!doctype HTML Head Title /title /head Body h1 /h1 P /P /body /HTML

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
What is HTML?
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading",
"this is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.
A Simple HTML Document

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
Example Explained
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is

an HTML5 document
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML
page
 The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is
shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
 The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a
container for all the visible contents, such as headings,
paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph
What is an HTML Element?
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end

tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element).

These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not
have an end tag!
Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read

HTML documents and display them correctly.
A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine
how to display the document:
HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
Note: The content inside the <body> section (the white area above) will
be displayed in a browser. The content inside the <title> element will
be shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab.
HTML History
Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many
versions of HTML:
Year Version
1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www
1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML
1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+
1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0
1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2
1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01

2000 W3C Recommendation: XHTML 1.0
2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft
2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard
2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5
2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1
2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition
2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2
This tutorial follows the latest HTML5 standard.

HTML Editors
❮ Previous Next ❯
A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.
Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML

editors.
However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like
Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe in that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn

HTML.
Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or
TextEdit.
Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)
Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your

screen). Type Notepad.
Windows 7 or earlier:
Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad
Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)
Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit
Also change some preferences to get the application to save files

correctly. In Preferences > Format > choose "Plain Text"
Then under "Open and Save", check the box that says "Display HTML
files as HTML code instead of formatted text".
Then open a new document to place the code.

Step 2: Write Some HTML
Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Step 3: Save the HTML Page
Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad
menu.
Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the

preferred encoding for HTML files).
Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no

difference, it is up to you.
Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser
Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the
file, or right-click - and choose "Open with").
The result will look much like this:

W3Schools Online Editor - "Try it Yourself"
With our free online editor, you can edit the HTML code and view the
result in your browser.
It is the perfect tool when you want to test code fast. It also has color
coding and the ability to save and share code with others:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
HTML Basic Examples
In this chapter we will show some basic HTML examples.
Don't worry if we use tags you have not learned about yet.
HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!

DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is

between <body> and </body>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps

browsers to display web pages correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML
tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least

important heading:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
Try it Yourself »
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Try it Yourself »
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML

elements.
You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are

provided as attributes:
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="1
42">
Try it Yourself »
How to View HTML Source?
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do
that?"
View HTML Source Code:
Right-click in an HTML page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome)
or "View Source" (in Edge), or similar in other browsers. This will open a
window containing the HTML source code of the page.
Inspect an HTML Element:
Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" or

"Inspect Element" to see what elements are made up of (you will see
both the HTML and the CSS). You can also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-
fly in the Elements or Styles panel that opens.
HTML Elements
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end
tag.
HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
Examples of some HTML elements:
Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element).

These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not
have an end tag!
Nested HTML Elements
HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain
other elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
The following example contains four HTML elements

(<html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
Example Explained
The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML

document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:
<body>
</body>
The <body> element defines the document's body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
Then, inside the <body> element there are two other

elements: <h1> and <p>:

The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:
Never Skip the End Tag
Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end
tag:
Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may occur
if you forget the end tag!
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a

closing tag:
Example
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML is Not Case Sensitive
HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.

The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but
W3C recommends lowercase in HTML, and demands lowercase for
stricter document types like XHTML.
At W3Schools we always use lowercase tag names.
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these

tags and their attributes.
Tag Description
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag
Reference.
HTML Attributes
HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes
 All HTML elements can have attributes

 Attributes provide additional information about elements
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
The href Attribute
The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of

the page the link goes to:
Example
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com">Visit W3Schools</a>
Try it Yourself »
You will learn more about links in our HTML Links chapter.
The src Attribute
The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page.

The src attribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg">
Try it Yourself »
There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:

1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another
website. Example:
src="https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg".
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get

permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In
addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be
removed or changed.
2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website.

Here, the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins
without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example:
src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to
the domain. Example: src="/images/img_girl.jpg".
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if
you change domain.
The width and height Attributes
The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes,

which specifies the width and height of the image (in pixels):
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">
Try it Yourself »
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text

for an image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This
can be due to slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the
user uses a screen reader.
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
Try it Yourself »
Example
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
Try it Yourself »
You will learn more about images in our HTML Images chapter.
The style Attribute
The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color,

font, size, and more.
Example
<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself »
You will learn more about styles in our HTML Styles chapter.

The lang Attribute
You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to

declare the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search
engines and browsers.
The following example specifies English as the language:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
Country codes can also be added to the language code in

the lang attribute. So, the first two characters define the language of
the HTML page, and the last two characters define the country.
The following example specifies English as the language and United

States as the country:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
You can see all the language codes in our HTML Language Code
Reference.
The title Attribute
The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.
The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you
mouse over the element:
Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself »
We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes
The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.
The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with
uppercase or lowercase like title or TITLE.
However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML,

and demands lowercase attributes for stricter document types like
XHTML.
At W3Schools we always use lowercase attribute names.
We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values
The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for

stricter document types like XHTML.
Good:
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML
tutorial</a>
Bad:
<a href=https://www.w3schools.com/html/>Visit our HTML
tutorial</a>
Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the
title attribute correctly, because it contains a space:
Example
<p title=About W3Schools>
Try it Yourself »
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.
Single or Double Quotes?
Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML,
but single quotes can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double

quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">
Try it Yourself »
Chapter Summary
 All HTML elements can have attributes

 The href attribute of <a> specifies the URL of the page the link
goes to
 The src attribute of <img> specifies the path to the image to be
displayed
 The width and height attributes of <img> provide size information
for images
 The alt attribute of <img> provides an alternate text for an image
 The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as
color, font, size, and more
 The lang attribute of the <html> tag declares the language of the
Web page
 The title attribute defines some extra information about an
element
HTML Headings
HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a

webpage.
Example
Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6
Try it Yourself »
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least

important heading.
Example
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>
Try it Yourself »
Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before

and after a heading.
Headings Are Important
Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of
your web pages.
Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings
to show the document structure.
<h1> headings should be used for main headings, followed

by <h2> headings, then the less important <h3>, and so on.
Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to

make text BIG or bold.
Bigger Headings
Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the
size for any heading with the style attribute, using the CSS font-
size property:
Example
<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>
Try it Yourself »
Test Yourself With Exercises
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these

tags and their attributes.
Tag Description
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
Reference.
HTML Paragraphs
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.
HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically

add some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.
Example
Try it Yourself »
HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different

results.
With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or
extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when
the page is displayed:
Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Horizontal Rules
The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most

often displayed as a horizontal rule.
The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an

HTML page:
Example
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>
Try it Yourself »
The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.
HTML Line Breaks
The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new
paragraph:
Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>
Try it Yourself »
The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.
The Poem Problem
This poem will display on a single line:
Example
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>
Try it Yourself »
Solution - The HTML <pre> Element
The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.
The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font

(usually Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:
Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>
HTML Styles
The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as

color, font, size, and more.
Example
I am Red
I am Blue
I am Big
Try it Yourself »
The HTML Style Attribute
Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with

the style attribute.
The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:
<tagname style="property:value;">
The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.
Background Color
The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an

HTML element.
Example
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:
<body style="background-color:powderblue;">
</body>
Try it Yourself »
Example
Set background color for two different elements:
<body>
<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Try it Yourself »
Text Color
The CSS color property defines the text color for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself »
Fonts
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML

element:
Example
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself »
Text Size
The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself »
Text Alignment
The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an

HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>
Chapter Summary
 Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements

 Use background-color for background color
 Use color for text colors
 Use font-family for text fonts
 Use font-size for text sizes
 Use text-align for text alignment
HTML Text Formatting
HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special

meaning.
Example
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is subscript and superscript
Try it Yourself »
HTML Formatting Elements
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
 <b> - Bold text

 <strong> - Important text
 <i> - Italic text
 <em> - Emphasized text
 <mark> - Marked text
 <small> - Smaller text
 <del> - Deleted text
 <ins> - Inserted text
 <sub> - Subscript text
 <sup> - Superscript text
HTML <b> and <strong> Elements
The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra

importance.
Example
<b>This text is bold</b>
Try it Yourself »
The HTML <strong> element defines text with strong importance. The

content inside is typically displayed in bold.
Example
<strong>This text is important!</strong>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <i> and <em> Elements
The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or

mood. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.
Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from

another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.
Example
<i>This text is italic</i>
Try it Yourself »
The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is
typically displayed in italic.
Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an

emphasis, using verbal stress.
Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <small> Element
The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:
Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <mark> Element
The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or

highlighted:
Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <del> Element
The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a

document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text:
Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <ins> Element
The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a

document. Browsers will usually underline inserted text:
Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <sub> Element
The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears

half a character below the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a
smaller font. Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H 2O:
Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <sup> Element
The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text

appears half a character above the normal line, and is sometimes
rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used for footnotes,
like WWW[1]:
Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Exercises
Exercise:
Add extra importance to the word "degradation" in the paragraph below.
<p>
WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of our planet's
natural environment.
</p>
Submit Answer »
Start the Exercise

HTML Text Formatting Elements
Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
<small> Defines smaller text
<strong> Defines important text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

Reference.
HTML Quotation and Citation Elements
In this chapter we will go through

the <blockquote>,<q>, <abbr>, <address>, <cite>, and <bdo> HTML
elements.
Example
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For nearly 60 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The
world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries
and is supported by more than one million members in the United
States and close to five million globally.
Try it Yourself »
HTML <blockquote> for Quotations
The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from

another source.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.
Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world's leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <q> for Short Quotations
The HTML <q> tag defines a short quotation.
Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.
Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony
with nature.</q></p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations
The HTML <abbr> tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like

"HTML", "CSS", "Mr.", "Dr.", "ASAP", "ATM".
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers,
translation systems and search-engines.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the
abbreviation/acronym when you mouse over the element.
Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was
founded in 1948.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <address> for Contact Information
The HTML <address> tag defines the contact information for the

author/owner of a document or an article.
The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical

address, phone number, social media handle, etc.
The text in the <address> element usually renders in italic, and

browsers will always add a line break before and after
the <address> element.
Example
<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <cite> for Work Title
The HTML <cite> tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a

poem, a song, a movie, a painting, a sculpture, etc.).
Note: A person's name is not the title of a work.
The text in the <cite> element usually renders in italic.
Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override
BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.
The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the current text direction:
Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Exercises
Exercise:
Use an HTML element to add quotation marks around the letters "cool".
<p>
I am so cool .
</p>
Submit Answer »
Start the Exercise
HTML Quotation and Citation Elements
Tag Description
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation or acronym
<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a

document
<bdo> Defines the text direction
<blockquote Defines a section that is quoted from another source

>
<cite> Defines the title of a work
<q> Defines a short inline quotation
Reference.
HTML Comments
HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help
document your HTML source code.
HTML Comment Tags
You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following
syntax:

Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the start tag, but not in
the end tag.
Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help
document your HTML source code.
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your

HTML code:
Example


Try it Yourself »
Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can
comment out HTML lines of code, one at a time, to search for errors:
Example

HTML Colors
HTML colors are specified with predefined color names, or with RGB,
HEX, HSL, RGBA, or HSLA values.
Color Names
In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:
Tomato
Orange
DodgerBlue
MediumSeaGreen
Gray
SlateBlue
Violet
LightGray
Try it Yourself »
HTML supports 140 standard color names.
Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam
nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam
erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation
ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
Try it Yourself »
Text Color
You can set the color of text:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam
nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam
erat volutpat.
Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper

suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>
Try it Yourself »
Border Color
You can set the color of borders:
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Example
<h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1>
Try it Yourself »
Color Values
In HTML, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL
values, RGBA values, and HSLA values.
The following three <div> elements have their background color set
with RGB, HEX, and HSL values:
rgb(255, 99, 71)
#ff6347
hsl(9, 100%, 64%)
The following two <div> elements have their background color set with
RGBA and HSLA values, which adds an Alpha channel to the color (here
we have 50% transparency):
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5)

Example
<h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">...</h1>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Styles - CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages
all at once.
CSS = Styles and Colors
M a n i p u l a t e T e x t
C o l o r s , B o x e s
What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage.
With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing
between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what
background images or background colors are to be used, different
displays for different devices and screen sizes, and much more!
Tip: The word cascading means that a style applied to a parent element

will also apply to all children elements within the parent. So, if you set
the color of the body text to "blue", all headings, paragraphs, and other
text elements within the body will also get the same color (unless you
specify something else)!
Using CSS
CSS can be added to HTML documents in 3 ways:
 Inline - by using the style attribute inside HTML elements

 Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head> section
 External - by using a <link> element to link to an external CSS file
The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in external CSS
files. However, in this tutorial we will use inline and internal styles,
because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it
yourself.
Inline CSS
An inline CSS is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.
An inline CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.
The following example sets the text color of the <h1> element to blue,

and the text color of the <p> element to red:
Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">A Blue Heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">A red paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself »
Internal CSS
An internal CSS is used to define a style for a single HTML page.
An internal CSS is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page,

within a <style> element.
The following example sets the text color of ALL the <h1> elements (on
that page) to blue, and the text color of ALL the <p> elements to red. In
addition, the page will be displayed with a "powderblue" background
color:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: blue;}
p {color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
External CSS
An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.
To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the <head> section of

each HTML page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must
not contain any HTML code, and must be saved with a .css extension.
Here is what the "styles.css" file looks like:
"styles.css":
body {
background-color: powderblue;
}
h1 {
color: blue;
}
p {
color: red;
}
Tip: With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire
web site, by changing one file!
CSS Colors, Fonts and Sizes
Here, we will demonstrate some commonly used CSS properties. You

will learn more about them later.
The CSS color property defines the text color to be used.
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used.
The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used.
Example
Use of CSS color, font-family and font-size properties:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: blue;
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 300%;
}
p {
color: red;
font-family: courier;
font-size: 160%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself »
CSS Border
The CSS border property defines a border around an HTML element.
Tip: You can define a border for nearly all HTML elements.
Example
Use of CSS border property:
p {
border: 2px solid powderblue;
}
Try it Yourself »
CSS Padding
The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) between the text

and the border.
Example
Use of CSS border and padding properties:
p {
padding: 30px;
}
Try it Yourself »
CSS Margin
The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border.
Example
Use of CSS border and margin properties:
p {
margin: 50px;
}
Try it Yourself »
Link to External CSS
External style sheets can be referenced with a full URL or with a path
relative to the current web page.
Example
This example uses a full URL to link to a style sheet:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/styles.c
ss">
Try it Yourself »
Example
This example links to a style sheet located in the html folder on the
current web site:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/html/styles.css">
Try it Yourself »
Example
This example links to a style sheet located in the same folder as the
current page:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
Try it Yourself »
You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.
Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling

 Use the HTML <style> element to define internal CSS
 Use the HTML <link> element to refer to an external CSS file
 Use the HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link>
elements
 Use the CSS color property for text colors
 Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
 Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
 Use the CSS border property for borders
 Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
 Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border
Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Links
Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their
way from page to page.
HTML Links - Hyperlinks
HTML links are hyperlinks.
You can click on a link and jump to another document.
When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a
little hand.
Note: A link does not have to be text. A link can be an image or any
other HTML element!
HTML Links - Syntax
The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink. It has the following syntax:

<a href="url">link text</a>
The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute,

which indicates the link's destination.
The link text is the part that will be visible to the reader.
Clicking on the link text, will send the reader to the specified URL
address.
Example
This example shows how to create a link to W3Schools.com:
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools.com!</a>
Try it Yourself »
By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:
 An unvisited link is underlined and blue

 A visited link is underlined and purple
 An active link is underlined and red
Tip: Links can of course be styled with CSS, to get another look!
HTML Links - The target Attribute
By default, the linked page will be displayed in the current browser

window. To change this, you must specify another target for the link.
The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
The target attribute can have one of the following values:

 _self - Default. Opens the document in the same window/tab as it
was clicked
 _blank - Opens the document in a new window or tab
 _parent - Opens the document in the parent frame
 _top - Opens the document in the full body of the window
Example
Use target="_blank" to open the linked document in a new browser
window or tab:
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit
W3Schools!</a>
Try it Yourself »
Absolute URLs vs. Relative URLs
Both examples above are using an absolute URL (a full web address) in
the href attribute.
A local link (a link to a page within the same website) is specified with
a relative URL (without the "https://www" part):
Example
<h2>Absolute URLs</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.w3.org/">W3C</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/">Google</a></p>
<h2>Relative URLs</h2>
<p><a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a></p>
<p><a href="/css/default.asp">CSS Tutorial</a></p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Links - Use an Image as a Link
To use an image as a link, just put the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML
tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;">
</a>
Try it Yourself »
Link to an Email Address
Use mailto: inside the href attribute to create a link that opens the

user's email program (to let them send a new email):
Example
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Send email</a>
Button as a Link
To use an HTML button as a link, you have to add some JavaScript code.
JavaScript allows you to specify what happens at certain events, such as

a click of a button:
Example
<button onclick="document.location='default.asp'">HTML
Tutorial</button>
Tip: Learn more about JavaScript in our JavaScript Tutorial.
Link Titles
The title attribute specifies extra information about an element. The

information is most often shown as a tooltip text when the mouse
moves over the element.
Example
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/" title="Go to W3Schools
HTML section">Visit our HTML Tutorial</a>
More on Absolute URLs and Relative URLs

Example
Use a full URL to link to a web page:
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp">HTML
tutorial</a>
Example
Link to a page located in the html folder on the current web site:
<a href="/html/default.asp">HTML tutorial</a>
Example
Link to a page located in the same folder as the current page:
<a href="default.asp">HTML tutorial</a>
You can read more about file paths in the chapter HTML File Paths.
Chapter Summary
 Use the <a> element to define a link

 Use the href attribute to define the link address
 Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked
document
 Use the <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link
 Use the mailto: scheme inside the href attribute to create a link
that opens the user's email program
HTML Link Tags
Tag Description
<a> Defines a hyperlink
Reference.
HTML Images
Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.
Example
<img src="pic_trulli.jpg" alt="Italian Trulli">
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a jacket">
Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">
HTML Images Syntax
The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an image in a web page.
Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked
to web pages. The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced
image.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a

closing tag.
The <img> tag has two required attributes:
 src - Specifies the path to the image

 alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image
Syntax
<img src="url" alt="alternatetext">
The src Attribute
The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.

Note: When a web page loads; it is the browser, at that moment, that
gets the image from a web server and inserts it into the page.
Therefore, make sure that the image actually stays in the same spot in
relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link
icon. The broken link icon and the alt text are shown if the browser
cannot find the image.
Example
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the

user for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an
error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).
The value of the alt attribute should describe the image:
Example
If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the value of

the alt attribute:
Example
<img src="wrongname.gif" alt="Flowers in Chania">
Tip: A screen reader is a software program that reads the HTML code,
and allows the user to "listen" to the content. Screen readers are useful
for people who are visually impaired or learning disabled.
Image Size - Width and Height
You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an

image.
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a
jacket" style="width:500px;height:600px;">
Alternatively, you can use the width and height attributes:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl in a
jacket" width="500" height="600">
The width and height attributes always define the width and height of

the image in pixels.
Note: Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and

height are not specified, the web page might flicker while the image
loads.
Width and Height, or Style?
The width, height, and style attributes are all valid in HTML.
However, we suggest using the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets

from changing the size of images:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img {
width: 100%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5
Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px;">
</body>
</html>
Images in Another Folder
If you have your images in a sub-folder, you must include the folder
name in the src attribute:
Example
<img src="/images/html5.gif" alt="HTML5
Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px;">
Images on Another Server/Website
Some web sites point to an image on another server.
To point to an image on another server, you must specify an absolute

(full) URL in the src attribute:
Example
<img src="https://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_green.jpg"
alt="W3Schools.com">
Notes on external images: External images might be under copyright. If

you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright
laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly
be removed or changed.
Animated Images
HTML allows animated GIFs:
Example
<img src="programming.gif" alt="Computer
Man" style="width:48px;height:48px;">
Image as a Link
To use an image as a link, put the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML
tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;">
</a>
Image Floating
Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the right or to the
left of a text:
Example
<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley
face" style="float:right;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the right of the text.</p>
<p><img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley
face" style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px;">
The image will float to the left of the text.</p>
Tip: To learn more about CSS Float, read our CSS Float Tutorial.
Common Image Formats
Here are the most common image file types, which are supported in all
browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, Opera):
Abbreviation File Format File Extension
APNG Animated Portable Network .apng

Graphics
GIF Graphics Interchange Format .gif
ICO Microsoft Icon .ico, .cur
JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group .jpg, .jpeg, .jfif, .pjpeg, .pjp
image
PNG Portable Network Graphics .png
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics .svg
Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <img> element to define an image

 Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image
 Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an
image, if it cannot be displayed
 Use the HTML width and height attributes or the
CSS width and height properties to define the size of the image
 Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the left or to
the right
Note: Loading large images takes time, and can slow down your web
page. Use images carefully.
HTML Tables
HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and
columns.
Example
Company Contact Country
Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany
Centro comercial Moctezuma Francisco Chang Mexico
Ernst Handel Roland Mendel Austria
Island Trading Helen Bennett UK
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri Canada
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Giovanni Rovelli Italy
Define an HTML Table
The <table> tag defines an HTML table.
Each table row is defined with a <tr> tag. Each table header is defined
with a <th> tag. Each table data/cell is defined with a <td> tag.
By default, the text in <th> elements are bold and centered.
By default, the text in <td> elements are regular and left-aligned.
Example
A simple HTML table:
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: The <td> elements are the data containers of the table.

They can contain all sorts of HTML elements; text, images, lists, other
tables, etc.
HTML Table - Add a Border
To add a border to a table, use the CSS border property:
Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
Remember to define borders for both the table and the table cells.
HTML Table - Collapsed Borders
To let the borders collapse into one border, add the CSS border-
collapse property:
Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
HTML Table - Add Cell Padding
Cell padding specifies the space between the cell content and its
borders.
If you do not specify a padding, the table cells will be displayed without
padding.
To set the padding, use the CSS padding property:
Example
th, td {
padding: 15px;
}
HTML Table - Left-align Headings
By default, table headings are bold and centered.
To left-align the table headings, use the CSS text-align property:
Example
th {
text-align: left;
}
HTML Table - Add Border Spacing
Border spacing specifies the space between the cells.
To set the border spacing for a table, use the CSS border-

spacing property:
Example
table {
border-spacing: 5px;
}
Note: If the table has collapsed borders, border-spacing has no effect.

HTML Table - Cell that Spans Many Columns
To make a cell span more than one column, use the colspan attribute:
Example
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>55577854</td>
<td>55577855</td>
</tr>
</table>
HTML Table - Cell that Spans Many Rows
To make a cell span more than one row, use the rowspan attribute:
Example
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>55577854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>55577855</td>
</tr>
</table>
HTML Table - Add a Caption
To add a caption to a table, use the <caption> tag:
Example
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$50</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: The <caption> tag must be inserted immediately after
the <table> tag.
A Special Style for One Table
To define a special style for one particular table, add an id attribute to

the table:
Example
<table id="t01">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Now you can define a special style for this table:

#t01 {
width: 100%;
background-color: #f1f1c1;
}
And add more styles:

#t01 tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #eee;
}
#t01 tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #fff;
}
#t01 th {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}
Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <table> element to define a table

 Use the HTML <tr> element to define a table row
 Use the HTML <td> element to define a table data
 Use the HTML <th> element to define a table heading
 Use the HTML <caption> element to define a table caption
 Use the CSS border property to define a border
 Use the CSS border-collapse property to collapse cell borders
 Use the CSS padding property to add padding to cells
 Use the CSS text-align property to align cell text
 Use the CSS border-spacing property to set the spacing between
cells
 Use the colspan attribute to make a cell span many columns
 Use the rowspan attribute to make a cell span many rows
 Use the id attribute to uniquely define one table
HTML Lists
HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.
Example
An unordered HTML list:
 Item
 Item
 Item
 Item
An ordered HTML list:
1. First item
2. Second item
3. Third item
4. Fourth item
Unordered HTML List
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by
default:
Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Ordered HTML List
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with numbers by default:
Example
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
HTML Description Lists
HTML also supports description lists.
A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.
The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term

(name), and the <dd> tag describes each term:
Example
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
HTML List Tags
Tag Description
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<ol> Defines an ordered list
<li> Defines a list item
<dl> Defines a description list
<dt> Defines a term in a description list
<dd> Describes the term in a description list
Reference.
HTML Unordered Lists
The HTML <ul> tag defines an unordered (bulleted) list.

Unordered HTML List
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by
default:
Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Unordered HTML List - Choose List Item Marker
The CSS list-style-type property is used to define the style of the list

item marker. It can have one of the following values:
Value Description
disc Sets the list item marker to a bullet (default)
circle Sets the list item marker to a circle
square Sets the list item marker to a square

none The list items will not be marked
Example - Disc
<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Example - Circle
<ul style="list-style-type:circle;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Example - Square
<ul style="list-style-type:square;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Example - None
<ul style="list-style-type:none;">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Nested HTML Lists
Lists can be nested (list inside list):
Example
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Note: A list item (<li>) can contain a new list, and other HTML elements,
like images and links, etc.
Horizontal List with CSS
HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.
One popular way is to style a list horizontally, to create a navigation

menu:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333333;
}
li {
float: left;
}
li a {
display: block;
color: white;
text-align: center;
padding: 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}
li a:hover {
background-color: #111111;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.
Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list

 Use the CSS list-style-type property to define the list item marker
 Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
 Lists can be nested
 List items can contain other HTML elements
 Use the CSS property float:left to display a list horizontally
HTML List Tags
Tag Description
HTML Ordered Lists
The HTML <ol> tag defines an ordered list. An ordered list can be

numerical or alphabetical.
Ordered HTML List
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with
the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with numbers by default:
Example
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Ordered HTML List - The Type Attribute
The type attribute of the <ol> tag, defines the type of the list item

marker:
Type Description
type="1" The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)
type="A" The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters
type="a" The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters
type="I" The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers
type="i" The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers
Numbers:
<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Uppercase Letters:
<ol type="A">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Lowercase Letters:
<ol type="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Uppercase Roman Numbers:

<ol type="I">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Lowercase Roman Numbers:

<ol type="i">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Control List Counting
By default, an ordered list will start counting from 1. If you want to start
counting from a specified number, you can use the start attribute:
Example
<ol start="50">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Nested HTML Lists
Lists can be nested (list inside list):
Example
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ol>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Note: A list item (<li>) can contain a new list, and other HTML elements,
like images and links, etc.
Chapter Summary
 Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list

 Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type
 Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
 Lists can be nested
 List items can contain other HTML elements
HTML List Tags
Tag Description

HTML Block and Inline Elements
Every HTML element has a default display value, depending on what

type of element it is.
There are two display values: block and inline.
Block-level Elements
A block-level element always starts on a new line.
A block-level element always takes up the full width available (stretches

out to the left and right as far as it can).
A block level element has a top and a bottom margin, whereas an inline
element does not.
The <div> element is a block-level element.
Example
<div>Hello World</div>
Here are the block-level elements in HTML:
<address>
<article>
<aside>
<blockquote>
<canvas>
<dd>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<fieldset>
<figcaption>
<figure>
<footer>
<form>
<h1>-<h6>
<header>
<hr>
<li>
<main>
<nav>
<noscript>
<ol>
<p>
<pre>
<section>
<table>
<tfoot>
<ul>
<video>
Inline Elements
An inline element does not start on a new line.
An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary.
This is a <span> element inside a paragraph.
Example
<span>Hello World</span>
Here are the inline elements in HTML:
<a>
<abbr>
<acronym>
<b>
<bdo>
<big>
<br>
<button>
<cite>
<code>
<dfn>
<em>
<i>
<img>
<input>
<kbd>
<label>
<map>
<object>
<output>
<q>
<samp>
<script>
<select>
<small>
<span>
<strong>
<sub>
<sup>
<textarea>
<time>
<tt>
<var>
Note: An inline element cannot contain a block-level element!
The <div> Element
The <div> element is often used as a container for other HTML

elements.
The <div> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are

common.
When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style

blocks of content:
Example
<div style="background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in
the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million
inhabitants.</p>
</div>
The <span> Element
The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a

text, or a part of a document.
The <span> element has no required attributes,
but style, class and id are common.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style

parts of the text:
Example
<p>My mother has <span style="color:blue;font-
weight:bold">blue</span> eyes and my father
has <span style="color:darkolivegreen;font-weight:bold">dark
green</span> eyes.</p>
Chapter Summary
 There are two display values: block and inline

 A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the
full width available
 An inline element does not start on a new line and it only takes up
as much width as necessary
 The <div> element is a block-level and is often used as a container
for other HTML elements
 The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part
of a text, or a part of a document
HTML Tags
Tag Description
<div> Defines a section in a document (block-level)

<span> Defines a section in a document (inline)
HTML Quiz Results
Score: 29 of 40
72% Correct:
Question 1:
What does HTML stand for?
Hyper Text Markup Language Your answer

Home Tool Markup Language
Hyperlinks and Text Markup Language
Question 2:
Who is making the Web standards?
Google Your answer
Microsoft
Mozilla
The World Wide Web Consortium Correct answer
Question 3:
Choose the correct HTML element for the largest heading:
<h1> Your answer
<head>
<heading>
<h6>
Question 4:
What is the correct HTML element for inserting a line break?
<br> Your answer
<lb>
<break>
Question 5:
What is the correct HTML for adding a background color?
<body style="background-color:yellow;"> Your answer

<background>yellow</background>
<body bg="yellow">
Question 6:
Choose the correct HTML element to define important text
<strong> Your answer
<important>
<b>
<i>
Question 7:
Choose the correct HTML element to define emphasized text
<em> Your answer
<italic>
<i>
Question 8:
What is the correct HTML for creating a hyperlink?
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools</a> Your answer

<a>http://www.w3schools.com</a>
<a url="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools.com</a>
<a name="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools.com</a>
Question 9:
Which character is used to indicate an end tag?
/ Your answer
*
<
^
Question 10:
How can you open a link in a new tab/browser window?
<a href="url" target="new"> Your answer

<a href="url" target="_blank"> Correct answer
<a href="url" new>
Question 11:
Which of these elements are all <table> elements?
<table><tr><td> Your answer
<thead><body><tr>
<table><tr><tt>
<table><head><tfoot>
Question 12:
Inline elements are normally displayed without starting a new line.
True Your answer
False
Question 13:
How can you make a numbered list?
<ol> Your answer
<ul>
<dl>
<list>
Question 14:
How can you make a bulleted list?
<ul> Your answer
<dl>
<ol>
<list>
Question 15:
What is the correct HTML for making a checkbox?
<input type="checkbox"> Your answer

<checkbox>
<input type="check">
<check>
Question 16:
What is the correct HTML for making a text input field?
<input type="text"> Your answer

<textinput type="text">
<input type="textfield">
<textfield>
Question 17:
What is the correct HTML for making a drop-down list?
<input type="dropdown"> Your answer

<input type="list">
<select> Correct answer
<list>
Question 18:
What is the correct HTML for making a text area?
<input type="textarea"> Your answer

<textarea> Correct answer
<input type="textbox">
Question 19:
What is the correct HTML for inserting an image?
<img src="image.gif" alt="MyImage"> Your answer

<img href="image.gif" alt="MyImage">
<img alt="MyImage">image.gif</img>
<image src="image.gif" alt="MyImage">
Question 20:
What is the correct HTML for inserting a background image?
<body style="background-image:url(background.gif)"> Your answer

<body bg="background.gif">
<background img="background.gif">
Question 21:
An <iframe> is used to display a web page within a web page.
True Your answer
There is no such thing as an <iframe>
False
Question 22:
HTML comments start with 
True Your answer
False
Question 23:
Block elements are normally displayed without starting a new line.
False Your answer
True
Question 24:
Which HTML element defines the title of a document?
<title> Your answer
<head>
<meta>
Question 25:
Which HTML attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the
image cannot be displayed?
alt Your answer
src
longdesc
title
Question 26:
Which doctype is correct for HTML5?
<!DOCTYPE HTML5> Your answer

<!DOCTYPE html> Correct answer
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 5.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/strict.dtd">
Question 27:
Which HTML element is used to specify a footer for a document or

section?
<footer> Your answer
<section>
<bottom>
Question 28:
In HTML, you can embed SVG elements directly into an HTML page.
True Your answer
False
Question 29:
What is the correct HTML element for playing video files?
<video> Your answer
<media>
<movie>
Question 30:
What is the correct HTML element for playing audio files?
<audio> Your answer
<mp3>
<sound>
Question 31:
The HTML global attribute, "contenteditable" is used to:
Specify whether the content of an element should be editable or

not Your answer
Specifies a context menu for an element. The menu appears when a
user right-clicks on the element
Update content from the server
Return the position of the first found occurrence of content inside a
string
Question 32:
In HTML, onblur and onfocus are:
Style attributes Your answer

HTML elements
Event attributes Correct answer
Question 33:
Graphics defined by SVG is in which format?
CSS Your answer
XML Correct answer
HTML
Question 34:
The HTML <canvas> element is used to:
draw graphics Your answer

create draggable elements
display database records
manipulate data in MySQL
Question 35:
In HTML, which attribute is used to specify that an input field must be

filled out?
placeholder Your answer
required Correct answer
formvalidate
validate
Question 36:
Which input type defines a slider control?
controls Your answer
search
slider
range Correct answer
Question 37:
Which HTML element is used to display a scalar measurement within a

range?
<measure> Your answer
<meter> Correct answer
<range>
<gauge>
Question 38:
Which HTML element defines navigation links?
<nav> Your answer
<navigate>
<navigation>
Question 39:
In HTML, what does the <aside> element define?

Content aside from the page content Your answer
The ASCII character-set; to send information between computers on
the Internet
A navigation list to be shown at the left side of the page
Question 40:
Which HTML element is used to specify a header for a document or

section?
<head> Your answer
<top>
<section>
<header> Correct answer

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HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

A Simple HTML Document

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<br> none none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element).

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www

1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML

1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+

1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0

1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2

1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01

2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft

2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard

2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5

2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1

2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition

2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2

This tutorial follows the latest HTML5 standard.

A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.

Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML

We believe in that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)

Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Also change some preferences to get the application to save files

Then open a new document to place the code.

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the

Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

The result will look much like this:

In this chapter we will show some basic HTML examples.

All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!

The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.

The visible part of the HTML document is

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.