Functions: A X A X +a X+a A, A,, A
Functions: A X A X +a X+a A, A,, A
Functions: A X A X +a X+a A, A,, A
OVERVIEW
In almost all aspects of our daily lives, we see how one quantity affects another. A parent, for instance, would like to find
out the best parenting style that could ensure that his/her child would be a good one. A student might wish to discover the best
study habit technique that would make his/her grades excellent. A teacher might be interested in studying whether or not the use of
technology will improve his/her students’ performance.
The world is a world of relationships. It has been said that “No man is an island”. People need people to exist. A person
needs somebody to live. Examples of their relationships are the following: mother-child, teacher-students, flag-country, employer-
employees, and passengers-bus. The correspondence of the mother to her child is a function, the relationship of a flag to a country
is a function, and the relation of the passengers to the bus where they are going to ride is a function.
This module contains about functions: its definition and classification, domain and range of a function, graph of a function,
functional notation, evaluation of a function, combinations of functions, one-valued and many-valued functions, and odd and even
functions
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. define functions,
2. differentiate the classification of functions,
3. identify the domain and range of the given function,
4. graph the given function,
5. transform each statement into function notation,
6. identify the different operations on function,
7. perform the indicated operations of the given function, and
8. identify the even and odd function
1.1 DEFINITION
A variable y is said to be a function of another variable x, if to every value of x there is a corresponding value of y. In symbols,
y = f(x). The variable x to which any value may be assigned is the independent variable or argument, while y is the dependent
variable or function.
2. Rational Function or Rational Fraction. This is a quotient of two polynomials, an example of which is
2 x 3−7 x 2 +5
x 2−2 x+3
where: both numerator and denominator are polynomials.
3. Algebraic Functions. In general, y is said to be an algebraic function of x if it is a root of an equation of the nth
degree in y whose coefficient are rational functions of x.
For example, if
y= √ x + √ 2 x
then squaring both members repeatedly, we obtain
2
y −x= √ 2 x
( y ¿¿ 2−x )2=2 x ¿
y 4 −2 x y 2 + x2 −2 x=0
4. Transcendental Function. This function includes all other functions not included in the above-mentioned categories.
And we have:
Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
Codomain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Range: {3, 5, 7, 9}
In fact, the Domain is an essential part of the function. Change the Domain and we have a different function.
Example: a simple function like f(x) = x 2 can have the domain (what goes in) of just the counting numbers {1,2,3,...}, and the
range will then be the set {1,4,9,...}
And another function g(x) = x2 can have the domain of integers {...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...}, in which case the range is the set
{0,1,4,9,...}
Codomain vs Range
The Codomain and Range are both on the output side, but are subtly different.
The Codomain is the set of values that could possibly come out. The Codomain is actually part of the definition of the
function.
And The Range is the set of values that actually do come out.
Example: we can define a function f(x)=2x with a domain and codomain of integers (because we say so).
But by thinking about it we can see that the range (actual output values) is just the even integers.
So the codomain is integers (we defined it that way), but the range is even integers.
Why both? Well, sometimes we don't know the exact range (because the function may be complicated or not fully known), but
we know the set it lies in (such as integers or reals). So, we define the codomain and continue on.
or and either of these say that the function "f" takes in "x" and returns "x2"
There is also:
Dom(f) or Dom f meaning "the domain of the function f"
Ran(f) or Ran f meaning "the range of the function f"
Examples: Given the set of ordered pairs, determine if the given set is a function or merely a relation. Identify the
domain and the range, and state a rule for the given functions.
1. A = {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8), (5,10)}
Answer The given set of ordered pairs is a function because the elements in the set of x and y-coordinates
are different from each other. There is no common element existing on the first coordinates.
The domain of the given functions is {1,2,3,4,5}. Its range is {2,4,6,8,10}.
Since the value of y is twice the corresponding value of x, then, we can say that
A = {(x, y): y=2x, x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. B = {(2, -3), (3, -2), (4, -1), (5,0), (7,2)
Answer The given set of ordered pairs is a function.
Its domain is {2, 3, 4, 5, 7} and its range is {-3, -2, -1, 0, 2}
Since the value of y is 5 less than the value of x, then
B = {(x,y): y= x-5, x=2,3,4,5,7}
3. C = {(1,1), (1,-1), (2,2), (2, -2), (3, -3), (4, 4), (4, -4)}
Answer The given set of ordered pairs is just a mere relation because there are common first coordinates
existing in the given set.
The domain of the given relation is {1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4} or {1,2,3,4}, since each element appears twice
on the set. Its range is {1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4}
By observing and analyzing each pair of coordinates, we can state a rule that,
LEARNING TASK # Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
1
Given the set of ordered pairs, determine if the given set is a function or merely a relation. Identify
the domain and the range, and state a rule for the given functions.
D = {(-1, 1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4), (-3, 9), (3, 9)}
In mathematics, the graph of a function f is the set of ordered pairs (x,y), where f(x) = y.
Here are some examples of relations that are also functions because they pass vertical line test.
Fig. 5. Graph of the line f(x) = x +1 Fig. 6 Graph of the cubic function f(x) = x3
Here are some examples of relations that are not functions because they fail the vertical line test.
Fig. 7 Graph of the side-way Parabola, x = y2 Fig. 8 Graph of the relation x = y3 – y + 2
REMEMBER:
If there is only one point of intersection between the graph and the vertical line, then, the
graph is a graph of a function.
If there is more than one point of intersection between the graph and the vertical line,
then, the graph is just a relation.
LEARNING TASK # 2 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Direction: Use the vertical line test in order to determine if each of the given graphs is a function or just relation.
1. f(x) = x2 -2 2. x2 + y2 = 9
LEARNING TASK # 3 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Graph the function y = 25 + 5x
Example: The simplest form of a quadratic function is described by the equation, y=x 2. If we are going to graph
this, we can have the location of the points as described by the table of values below.
Solution: when x=-4 then, y = x2 when y = -3 then, y = x2
2
y = (-4) y = (-3) 2
y = 16 y=9
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
Plotting these pairs of x- and y-coordinates in a Rectangular Coordinate Plane, the graph of the function
will look like this.
LEARNING TASK # 4 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Graph the function y = x2/2
Like any other functions, we can also graph exponential functions. Let us try to graph the given exponential functions and
try to observe the behavior of the graphs.
Fig 11 . Graph of y = 2x
LEARNING TASK # 5 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
1 x
Graph the function y=( )
2
Functions are being written in different ways. For instance, the function in which every element in the range is “3 more than”
the corresponding element in the domain can be written using any of these forms:
1. f : x → x +3 This is being read as “under function f, x maps to x + 3” or “under f, x
is assigned to x + 3” or “the image of x under f is x + 3”
2. x → x+ 3 This is being read the same way as number 1.
3. This is being read as “the function f is the set of all ordered pairs
(x,y), such that y equals x + 3”
f ={ ( x , y ) : y =x+3 ¿
4. f ( x )=x +3 This is being read as “f of x equals x + 3”
5. y=x +3 This is being read as “y equals x + 3”
The 4th and 5th notations are commonly used in the field of Algebra and Calculus.
In the function notation f(x) = x + 3 and y = x+ 3, notice that they are both equal to x + 3. Applying the Transitive property of
Equality, we can say that y = f(x) (read as “y is a function of x”). This is again another way of writing a function.
In this notation, x is being considered to be the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. The value of y varies and
is the one to be computed based on the given value of x. That is why y is totally dependent on x.
Examples:
1 The salary (s) is dependent on Educational attainment €
¿ function notation , this can be written as :
s=f (E)
where: s = dependent variable, salary
E = independent variable, Educational attainment
2.
The circumference of the circle (C) is dependent on its radius (r)
¿ function notation , this can be written as :
C = f (r)
where: C = dependent variable, circumference of the circle
r = independent variable, r
3
Write a function notation in which every element in the range is twice its corresponding element in the
domain in 5 different ways.
a. f : x →2 x
b. x→2 x
c. f ={ ( x , y ) : y =2 x }
d. f ( x )=2 x
e. y=2 x
LEARNING TASK # 6 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Write the given statement in function notation. Identify the dependent and independent variables.
1. Write a function notation in which every element in the range is the cube of 5 less than its corresponding element in
the domain.
Like algebraic expressions, functions can also be evaluated. The process on how we evaluate algebraic expressions will be
applied, wherein:
1. we substitute the given numerical value for the given variables; and
2. we simplify the resulting expression.
REMEMBER:
In evaluating functions, the following steps will be followed:
1. Substitute all x’s of the given function by the given numerical value.
2. Simplify. In simplifying, apply the PEMDAS Rule.
LEARNING TASK # 7 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
1. Given the function, f(x) = x2 - 3x + 5, find f( √ 2) Ans. 7−3 √ 2)
2. Given f ( x )=−2 x 3 +5 x2 – 6 x +7 , find f ( −12 ) . Ans. 23/2
b. g+P
Equation (g + P)(x) = g(x) + P(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation (g + P)(x) = x + 5 + x2 + 3x + 2
Simplify (g + P)(x) = x2 + 4x + 7
2
Therefore, the sum of the functions g and P is x + 4x + 7
REMEMBER:
In finding the sum of two functions, the following steps will be applied:
1. Write the equation based on the given function.
2. Substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.
3. Simplify the values to get the final answer.
LEARNING TASK # 8 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Find the sum of the given functions given the following:
Given: f(x) = 6x -1 g(x) = x + 5 P(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 h(x) = x2 – 5x + 4
a. f + h
Examples: Find the difference of the given functions given the following:
Given: f(x) = 6x -1 g(x) = x + 5 P(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 h(x) = x2 – 5x + 4
a. f – h
Equation (f-h)(x) = f(x) – h(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation: (f-h)(x) = 6x -1 –(x2 – 5x + 4)
Distribute the negative sign to the quantities in the
parenthesis. (f-h)(x) = 6x -1 – x2 + 5x - 4
Simplify: (f-h)(x) = – x2 +11x-5
2
Therefore, the difference of the functions f and h is – x +11x-5
b. g-P
Equation (g-P)(x) = g(x) – P(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation (g-P)(x) = x + 5 – (x2 – 5x + 4)
Distribute the negative sign to the quantities in the
parenthesis. (g-P)(x) = x + 5 – x2 + 5x – 4
Simplify (g-P)(x) = – x2 + 6x + 1
Therefore, the difference of the functions g and P is – x2 + 6x + 1
REMEMBER:
In finding the difference of two functions, the following steps will be applied:
1. Write the equation based on the given functions.
2. Substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.
3. Distribute the negative or minus sign on the quantities inside the parenthesis.
4. Simplify the values to get the final answer.
LEARNING TASK # 9 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Find the difference of the given functions given the following:
Given: f(x) = 6x -1 g(x) = x + 5 P(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 h(x) = x2 – 5x + 4
a. f - g
REMEMBER:
In finding the product of two functions, the following steps will be applied:
1. Write the equation based on the given functions.
2. Substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.
3. Multiply the given functions horizontally or vertically by applying the laws of
exponents.
4. Simplify the values to get the final answer.
LEARNING TASK # 10 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Find the products of the following functions given:
Given: f(x)= x-1 g(x) = x+5 P(x) = x2+3x+2 h(x) = x2 – 5x + 4 G(x) = 2x f – g
a. g and h
f
a.
g
Equation:
( fg ) ( x )= gf ((x)x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation
( fg ) ( x )= x−1
x +5
x−1
Since x-1 is not divisible by x+5, the quotient of f and g is
x+5
REMEMBER:
In finding the quotient of two functions, the following steps will be applied:
1. Write the equation based on the given functions.
2. Substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.
3. Divide the numerator by the denominator or apply the different kinds of factoring.
LEARNING TASK # 11 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Find the quotient of the following functions:
Given: f(x) = x-1 g(x) = x+5 P(x)= x2-2x+1 h(x)=x2 +10x + 25 G(x)= 2x-2
a. G/f
Examples: Find the sum of the given functions given the following.
Given: f(x) = 6x -1 P(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 h(x) = x2 – 5x + 4 g(x) = x +5
Solution: a. 4g
Equation (4.g)(x) = 4 . g(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation (4.g)(x) = 4 (x + 5)
Distribute the constant to the quantities inside the parenthesis and simplify (4.g)(x) = 4x + 20
Therefore, the product of the constant 4 and the function g is 4x + 20.
REMEMBER:
In finding the product of a constant and a function, the following steps will be applied:
1. Write the equation based on the given functions.
2. Substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.
3. Distribute the constant to the quantities in the parenthesis and simplify.
LEARNING TASK # 12 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Find the sum of the given functions given the following.
Given: f(x) = 6x -1 P(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 h(x) = x2 – 5x + 4 g(x) = x +5
a. -2P
Example 1: Find the composition of f with g, when f(x) = 5x – 3 and g(x) = 3-2x.
Solution:
(f o g)(x) = f [g(x)] First, we establish the equation based on the given function and base on the
definition.
(f o g)(x) = 5x -3 From the given functions, we are going to identify the independent and the dependent
functions. Hence, we can say that the dependent function is f and the independent function is
g.
After determining the independent and the dependent functions, we are going to substitute the
right side of the first equation by the given expression of the dependent variable.
(f o g)(x) = 5(3-2x) -3 Substitute all x’s of the dependent variable by the given expression of the independent
variable.
(f o g)(x) = 15 -10x -3 Simplify the equation
(f o g)(x) = -10x + 12 Answer
x +7
Example 2: Given the functions, f(x) = 5x – 7 and g ( x )= , find f o g and g o f.
5
(f o g)(x) = f [g(x)] (g o f)(x) = g [f(x)]
REMEMBER:
In taking the composition of functions, the following steps will be followed:
1. Establish the first equation based on the definition and based on the given functions.
2. Determine the dependent and the independent functions.
3. Substitute the right of the equation by the given expression of the dependent
function.
4. Substitute all x’s of the dependent function by the expression of the independent
function.
5. Simplify the resulting expression.
6. Changing the order of the functions can result to equal or unequal values of
composition.
LEARNING TASK # 13 Solve the given problem and write it in your notebook.
Given the following functions, h(x) = 3x2 + 6x – 4 and g(x) = -3x +4, find
a. h o g
A function f(x) is said to be a single-valued function or one-valued function if for each value of x corresponds to just one
value of f(x)
Example: y = x2 + 7x – 4
Solution: For x = 1, y = (1)2 + 7(1) – 4 = 4 - Single valued
x = 2, y = (2)2 + 7(2) – 4 = 14
A function is said to be a multi-valued or many-valued function if for each value of x corresponds to two or more value of
f(x)
Example: y=x ± √ 2 x 2−1
Solution: For x = 1 , y=2± √ 2(2)2−1
y=2± √7
y=2+ √7 or y=2−√ 7 - Many-valued
A multivalued function, also known as a multiple-valued function (Knopp 1996, part 1 p. 103), is a "function" that assumes two
or more distinct values in its range for at least one point in its domain. While these "functions" are not functions in the normal sense
of being one-to-one or many-to-one, the usage is so common that there is no way to dislodge it. When considering multivalued
functions, it is therefore necessary to refer to usual "functions" as single-valued functions.
While the trigonometric, hyperbolic, exponential, and integer power functions are all single-valued functions, their
inverses are multivalued. For example, the function z^2 maps each complex number z to a well-defined number z^2, while its
inverse function sqrt(z) maps, for example, the value z=1 to sqrt(1)=+/-1. While a unique principal value can be chosen for such
functions (in this case, the principal square root is the positive one), the choices cannot be made continuous over the whole
complex plane. Instead, lines of discontinuity must occur.
The discontinuities of multivalued functions in the complex plane are commonly handled through the adoption of branch cuts,
but use of Riemann surfaces is another possibility.(https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ MultivaluedFunction.html)
They got called "even" functions because the functions x2, x4, x6, x8, etc behave like that, but there are other functions that
behave like that too, such as cos(x):
They got called "odd" because the functions x, x3, x5, x7, etc behave like that, but there are other functions that behave like
that, too, such as sin(x):
It is not an odd function, and it is not an even function either. It is neither odd nor even
REMEMBER:
Even and Odd
The only function that is even and odd is f(x) = 0
Special Properties
Adding:
The sum of two even functions is even
The sum of two odd functions is odd
The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd (unless one function is
zero).
Multiplying:
The
product of two even functions is an even function.
The product of two odd functions is an even function.
The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.
LEARNING TASK # 14 Solve the given problems and write it in your notebook.
Direction: Answer the following questions:
1. Which one of the following functions is even?
a. f(x) = x4 + x3 b. g(x) = x4 + x2 c. h(x) = x5 + x3 d. k(x) = x3 + x
SUMMARY:
A variable y is said to be a function of another variable x, if to every value of x there is a corresponding
value of y. In symbols, y = f(x). The variable x to which any value may be assigned is the independent
variable or argument, while y is the dependent variable or function.
The function may be classified as Polynomial or Integral Rational Function, Rational Function or Rational
Fraction, Algebraic Functions, and Transcendental Function.
In a set of ordered pairs, the domain is the set of all x-coordinates (first coordinates), while the range is
the set of all the y-coordinates (second coordinates).
In mathematics, the graph of a function f is the set of ordered pairs (x,y), where f(x) = y.
o The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine whether a given relation is a function
or not. The approach is rather simple. Draw a vertical line cutting through the graph of the
relation, and then observe the points of intersection.
o In a graph of linear functions, the graphs are always a straight line. They can either be a
diagonal line slanting downward going to the right or going to the left.
o The graph of a quadratic functions is called a parabola.
ANSWERS KEY:
FEEDBACK:
Are you ready to move on for your next
module?
o I’m totally lost
o one more example would help
o yes, we can move on
o this is too easy, go faster/skip
ahead
Wrede Robert & Spiegel Murray R (2010) Schaum’s Outlines Advanced Calculus, , McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, USA
Safier Fred (2013) Schaum’s Outlines Precalculus, Third Edition, Fred Safier, McGraw Hill Companies, Inc, USA
Marcelo, Gladys Glo H. (2012), Basic Calculus, Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila, Philippines
PROBLEM SET # 1:
FUNCTIONS
Instruction: Solve the following problems. Write your solutions in your notebook. 5 points each.
A. For set of ordered pair, determine the domain and the range.
1. N = {(-2,2), (-1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,2)
2. I = {(-2,2), (0,0), (2,-2), (4,-4), (6,-6)
B. Write the following statements in function notation. Identify the dependent and independent variable:
3. The capacity to love by a person (c) is dependent on the amount of love he received when he/she is growing up(L).
4. Write a function notation in which every element in the range is the cube of 5 less than its corresponding element in the
domain.
D. Perform the indicated operations on functions. Use the given functions below.
f(x) = 5x +1 h(x) = x2 + 22x + 121
2
g(x) = x – 9 P(x) = x2 – 6x + 9
R(x) = x – 3 m(x) = x + 11
7. f + g
8. m – g
9. h .P
10. g/R
11. 4P
E. Solve for the composition of the given pair of function using the given functions. Express your answer in simplest form.
f(x) = x2 - 6x + 9 R(x) = x2 g(x) = x2 – 4
C(x) = 1/x T(x) = √ x−2 h(x) = 3x + 5
12. R o C
ACTIVITY 1.9
1. Ans. B
Note: Remember the rules:
• The sum of two even functions is even
• The sum of two odd functions is odd
• The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd (unless one function is zero).
Answer A is the sum of an even and an odd function, so is neither even nor odd.
Answers C and D are the sum of two odd functions, so are odd.
Only answer B is the sum of two even functions, so is even.
2. A
Note: Remember the rules:
• The product of two even functions is an even function.
• The product of two odd functions is an even function.
• The product of an even function and an odd function is an odd function.
h ( x )= 2 , if x ≤ 1
{ }
x if x>1
which looks like:
f(x) = |x|
x Floor Ceiling
−1.1 −2 −1
0 0 0
1.01 1 2
2.9 2 3
Definitions.
How do we give this a formal definition?
Example: How do we define the floor of 2.31?
Well, it has to be an integer ...
... and it has to be less than (or maybe equal to) 2.31, right?
• is less than 2.31 ...
• but 1 is also less than 2.31,
• and so is 0, and -1, -2, -3, etc.
Oh no! There are lots of integers less than 2.31.
So which one do we choose?
Choose the greatest one (which is 2 in this case)
So we get:
The greatest integer that is less than (or equal to) 2.31 is 2
As A Graph
The Floor Function is this curious "step" function (like an infinite staircase):
BUT many calculators and computer programs use frac(x) = x − int(x), and so their result depends on how they calculate int(x):
Some say frac(−3.65) = 0.35 i.e −3.65 − (−4)
Others say frac(−3.65) = −0.65 i.e. −3.65 − (−3)
So be careful using this function with negative values.
ACTIVITY 1.10
1. What is the value of floor(-3.2)?
a. -4 b. -3 c. 3 d. 4
2. What is the value of frac(-11.78)?
a. -0.78 b. -0.22 c. 0.22 d. 0.78
3. What is the value of ceil(-3.2)?
a. -4 b. -3 c. 3 d. 4
Solution 1.10:
1. a
floor(-3.2) is the greatest integer that is less than or equal to -3.2 = -4
2. c
frac(x) = x - floor(x)
And floor(-11.78) is the greatest integer that is less than or equal to -11.28 = -12
So frac(-11.78) = -11.78 - (-12) = -11.78 + 12 = 0.22
3. b
"ceil" is the "ceiling" function
ceil(-3.2) is the least integer that is greater than or equal to -3.2 = -3
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-piecewise.html