FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
A function is a pairing that assigns to

element of the set Y.

x Y x Y x Y
1 1 a
*a a
2 b 2 2
b
3 c
d
3
4
c 3 .c
4
Many to One One to Many
One to One

Function Not a Function

(only a relation)
USING ORDERED PAIRS
{(1, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c)} {(1, a), (1, b), (2, b), (3, c)}
{(1, a), (2, a), (3, b), (4, b)}
A relation is any set of ordered pairs.
A Function is a set of ordered pairs such that no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first coordinate.
• REAL LIFE EXAMPLES
• State whether a function or not.
I . A student in a math class paired with corrsponding ID number.

• {(Annette, 123), (Judy, 049), (Sonia, 254)}

2. A person paired with the type of car he or she has.

• { (Howard,Toyota), (Howard, BMW), (Janet, Honda) }

 Time 2006 2007 2008 2009

Population 5000 6800 9500 11400

An equation of the form y = f(x)

where each value of x , we

Examples:
y 2x + 4
y 2x 2 - x + 5
Graph of a function f is the set of all points (x,y) on the plane that
satisfy the equation y= f( x ) .
2
y 2x + 4 y X
x -2 -1 0 1 x 0 1 4
y 0 2 4 6 y 0 +1 ±2

A Function Not a Function

 If any vertical line intersects the graph of an

defines y as a function of x.

t
Exercises: State whether a function or not
using graphs

I. y — x 2 2. y 2
3
x +1

3. y = - A/ X + 1 4. y x
 2
y X 2. y 2 x +1
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -1 0 1 2 3
y 4 1 0 1 4 y o + 72 ± 3
±1
^ +2

not a function
function relation
 3 y . V X +1
4. Y 3 X Y = Xi
X -1 0 1 2 3 x -8 -1 0 1 8
y 0 -1 - Jl - V3 -
2 y -2 -1 0 1 2
6
4 L

L U L L L L X J J J

4
2 .
L L X J

yA 3 = x
u x
L
2

0 I

+ +
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
i 0
L L L L L L L X 1 X J J J
I
i
i
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
i

-2 L L L L L L X X X J J J
J J J .
J J J . J L L .
X L L L L

J J J . J
-2 L L -L L L L L

L L ,L L L L L X X J J J
I

y = - ( x +i r ( 1/ 2 ) J J J .
J J .
J J. •- L L L L L
-4 L L L L L X X X J J J

J J J .
J J .
J J.
-4 L U L L L L L

-6
-6

function function
 IEVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS I
Given functions f(x) , f (a) means the value of the function f at x = s
It is read as “f of a”
Ex. f (x) = x2 - 2x + 3
Evaluate following:
f (h ) f (2 ) f ( x + 2)
3

L
IOPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Given functions f(x) and g(x), we can have the
Sum: (/ + g ) (x) / (*) + g { x )
Difference: (/ — g ) (A:) f i x) - g( x)
Product: (f g) ( x ) = f ( x ) g(x)
Quotient: (X)
-
f (X)
g g( X )
Composition of functions:
(f o g)(x) = f(g(x)) (g ° f ) ( x ) = g (f( x))

EXAMPLE: Given f(x) = 2x - 5

g(x) = x2 + x - 6
 DOMAIN AND RANGE

Domain = the set Range = the set

of all first of all second
elements of the elements of the
ordered pairs ordered pairs

Example: {( -1, 1), ( 0, 0), ( 2, 4), ( 4, 16)}

D = { -1, 0, 2, 4 } R = { 1, 0, 4, 1 6 }

Give the domain and range of

Uli 5), (3, 8), (5, 11), (7, 8), (9, -4)}
FOR MATHEMATICAL EQUATION y = f ( x )

Domain = the set Range = the set of

of all feasible all possible resulting
values of x for values of y or images
which y is defined of x under the f

y = f(x) = - 3 x +4

Domain: R
I\ | I I l X

Range :R
 |Y = H (X) = Vx - 2

|D : all x e R such that x > 2 or [2 , oo ) I |R : r 0- °°)

*-
“ r "

:
H A •i A A H

6 » - *- - *• A A A A H

H H -
» A A A A •A

4 l
_ .
L .
L L L L L 1 1 1 J J J J J

L .

2 t .

.
L

0
+
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
L L L L l L L 1 1 1 J J J J J

-2 L - U L L L U 1 1 1 J J J J J

L C L L L L l 1 1 1 J J J J J
 |y = h(x) = Vx 2 -
4

D : all x e R such that

x 2
4>0 x >42
vx > V4 2

x >2 x < -2 or x > 2

14

|D : ( — oo,21 U[ 2, oo) 12

10
T

|R : T 0. oo) 8

.1

- -
4 ) A (1/ 2 ) . 4

2
T

0
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1'
L i i 1 J. J J .
J J. J. J. X L .L L L L L 1 i 1 J J. J J
 s prepared by: Ms S ® nia Tan
|y = h(x) = - V 4 -
1
^
2
X

Df : all x e R such that

4 - x2 > 0 x 2 > -4 x2 < 4

/ * < /4
A X A x <2 2 < x <2
| R,: r-2.01
3

2
-
I i J. L J 1 J L J

0
-1

-1
r T r i

-2

r T v r l
-3 T ~ r
 I LINEAR FUNCTIONS I
f(x) = ax + b where a and b are real numbers

Examples: f(x) = 2x + 5 a=2,b=5

f(x) = -4x a = -4 , b = 0
f(x) = 10 a = 0 , b = 10
The graph of a linear function is a

Domain :Reals

Range :Reals
 IQUADRATIC FUNCTIONS I
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b and c are real numbers
and a 0 .
^
The graph of quadratic function :
If a > 0, parabola upward. If a < 0, parabola downward.
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k
-b
where h = and k = f(h)
2a
V = (h, k) is called the vertex of the parabola.

x=h V(h,k ) Highest point

/
V(h,k) Lowest point
D:R R : y >k : y <k
EXAMPLES: f ( x ) x2 + 2 x 8
a 1 ,b 2,c 8
- b - 2
h 1 k = f(-l)=(-1)2 + 2(-l)-8 = -9
2a 2
V = (-1, -9) f(x)=(x + 1)2 -9
T T r T “I r

i L i
-» <
- X

-14 - 12
+
-10
+
-8
+
-6 6 8
+
10 12
+
14
>
T r r T -• r r r T -• r r

i J
-
< L i J •- -
< L J J
-
« L J
-•

T r T r

-10
1 J J
-
» L X J <
- L X J
-
» L X J -
» J J
-
< J

T T r r T r r T
-12 r

D:R R : {y/y > -9}

 +'
Examples: f { x ) x2 x + 2a = 1 ,b = l ,c = 2

V( 1 , 2-) L) 2
2’
+ 2.
4
2 4
”“ T i r"

x
-7 -6 -5 -4 4 5 6 7 >

2
D: R R : {y/y 7}
4
 A Polynomial function in variable x of degree n
is of the form
P(x) = xn + an_ jX n 1 2
-
+ a 2x + a1x + a 0
^
•

where a s e R , a „
^
n i s anon - negativeint eger.
^ 0 and

f ( X ) = k Constant function - polynomial of degree 0.

f ( x ) = a x + b Linear function - polynomial of degree 1.
f (x) = ax2 +bx + C Quadratic function - polynomial of degree 2.

f (x) = 2x4 - V2 X3 +|
- x -71 polynomial of degree 4

g(x) = 2x 6-
3x + Vx - 5
3 h(x) = 2x5 - 3 x3 + x 2 + 5x
g and h are NOT RDNOM FlJNCniONS
^
 I PIECE-WISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS |
—
f'

2x + 2 if x < 1
f (x ) <
x2 + l
V
if x > 1 I I
I
l
i i i

For y = -2x + 2
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i i

i
T 1 “I
— V r
i

i
i
i

i
i
i

T 1 V P P T T T

I I I

When x = -1 , y
I I

0 -
I I
« *• •I 4

(-1, 4)
I I I
I
I I
I I I
J . ..
1 A J J J . .1. L A A J J .
I
I i I
I I
I I I

When x = 0 , y = 2 - .- J -.- J. - - - L -. - l - - - l.- - J...J

1 J L L
i i i

(0, 2)
i I i
i l i
l l
i i i
i i i
l I
l

-- --n
i l

T 1 V r T -
1
i
r T T*
i
T

For y = x2 + 1 T 1 T T r

= x2 + i: i
.

(1, 2)
J L

When x = 1 , y = 2
I
I

1
1
J J. >. L 1 J J . 1 1 J
I

When x = 2 , y = 5 (2, 5) T 1 V T

1’
r

r
T

T
T T 1

1
V

l
X

-8
D :R
4 ;6 8

I L 1 J ... J J .
i J.
-2 I 1 J J J . 1 J I . 1 1 J J .

h -1 i i i

R : ( 0, oo )
 2 if x < - 1
g(x) < - 3 if - 1 < x < 2

x if x > 2 :r Aky :r
V
r r r T T I i T r J
— Y Y 1 1 T T r r r

p p T r
8 i
i

y = 2 for x < -1 4 -
I
--
I
l

L 1 L J . J J 1 A l L
6 .1.

y = - 3 for -1 < x < 2 L L L J . J . J J l 1 L

4
L

r r r 1

=2 1 T r r r r

For y = x V ;
£) 2 ’p

> > H - 4 4 I - 4

0 X

When x = 2 , y = 2 (2, 2)
r
-6

r
j

r
-5 -4

Y Y
-3

1
!

1
-2

T T
-1

r .J ...
0

y
_=
1

3
2 3

1
+

T
4

T
5
i

i
i
i
i

r r
6

r r

When x = 4 , y = 4
i

(4, 4) P P

-4
Q 4 - T
i
i
r
i
i
i
P

-
i
i

i
. -. . .1.

D :R
L L I J J J 1 A L l J A A L 1 L
I
I

L L L J . J . J J 1 1 L L
-6 L J 1 1
I
i
L L L
I

R : y = -3 or y > 2 r r

r
r

p
Y Y

1
l T T r r

r
-8
Y T I r r

p
r

I
^
- 3 LJ [ 2 , + GO )
REFERENCES:

• Tan, S. “DLSU Lecture Presentation”, De La Salle University

• Vargas M.S. & Medina J., 2020,“ General Mathematics Self Learning Module Quarter I ,
Week I ” SDO Caloocan City.

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