Management accounting is forward looking that is it is concerned with the future

while financial accounting deals with historical facts’

accounting is the recording of historical event is monitory terms which are prepared by

managers of business for their owner (stewardship accounting).

Management accounting presents to the high management with reliable and

stimulating financial information to facilitate effective decision-making and to set up

control to ensure the best resources utilization.

2.3 BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTING DIFFERENTIATED

It is necessary to differentiate between book-keeping and accounting from the on set

as both are often confused and sometimes interchanged.

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According to Hermanson Edwards and Rayburn 1989 “Book keeping involves the

routine recording of economic activities and is a mechanical process. Accounting

includes book-keeping but goes well beyond it in scope”

This when an organization buys an item by cash the transaction is recorded both in the

cash account and is the items account concerned. All translation for the day week and

every month are so recorded by a designated officer known as a book-keeper.

Douglas Garhff is Carter’s advanced account defined book-keeping as “ the since and

art of correctly recording is the books all those business transactions that result is a

transfer of money worth within or between entities.

On the other hand accounting is defined as the process of recording analyzing

classifying summarizing communicating and interpreting financial information about

an entity is aggregate and is detail reflecting all transaction involving the recipes

transfer and disposition of he entity’s fund and property.

2.4 GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING DEFINED

Government accounting is defined as the composites activities of analyzing recording

summarizing reporting and interpreting the financial transaction of government units.

Oshisami and Dean developed another more comprehensive definition in 1985 as;

“The process of recording analyzing classifying summarizing communicating and

interpreting financial information about government in aggregate and in detail

reflecting all transactions involving the receipts transfer and disposition of government

fund and property.

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From the definition above government accounting can be summarized as primary

being responsible for the effective and efficient utilization of reliable financial

information for the production of reliable financial information is respect of

government activities

2.5 OBJECTIVE OF ACCOUNTING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

Johnson is 1992 outlined the obejcttives of accounting and financial reporting for

government unit as follows:

1. To provide financial information useful for determining and predicating the

flows balances and requirement of short term financial resources of the

government units

2. To provide financial information useful for determining and predicting the

economic condition of the government unit and changes therein

3. To provide financial information useful for monitoring performance under

terms of legal contractual and fiduciary requirements.

4. To provide information useful for planning and budgeting and for predicting

the impact of the acquisition and allocation of resources on the achievement

of operational objectives.

5. To provide information useful evaluating managerial and organizational

performances.
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a. For determining the lost of programme functional activities is a manner which

facilitates analysis and valid comparison with established criteria among the

periods and other government units.

b. For evaluating the efficiency and economy of operations of organizational units

programmes activities and function.

c. For evaluation the results of programmes activities and function and their

effectiveness is achieving their goal and objectives.

d. For evaluation the equity with which the burden of providing resources for

government operations is imposed.

2.6 LEGAL BASIS AND BASIS OF ACCOUNTING

The basis of accounting is government units traditionally is cash.

The cash basis of accounting is straight forward and the easiest method for the public

to understand. it is necessary to appreciate that the present general application of cash

accounting may not be entirely relevant for monitoring the efficiency and

effectiveness of all department.

There is growing support adoption of accrual basis of accounting in the public service.

Accrual basis of accounting is the superior method of accounting for the economic

resources of any organization. Ti results is accounting measurement based on the

substance of transaction events rather than merely when cash is received and disbursed
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and thus enhance their reference neutrality timeless competences and comparability.

Accrual basis usually is more desirable than the cash basis because cash does not

reflect failure to make a payment for any goods and services which have been used up.

The accrual basis permits a more accurate comparison of revenue with expenditure.

Commitment basis of accounting record an anticipated expenditure evidenced by a

contract or by purchase order or determined by administration. Odesomi (1992) is his

article highlighted on he legal basis of he Nigerian public sector accountings

according to him the operation of government accounting like any other organization

is governed certain rules and regulations which are subject to review or amendment is

line with political social or economic change some of these rules and regulation

includes;

1. Constitution: The 1989 constitution of the federal republic of Nigerian is a

legal document that regulated not only government but the whole aspect of

financial management. Certain relevant section of the constitution are aside to

regulate or control the operation of the different types of government funds. At

the same time the constitution makers provision for budgetary procedures

accounting system and audit review process.

2. Financial control and management act 1985 (as amended): This act governs the

management and operations of government funds. Ti also regulates the

accounting system the book of accounts to be kept and the procedures to be

followed the preparation of accounts and financial statements.

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3. Audit act of 1958 (as mended): This act covers the areas of audit accountability

the government.

4. The financial regulation: It deal mainly with financial and accounting matters of

the government. Ti sets out the procedures for revenue collection security of

cash and properties as well as the categories of officers that are supposed to be

responsible for each action.

5. Treasury and finance circulars: Circulars are administrative books which are

used to amend the existing provision of financial regulation civil service rules

etc. the civil service commission and the officer of the accountant general of the

federation issue them.

2.7 THE NATURE OF NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING

According to Kolade Oshisanmi Esq ACA (1983) accounting for government and

public sector socio economic unit is as old as accounting for private sector

organization.

In Nigerian efforts to train and develop practitioners of public sector accounting are

relatively recent the institute of chartered accountant of Nigerian (ICAN) the

professional body with responsibility of regulating accounting practice and

“certificating” qualified practitioner has introduced the subject of government

accounting into its examination curricular. As a result of this only few “insider” can

claim to understand and fully appreciate how government records are keep and way.
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Whereas a professionally qualified accountant can be picked off the street and be

entrusted with accounting work in private sector organization the same cannot be the

case for government accounting work.

As a result a hardly recognized but nevertheless important barrier to entry has been

created for the orthodox work in the civil service.

This explain why you may never find an advertisement calling for application for the

post of an accountant general of a state. Whereas firms in the private sector regularly

advertise for financial controllers directors or head of the accounting division or

functions.

2.8 THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING

Government accounting which can otherwise be referred as management of

government resources covers the followings.

- Planning and programming: The budget officer under ministry of financial is

charge with the responsibilities of financial planning for the whole economy

based on the policy guidelines issued by the presidency.

- Budgeting: The preparation of annual estimates of capital and recurrent

expenditure and revenues for the nation is also the responsibility of the budget

department this is done by collecting the draft estimates submitted by all

ministries/ department into one consolidated estimate of revenue and

expenditures
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In line with the provision of the 1989 constitution the legislative body on both the

capital and recurrent expenditure and revenue estimates must grant approval before

any funds can be expended or collected

- Budget in Execution/ Accounting: This execution of he budget in relation to

the collection of revenues and disbursement of public funds is undertaken by the

executions/ manager. In performing these function necessary records and book

of account are keep to record the transactions the type of records or book

maintained and the system of accounting employed must be in compliance with

constitutional provision.

- Audit:The accounts prepared by accountant general of he federation are

submitted to the audit general of the federation for audit the accounts are

audited to review and ensure among others

a. Compliance with rules and regulations

b. Maintenance of proper books of accounts

c. Adequate securities of public funds properties

d. Reviewed by legislatures and public account committee.

The auditor’s reposes on the account prepared and thus submitted it to legislatives for

review and consideration.

Any adverse report is sent to the public account committee investigation. The public

account committee responds represent the interest of the public and it is entrusted with

the necessary power to adequately carry out its function

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2.9 GOVERNMENT AND COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTING COMPARED

Ani W.U and Ubaka E.C is 200 distinguished the protect while that of the government

is to provide adequate service to the people at reasonable cost.

- Under government accounting the cost of fixed asset are written off

immediately while is commercial accounting cost of assets are spread over

the useful life of the assets.

- Government revenue is derived form the public is form of taxation fines fees

etc whereas business revenues is derived form sales of goods and services.

- In government financial transaction are recorded on cash basis while in

commercial organization it is on accrual basis

- In government accounting tangible fixed assets such as land and building

plant machinery vehicles etc are not shown is their statement of assets and

liabilities whereas is commercial accounting these must be shown together

with the aggregate depreciation to data.

- In government accounting current assets such as stock and debtors are not

shown in the balance sheet as debtors are not reckoned with until money is

received these must be shown is commercial accounting system together

with analysis of debtors.

- Government balance sheet does not show creditors even though million of

naira may be due for payment unlike what is obtainable is commercial

accounting.
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However both share areas of common interest such as:

a. Control of funds/ properties

b. Budgeting

c. Financial statement

2.10 SOME IDENTIFIED PROBLEM OF THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR

ACCOUNTING

1. General lack of understanding of the purpose of government accounting among

the society in general and the following specific groups in particular the

politicians (including member of the legislature and the executive arm) the

administrator. And sadly enough a substantial proportion of the accounting

personnel in government the wrong notion of the wealth of government which

contrary to reality is usually regarded as limitless; a national cake form which

any individual is position cut his share at will and get away with it hence scant

and weal public or societal reaction against excesses of public officers which

frequently include deliberate misallocation and misappropriate of funds fraud

embezzlement waste conversion.

2. Inherent weakness is the existing organization/ administrative arrangements for

government accounting functions because of the general attitude above the

administration are reluctant to involve government accounting is the decision

making process.
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3. Technical issues

a. Accounting principles adopted for government accounting discusses the

basis weakness of cash accounting basis need to spearmint with accrual basis

where appropriate so that government accounting can be transformed into a

more analytic making tool such as accounting is in the private sector.

b. Shortage of qualified accounting staff due to lack of training facilities within

and outside government treasury tool the initiatives a few year back to

establish a school still far form fully developed lack of trainers and training

material no textbooks available on government accounting.

c. Failure to apply computerization effectively to the accounting system

REFERENCE

1. The Journal of Accounting (Nigerian Edition) Vol. 1 No3 Oct 1998

ISSN 1110- 1678 3Rd Adison Education Publishers Pg2

2. Davidson Schindler Weil Fundamentals of Accounting 5th Edition

Dryden Press 1975 pg 3

3. Walter B Meigs and Robert Accounting 5th Edition Mc Graw Hill Inc

1962 Pg1

4. Smith Keith and Stephenson Accounting Principles Mc Graw Hill Inc

1983 pg2
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5. Hermanson Edwards Rayburn Financial Accounting 4th Edition Richard

D Irwin Inc 1989 pg 3

6. Ani W.U Ubaka E.C public Sector Accounting and Finance Base 5

Communications Ltd 2000 pg 121920-22

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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with design and procedures for treating the data collection. This

chapter treats the following concept involved in most survey research viz methods and

sources of data research population research instrument sampling method and sources

of data research population research instrument sampling method and data analysis

technique.

Above the work is designed to appraise the accounting system is government units and

to determine likely areas of improvement with particular reference to selected

establishments of government in Enugu it is also designed to evaluate the extent to

which the public sector maintains system of book-keeping and accounting is line with

the existing accounting standards with a view to communicating government financial

activities so as to estimate and facilities planning directing control and decision

making.

3.1 METHODS AND SOURCES OF DATA

The research used both primary and secondary of data collection. The researcher

employed personal interview strategy and questionnaires as primary sources of data

collection. Accountants internal auditors and key personnel of accounting department

of government establishment were interviewed and reliable information for this

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research was gathered form strategy copies of carefully and appropriately designed

questionnaires were distributed to the accountant internal auditors and executives

officers of the establishments.

In applying the secondary sources the research made use of already existing data form

both ministries and parastatals in the field of study and library. Reference to textbooks

periodicals and newspapers were made use of in the library.

3.2 RESEARCH POPULATION

population is research can be described as the member of the target of the study

defined by the objective of the study. There are several government establishment

within Enugu comprising both ministries and parastatals.

However only a few that could serve a fair representation of these were selection for

the study the government establishment in Enugu covered by the study includes:

a. National electric power authority

b. Nigeria postal service

c. Nigerian telecommunication

The population of this study is made up of account and audit division of each

selected organization. The various sections in the account division relevant to the

study and on which it will be based are the main accounts/ledger sector the cash office

section the salaries and wages section and the stores.

3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

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The researcher adopted a lot of instrument in the research work such as interview

method use of questionnaires use of table and percentage in analyzing the data.

3.4 SAMPLING METHOD

To select the sampling units the research used a simple random process the sample

size is a fair representation of both ministries and parastatls in the filed of study. In

order to enhance the possibility of obtaining valuable and representative data a sample

size of 67 person were chosen at random consequently 67 questionnaires were

administered out which 56 were competed and returned this represents the sample

size.

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

The method of data analysis used is percentage the responses made were converted to

percentage by dividing the responses over the total number of questionnaires returned

and then multiplying the fraction by 100

3.6 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT USED

To ensure validity of an instrument/ test is the degree of accuracy with which the

instrument measure that specific variable for validity of the instrument used the

researcher employed the face validity design and moreover questions were structured

respectively

3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

To ensure reliability and determining how consisted an instrument measures what it is

designed to measure the research employed the spirit half technique to establishment
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instrument used reliable based on the value obtain form the techniques are high to

warrant the conclusion that the instrument were reliable.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is concerned with data presentation and analysis the presence of data

makes no meaning to anybody unless adequate analysis of such data is carried out the

purpose is to derive meaning form the accumulated data which is the primary

objective of this chapter.

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

In the pursuance of this study data obtained through questionnaires interview official

documents and textbooks were presented in relevant from for the purpose of analysis

the analysis of data was based on the research questions already formulated at the

early stage of this research work and is focused on the responses to the statement

drawn from the research questions.

The questionnaires used made provision for five options per statement from which the

respondents are required to choose one option form each question. This is either
 33

strangle agreed (SA) agreed (A) undecided (U) strongly disagreed (SD) or disagreed

(D). in order to case the analysis of data collected the researcher will merge the

strongly agrees (SA) and agreed (A) responses as agreed (A) responses the strongly

disagreed (SD) and disagreed (A) responses while the undecided (U) responses will

stand on its own.

Following this guide the agreed responses are positive answers or responses to the

statement to which it stand for as acceptance. On the other hand the disagreed (D)

responses are negative responses to the statement to which it stands for as rejection.

A 50% and above total positive responses one each statement means acceptance of

that statement to the researcher question form which it is drawn while below 50% of

the total response on each statement stands for the rejection of the statement to the

researcher question form which it is also drawn.

4.2 DATA PRESENTATION

Data was collected and classified under two categories the first category dealt with

the information designed to assist the researcher for understanding the result for

further analysis the second category of data are designed to test the formulated

research question in chapter one for analytical purposes.

TABLE 4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENT

Respondents Male Female Total

A Sex 36 20 56
Percentage 64% 36% 100

b. Age range Under 20 21-30 31-40 0ver 40 Total

 34
Number Nil 20 23 13 56
Percentage Nil 36% 41 23%

c. Education Secondary GCE A/level HND. University degree Total

GCE O/level NCE/OND profession

school modern
Number 20 27 9 56
Percentage 36% 48% 16% 100%
The demographic statistic of respondent above portray the characteristic of the entire

population of this study the ration of made to female in the sampled population

respondents is 64% and 36% of the entire population respectively it can therefore be

concluded that there are more makes is the public service then female.

The age range demography revealed that 36% of the population of the study is

between 21-30 years 41% is between 31-40 years while 23% is above 40year this

shows that adults are more no number in the public sector than youths.

On the other hand the education background demography shows that about 36% of the

population are secondary school GCE O/level modern school certificate holder 48%

are GCE A/level and national certification is education and ordinary national diploma

certificate holder while 16% are high national diploma university degree and

professional qualification holder the ration of this last group is not encouraging and it

reveals why proper accounting is not maintained in the public sector. A common

trend is that a good number of accounts audit and stores personnel’s strive to acquire

their ACE A/level and NCE/OND certificates without going for further education.

4.3 ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF THE PUBLIC

 35

It was discovered during personal interview and observation that final accountant of

one of the government units studied were not prepared and audited promptly and that

the districts does not receive final accounts.

For instance the 1992 final account were written up and audited is 1994.

Moreover there were cases of improper reconciliation of account combined with

arrears of un-reconciled accounts most of which relate to outside stations.

It was also revealed that the newly introduced self accounting system in the public

sector has not helped matters. The system has become an avenue fro defrauding

government fund public servants have activated the habit of misappropriating fund

meant for public interest and use them for personal matters.

4.4 TESTING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RESEARCH QUESTION 1

Do self accounting system introduced is government accounting help to make

accountability more efficient?

Table 4.1 to 4.4 show responses to statement 1 to 4 drawn form the above research

question.

Statement 1 accountability in the public sector has been enhance since the introduction

of self accounting system.

TABLE 4.1

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 25 45%
 36
Disagreed 14 25%
Undecided 17 30%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 45% disagreed

responses is 25% while 30% is for undecided respect this means that self accounting

system has not enhanced accountability is the public sector.

Statement 2 since the introduction of self-accounting system is the state there have

been great improvement is the financial management of government establishment.

4.2

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 22 39%
Disagreed 23 41%
Undecided 11 20%
Total 56 100%
Form the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 39% disagreed

responses is 41% while 20% is for undecided responses. It means that self accounting

system has not achieved major improvement in the financial management of

government establishments

Statement from expenses a self- accounting system is a better option for the public

sector than a non self accounting system.

TABLE 4.3

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 18 32%
Disagreed 29 52%
Undecided 9 16%
Total 56 100%
 37

From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed is 32% disagreed responses is 52%

while undecided responses is 16%. This means that for the public sector self

accounting is not better option than anon-self accounting system.

Statement 4 the self-accounting system has helped to exarchate/minimize the problem

of irregular balancing updating of books of account common in the public sector.

TABLE 4.4

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 30 54%
Disagreed 18 32%
Undecided 8 14%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 54% disagreed

responses is 32% while 14% is for undecided responses this mean that self accounting

has helped to minimize the problem of irregular balancing of accounting book.

Research question 2 will extensive accounting training is public sector enhance the

performance of government accountants.

Table 4.5 to 4.7 shows responses to statement 5 to 7 drawn form the above research

question.

Statement 5 adequate provision of computer/ education training of the public sector

accountants will enhance their performance.

From the foregoing it could be seen that tables 4.1 to 4.4 reveals that agreed are below

50% in statements 1,2 and 3 therefore one can conclude that the recently introduced

self-accounting in government accounting has not helped to make accountability more

efficient.
 38

TABLE 4.5

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 31 55%
Disagreed 15 27%
Undecided 10 18%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 55% disagreed

response is 27% while 18% is for undecided responses thus the performance of the

public sector accountant will be enhanced with the provision of adequate computer

training/education.

Statement 6 there are inadequate training programmes for the public sector

accountants.

TABLE 4.6

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 41 73%
Disagreed 12 22%
Undecided 3 5%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 73% disagreed

responses is 22% while 5% is for undecided responses this means that there are

inadequate training progremmes for the public sector accountants.

Statement 7 problems of accounting in government will be highly minimized if in

service training for all account staff in accounting field is made compulsory

TABLE 4.7
 39
Option Number of responses Percentage
Agreed 45 80%
Disagreed 10 18%
Undecided 1 2%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 80% disagreed

responses is 18% while 2% is for undecided responses. This accounting problem will

be minimized if in-service training programmes are made compulsory.

It could be seen form table 4.5 to 4.7 that agreed responses are above 50% in

statement 5,6 and 7 that is in all the statements drawn form research question 2 this

one draws a conclusion that extensive accounting training in the public sector will

enhance the performance of government accountants.

RESEARCH QUESTION 3

Are the existing problems of accounting is the public sector the product of human

deficiency?

Table 4.8 to 4.12 show responses to statement 8 to 12 drawn form the above research

question.

STATEMENT 8

One of the reason for the existing problems of accounting is the public sector is

because most accounts personnel are not competent enough.

TABLE 4.8

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 31 56%
Disagreed 22 39%
Undecided 3 5%
Total 56 100%
 40

From the above table of the total number of 56 respondents 56% gave an agreed

responses 39% gave a disagreed responses while 5% were undecided responses. This

means that incompetence among accounts personnel contributed to the problems of

accounting in public sector.

STATEMENT 9 The common attitude of assigning account supervising positions of

unqualified accountants lower the qualify of job output of the account sector.

TABLE 4.9

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 41 73%
Disagreed 13 23%
Undecided 2 4%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the total number of 56 respondents 56% gave an agreed

responses 39% gave a disagreed response while 5% were undecided responses. This

means that incompetence among accounts personnel contributed to problems of

accounting is public sector.

STATEMENT 9: The common attitude of assigning account supervising positions to

unqualified accountants lower the quality of job output of the accounts section.

TABLE 4.9

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 41 73%
Disagreed 13 23%
Undecided 2 4%
Total 56 100%
 41

From the above table of the 56 respondents 73% gave an agreed responses while

23% gave a disagreed responses and 4% were undecided responses it means that the

act of giving supervisory position to unqualified accountant lower job output quality.

STATEMENT 10: The general attitude of accounts staff towards accountability

is very poor.

TABLE 4.10

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 20 36%
Disagreed 30 54%
Undecided 6 10%
Total 56 100%
Form the above table of the 56 respondents36% gave an agreed responses 54% gave

a disagreed response while 10% were undecided responses. This means that the

general attitude of account staff towards accountability is not very poor.

STATEMENT 11: A major cause of the problem in the public sector is the non-

availability of enough chartered accountants as head of account division

TABLE 4.11

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 19 34%
Disagreed 32 57%
Undecided 5 9%
Total 56 100%

From the above table of the 56 respondent agreed responses is 34% disagreed

responses is 57% while 9% were undecided responses this means that the non-
 42

availability of accounts division is not the major cause of the problems in the public

sector.

STATEMENT 12

A common set back of the account department is the keeping of inadequate account

and store records

TABLE 4.12

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 41 73%
Disagreed 10 18%
Undecided 5 9%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed respondents 73% disagreed

responses 73% disagreed responses is 18% while undecided responses is 9% this

means that the keeping of inadequate accounts and store records is a common set back

of the account department.

Looking at table 4.8 to 4.12 it could be seen that there are above 50% agreed

responses in statement 8 9 and 12 out of the 5 statement drawn from research question

3 while disagreed responses have above say that accounting problem in the public

sector are products of human deficiency.

RESEARCH QUESTION4
 43

Are public sector accountant more likely to be less efficient than private sector

accountants since they only operate fund accounting system?

Table 4.13 to 4.15 show responses to statement 13 to 15 drawn from the above

research question.

STATEMENT 13: In the public sector accounting procedure are so difficult that

only few accounting personnel can understand them.

TABLE 4.13

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 9 16%
Disagreed 34 61%
Undecided 13 23%
Total 56 100%
Form the above table of the 56 respondents agreed response is 16% disagreed

response is 61% while undecided responses is 23% this means that accounting

procedures are not so difficult to understand by the accounting personnel.

STATEMENT 14

Professional accountants is he public sector are usually less qualified then their private

sector counter parts.

TABLE 4.14

Option Number of responses Percentage

 44
Agreed 10 18%
Disagreed 39 70%
Undecided 7 12%
Total 56 100%
From the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 18% disagreed

responses is 70% while undecided responses is 12% this means that that the

professional accountants in the public sector are so qualified as those in the private

sector.

STATEMENT 15: As a result of the fund accounting system operated in

government establishment the public sector accountants know less of accounting than

their private sector counter parts.

TABLE 4.15

Option Number of responses Percentage

Agreed 8 14%
Disagreed 37 66
Undecided 11 20%
Total 56 100%
Form the above table of the 56 respondents agreed responses is 14% disagreed

responses is 66% while undecided responses is 20% thus the fund accounting system

has not made the public sector accountant less knowledgeable in accounting.

It could be seen that from table 4.13 to 4.15 the disagreed responses are above 50% in

the three statement this one cannot say that public sector accountant are more likely to

be less efficient than private sector accounts since they only operate fund accounting

system.
 45

4.5 MAJOR FINDINGS

The results of the responses to the questionnaires items and the findings of this

research work are summarized as follows.

1. Incompetence among most personnel had contributed to the problems of

accounting in the pubic sector

2. The attitude of assigning accounting supervisory positions to unqualified

accountants lowers the work quality of the accounting sector.

3. In the public sector the general attitude of accounts staff towards

accountability is very poor

4. The keeping of inadequate accounting and store records is a common set

back of the accounts department.

5. Procedures of government accounting are not so difficult to be understand by

the accounting personnel.

6. The public sector accountants are so involved as the private sector

accountants in problem solving.

7. The recently introduced self accounting system has not in any way enhanced

accountability in the public sector instead it has become an avenue for self

enrichment by the operation.

8. The self accounting system since the introduction has not helped to improve

the financial management of government establishments.

 46

9. The average qualified accountant as government establishment is not

performing below expectation.

10. The performance of the public sector account could training/ education.

11. Problem of accounting could be minimized if in service sector and a

programme of containing professional education is an ideal for higher

competency
 47

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with summary of findings from the research conducted it equally

outlines its recommendation and conclusion

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDING

This study set out to investigate the nature of accounting system in the public service

how the system operator to appraise and ascertain their suitability. Whether the system

guarantees adequate and comprehensive processing of accounting transaction to

identify problem (if any) associated with the system of accounting adopted and need to

reform where appropriate and necessary using three selected government

establishment in Enugu as a case study.

It is apparent form the findings that the accountability or accounting system of he

sample is not operating efficiently and effectively this is due to incompetence among

most accounting personnel negative attitude of most accounting staff towards

accountability resulting to inadequate keeping of accounts and store records adopting

of only cash based accounting system like depreciation of fixed assets doubtful debts

and valuation of assets.

Inadequate development and training of government accounting personnel resulting in

lack of efficiency and lack of experience in the principles of government accounting.

 48

According to the disbursement accountant on one of the sample said that none of the

accounts personnel has gone for training this years whereas other sections have done

that.

However it has been established that the appointment of unqualified accountants as

accounts supervisors in the public sector lead to poor accountability/recording and

weak accounting system. In other words one would not conductively say that

accounting in the public service is filled weakness. Because a ministry may have a

problem of unqualified accounts personnel while another ministry may be fortunate

enough to have a qualified accounts personnel running its accounting system.

Another finding is none presentation and delay in the preparation of annual financial

statement. It is often claimed by government that its financial report and accounts are

meant for internal use only form the responses of people interviewed, it show that

majority are in support that government should make it activities known to the public

by preparing and presenting comprehensive financial report and accounts which will

be within the reach of all interested parties.

It was the general belief of the respondents that wide publication of government

financial activities would serve as a check on those charged with the responsibility in

government accounting has not helped to make accountability more efficient.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

With the view of findings earlier on the following recommendation are outlined.
 49

1. Accounting system has to be designed to comply with the constitutional

statutory and other legal requirement of the country.

2. Proper records and accounts must be maintained in a manner that will dearly

identify the objective and purpose of which fund have been received and

expended by the executive who is responsible for custody and use of fund in

programme execution.

3. Qualified accountant should be appointed as accounting supervisor. They

should be encouraged to work in public service and should be placed on a

special salary like their other counterparts in the public service and their

opinion must be respected.

4. Adequate internal control system has to be instituted by the management for

the prevention and detection of fraud and irregularities in the public sector.

5. Training of the accounts personnel should be adopted in the public service

accounting supervisor should be educated on the importance of good

accounting system and records for a purpose of appreciating a sound system

of financial reporting is government.

6. Financial statement must be prepared and presented to members annually to

have the related information on their loopholes and areas to improve on.

7. The newly introduced self accounting system should be discontinued with

since it has become an avenue for defrauding the government. Ti is the

strong belief of the researcher that this recommendation will go a lone way
 50

in establishing proper accounting system and improve the performance of the

Nigerian public sector.

5.3 CONCLUSION

The practice of accounting has been a practical and theoretical frame work since its

inception this is one of the nations in the workers mind when carrying out he study the

scope and nature of the work appraisal of accounting system in Nigerian public sector

was narrowed to a study of three selected government establishments in Enugu.

Mostly for certain obvious reasons. This is to allow for a more indept analysis or

study and the limited time and resources available. The researcher carefully followed

the operations of these establishment and achieving this effectively oral and written

interview observation were mostly used as a survey instrument. The accounting

system of these establishments are based on the body of polices and practices which

prescribe the manner in which transaction are to be carried out recorded controlled and

reported to the management.

The application of accounting is the companies are organized and efficient with

exception of those lapses outlined in the findings.

The aim of this research is not to expose the inexistence (inefficiency of accounting

system in these selected government establishments but to determine effectiveness of

the exiting system assertion their suitability analyze the problems associated with the

system of accounting adopted and to identify future improvement.

 51

There is great need for establishing proper accounting system to improve performance

in the Nigerian public sector.

This research work has x-rayed some hindrances and ineffectiveness of the accounting

system in our public sector. Lack of training and retraining of accounting personnel

has been the major stumbling block is achieving optimal performance of accounting is

the said sector.

Meanwhile the problem stated in the preceding chapter will offer a quality idea on

how the accounting system should take its pride of place in the scheme of the things at

least to make it more result oriented.

 52

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRES

Dear Respondents,

QUESTIONNAIRES ON APPRAISAL OF THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN

NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR

I am a final year student of accountancy in institute of management and technology

Enugu. The following questionnaires are designed for a research study on the above

subject matter- A case study of selected government establishments in Enugu. I

solemnly Urge you to complete this questionnaires to enable me collect statistical data

for my research work.

The information supplied will be treated with utmost confidentiality and would be

used purely for this academic exercise.

Your Faithfully

CTION

Please mark an “X” in the appropriate

SA = Strongly agreed

SD = Agreed
 53

D = Disagreed

U = Undecided.

1. Accountability in the public sector ahs been enhanced since the introduction of

self accounting units.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. D = Disagreed [ ]

e. U = Undecided [ ]

2. Since the introduction of self accounting system in the state there have been

great improvement in the financial management.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

3. From experience of self accounting system is better option for the public sector

than a non self accounting system

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]
 54

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

4. The self accounting system has helped to eradicate/ minimize the problem of

irregular balancing/updating of books accounting common in the public sector.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

5. Adequate provision of computer training/ education of the public sector

accountant will enhance their performance.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

6. There are inadequate training programmes for the public sector accountants.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]
 55

e. Undecided [ ]

7. Problem of accounting in government will be highly minimized if in service

training for all account staff in accounting field is made compulsory.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

8. One of the reason for the existing problem of accounting is the public sector is

because most accounts personnel are not competent enough.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

9. The common attitude of assigning account supervisory positions to unqualified

accountants lowers the quality of job output of the account section.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]
 56

e. Undecided [ ]

10. The general attitude of accounts staff towards accountability is very poor

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

11. A major cause of the problems in the public sector is the non-availability of

enough accountants as heads of accounts divisions.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

12. A common set back of the account department is the keeping of inadequate

accounts and store records.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]
 57

13. In the public sector accounting procedures are so difficult that only accounting

personnel can understand him.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

14. Professional accountants is the public sector are usually less qualified than

their private sector counterparts.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]

e. Undecided [ ]

15. As a result the fund accounting system operated in government establishments

the public sector accountants know less of accounting than their private counter

parts.

a. Strongly agreed [ ]

b. Agreed [ ]

c. Strongly disagreed [ ]

d. Disagreed [ ]
 58

e. Undecided [ ]
 59

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ani W.U Ubaka E.C (2000) Public Sector Accounting& Financial Base 5

Communication Ltd

Davidson Schindler and Were (1975) Fundamentals of Accounting 5th ed

Dryden Press

Hermanson Edward and Rayburn (1989) Financial Accounting 4th Richard D

Irwin Inc

Millichamp A.H (1986) Auditing Hamphive D.P Public Sector

Osnsami K.and Dean P.N (1985) Financial Management in the Nigeria Public

Sector

Oshisami K (1991) Government Account and Financial Control Ibadan

Nigerian Spectrum Book Ltd

Pandy M.I (1981) Financial Management New Delni Vikas Publishing House

Ltd

Smith Keith and Stephens (1983) Accounting Principles Mc Graw Hill Inc.

Inalgenbach Diltrich and Hanson (1997) Financial Accounting 2nd Ed Harcourt

Brack Tovanich Inc

Walter B. Meigs and Robert F Meigs (1962) Accounting 5th ed Mc Graw Hill

Book Inc

JOURNALS

Association of Accountancy Student (Nigerian Edition) Vol. 1 No3 Oct 1998

 60

ISSN 1191678 3rd ed Ad Son Education Publishers

Johnson I.E (1992) “Nature of the Public Sector Accounting the Nigerian

Accountant Lagos Nigeria

Odesimi J.A (1992) “Government Accounting and Financial Control” the

Nigerian Acco1unt Lagos Nigeria

 61

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