3/5/2011 GSM - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

GSM
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM (originally from

Groupe Spécial Mobile), is the world's most popular standard for
mobile telephony systems. The GSM Association estimates that 80% of
the global mobile market uses the standard.[1] GSM is used by over 1.5
billion people[2] across more than 212 countries and territories.[3] This
ubiquity means that subscribers can use their phones throughout the
world, enabled by international roaming arrangements between mobile
The GSM logo is used to identify
network operators. GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that
compatible handsets and equipment
both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is
considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also
facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the system.

The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch
carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM
equipment vendors.[4] GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also
called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. The standard
includes a worldwide emergency telephone number feature (112).[5]

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM system. For example, Release
'97 of the standard added packet data capabilities by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99
introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

Contents
1 History
2 Technical details
2.1 GSM carrier frequencies
2.2 Voice codecs
2.3 Network structure
2.4 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
2.5 Phone locking
2.6 GSM service security
3 Standards information
4 GSM open-source software
4.1 Issues with patents and open source
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

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History
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) created the Groupe
Spécial Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe.[6]
In 1987, a memorandum of understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone
system across Europe.[7][8] In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM network
was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson.[9] By
the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being operated by 70 carriers across
48 countries.[10]

Technical details
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it
by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell
sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells.
The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station
antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level.
Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose
coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors.
Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business
environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a
broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover
shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between
those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain

and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several
GSM cell site antennas in the
tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports
Deutsches Museum, Munich,
in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several
Germany
implementations of the concept of an extended cell,[11] where the cell
radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system,
the type of terrain and the timing advance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an
indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an
antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call
capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since
indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency
shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter
prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels
(adjacent-channel interference).

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GSM carrier frequencies

Main article: GSM frequency bands

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges
for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used
instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are
assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.

Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.

Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This
allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight
burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The
channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in
GSM1800/1900.

Voice codecs

GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 6.5 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two
codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (6.5 kbit/s) and Full
Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with
bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface
layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.

GSM was further enhanced in 1997[12] with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a
full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called
AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less
robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.

Network structure
The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is
sometimes also just called the core network.
The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections).
The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is
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a detachable smart card containing the
user's subscription information and phone
book. This allows the user to retain his or
her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change
operators while retaining the handset
simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the
phone to use only a single SIM, or only a
SIM issued by them; this practice is
known as SIM locking.

Phone locking
The structure of a GSM network
Main article: SIM lock

Sometimes mobile network operators restrict handsets that they sell for use with their own network. This is called
locking and is implemented by a software feature of the phone. Because the purchase price of the mobile phone to
the consumer is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, operators must recoup this investment before
a subscriber terminates service. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize
private services to remove the lock, or make use of free or fee-based software and websites to unlock the handset
themselves.

In some territories (e.g., Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore) all phones are sold
unlocked. In others (e.g., Finland, Singapore) it is unlawful for operators to offer any form of subsidy on a phone's
price.[13]

GSM service security

See also: UMTS security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was designed to authenticate the
subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base
station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network
and the user - whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model
therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation.

GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring
over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United
States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is
possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico Computing, Inc
revealed its ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack.[14]
The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

On 28 December 2009 German computer engineer Karsten Nohl announced that he had cracked the A5/1
cipher.[15] According to Nohl, he developed a number of rainbow tables (static values which reduce the time
needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for known plaintext attacks. He also said that it is
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possible to build "a full GSM interceptor ... from open source components" but that they had not done so because
of legal concerns.[16]

In 2010, threatpost.com reported that "A group of cryptographers has developed a new attack that has broken
Kasumi, the encryption algorithm used to secure traffic on 3G GSM wireless networks. The technique enables them
to recover a full key by using a tactic known as a Related-key attack, but experts say it is not the end of the world
for Kasumi."[17]

Although security issues remain for GSM newer standards and algorithms may address this. New attacks are
growing in the wild which take advantage of poor security implementations, architecture and development for smart
phone applications. Some wiretapping and eavesdropping techniques hijack[18] the audio input and output providing
an opportunity for a 3rd party to listen in to the conversation. Although this threat is mitigated by the fact the attack
has to come in the form of a Trojan, malware or a virus and might be detected by security software.

Standards information
The GSM systems and services are described in a set of standards governed by ETSI, where a full list is
maintained.[19]

GSM open-source software

Several open source software projects exist that provide certain GSM features:

gsmd daemon by Openmoko[20]

OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station
OpenBSC is developing a minimalistic, self-contained GSM network[21][22]
The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than $1000[23]
OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM stack with a free software
implementation[24]

Issues with patents and open source

Patents remain a problem for any open source GSM implementation, because it is not possible for GNU or any
other free software distributor to guarantee immunity from all lawsuits by the patent holders against the users.
Furthermore new features are being added to the standard all the time which means they have patent protection for
a number of years.[citation needed]

The original GSM implementations from 1991 are now entirely free of patent encumbrances and it is expected that
OpenBTS will be able to implement features of that initial specification without limit and that as patents subsequently
expire, those features can be added into the open source version. To date there have been no law suits against
users of OpenBTS over GSM use.[citation needed]

See also
Wireless electronic devices and health
Mobile network operator
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International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
Handoff
Visitors Location Register (VLR)
Um Interface
GSM-R (GSM-Railway)
GSM services
GSM localization
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Cell Broadcast
NITZ Network Identity and Time Zone
Standards:
Comparison of mobile phone standards
GEO-Mobile Radio Interface
Intelligent network
Parlay
RRLP - Radio Resource Location Protocol
RTP audio video profile
Enhanced Network Selection (ENS)

References
1. ^ "GSM World statistics" (http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/market-data/market_data_summary.htm) . GSM
Association. 2010. http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/market-data/market_data_summary.htm. Retrieved
2010-06-08.
2. ^ "GSM Technical Data" (http://www.cellular.co.za/gsmtechdata.htm) . Cellular.co.za.
http://www.cellular.co.za/gsmtechdata.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
3. ^ "Two Billion GSM Customers Worldwide" (http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?
ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-13-2006/0004379206&EDATE=) . 3G Americas. June 13, 2006.
http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-13-
2006/0004379206&EDATE=. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
4. ^ "Texas Instruments Executive Meets with India Government Official to outline Benefits of Open Standards to
drive mobile phone penetration" (http://focus.ti.com/docs/pr/pressrelease.jhtml?prelId=sc06127) . Texas
Instruments. July 12, 2006. http://focus.ti.com/docs/pr/pressrelease.jhtml?prelId=sc06127. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
5. ^ Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
(http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_100575)
6. ^ "Brief History of GSM & GSMA" (http://www.gsmworld.com/about-us/history.htm) . GSM World.
http://www.gsmworld.com/about-us/history.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
7. ^ "Happy 20th birthday, GSM" (http://news.zdnet.co.uk/leader/0,1000002982,39289154,00.htm) . ZDNet. 2007-
09-07. http://news.zdnet.co.uk/leader/0,1000002982,39289154,00.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
8. ^ GSM Association (2007-09-06). "Global Mobile Communications is 20 years old"
(http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2007/press07_48.shtml) . Press release.
http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2007/press07_48.shtml. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
9. ^ "Nokia delivers first phase GPRS core network solution to Radiolinja, Finland"
(http://press.nokia.com/PR/200001/775038_5.html) . Nokia. January 24, 2000.
http://press.nokia.com/PR/200001/775038_5.html. Retrieved 2006-01-08.
10. ^ "History and Timeline of GSM" (http://www.emory.edu/BUSINESS/et/P98/gsm/history.html) . Emory
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11. ^ Motorola Demonstrates Long Range GSM Capability - 300% More Coverage With New Extended Cell
(http://www.allbusiness.com/electronics/computer-electronics-manufacturing/6838169-1.html) .
12. ^ "GSM 06.51 version 4.0.1" (http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/06_series/06.51/0651-401.zip) (ZIP). ETSI.
December 1997. http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/06_series/06.51/0651-401.zip. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
13. ^ Victoria Shannon (2007). "iPhone Must Be Offered Without Contact Restrictions, German Court Rules"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/technology/21iphone.html) (in English). The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/technology/21iphone.html. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
14. ^ Krebs, Brian. "Security Fix - Research May Hasten Death of Mobile Privacy Standard"
(http://blog.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2008/02/research_may_spell_end_of_mobi.html) .
Blog.washingtonpost.com.
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2008/02/research_may_spell_end_of_mobi.html. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
15. ^ Kevin J. O'Brien (28 December 2009). "Cellphone Encryption Code Is Divulged"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/technology/29hack.html) . New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/technology/29hack.html.
16. ^ "A5/1 Cracking Project" (http://reflextor.com/trac/a51) . http://reflextor.com/trac/a51. Retrieved 30 December
2009.
17. ^ "A Second GSM Cipher Falls" (http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/second-gsm-cipher-falls-011110) .
http://threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/second-gsm-cipher-falls-011110.
18. ^ "cPanel®" (http://www.infosecurityguard.com) . Infosecurityguard.com. http://www.infosecurityguard.com.
Retrieved 2010-08-30.
19. ^ "GSM UMTS 3GPP Numbering Cross Reference" (http://webapp.etsi.org/key/key.asp?full_list=y) . ETSI.
http://webapp.etsi.org/key/key.asp?full_list=y. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
20. ^ "Gsmd - Openmoko" (http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Gsmd) . Wiki.openmoko.org. 2010-02-08.
http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Gsmd. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
21. ^ "OpenBSC" (http://openbsc.gnumonks.org/trac/) . Openbsc.gnumonks.org. http://openbsc.gnumonks.org/trac/.
Retrieved 2010-04-22.
22. ^ "OpenBSC – OpenBSC" (http://bs11-abis.gnumonks.org/trac/wiki/OpenBSC) . Bs11-abis.gnumonks.org.
http://bs11-abis.gnumonks.org/trac/wiki/OpenBSC. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
23. ^ "The Hacker's Choice Wiki" (http://wiki.thc.org/) . http://wiki.thc.org/. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
24. ^ "OsmocomBB" (http://bb.osmocom.org/trac) . Bb.osmocom.org. http://bb.osmocom.org/trac. Retrieved 2010-
04-22.

Siegmund M. Redl, Matthias K. Weber, Malcolm W. Oliphant (March 1995): "An Introduction to GSM", Artech
House, ISBN 978-0890067857
Siegmund M. Redl, Matthias K. Weber, Malcolm W. Oliphant (May 1998): "GSM and Personal Communications
Handbook", Artech House, ISBN 978-0890069578
Friedhelm Hillebrand, ed. (2002): "GSM and UMTS, The Creation of Global Mobile Communications", John Wiley
& Sons, ISBN 0470843225
Michel Mouly, Marie-Bernardette Pautet (June 1992): "The GSM System for Mobile Communications", ISBN
0945592159.

External links
GSM Association – the group representing GSM operators (official site) (http://www.gsmworld.com/) GSM
Association
LTE Encyclopedia - The Long Term Evolution of GSM and 3GPP Standards
(http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/)
3GPP - The current standardization body for GSM with free standards available (http://www.3gpp.org)
Spectrum Frequency Chart (http://www.qrctech.com/freq_chart_24x36.pdf)
GSM900 Frequency and Provider Chart (http://spectran.com/Frequenzplan-GSM900_en.shtml)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM 7/8
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GSM1800 Frequency and Provider Chart (http://spectran.com/Frequenzplan-GSM1800_en.shtml)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"

Categories: 1991 introductions | 3rd Generation Partnership Project standards | Audio codecs | Open standards |
GSM standard

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