Business Business Research Research Methods Methods
Business Business Research Research Methods Methods
Business Business Research Research Methods Methods
BUSINESS
RESEARCH
METHODS
Lecture II
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"Well begun is half done" –
Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
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A researcher
spends a great
deal of time
refining a
research idea
into a testable
research problem
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Scientific research process
Desktop
Field work & Define the problem research
report writing
=
Research
Review literature: proposal
Report writing Theory Vs Empirical
(findings)?
Concepts & Theories Previous research findings
Formulate Hypothesis
Data analysis
Design research
Collect data
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The “hourglass” notion of research
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Research Process
1. Formulating the problem 9. Conducting pilot study &
2. Reviewing related literature making revisions
3. Developing/utilizing a 10. Selecting the sample
theoretical framework 11. Collecting the data
4. Identifying research 12. Organizing the data for
variables analysis
5. Formulating hypotheses 13. Analyzing the data
6. Selecting a research design 14. Interpreting the results
7. Specifying the population 15. Communicating the
8. Operationalizing & findings
measuring research
variables
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Problem formulation
• Problem statement
– Problem identification
– Characteristics of a problem statement
– Study hypothesis
– Sources of problem statement
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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
• What is a research problem?
– Some difficulty/concerns which a researcher
experiences in a given context (theoretical or
empirical), & wants to obtain a
solution/knowledge for the same.
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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
• How?
– Identify broad area of interest
– Identify specific problems within the identified area as
the basis of the study i.e. narrow from broad to specific.
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The Management - Research
Question Hierarchy
6. Management Decision
5. Measurement Question
4. Investigative Question
3. Management Question
2. Research Question
1. Management Dilemma / Knowledge gap
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Selecting research problem
• Research problem/subject must be
carefully selected. Key guidelines include:
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Sources of problem statements
• Existing theories
• Existing literature – systematic
reading in general area of interest
/book….)
• Discussion with experts
• Previous research
• Replication
• The media
• Personal experiences.
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Stating the research Problem
• This forms the nucleus of any research.
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Stating a Problem
• Over and above, A well written problem
statement should have:
– Sound theoretical arguments
– Sufficient empirical evidence
– Clearly indicate concept(s) of interest
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Stating a Problem
• Problem statement is composed of:
• Concept
– (area of interest & predominant theories,
logical arguments, supporting evidence as
well as the deriving variables)
• Context (background/ study setting)
– Briefly describe unique characteristics of
the proposed study setting
• Deriving/arising research questions
– (allude to the specific dilemma to be
addressed).
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Sample problem
statement
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Statement of the Problem
The importance of leadership in determining organizational Performance
has generated strong debate over the years (Channon, 2001). Scholars such as
Hambrick (1994; 1995) propose that top executives are critical, while other
scholars directly or indirectly support a view that organizations are highly
influenced by the context (Hannan & Freeman, 1977). Other scholars have
argued for the primacy of human agency in determining an organization’s
destiny, as reflected through economic performance (Cyert & March, 1992; and
Hakansson & Johanson, 1992).
Similarly, some scholars argue that the influence of leadership on
organizational performance is positively or negatively influenced by the
environment (Perrow, 1970; Lawrence & Lorsch, 1967; Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978;
and Aldrich, 1979). Finally, there are scholars who have taken the middle ground
(Thompson, 1967; Child, 1972; Crozier & Friedberg, 1980; and Astley, 1985)
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...Statement of the Problem
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...Statement of the Problem
Well-rehearsed axioms such as “what gets measured gets
done”, “you get what you measure”, “if you cannot reward
success, you are probably rewarding failure”, and “if you cannot
recognize success, you may not be able to sustain it” are
salient in literature supporting the introduction of performance
measurement as a promising way to improve organizational
performance (Halachmi, 2005).
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...Statement of the Problem
Crowther (1996) acknowledges that any consideration of
measures suitable for evaluation needs to consider the whole
purpose for which evaluation takes place to avoid the problem
of meeting one need at the expense of others. Measurement
theory states that measurement is a comparative process,
and comparison provides the purpose for measurement
(Churchman, 1967).
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1: INTRODUCTION
• Usually has the following sections
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Study hypothesis
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Significance of the Study
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Research Objectives
• Research Objectives addresses the purpose of the
investigation, thus lay out exactly what is being planned
by the proposed research.
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Research Objectives
• The objectives flows naturally from the problem statement,
giving the reader specific, concrete, and achievable goals
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• Class video for assignment
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxA
5cxdQ2uA
• Into groups of 10
• Students to identify 2 research
questions, come up with an appropriate
problem statement, study objectives
and suggest an appropriate
approach/methodology.
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Research Objectives
• It is best to list the objectives either in order
of importance or in general terms first, moving
to specific terms (i.e., research question
followed by underlying investigative questions).
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...Examples
Information Gap/Question Research Objective(s)
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...Statement of the Problem
• Objectives of the study
• The primary objectives of this study, with respect to
institutions of higher learning were:
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Objectives of the Study
• The broad objective of the proposed study is to determine the
influence of top management teams on organizational performance in
Kenya. Arising from these, the specific objectives are to:
– Assess the extent to which top management teams are used to make
strategic decisions.
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1: INTRODUCTION
• Usually has the following sections
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Study hypothesis
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Significance of the Study
• Stated as either:
– Null hypothesis
– Alternative hypothesis
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Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis
– typically proposes a general or default
position, E.G. there is no relationship
between two measured phenomena, or
that a potential treatment has no
effect, there is no difference between
two or more variables…. etc
– Represents the situation that a
researcher seeks to refute, thus the
hypothesis one seeks to reject
– Usually denoted as H0
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Hypothesis
• Alternative Hypothesis
– Negates the null hypothesis i.e. Asserts
a particular relationship between the
phenomena, or significant difference
exists, or there is causality between
variables, etc
– It is the hypothesis that holds, if null
hypothesis is rejected
– Usually denoted as Ha or H1
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Why use hypothesis?
• Provides specific focus
• Provides for testing of aspects/issues of interest in
a study
• Directs the investigation
• Allows the investigator to confirm or not confirm
aspects of interest
• Provides a framework for reporting the results
and explanations deriving from them
• When supported provides empirical evidence
hence creation/confirmation of knowledge
• Provides a useful framework for organizing and
summarizing the results and conclusions
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Hypothesis
• Characteristics of Hypothesis
– Should be clear and precise.
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Hypothesis
• Characteristics of Hypothesis
– Should be stated in most simple terms – to
enable ease of understanding by all
concerned. (simplicity)
Operating Environment
TMT demographic
characteristics Govt control, competition, availability and cost of
· Average members’ age resources (vital inputs), interest rates, taxation, H 4
· TMT tenure political activities, change in information
· Education level technology,
· Functional background
· TMT members experience
(tenure) Organizational Performance
Decision making process Economic/financial
· TMT size Collective ownership for
· Gender performance
corporate affairs, group
H 5 · Gross profit
discussions & consultations, H
frequency of meetings, level
6 · Turn over
of communication & · Earnings per share
information sharing · Dividends per share
TMT cognitive · Average stock price
characteristics · Market share
· Innovativeness · Return on capital
· Proactiveness
·
Organizational structure
Perception to risk
· Locus of control
· Tolerance for ambiguity · Organization’s age,
H 3
· Open-mindedness · Organization’s size
· Aggression
H 2
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Hypotheses of the Study
Top management team demographic characteristics
H1o: TMTs demographic characteristics do not influence organizational performance.
H1A: TMTs demographic characteristics influence organizational performance.
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Hypotheses of the Study ……..
Influence of TMT demographic and cognitive characteristics on organizational decision making
processes, and the impact of organizational decision making processes on organizational
performance.
H5O: TMT demographic & cognitive characteristics do not influence organizational decision making processes
H5A: TMT demographic & cognitive characteristics influence organizational decision making processes
H7O: The TMTs demographic and cognitive characteristics, organizational decision making processes moderated by
the environmental forces and organizational structure do not influence organizational performance
H7A: The TMTs demographic and cognitive characteristics, organizational decision making processes moderated by
the environmental forces and organizational structure influence organizational performance
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Hypothesis
• A hypothesis may not be appropriate
if:
– You do not have a hunch or educated
guess about a particular situation
– You do not have a set of defined
variables.
– Your question centres on
phenomenological description
– Your aim is to engage in, and research,
the process of collaborative change
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• General questions and
answers?
• Lessons learnt?
• General comments?
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Thank you
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