applied

sciences
Article
Metamodelling for Design of Mechatronic and
Cyber-Physical Systems
Krzysztof Pietrusewicz
West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Sikorskiego 37, 70-313 Szczecin, Poland;
[email protected]; Tel.: +48-663-398-396




Received: 30 November 2018; Accepted: 17 January 2019; Published: 22 January 2019


Featured Application: The presented results were used to design innovative mechatronic
solutions: motion control algorithm of 5-axis feed drive “X-5” processing centre owned by the
AVIA company, loading and forestry crane control system designed within the EU 7FP IAPP
project called iLOAD.

Abstract: The paper presents the issue of metamodeling of Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) for
the purpose of designing complex mechatronics systems. Usually, one of the problems during the
development of such projects is an interdisciplinary character of the team that is involved in this
endeavour. The success of a complex machine project (e.g., Computer Numerically Controlled
machine (CNC), loading crane, forestry crane) often depends on a proper communication between
team members. The domain-specific modelling languages developed using one of the two approaches
discussed in the work, lead to a machine design that can be carried out much more efficiently
than with conventional approaches. Within the paper, the Meta-Object Facility (MOF) approach
to metamodeling is presented; it is much more prevalent in modern modelling software tools
than Graph-Object-Property-Relationship-Role (GOPRR). The main outcome of this work is the first
presentation of researchML modelling language that is the result of more than twenty ambitious
research and development projects. It is effectively used within new enterprises and leads to improved
traceability of the project goals. It enables for fully-featured automatic code generation which is one
of the main pillars of the agile management within mechatronic system design projects.

Keywords: metamodeling; Meta-Object Facility; V-model; INCOSE process; MagicGrid process;

Model-Based Design; agile management; mechatronic system design; cyber-physical systems; SCRUM;
Project Cycle Management

1. Introduction
Development of modern mechatronic systems is often attributed to the emergence of open con
trol systems for CNC machines [1–3]. The complexity of hardware and software architectures used in
real-time control systems forced many engineering fields to follow a design process that is orga nized,
systematic and well-structured. Consequently, these paradigms greatly influenced the development of
novel mechatronic systems [4–6].
Innovations in new products are foremost motivated by three principles: (1) increase in production
efficiency [7]; (2) learning curve reduction, that is, faster product adaptation by the end-user;
(3) ensuring safe operation or improvement of the overall safety conditions [8–10]. With the advent of
new technologies and the ever-increasing product complexity, the classical document-driven approach
towards governing the development process is no longer adequate. Even the nature of development
teams has changed thoroughly. They are formed by specialists with diversified areas of expertise who
are often spread around the world and work in small local teams; particular tasks are also outsourced

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376; doi:10.3390/app9030376 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 2 of 40

to third party companies. In order to aid themselves in this multifaceted task, the engineers are
increasingly exploiting modelling tools and languages.
In the presented context, model is understood as an abstract representation of a system used
in object control. Sometimes, these models also include the environment—the surroundings of the
modelled system. Closely related to the concept of model is the so called metamodel or model of a model.
It serves as a notation or language describing the model using limited semantics. Metamodels can be
either graphical or textual [11] and have been present in the engineering field for many years. But up
until recently, they were only used for description and better understanding of various phenomena
present in the environment. Today, their development is an essential step during the control system
design process [2].
Investment in the model-based development is justified in the following cases: the modelled
system is large, complex or cross-domain in nature (e.g., contains electric, hydraulic, pneumatic
components), the modelled system is miniaturized, the proof-of-concept experiments are either too
time-consuming or expensive and finally, if the developed system is to be modified in the future or is
simply unavailable or does not yet exist at the time of control system development.
In References [2,11], the importance of control system design based on models is emphasized
(i.e. the controlled object’s model and the model of algorithm). However, the use of system modelling
must be rational as it consumes both human and material resources and requires the use/presence of
sophisticated hardware, software, knowledge, skills or technical prowess of the team. Additionally,
systems that are released in one variant and are not a subject to further modifications render the
model-based approach ineffective and unnecessary as the potential gain does not outweigh the
investment cost.
Section 1 of the following work is concerned with the rationale for model-based approach
in development of mechatronic systems. Modelling of mechatronic systems compliant with the
Model-Based Design paradigm is presented in Section 2. This section also contains information about
commonly used tools, approaches and different stages of team’s immersion into the adopted paradigm.
Section 3 presents the metamodeling aspects and two most popular meta-metamodels: GOPRR
and MOF. In Section 4 two mechatronic systems projects are presented and discussed in Section 5
accordingly. Original generic workflow for Model-Based Design is proposed in Section 5. Section 6
presents researchML metamodel developed to support mechatronic and cyber-physical system design
process. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 7.

2. Modelling Mechatronic Systems

Development of machine control systems is one of the specific areas for which the creation of
a dedicated domain modelling language is sensible [12]. In this paper, a Model-Based Design (MBD)
approach is proposed as a paradigm for designing new control systems [7]. Currently, an effective
development of control systems combines modelling tools, computer simulation and automated
generation of the control system code. The following issues can be attributed as belonging to the
system modelling field [5,13]:

• Requirements modelling—requirements set for the system; a fusion of the adopted business
model, law regulations and identified functionalities that are necessary to meet the project’s
objectives and business goals [4,14,15];
• Interface modelling—information exchange between crucial components of the system and
between the system and external environment (including other systems) [16];
• Hardware and software modelling—models of system’s software and hardware components;
limitations must be considered that stem from the following sources: adopted business model,
functional requirements, law regulations;
• Use case modelling—definition of interactions between various client types and the system itself,
broad spectrum of use case specificity;
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 3 of 40

• Control target modelling—modelling of architecture and properties of the controlled object;

enables
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, parametrization
376 of the proposed solution in simulations; 3 of 40
• Control software modelling—modelling of architecture and features of the software solution used
 Control
to control software modelling—modelling
the developed system. of architecture and features of the software solution
used to control the developed system.
Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) [5,17–19] is a complex modelling process for integration
Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) [5,17–19] is a complex modelling process for integration
of various mechatronic systems and components. It considers the properties of the control system as
of various mechatronic systems and components. It considers the properties of the control system as
well as the workspace specifics in which the combined system will operate. MBSE expands upon the
well as the workspace specifics in which the combined system will operate. MBSE expands upon the
ideas of Model-Based Design augmenting it with mathematical formalism [17].
ideas of Model-Based Design augmenting it with mathematical formalism [17].
2.1. Model-Based Design Paradigm
2.1. Model-Based Design Paradigm
In Reference [7], the nine-box model of immersion in the Model-Based Design process of control
In Reference [7], the nine-box model of immersion in the Model-Based Design process of control
algorithm development is presented (Figure 1). The companies with the highest degree of immersion
algorithm development is presented (Figure 1). The companies with the highest degree of immersion
(Figure 1 MBD-9) employ a fully model-based approach during the research and development phase.
(Figure 1 MBD-9) employ a fully model-based approach during the research and development phase.
The bare minimum, however, is to use a graphical representation of the developed control system
The bare minimum, however, is to use a graphical representation of the developed control system
components (Figure 1 MBD-1).
components (Figure 1 MBD-1).

Figure 1. The nine-box model for implementation of Model-Based Design concepts [7].
Figure 1. The nine-box model for implementation of Model-Based Design concepts [7].
The following benefits can be attributed to the MBD approach:
The following benefits can be attributed to the MBD approach:
1. 1.Final
Final product’s
product’s conformity
conformity to the
to the specified
specified requirements,
requirements,
2. 2.Reduction
Reduction of software
of software errors,
errors,
3. Verification of the project’s goals without building a physical prototype,
4. Development of test-case scenarios and their validation in a simulation environment,
5. Easier management of complex projects.
Two important areas of mechatronic and cyber-physical systems design are represented in
Figure 1 by columns and rows. These are respectively:
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 4 of 40

3. Verification of the project’s goals without building a physical prototype,

4. Development of test-case scenarios and their validation in a simulation environment,
5. Easier management of complex projects.

Two important areas of mechatronic and cyber-physical systems design are represented in Figure 1
by columns and rows. These are respectively:

1. Implementation and adoption of verification and validation procedures:

• (I) Control algorithm modelling (open loop)—no validation support; specifications include
only operational level information;
• (II) System design simulation (closed loop)—closed loop simulations are used to provide
feedback data for designers; real-time testing before moving the control system to a target
platform allows to eliminate most errors from the final product without the risk of damaging
its physical components (e.g., sensors, actuators);
• (III) Requirements-based development—requirements management is ingrained in the
system design process;
2. Implementation of automatic code generation procedures:

• (1) Simulation—code generation supports only system and dynamic simulation calculations;
no real-time code is generated;
• (2) Real-time testing—real-time tests are additionally supported by automatic code
generation procedures;
• (3) Production code—this highest level of software development is achieved by utilizing
toolchains that support code generation for the final product directly out of the
system’s specifications.

Implementation and adoption of verification and validation procedures (Figure 1) results in

a better integration of business goals within system design procedures.
Implementation of automatic code generation procedures (Figure 1) improves the process of
software development; the development time is reduced and less errors are present in the final
product’s source code.
Fully adopting the Model-Based Design principles is a time-consuming process. Migrating from the
process loosely based on models, most likely only used for documenting and organizing the software
aspect of the solution (Figure 1. MBD-1), towards one that is interlaced with them on all levels (e.g.,
law legislation, software and hardware aspects of the solution, business requirements) demands vast
investment in both human and material resources.
For most of the companies, adopting the MBD-4 level results in a significant increase in efficiency.
It also reduces the risks present during new product development. Higher levels of adoption are
a proof that the company is aware of intricacies present in research and development processes and
chooses a systemic approach to pursue them.
At the highest level of immersion (represented in Figure 1 by states from MBD-7 to MBD-9),
the ability to intertwine the requirements set for a product with the ability to validate and verify them
in simulations closely resembling the end-product’s working conditions is an unparalleled advantage.
This results in a faster development of new product versions, adding features to the existing ones is
easier, finally, the adaptation to the ever-changing market conditions (e.g., new legislation) is more
straightforward. Therefore, employing such measures gives a cutting edge over competition.
In the following subsections all levels of the Model-Based Design adoption presented in Figure 1
are described.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 5 of 40

2.1.1. Graphical Executable Specification (MBD-1)

If a system is designed with the use of a chosen modelling language (general purpose: UML,
SysML; domain-specific: EAST-ADL or any other domain language), then the so-called graphical
specifications are created. They are later manually converted into models native to other software
applications (e.g., AutoCAD, Simulink) or produce semantic artefacts (source code, textual and graphical
documentation, control system schemas).

2.1.2. System Design Prototyping (MBD-2)

The adoption of MBD on this level means that fragments of the graphical specification (MBD-1)
are converted into parts of the implementation by the means of code generation. The code generation
is tied closely to the notion of an executable specification; it allows the verification of the requirements
and system’s behaviour in the targeted environment. Only then the code for the control system
is generated.
The programmer is still responsible for managing the developed software—the final source code
is put together manually. However, the entire process involves incorporating large code fragments
already supplied by the code generation feature.

2.1.3. Graphical Programming (MBD-3)

At this level the code for the control system is generated entirely by the means of
graphical specifications. The binary files (as well as other semantic artefacts) are a result of
a fully-automated software development process that takes into account the type of target system and
its working environment.

2.1.4. Simulation in a Closed-loop Control System (MBD-4)

Computer simulations are a great tool to analyse the important aspects of complex systems’
control. They also enable verification of the completeness of a software design which is used to
generate the control system’s source code.
Most often, the simulations include the models of objects and environment and designed control
algorithm and are typically deployed on a desktop class PC. Even if a decision is made to separate
these models into different software solutions interfaced with one another, they are still simulated in
the same hardware environment (i.e. on the same physical device).
Very interesting from an academic point of view is the notion of automatically generated
simulation models [20] which are derived from the control system’s specification. The integration
of MetaEdit+ and Matlab/Simulink software is one such example (http://metacase.com/cases/
simulink-integration.html). It is very useful when designing control systems adhering to the ISO 26262
standard [21].

2.1.5. Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation (MBD-5)

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation [22] is a procedure in which a simulation model of a closed
control loop is subjected to an automated code generation and later implemented on a hardware
working in the real-time regime.
Different to the previous approach (MBD-4), the environment and/or the controlled object are
placed on separate hardware entities. Nowadays, this could be one of the fast prototyping platforms
(e.g., dSpace, Opal-RT, xPC Target) or one of the Programmable Logic Controller or Programmable
Automation Controller (PLC/PAC) [23]. Although the control code is executed on a physical device,
there is no danger of damaging the physical components of the system as all the output and input
signals are simulated.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 6 of 40

2.1.6. Simulation-based Design (MBD-6)

The specification of a control system which includes the target’s environmental parameters is at
first migrated to a simulation environment. Next, the control system’s source code is generated along
with object’s and environment’s models. Then, the complete code is tested in Hardware-In-the-Loop
(HIL) simulation on a target platform. After successfully passing the tests in HIL simulation, the final
source code is generated for the target control system. The only manual activities present at this level
are hardware configuration and software configuration of the target platform.
The target platform and its algorithms are validated with two types of tests—simulation tests and
computational feasibility in real-time regime. These tests are essential for ensuring the quality of the
solution and its infallibility.

2.1.7. Virtual Verification and Validation (MBD-7)

This level is the first one where a systemic approach to the requirements management and tests
design is taken. The main difference between this level (MBD-7) and the one directly below it (MBD-4)
is that the project’s requirements are factored into the design process. The simulation models of a closed
control loop are based upon them. Minor modifications of these requirements may be necessary after
each simulation iteration. This does not, however, change the fact that a successful verification and
validation must end with a documentation that will be useful to the designer at later stages.
The test case scenarios and target platform description may differ, that is, the tests are not
constrained by the proposed hardware solution. As counterintuitive as it seems, this has one major
advantage—extensive simulation tests allow to look into multiple scenarios that would normally be
unavailable to verify on a real-world object. Also, the test cases of these two areas are conducted
independently with the use of different tools.

2.1.8. System Validation (MBD-8)

This level of the MBD adoption is achieved when the test cases for a control’s system closed loop
are first conducted on a simulation model and later are verified in HIL simulation. Finally, the tests
take place on a real-world system. The software implementation of the control system is tested and
documented identically as in the case of virtual validation and verification.

2.1.9. Full Implementation of Model-Based Design (MBD-9)

The last, ninth level of immersion integrates all of the beforementioned stages into
a fully-automated design process.

2.2. Modelling Workflow

A potential toolchain representing the full implementation of Model-Based Design is shown in
Figure 2.
Most of the research focus is devoted to the transitions marked as (1), (2) and (3) in Figure 2.
It can be explained by the fact that the highest increase in productivity and the end-product’s quality
is achieved by automation of the following areas of control system design: generation of simulation
models, control system source code generation, generation of documentation validating the conformity
with the requirements.
Depending on the adoption level of Model-Based Design, different tools and approaches (e.g.,
manual vs. automated) will be utilized to aid the design process found in Figure 2.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 7 of 40
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 7 of 40

Figure
Figure 2. The fully-featured
2. The (ideal) Model-Based
fully-featured (ideal) Model-BasedDesign
Designframework/toolchain/workflow.
framework/toolchain/workflow. (1) (1) automatic
automatic
generation
generation of simulation files [20,24,25]; (2) generating documentation from simulation tests; (3)tests;
of simulation files [20,24,25]; (2) generating documentation from simulation au-
(3) automatic
tomatic code generation
code generation for PLC/PAC
for PLC/PAC [23,26,27];[23,26,27]; (4) programming
(4) programming the control
the control platform; platform;
(5) Hardware-
(5) Hardware-In-the-Loop testing [28–30]; (6) virtual testing used to validate of the solution [7,18];
In-the-Loop testing [28–30]; (6) virtual testing used to validate of the solution [7,18]; (7,8) conducting
(7,8) conducting real-time testing for final system approval.
real-time testing for final system approval.
2.3. Modelling Approaches
2.3. Modelling Approaches
MBSE cannot exist without a proper work methodology. Without a workflow definition the
MBSE MBSE cannot
is nothing butexist without useful
a somewhat a proper work
set of toolsmethodology. Without
supporting selected a workflow
engineering definition
aspects. INCOSEthe
MBSE is nothing but a somewhat useful set of tools supporting selected engineering
OOSEM and MagicGrid from NoMagic are the most popular, well-defined and proven with many aspects. INCOSE
OOSEM and
industrial caseMagicGrid
studies. from NoMagic are the most popular, well-defined and proven with many
industrial case
However, new studies.
methodologies appear, as the two methods mentioned above are not providing the
However, new methodologies
best fir for certain niches. One such appear,
exampleasisthe twoinmethods
given mentioned
Reference [18], whereabove are not providing
a methodology called
Property-Model Methodology (PMM) is introduced; it is a safety-oriented combination of aproperty-based
the best fir for certain niches. One such example is given in Reference [18], where methodology
called Property-Model
requirements and MBSE. Methodology (PMM) is introduced; it is a safety-oriented combination of
property-based requirements and MBSE.
2.3.1. INCOSE Object-Oriented Systems Engineering Method (OOSEM)
2.3.1 INCOSE Object-Oriented Systems Engineering Method (OOSEM)
INCOSE OOSEM is based on the functional decomposition approach. It employs the top-down
INCOSE
approach, OOSEM
where is based on
the modelling thetakes
order functional
place decomposition approach.
from the most general It employs
to the the top-down
most detailed areas of
approach, where the modelling order takes place from the most general to the most detailed areas of
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 8 of 40

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 8 of 40

interest. SysML language is the preferred way for modelling, managing, tracing and documenting
interest. SysML language
projects compliant with the is INCOSE
the preferred way for modelling, managing, tracing and documenting
methodology.
projects compliant with the INCOSE methodology.
INCOSE workflow is quite linear and combines requirements model, use cases definition,
INCOSEdesign
architecture workflow is quite linearwithin
and implementation and combines requirements
a single project toolchain model,
as shownuse cases definition,
in Figure 3. INCOSE
architecture
methodologydesignworkflow and isimplementation within arealization
based on a hierarchical single project
of thetoolchain
followingassteps:
shown fromin modelling
Figure 3.
INCOSE
and project setup, through analysis, definition of requirements and logical architecture, up tofrom
methodology workflow is based on a hierarchical realization of the following steps: final
modelling
verificationandandproject setup, through analysis, definition of requirements and logical architecture,
validation.
up toINCOSE
final verification
OOSEMand validation.
supports identifying risks and potential problems at the early project stages.
StepsINCOSE OOSEM
1–5 (Figure supports
3) define identifying
the most important risks and potential
modelling problems to
stages necessary at fully
the early project
describe the stages.
project
Steps 1–5 (Figure 3)
and architecture ofdefine the most important
the implemented solution.modelling stages
These steps arenecessary
usually theto fully
mostdescribe
time and theresource
project
and architecture
consuming among of the
the implemented
entire project.solution.
Steps 6–10These steps3)are
(Figure areusually the and
practices mostactivities
time andconducted
resource
consuming amongand
during modelling thesystem
entire development.
project. Steps 6–10 (Figure 3) are practices and activities conducted
during modelling
INCOSE OOSEMand system development.
was developed as a systematic alternative to the so-called document-centric
approach to project development. INCOSEa is
INCOSE OOSEM was developed as systematic alternative
used in many Systems toEngineering
the so-calledproblems
document-centric
[19,31,32].
approach to project
Unfortunately, development.
it is hard INCOSE
to understand is used in many
by inexperienced Systems Engineering problems [19,31,32].
engineers.
Unfortunately, it is hard to understand by inexperienced engineers.
2.3.2. MagicGrid
2.3.2 MagicGrid
In the case of complex mechatronic systems spanning across multiple domains, a much more
approachable
In the caseworkflow
of complex wasmechatronic
proposed bysystems
a groupspanning
of engineers from
across NoMagic
multiple company.
domains, MagicGrid
a much more
workflow is shown
approachable workflowin Figure 4.
was proposed by a group of engineers from NoMagic company. MagicGrid
Parametrization
workflow and measurement
is shown in Figure 4. of effectiveness (C4, P4, Figure 4) is the main difference
between research done on prototypes (phases
Parametrization and measurement of effectiveness 1–10, Figure(C4,4)P4,
and development
Figure 4) is the of finaldifference
main products
(transfer research
between of scientific
doneresults to a business
on prototypes reality,1–10,
(phases that is, market).
Figure 4) and development of final products
(transfer of scientific results to a business reality, that is, market).

Figure 3.
Figure INCOSEOOSEM
3. INCOSE OOSEMin
inModel-Based
Model-Based Systems
Systems Engineering.
Engineering.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 9 of 40
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 9 of 40

Figure4.4.MagicGrid
Figure MagicGrid workflow
workflow [33].
[33].

Systems
Systems modellingwith
modelling withMagicGrid
MagicGridisisdefined
defined with
with three layers
layers (Concept, Problem,Solution)
(Concept,Problem, Solution) and
and
fourfour system
system pillars
pillars (Requirements,Behaviour,
(Requirements, Behaviour,Structure,
Structure,Parametrics).
Parametrics). TheThedetail
detaillevel
levelandandcompleteness
completeness
of MagicGrid
of MagicGrid allows
allows every
every teamteammembermember to precisely
to precisely shareshare information
information aboutabout their in
their tasks tasks
the in the
process.
process. There is no need to consider the functionality of the entire system as the
There is no need to consider the functionality of the entire system as the modularity of the resulting modularity of the
resulting
solutions solutions
is highly is highly encouraged.
encouraged.
MagicGrid workflow
MagicGrid workflow found found in in Figure
Figure4 is
4 further expanded
is further expandedin Figure 5 in the5form
in Figure of activity
in the form of
activity diagram. It describes the decision flow after adoption of this methodology for system
diagram. It describes the decision flow after adoption of this methodology for complex complex
development.
system development.
At the very beginning, the selected business models (B1) must be described within the set of
At the very beginning, the selected business models (B1) must be described within the set of
stakeholder needs (C1). MBSE usually results in a modular architecture that supports utilization of
stakeholder needs (C1). MBSE usually results in a modular architecture that supports utilization of
different business models for the selected subsystems. Expectations for the product/prototype and
different business models for the selected subsystems. Expectations for the product/prototype and the
the whole project are modelled with the use of SysML Requirements Diagram.
whole project are modelled with the use of SysML Requirements Diagram.
The use cases (C2) are defined in an accordance with the client’s needs and business goals. It is
The use cases (C2) are defined
one of the most important steps ininthe
an system
accordance with the
modelling client’s
process. Inneeds and business
this phase, the systemgoals. It is one
engineers
of the mostinteraction
define important scenarios
steps in the forsystem
users modelling
and otherprocess.
systems.InThis
this phase,
is donetheregardless
system engineers define
of the later
interaction scenarios for users and other systems. This is done regardless of the later
implementation. All of the use cases are defined here (C2) no matter what their specificity is, that is, implementation.
Allgeneral
of the and
use detailed
cases areones.
defined here (C2) no matter what their specificity is, that is, general and
detailedInones.
a typical scenario for most of the mechatronic systems projects, definition of the use case
In a typical
model influencesscenario for moststakeholder
and updates of the mechatronic systems When
needs (C2–C1). projects, definition of
requirements theand
(C1) use use
casecases
model
influences
(C2) are and updates
defined, then stakeholder needs (C2–C1).
the system realization contextWhen requirements
(C3) can begin. (C1) and use cases (C2) are
defined, then the system realization context (C3) can begin.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 10 of 40
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 10 of 40

Figure5.5. MagicGrid
Figure MagicGrid process in complex
process in complex system
system design
design[33].
[33].

Functional analysis (P2) takes place after acceptance of the system context. The use case definition
Functional analysis (P2) takes place after acceptance of the system context. The use case
and documentation lets the project team to analyse, identify and summarize the set of functions that
definition and documentation lets the project team to analyse, identify and summarize the set of
needs to be implemented (P2). Risk and functional analysis is crucial when working on the products
functions that needs to be implemented (P2). Risk and functional analysis is crucial when working
and must be documented precisely. The procedures and guidelines for these two issues are presented
on the products and must be documented precisely. The procedures and guidelines for these two
in books [8,9] and standards [34–36]. Information found in these sources is applicable to most of the
issues are presented in books [8,9] and standards [34–36]. Information found in these sources is
mechatronic
applicable to devices
most available on the market.
of the mechatronic Riskavailable
devices analysis on is heavily supported
the market. in software
Risk analysis tools for
is heavily
systems modelling.
supported in software tools for systems modelling.
Functional
Functionaland andrisk
riskanalysis
analysis (P2)
(P2) will
will most likely result
most likely resultin inan
anupdate
updateofofthethestakeholder
stakeholderneeds.
needs.
After realizing the complexity of the system (stakeholders usually are not familiar
After realizing the complexity of the system (stakeholders usually are not familiar with technical with technical
aspects
aspectsofofthe solution)
the solution)final clients
final can
clients drop
can dropsome
someof their
of theirrequirements
requirements(C1) or create
(C1) completely
or create completelynew
ones.
new It can It
ones. even
can influence the defined
even influence use case
the defined use model (C2).(C2).
case model
Functional analysis (P2), use cases (C2),
Functional analysis (P2), use cases (C2), model of model of business
business requirements
requirements(C1) (C1)all
allresult
resultinin
formulation of the system requirements (P1). A model for P1 consists of: functional
formulation of the system requirements (P1). model for P1 consists of: functional requirements, requirements,
control
controlhardware
hardware constraints, data
constraints, measurement
data measurement and its its
and parameters (type,
parameters resolution,
(type, compliance
resolution, compliancewith
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 11 of 40

proper standards). After finalizing the P2 phase, the very next step according to Magic Grid (Figure 5)
is the definition of the communication logic between subsystems (P3).
Proper documentation of interfaces between components (P3) and optional parametrization (P4)
closes the stage of formulating problems and tasks to be solved during the implementation of the
final system.
According to MagicGrid (Figure 4) workflow, Component Structure (S3) is the first step in the
Solution layer. Definition of the components behaviour (S2) and summarizing their requirements (S1)
exhausts the set of MagicGrid methodology-based activities for system development.

2.4. Modelling Tools

Nowadays, there are many software tools for systems modelling and engineering available on the
market. The most popular are listed as follows:

• Cameo Systems Modeler (formerly known as: MagicDraw with SysML plugin); Vendor: NoMagic;
Web: http://www.nomagic.com/products/cameo-systems-modeler.html,
• Innoslate; Vendor: SPEC Innovations; Web: https://www.innoslate.com/,
• Enterprise Architect with SysML plugin;Vendor: SparxSystems; Web: http://www.sparxsystems.
com/products/mdg_sysml.html,
• Modelio; Vendor: ModelioSoft; Web: http://www.modeliosoft.com/en/products/solutions/
system-architect-solution-overview.html,
• Papyrus 4 SysML, Web: http://www.eclipse.org/modeling/mdt/papyrus/,
• IBM Rhapsody; Vendor: IBM; Web: http://www.ibm.com/software/rational/products/
rhapsody/sysarchitect/,
• ARTiSAN Studio; Vendor PTC; Web: http://www.atego.com/products/artisan-studio/.

These tools are the most popular due to their advanced features and support for
team-oriented development.
Modelling software architecture and simulation research of new products including control
systems is possible due to the features present in the following applications:

• Matlab/Simulink; Vendor: Mathworks,

• MapleSim; Vendor: Maplesoft,
• LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim; Vendor: Siemens,
• Scilab, open source project, initially started by INRIA, France,
• HOPSAN, from Linkoping University of Technology, Sweden,
• OpenModelica, open-source Modelica-based modelling and simulation environment, supported
mainly by the Open Source Modelica Consortium (OSMC),
• Dymola.

Most of the integrated development environments (IDE) for industrial control systems [37]
compliant with the IEC 61131-3 standard [38] allows validation of the designed algorithms by the
means of offline or real-time simulation before it is compiled to the production code.

2.5. MBSE in Practice

The bio-inspired robotic hand project [39,40] is a complex mechatronic system. Starting from
requirements, through use cases, mechanical and electrical architecture design, up to control algorithm
functions, they all can be embedded within the MagicGrid process. The system is well-defined with
many potential product variants.
The mechatronic design of Reaktor Daya [41] is concerned with mechanical and electrical
properties of the system. Selection of materials with sufficient stress resistance is considered and
requirements set for the electrical part (power flow, undervoltage) must also be met. Analysis of the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 12 of 40

mechanical model (CATIA) for the construction part with ETAP software used for electrical calculations
fulfils the MBSE paradigm.
Mechatronic design of an extrusion-based additive manufacturing machine is proposed in
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 12 of 40
Reference [42]. In this work, the system design of a complex machine is conducted by integrating
several problems (construction design, control system components and control software functions) into
several problems (construction design, control system components and control software functions)
a single process. It is a good demonstration of following the MBSE workflow: starting from system’s
into a single process. It is a good demonstration of following the MBSE workflow: starting from
requirements, up to their final verification and practical application of the designed device.
system’s requirements, up to their final verification and practical application of the designed device.
3. Metamodeling. Domain-specific Modelling Languages
3. Metamodeling. Domain-specific Modelling Languages
As presented in the previous section, models can be a very powerful tool that describe the
As presented in the previous section, models can be a very powerful tool that describe the
structure, behaviour and properties of the devised systems. It is especially useful in the development
structure, behaviour and properties of the devised systems. It is especially useful in the development
of control systems for mechatronic devices. Consequently, the increasing presence of modelling
of control systems for mechatronic devices. Consequently, the increasing presence of modelling
paradigms [7] in control system design leads to a situation where defining custom modelling languages
paradigms [7] in control system design leads to a situation where defining custom modelling
is a necessity. The ability to manipulate, analyse or modify the designed models is present in the more
languages is a necessity. The ability to manipulate, analyse or modify the designed models is present
sophisticated software tools available on the market.
in the more sophisticated software tools available on the market.
If the designed models are to be useful as an analytical tool, the underlaying modelling language
If the designed models are to be useful as an analytical tool, the underlaying modelling language
must support such functionality. This means that the flexibility of design with the use of models
must support such functionality. This means that the flexibility of design with the use of models
heavily depends on the modelling language used (i.e. metamodel). If, for some reason, the currently
heavily depends on the modelling language used (i.e. metamodel). If, for some reason, the currently
used modelling tools do not offer such functionality, then one must consider switching to other
used modelling tools do not offer such functionality, then one must consider switching to other
software solutions that will support the creation of a new modelling language. In this paper, two tools
software solutions that will support the creation of a new modelling language. In this paper, two
are mentioned that represent current state-of-the-art: Enterprise Architect Ultimate Edition (MDG
tools are mentioned that represent current state-of-the-art: Enterprise Architect Ultimate Edition
Technology Builder) and MetaEdit+ 5.5.
(MDG Technology Builder) and MetaEdit+ 5.5.
3.1. Metamodeling Concepts
3.1. Metamodeling Concepts
Metamodels are used to describe the organization and structure of the created models.
Metamodels (M3)
Meta-metamodels are used
are ato describe
formal the organization
description and structure
of metamodels (M2); theyof define
the created models.
the rules Meta-
applied in
metamodels (M3) are a formal description of metamodels (M2); they define the rules applied
the metamodeling process (M2). Metamodel (M2) describes the syntax of models (M1). Additionally, in the
metamodeling
metamodels (M2)process (M2).
define the Metamodel
semantics (M2)(M1)
of models describes
by thethe syntax
means of modelsand
of extensions (M1). Additionally,
additional rules.
metamodels (M2) define the semantics of models (M1)
This layered approach to metamodeling is shown in Figure 6. by the means of extensions and additional
rules. This layered approach to metamodeling is shown in Figure 6.

Figure6.6.Four-layer
Figure Four-layermetamodeling
metamodelingapproach. Meta-metamodel
approach. Meta-metamodel (M3) defines
(M3) abstractions
defines permitted
abstractions in
permitted
metamodeling (M2). Metamodel (M2) describes the syntax of models (M1).
in metamodeling (M2). Metamodel (M2) describes the syntax of models (M1).

InInthe
thefour-layer
four-layerapproach
approachartefacts
artefactsinineach
eachlayer
layerconform
conformto,to,and/or
and/orare
areabstracted
abstractedininthe
thehigher
higher
(i.e. more abstract) layer. For example, semantic artefacts in the M0 layer are abstracted in
(i.e. more abstract) layer. For example, semantic artefacts in the M0 layer are abstracted in modelsmodels from
the M1 layer, which in turn conform to the metamodel from the M2
from the M1 layer, which in turn conform to the metamodel from the M2 layer: layer:

1. 1. Meta-metamodel
Meta-metamodel (M3) defines(M3) defines (M2);
metamodel metamodel (M2);
2. 2. (M2)
Metamodel Metamodel (M2)
conforms to conforms to meta-metamodel
meta-metamodel (M3); (M3);
3. Metamodel (M2) defines syntax of model (M1);
4. Model (M1) conforms to metamodel (M2);
5. Model (M1) abstracts modelling/semantic artefacts (M0);
6. Modelling artefacts (M0) implement model (M1).
Summarizing, a metamodel (M2) basically can be understood as a model defining the language
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 13 of 40

3. Metamodel (M2) defines syntax of model (M1);

4. Model (M1) conforms to metamodel (M2);
5. Model (M1) abstracts modelling/semantic artefacts (M0);
6. Modelling artefacts (M0) implement model (M1).

Summarizing, a metamodel (M2) basically can be understood as a model defining the language
used to describe models (M1).

3.2. Metamodeling Goals

Semantic artefacts (M0) from Figure 6 are the real purpose for utilizing metamodeling in control
system design. These are data, programs, files, documents, source codes that have some meaning in
another context; they are produced through the design process. For example, when utilizing automatic
code generation for a PLC program [27,43], it is generated from high-level software models (M1) to the
standardized form of IEC 61131-3 compliant control software codes (M0) [37,38,44].
For the metamodeling approach to have a significant impact on the efficiency of the project design
process, some of these M0 artefacts must be a result of the language design process or else the modelling
process is nothing more but a sophisticated “living specification and documentation.” The MOF
approach is described in official specifications [11,45,46]. The approach using meta-metamodel GOPRR
was presented by Kelly and Tolvanen [12,47].
The flexibility of metamodeling enables many different approaches to the same problem.
The solution should be picked that is best-suited to the team’s experience or the problem’s context.
This is shown in the next section.

Example
Let us take into consideration the requirement stereotype. It will be created among other meta
model stereotypes with the use of MDG Technology Builder, as shown in Figure 7.
In the first approach (Figure 7a) the enumeration stereotype req type with a list of attributes is used
for the definition of requirement’s type. In this case, the modeler (user of the metamodel) can create
unlimited number of req model instances. Modelling is constrained by the list of possible requirements’
types. On the other hand, an inexperienced engineer can model requirements without having initial
knowledge about possible types of requirements—they are built-in into the metamodel.
In the second approach (Figure 7b) there is no explicit definition of req type. Instead, a stereotyped
extension of metaclass Class is created. In this case the modeler can create unlimited number of req type
instances. One of the taggedValues (object properties) references req stereotype as a target object for
an internal association. Such approach can be used for rapid modelling by the experienced engineers.
The third variant (Figure 7c) is designed for the most experienced modelers. It enables complete
freedom by completely separating the requirement from the requirement type. These entities are
unrelated, the connection, however, may be made with the use of a new entity (dependency) which
can tie them together. Such freedom can prove beneficial in teams with good modelling awareness.
On the other hand, such level of flexibility is “specific” for a general use modelling language. In the
author’s opinion the approach presented in Figure 7c loses its Domain-Specific strengths.
The simple example that was presented here explains which approach to semantics one should
select based on the team’s experience in Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) creation.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 14 of 40
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 14 of 40

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure
Figure 7.
7. Two
Two approaches
approaches to the language design. First First approach:
approach: (a)
(a) semantic
semantic artefacts
artefacts completely
completely
defined
defined at
at M2
M2 level;
level; Second
Second approach:
approach: (b)(b) semantic
semantic artefacts
artefactsto
tobe
be created
created at
at level
level M1
M1 with
with directed
directed
relationship;
relationship; (c)
(c) semantic
semantic artefacts
artefacts to
to be
be created
created at level M1 with bi-directional relationship.

3.3. Meta-Object
3.3. Meta-Object Facility.
Facility. Graph
Graph Object
Object Property
Property Relationship
Relationship Role
Role

The Meta-Object Facility

The Meta-Object Facility Specification
Specification (MOF)
(MOF) is is the
the foundation
foundation of of OMG’s industry-standard
OMG's industry-standard
environment where models can be exported from one application, imported into
environment where models can be exported from one application, imported into another, transported another, transported
across the network, stored in a repository and then retrieved, converted into different
across the network, stored in a repository and then retrieved, converted into different formats [45]. formats [45].
Metamodeling layers
Metamodeling layers of
of MOF
MOF areare shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 6.6.
The Domain-Specific Language design
The Domain-Specific Language design proposed byproposed by Kelly
Kelly and
and Tolvanen
Tolvanen [12]
[12] utilizes GOPRR
utilizes GOPRR
(Graph-Object-Property-Relationship-Role) meta-metamodel. This meta-metamodel
(Graph-Object-Property-Relationship-Role) meta-metamodel. This meta-metamodel allows defining the allows defining
the metamodel
metamodel in the
in the formform
of aofDSL.
a DSL. Objects
Objects as as basic
basic DSL
DSL elementscan
elements canbebeconnected
connectedwith Relationships
withRelationships
which define a Role for the connection to an Object. The connection to an Object can
which define a Role for the connection to an Object. The connection to an Object can be further refinedbe further refined
by Port to
by aa Port to which
which the
the connection
connection is is attached.
attached. The Port isis attached
The Port attached toto the Object, while
the Object, while the Role is
the Role is
attached to the Relationship. Objects and their Relationships can be presented in a Graph.
attached to the Relationship. Objects and their Relationships can be presented in a Graph. Properties can Properties
canadded
be be added to each
to each of these
of these elements
elements (Object,
(Object, Relationship,
Relationship, Role,Port
Role, Portand Graph).This
andGraph). Thisapproach
approach is is
implemented directly
implemented directly in
in the
the MetaEdit+
MetaEdit+ software
software (www.metacase.com).
(www.metacase.com).
Figure 8 presents the workflow for creation
Figure 8 presents the workflow for creation of of domain
domain modelling
modelling languages
languages applied
applied in in two
two
software solutions:
software Enterprise Architect
solutions: Enterprise Architect Ultimate
Ultimate Edition
Edition (MDG
(MDG Builder)
Builder) and
and MetaEdit+
MetaEdit+ 5.5.
5.5.
Some analogies can be observed between MOF (MDG Technology)
Some analogies can be observed between MOF (MDG Technology) and GOPRR (MetaEdit+): and GOPRR (MetaEdit+):
• MOF:
MOF: diagram—GOPRR:
diagram—GOPRR: Graph;
Graph;
 MOF: stereotype—GOPRR: Object;
• MOF: stereotype—GOPRR: Object;
 MOF: tagged value—GOPRR: Property;
• MOF: tagged value—GOPRR: Property;
 MOF: connector—GOPRR: Relationships;
• MOF: connector—GOPRR: Relationships;
 MOF: role—GOPRR: Role.
• MOF:
In role—GOPRR:
general, Role.
these two approaches are identical—the differences stem from the notation used and
the market popularity of the modelling software that supports them.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 15 of 40

In general, these two approaches are identical—the differences stem from the notation used and
Appl. Sci.
Appl. Sci. 2019,
2019, 9,
9, 376
376 15 of
15 of 40
40
the market popularity of the modelling software that supports them.

Figure 8. Two workflows for metamodeling design process.

Figure 8.
Figure 8. Two
Two workflows
workflows for
for metamodeling
metamodeling design
design process.
process.
3.4. Metamodeling as a Stage in Design Process
3.4. Metamodeling
3.4. Metamodeling as as aa Stage
Stage in
in Design
Design Process
Process
Overall, the design processes which use the metamodeling approach, for example, Domain-Specific
Overall,
Overall,
Languages the
for the design
design
control processes
processes
systems which use
which
implemented use the
in the metamodeling
PLCmetamodeling approach,
approach,
controllers [48,49], for example,
start for
with example, Domain-
Domain-
determining the
Specific Languages
Specific Languages
domain for control
for control
and its metatypes systems implemented
systems implemented
(stereotypes). in PLC controllers
in PLC controllers
They are defined with the use[48,49],
[48,49], start with determining
start with determining
of meta-metamodel (M3) in
the domain
the domain
software and its
and
solutions itsdedicated
metatypesto(stereotypes).
metatypes (stereotypes).
metamodel (M2) Theycreation.
They are defined
are defined with
with the
the use
use ofof meta-metamodel
meta-metamodel (M3) (M3)
in software
in software solutions
Figure solutions
9 illustrates dedicated
dedicated to metamodel
to metamodel
the design (M2) creation.
(M2) creation. In the case when a final solution (M0)
process of metamodeling.
Figure
mustFigure 99 illustrates
illustrates
be modified, the not
the
it should design
design process
process
be done of M0
of
at the metamodeling.
metamodeling. In the
In
level but rather the case
thecase when aashould
when
M1 models final solution
final solution (M0)
(M0)
be modified.
must be
must
After be modified,
modified,
their update,it itthe
should
should not be
not
semantic beinterpretation
done at
done at the
the M0
M0 level but
level
should but rather the
rather
be conductedthe M1
M1
oncemodels
models should be
should
more—thus be modified.
the modified.
artefacts
After
(e.g., their
Afterprogram update,
their update, the
code, the semantic interpretation
semantic interpretation
documentation) are generated should
should be conducted
again.beThis
conducted once
process once more—thus
more—thus
is often the
called the the artefacts
artefacts
evolution of
(e.g.model/application.
(e.g.
the program code,
program code, documentation)
documentation) are are generated
generated again.
again. This
This process
process isis often
often called
called the
the evolution
evolution of
of
the model/application.
the model/application.

Figure
Figure 9. 9. Metamodelingdesign
9. Metamodeling designprocess.
process.(1)(1) metamodeling
metamodeling tools;
tools; (2) modelling
(2) modelling
modelling tools;
tools; (3) solution,
(3) solution,
solution, that
Figure Metamodeling design process. (1) metamodeling tools; (2) tools; (3) that
that is, control
is, control
control systemsystem
system code;code;
code; (4,5)(4,5) evolution
(4,5) evolution
evolution of of metamodel;
of metamodel;
metamodel; (6) (6) evolution
(6) evolution
evolution of of model.
of model.
model.
is,
If the modelling domain undergoes some changes, for example, caused by the identification of
If the
If the modelling
modelling domain
domain undergoes
undergoes some
some changes,
changes, for
for example,
example, caused
caused byby the
the identification
identification of
of
new constraints, new stereotypes or the overall shift in the design philosophy, then the metamodel
new constraints,
new constraints, new
new stereotypes
stereotypes oror the
the overall
overall shift
shift in
in the
the design
design philosophy,
philosophy, then
then the
the metamodel
metamodel
must be updated (M2). These modifications will be later reflected in the way how the resulting M1
must be
must be updated
updated (M2).
(M2). These
These modifications
modifications will
will be
be later
later reflected
reflected in
in the
the way
way how
how the
the resulting
resulting M1
M1
models are designed, thus changing the nature of their implementation.
models are designed, thus changing the nature of their implementation.
models are designed, thus changing the nature of their implementation.
It can be concluded from Figure 9 that the modification of metamodel (M2) will cause changes in
It can
It can be
be concluded
concluded from
from Figure
Figure 99 that
that the
the modification
modification ofof metamodel
metamodel (M2)(M2) will
will cause
cause changes
changes
all M1 models; they will be affected by the updated modelling language, both in the newly created
in all M1 models; they will be affected by the updated modelling language, both in the
in all M1 models; they will be affected by the updated modelling language, both in the newly created newly created
elements as well as in the already existing ones.
elements as well as in the already existing
elements as well as in the already existing ones. ones.
The metamodel
The metamodel (M2)(M2) modification
modification may
may bebe caused
caused byby analysis
analysis of
of semantic
semantic artefacts
artefacts encountered
encountered
in the M0 level (number 5 in Figure 9). Their inadequacy may lead to a conclusion
in the M0 level (number 5 in Figure 9). Their inadequacy may lead to a conclusion that the that the problem
problem
lies in
lies in the
the metamodel
metamodel itself
itself and
and that
that the
the improvement
improvement of of these
these artefacts
artefacts may
may be
be achieved
achieved by
by changes
changes
in the
in the M2
M2 layer.
layer.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 16 of 40

The metamodel (M2) modification may be caused by analysis of semantic artefacts encountered
in the M0 level (number 5 in Figure 9). Their inadequacy may lead to a conclusion that the problem
lies in the metamodel itself and that the improvement of these artefacts may be achieved by changes in
the M2 layer.

3.5. Metamodeling Utilization for Control Engineering Projects

In the case of projects in which new products and processes are designed, metamodeling may be
applied in the following areas:

1. Prototyping of control systems:

a. Modelling and rapid prototyping [50,51],

b. PLC controller code generation [43,52],
c. Dynamic simulation, including generation of simulation models [20,24],
d. Target platform programming [23,53,54],
e. New algorithm development [55,56];
2. Systems engineering:

a. Systemic approach to design of automation systems (from Business Model Canvas to

INCOSE/NoMagic MagicGrid systems engineering process) [31],
b. Interconnecting business models with research and development [14,57,58],
c. Multi-parametric optimization [18,59–62],
d. Component-based design [63,64],
e. Modularity support for complex systems [65–68];
3. Standardization:

a. Implementation of Machinery Directive/CE, that is, IEC 61508, ISO 13849 [8–10], including
risk assessment (ISO 12100) [34],
b. Implementation aspects of ISO 26262 [21,69–73],
c. Compliance with the IEC 61131-3 standard [37,48,74–79],
d. Functional Safety analysis and documentation [9,73,80],
e. Implementation of V-model proposed in VDI 2206 [16,81,82],
f. Implementation of EAST-ADL [59,70,83–87],
g. Industry 4.0 architecture metamodel for EU companies cooperation [88–91];
4. Management:

a. Change, project and requirement management [4,15,92,93],

b. Product life-cycle management [94,95],
c. Research and development team management [96],
d. Monitoring of research and development strategy implementation [97],
e. Maturity models for Industry 4.0 analysis [98,99].

3.6. Metamodeling in Engineering Practice

A very interesting example of project utilizing metamodeling in the MBSE workflow is presented
in Reference [100–102]. The SGAM (Smart Grid Architecture Model) project, realized under the auspices
of Smart Grid Coordination Group, resulted in the creation of a domain specific language that
is accessible on the webpages of Centre for Secure Energy Informatics (https://www.en-trust.at/
downloads/sgam-toolbox/). SGAM Toolbox is an example of European standardization with the use
of methods and tools that are presented in this paper.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 17 of 40

The authors of SGAM also contributed to the RAMI 4.0 (Reference Architectural Model Industries
4.0) project [88–91], which currently is in an early development stage. RAMI 4.0 metamodel introduces
the following modelling layers: Business, Function, Informational, Communication, Integration and Asset.
It also proposes its own development process that consists of Analysis, Architecture and Design phases.
The modelling philosophy is close to the Magic Grid process. RAMI 4.0 is an example of using
metamodeling to solve a very complex problem of standardization in modelling intelligent factories
for Industry 4.0. Similarly to SGAM, the RAMI 4.0 toolbox was made available and can be downloaded
from https://www.en-trust.at/downloads/rami-4-0-toolbox/.
It is also noteworthy that many projects already employing the MBSE principles can be further
aided in their development by employing the metamodeling approach. One such candidate is the
robotic arm discussed at the end of previous section. A dedicated domain-specific modelling language
could be used for automatic generation of simulation scenarios for testing different control schemes.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 17 of 40

4. Mechatronic Systems Under Consideration

4. Mechatronic Systems Under Consideration
In this section a more detailed discussion about the MBSE principles and metamodeling is given
In this section a more detailed discussion about the MBSE principles and metamodeling is given
that stems from the author’s personal experience.
that stems from the author's personal experience.
4.1. AVIA X-5, 5-axis Machining Centre. New Product Development
4.1. AVIA X-5, 5-axis Machining Centre. New Product Development
Within the X-5 project a new approach for control system design was adopted; it used the concept
Within theintegration.
of mechatronic X-5 project aThe
newmachine
approach foritscontrol
and system
3D rigid bodydesign
modelwas adopted;initSolidWorks
developed used the con-
is
cept of mechatronic integration.
presented in Figure 10. The machine and its 3D rigid body model developed in SolidWorks
is presented in Figure 10.

Figure 10. AVIA

Figure 10. AVIA X-5
X-5 machining
machiningcentre
centreand
andits
itsSolidWorks
SolidWorksmodel.
model.

Prior to modifying the feed-drive module of a 5-axis machining centre (from rotary Permanent
Prior to modifying the feed-drive module of a 5-axis machining centre (from rotary Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Motors, PMSM to Permanent Magnet Linear Motors, PMLM), a full simulation
Magnet Synchronous Motors, PMSM to Permanent Magnet Linear Motors, PMLM), a full simulation
model was automatically generated from the construction assembly model (SolidWorks CAD
model was automatically generated from the construction assembly model (SolidWorks CAD
drawings). Preparation, modification and testing were all conducted in the Simulink environment,
drawings). Preparation, modification and testing were all conducted in the Simulink environment,
thus streamlining the process. The procedure for construction optimization is shown in Figure 11.
thus streamlining the process. The procedure for construction optimization is shown in Figure 11.
It consists of the following steps:

1. A construction assembly of 5-axis milling machine in the form of CAD drawings (M1) is
transformed (Simscape Multibody Link, MathWorks, M2 definitions) into a simplified multi-body
dynamic model (M1);
2. The simplified multi-body model is extended with models of actuators, friction, dynamics and
control. The resulting full Simulink model can be used for virtual verification and validation (M1
level for conducting calculations at M0 level);
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 18 of 40

3. Optimization follows in which the constraints are considered, that is, dynamic stiffness,
Figure
geometrical errors, 10. AVIA X-5
volumetric machining
errors, integralcentre andcontroller’s
errors; its SolidWorks model.
gains are tuned in accordance
with the type of motor used (PMSM/PMLM);
Prior to modifying the feed-drive module of a 5-axis machining centre (from rotary Permanent
4. The construction assembly is modified; different variants of measurements, actuator types are
Magnet Synchronous Motors, PMSM to Permanent Magnet Linear Motors, PMLM), a full simulation
considered. The assembly is updated and the process falls back to Step 2.
model was automatically generated from the construction assembly model (SolidWorks CAD
drawings). Preparation,
The final modification
machine design and testing
was achieved were all iterations
after multiple conductedofinthethe Simulink environment,
optimization process.
thus streamlining the process. The procedure for construction optimization is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11.
Figure AVIA X-5 machining centre virtual optimization workflow.
11. AVIA workflow.

In the AVIA X-5 project the economic factor was the dominant issue in Model-Based Design.
The chassis of a milling machine as big as X-5 model takes at least one year to produce (iron
casting and later processing, mounting actuators and control system, integration of all of the
components). Constructing multiple physical prototypes would be costly and time-consuming.
For comparison, three virtual prototypes were created in just three months. This was preceded
by one month of team’s effort to learn the MBD workflow. The team members’ (one automation
engineer, two mechanical engineers) prior experience with software tools like SolidWorks (CAD) and
Matlab/Simulink (modelling and simulation) certainly shortened this adoption time.
The workflow presented in Figure 11 was proposed by the team leader and was not discussed
within the team. At that time (2012), it seemed that it was the best solution to the problem
considering the software available to the academic partner. No formal methodology was applied
for the project’s management.
The MBD approach proved to be very effective for such a small team of engineers—only 3 people
were involved at any time. Models of dynamics were created after analysis of data that was acquired
by diagnostic features present in iTNC530 control system (Figure 12). This was done for the variant
with PMSM motors.
 within the team. At that time (2012), it seemed that it was the best solution to the problem considering
the software available to the academic partner. No formal methodology was applied for the project’s
management.
The MBD approach proved to be very effective for such a small team of engineers—only 3 people
were involved at any time. Models of dynamics were created after analysis of data that was acquired
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 19 of 40
by diagnostic features present in iTNC530 control system (Figure 12). This was done for the variant
with PMSM motors.

Figure
Figure TNCScope
12.12. TNCScopesoftware screenshot—acquired
software data signals
screenshot—acquired with the
data signals usethe
with of diagnostic connection
use of diagnostic
ofconnection
the iTNC530 control
of the system
iTNC530 (Ethernet
control systemTCP/IP; 600TCP/IP;
(Ethernet µs sampling
600 µs time).
sampling time).

An optimal solution was found—it was a construction with XY tool table employing linear
motors. Four PMLM motors were mounted in parallel in Y axis; another two were put parallelly
in X axis. Using the PMLM motors in Z axis was proven to be economically infeasible; instead,
PMSM motors were proposed. The final chassis design was too complex and implementing additional
safety precautions only increased the already high cost of the machine. However, these measures were
necessary as they prevented machine damage in case of power outage.
As already mentioned, due to the approach taken, there was no need to create a physical prototype.
Cost to produce one unit was estimated to be 250,000 EUR. Instead, during the project three virtual
prototypes were created and tested.

4.2. iLOAD Project. Focus on Product and the Process

According to https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/106335/factsheet/en, technological and
scientific purpose of the iLOAD project was to meet the needs of civil construction industry and
social expectations to decrease the number of occupational hazards caused by cranes. Different
industry areas and environmental protection requirements were considered. The main research goal
was to develop a new approach to control system in order to improve the operational safety conditions
and efficiency of load handling equipment. Another area of interest was the development of new
construction approaches to utilize advanced light materials for load handling in order to reduce the
weight and fuel consumption of the designed solutions.
These objectives were met thanks to the undertaken multidisciplinary approach to the crane
construction. The top-level architecture of control logic was defined and based on the best practices
stemming from different industries. Clear and consistent open source architecture enabled outsourcing
of various control logic development tasks to specialized companies. Moreover, new structural
materials were applied for crane construction based on CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced polymer) and
reinforced steel structures. As a result, significant reduction of structure weight was expected.
It is essential to emphasize the role of mutual transfer of knowledge between academic and
industrial partners during joint research studies. A synergistic approach was proposed between
electronic, mechatronics and materials technologies, based on the knowledge exchanged between the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 20 of 40

industrial partners (CARGOTEC NL, PL, SE) strongly involved in the load handling markets and three
academic partners (two from Poland, one from Sweden) that had complementary experience.
The project lasted for four years and during this time, an extended training was provided to three
novice researchers, five experienced researchers from the partnered institutions and three experienced
researchers recruited from outside the consortium. Additionally, a total of 135 months in secondments
was planned.
Within “Work Package 1. New control system” the project team was concerned with the
development of new way of operating the loader crane, as shown in Figure 13.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 20 of 40

Figure13.
Figure 13.HIAB
HIABexample
examplecrane
crane(http://hidrauline-kelimo-technika.enax.lt/hiab-xs-211-pro/).
(http://hidrauline-kelimo-technika.enax.lt/hiab-xs-211-pro/).

Normally,
Normally, such operation is conducted by by controlling
controlling separate
separate cylinders
cylinders (SLEW_CONTROL,
(SLEW_CONTROL,
INNER_BOOM_CONTROL,
INNER_BOOM_CONTROL,OUTER_BOOM_CONTROL, OUTER_BOOM_CONTROL, EXTENSION_BOOM_CONTROL).
EXTENSION_BOOM_CONTROL). Resulting
CRANE_TIP
Resulting CRANE_TIP – XYZ is normally an output of the system. The proposed approach was in
– XYZ is normally an output of the system. The proposed approach was to operate to
Cartesian
operate inspace in such
Cartesian a way,
space that CRANE_TIP
in such – XYZ was a reference
a way, that CRANE_TIP – XYZ was value for the control
a reference value system.
for the
This is similar
control to the Crane
system. ThisTip Control
is from HIAB
similar to (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpa8VsVuL4Y),
the Crane Tip Control from HIAB
extending the approach with automatic SLEW_CONTROL calculation
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpa8VsVuL4Y), extending the approach with automatic (HIAB solution operates in
XZ plane).
SLEW_CONTROL calculation (HIAB solution operates in XZ plane).
Virtual verification
Virtual verificationand
andvalidation
validation testtest
stand prepared
stand during
prepared WorkWork
during Package 1 activities
Package is shown
1 activities is
in Figure
shown in 14. Due14.
Figure to Due
the project’s confidentiality
to the project’s only general
confidentiality view can
only general be published.
view can be published.
Physical user interface (i.e. operator’s panel) is used to operate the virtual control system model
combined with the simplified crane construction model imported to the Simulink environment from
CAD drawings.
Figure 15 depicts one of many tested workflows for control system development. This toolchain
combines Control System Design Application (prepared with the use of Qt framework) with
custom modelling languages (SpecScop) for system specification. Matlab/Simulink was used for
implementation of every system component (hydraulic, mechanical, sensors, digital/logic/safety
related control and continuous control). Python scripts were prepared for automatization of CodeSys
configuration and PLC programming procedures. For automatic documentation generation regular
expressions and Latex were used.
Resulting CRANE_TIP – XYZ is normally an output of the system. The proposed approach was to
operate in Cartesian space in such a way, that CRANE_TIP – XYZ was a reference value for the
control system. This is similar to the Crane Tip Control from HIAB
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpa8VsVuL4Y), extending the approach with automatic
SLEW_CONTROL calculation (HIAB solution operates in XZ plane).
Appl.
Appl. Sci.
Sci. 2019, 9,
2019, 376
9,verification
376 21 of
21 of 40
40
Virtual and validation test stand prepared during Work Package 1 activities is
shown in Figure 14. Due to the project’s confidentiality only general view can be published.
Physical user interface (i.e. operator’s panel) is used to operate the virtual control system model
combined with the simplified crane construction model imported to the Simulink environment from
CAD drawings.
Figure 15 depicts one of many tested workflows for control system development. This toolchain
combines Control System Design Application (prepared with the use of Qt framework) with custom
modelling languages (SpecScop) for system specification. Matlab/Simulink was used for
implementation of every system component (hydraulic, mechanical, sensors, digital/logic/safety
related control and continuous control). Python scripts were prepared for automatization of CodeSys
configuration and PLC programming procedures. For automatic documentation generation regular
expressions and Latex were used.
During Work Package 2 of the iLOAD project, SpecScop metamodel and framework were
proposed and prepared with the use of MetaEdit+ software. The main purpose of this simple Domain-
Specific Language was to hasten the development of Matlab/Simulink libraries by team member’s not
experienced with Mathworks software tools.
In the iLOAD project, the most important MBD features present during project development,
process development and their management, were:
1. Product aspect—prototyping of new control system functions for loading task without the
need to build costly physical prototypes,
2. Process aspect—possibility of quick reconfiguration of a chosen control system element. This
demand was caused by the ever-changing or yet unpublished, operational safety
regulations,
3. ManagementFigure aspect—improvements in monitoring and management of EU projects. A
14. Virtual verification and validation of control system.
Figure 14. Virtual verification and validation of control system.

necessity, consdering the rotation of team members.

Figure 15. One of the toolchains validated at West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin,
Figure 15.
within
within theiLOAD
the iLOADproject.
project.Multi-vendor
Multi-vendorsoftware
softwareintegration:
integration:MetaEdit+,
MetaEdit+,Matlab/Simulink,
Matlab/Simulink, CodeSys
CodeSys
v.3.5,
v.3.5,Latex/MikTeX,
Latex/MikTeX, QtQt framework,
framework, Python.
Python.

During
The MBD Work Package
approach 2 of theproject
in iLOAD iLOAD wasproject,
used bySpecScop metamodel
a team with and At
16 members. framework were
the beginning,
proposed
only three and prepared
of the withhad
participants theany
useprior
of MetaEdit+
experiencesoftware. The main
or were trained in thepurpose of thisDSL
areas of MBD, simple
and
Domain-Specific Language was to hasten the development of Matlab/Simulink libraries
MBSE. However, for the rest of the team, experience from previous projects [22,85–87,103,104] was by team
member’s
proven to not experiencedAfter
be invaluable. with 12
Mathworks software
months, all of thetools.
participants (i.e. institutional and individual)
In the iLOAD project, the most important MBD features
were familiar with intricacies of the Model-Based Design approach present during
in their project
area of development,
expertise:
process development and their management,
1. Product Aspect—3 team members were:
2. Process Aspect—8 team members
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 22 of 40

1. Product aspect—prototyping of new control system functions for loading task without the need
to build costly physical prototypes,
2. Process aspect—possibility of quick reconfiguration of a chosen control system element.
This demand was caused by the ever-changing or yet unpublished, operational safety regulations,
3. Management aspect—improvements in monitoring and management of EU projects. A necessity,
considering the rotation of team members.
The MBD approach in iLOAD project was used by a team with 16 members. At the beginning,
only three of the participants had any prior experience or were trained in the areas of MBD, DSL and
MBSE. However, for the rest of the team, experience from previous projects [22,85–87,103,104] was
proven to be invaluable. After 12 months, all of the participants (i.e. institutional and individual) were
familiar with intricacies of the Model-Based Design approach in their area of expertise:
1. Product Aspect—3 team members
2. Process Aspect—8 team members
3. Management Aspect—4 team members
4. Full MBD knowledge—3 team members
Applying the Model-Based Design to new areas was preceded by mini-projects; they served as
an introduction to rules, methodology and tools of MBD. Domain specific languages were also designed
as a consequence of these projects.
During product development the workflow presented in Figure 15 was picked. It was chosen
from many other variants as the most attractive from an academic standpoint and also offered the
most robust framework. It would require (if it was implemented, that is) many years of prior work
before its full implementation in the industry context. With the addition of new features in PLC/PAC
IDEs, commercial involvement in developing custom tools for automatic generation of artefacts (e.g.,
hardware configuration, software configuration) is not that attractive anymore. Producers of PLC/PAC
systems offer fully-featured solutions for their platforms [23].
As a result of applying the MBD approach at MBD-9 level (Figure 1), target goals for the project
were reached:
1. New control features lead to 30% faster adaptation of the designed product by inexperienced
operators—the learning curve was successfully reduced. A test scenario was specially designed
to verify this target goal;
2. Movement precision was greatly improved in comparison to the previously applied
control system;
3. Modular architecture of the control system lead to parallel development of system’s algo rithms.
This resulted in a faster implementation of new control functions.
Applying the Model-Based Design approach paved a new way of cooperation between the industrial
and academia partners. It was later continued in the ARControl initiative "Application of expanded
reality, interactive systems and voice operator interface in control of lifting devices” and was financed
under grant agreement no. 245598, Innotech, National Centre of Research and Development, Poland,
2015–2017. Additionally, a scope of minimal knowledge, competence and skills was defined in order
to realize projects in the Model-Based Design paradigm. It was concluded that the universities’ curricula
were inadequate and this sentiment was expressed by all the participating team members of different
nationalities and backgrounds. It was a very important experience for the author and made him
refocus his didactic approach to teaching automatics and robotics.

4.3. Modelling and Metamodeling Aspects in the Presented Projects

The projects that were presented in this section were realized with best practices described in the
VDI 2206 document [81]; they were also developed in accordance to the MagicGrid process (Figures 4
and 5).
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 23 of 40

In the case of AVIA X-5 project, much of the focus was devoted to analysis and modelling of the
machine’s control system for movement control (Functional analysis P2, Component behaviour S2,
Component structure S3).
In the iLOAD project the shift was made towards integration of the entire design process,
from the requirements to the final solution: Stakeholder needs (C1), Use cases (C2), System context
(C3), Functional analysis (P2), Component behaviour (S2), Component structure (S3), Component
parameters (S4).
In Tables 1 and 2, the selected aspects of modelling, metamodeling and chosen MBD features are
presented for both projects.
The main conclusion of the data presented in Table 1 is that requirements engineering and
monitoring should be considered regardless of the problem that is solved with the use of Model-Based
Systems Engineering. Domain-Specific Languages must include this important part of system design.
In Table 2, the most important aspects of metamodeling used in AVIA X-5 and iLOAD projects
are presented. For each project a different toolchain was prepared:

1. AVIA X-5 project (Figure 11),

a. SolidWorks CAD drawings (M1) converted with Simscape Multibody Link (M2) into
Simulink models (M1);
b. Simulink models (M1) executed during dynamic simulations (M0);
c. Documents/reports (M0) generated out of the Simulink models (M1);
d. Results from calculations (M0) used for manual update of the construction model (M1);

2. iLOAD project (Figure 15),

a. Modelling language SpecScop (M2) used for specification of system components (M1);
b. Automatic Matlab/Simulink generation (M2) of simulation models (M1) from specifications
(M1); functionality implemented directly in Matlab/Simulink;
c. Libraries (M1) of components created in Matlab/Simulink are automatically updated (M2)
with new specifications (M1);
d. Control system code (M0) generated from models (M1);
e. Dynamic simulation (M0) conducted with predefined, parametrized models (M1);
f. General/detailed documentation (M0) automatically generated from models (M1).

Table 1. Modelling aspects.

Modelling Aspects AVIA X-5 Project iLOAD Project

-dynamic simulation of motion control
algorithms,
-dynamic simulation: hydraulic components, mechanical
-parametric identification,
Control system design, control platform, control algorithm, new sensor
-modal analysis of machine construction,
prototyping and technologies, new measurement schemes, new materials,
-dynamic simulation of proposed measurement
development -dynamic simulation of loader cane features, including
architectures,
safety related algorithms
-dynamic simulation of PMSM/PMLM motor
actuators
-hardware architecture validation,
-hardware/software architecture optimization, -virtual verification and validation,
Systems and
-virtual verification of construction prototypes, -graphical specification,
requirements
-closed-loop simulation, -hardware-in-the-loop simulation,
engineering
-simplified textual requirements (Excel sheets) -closed-loop simulation,
-systematic requirements engineering
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 24 of 40

Table 1. Cont.

Modelling Aspects AVIA X-5 Project iLOAD Project

-IEC 61508. Functional safety of
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic
safety-related systems, Parts 1–7,
-IEC 61131-3:2013. Programmable controllers. Part 3:
Programming languages,
-EN 12999:2011+A1. Cranes—Loader cranes,
-IEC 61508. Functional safety of
-ISO 13849-2:2012. Safety of machinery—Safety-related
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic
parts of control systems—Part 2: Validation,
safety-related systems, Parts 1-7,
Standardization and -ISO 15442:2005. Cranes—Safety requirements for loader
-IEC 61131-3:2013. Programmable controllers.
standard compliance cranes,
Part 3: Programming languages,
-IEC 62061:2005. Safety of machinery—Functional safety of
-ISO/IEC/ IEEE 29148:2011 – textual
safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable
requirements (template)
electronic control systems,
-VDI—Association of German Engineers VDI
2206—Design methodology for mechatronic systems.
Design 2004, 118,
-own domain-specific modelling language
(EAST-ADL inspired)
-industry—university cooperation,
-project resources planning,
-EU Participant Portal reporting,
-industry—university cooperation,
Project management -SCRUM project management,
-factory testing planning (new for university
support -certified laboratory testing,
members)
-project budget monitoring,
-team members training planning,
-time-sheets monitoring

In the AVIA X-5 project the toolchain was quite expensive and offered predefined metamodels
and ready-to-use generators. Flexibility of development was constrained by the project’s budget.
Within the iLOAD project a custom toolchain was designed, developed and later used for achieving
project goals at each stage. It was much more time-consuming to prepare the toolchain’s modules but
the resulting flexibility was greater.

Table 2. Metamodeling aspects.

Metamodeling Aspects AVIA X-5 Project iLOAD Project

-Matlab/Simulink,
-Matlab/Simulink,
-Siemens/Haidenhain software tools,
Control system -MetaEdit+,
-CAD drawings (SolidWorks)
prototyping and -automatic Simulink models generation,
transformation into dynamic models,
development -PLC code generation,
-reports generation,
-creation of new metamodels
-existing metamodels
-EAST-ADL, SysML,
Systems and -creation of new metamodels,
-Matlab/Simulink tools,
requirements -MetaEdit+ requirements import/export,
-existing metamodels
engineering -Matlab/Simulink,
-Latex, Microsoft Office integration
-Matlab/Simulink, -creation of new metamodels, SysML,
Standardization and
-textual management, -Microsoft Office integration,
standard compliance
-existing metamodels -import/export of model objects
-creation of new metamodels,
-Microsoft Office,
Project management -Microsoft Office integration,
-no methodology used,
support -SCRUM tools and process,
-existing metamodels
-Enterprise Architect

Table 3 presents the most important factors related to teams that participated in each of the projects.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 25 of 40

Table 3. Team-related aspects of the realized projects

Team-Related Aspects AVIA X-5 Project iLOAD Project

-Matlab/Simulink, -Matlab/Simulink, HOPSAN,
-SolidWorks (CAD), -CAD software,
Experience -project participation/management, -Domain-Specific Modelling,
-control system design, -modelling of production processes,
-mechanical system design -project participation/management
Size 3 engineers 16 engineers, incl. 3 managers
-control engineering, robotics,
-mechanical engineering,
-control engineering, -hydraulic engineering,
Expertise
-mechanical engineering -IT, ICT,
-project management,
-standardization, functional safety
-business needs,
-industry—university cooperation,
-business needs, -new machine/product development,
Motivation/rationale -industry – university cooperation, -new process,
-new machine/product development -standards compliance,
-new people,
-new materials
Method adoption time 1 month 12 months

5. Discussion
From the point of view of MBD and MBSE approaches, the most valuable part of the presented
projects was the integration of engineers with different backgrounds and transfer of knowledge
that followed.
The projects presented in the third section opened the discussion on generic problems of
metamodeling utilization for development of mechatronic and cyber-physical systems. The methods
proposed in this section can improve the quality and efficiency of these processes.
Table 1 which summarizes the modelling effort in AVIA X-5 and iLOAD projects leads to the
following conclusions:

1. Control systems prototyping is a very important aspect in machine design. The same can be said
about simulations conducted in a closed loop. Essential information is gathered that can help to
evaluate the feasibility of the proposed design.
2. Requirements engineering is essential for testing the product both in simulations and in
a real environment.
3. The rationale for employing the Model-Based Design increases with the number of requirements
and standards that the product must adhere to.
4. Model-Based Design is especially useful in projects which involve different participating parties.
In the case of the projects presented in the previous section, the cooperation involved
representatives from industry and academia. It benefitted everyone and resulted in deeper
understanding of the encountered problems.

Analysis of Table 2 yields the following observations:

1. Using metamodels that are already built-in the utilized tools (AVIA X-5 Project) allows to solve
complex problems without the need to modify the modelling process.
2. Possibility of metamodel modification and creation of custom generators (iLOAD Project)
opens limitless possibilities in the area of project process creation. However, this is only
possible with personnel that is experienced in the field of model design. These engineers are
called metamodellers.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 26 of 40

3. Utilization of commercially available tools for modelling and requirement management is quickly
becoming burdensome for the users. The offered functionality soon becomes inadequate to fully
describe the modelled process.
4. Parametrization and multi-criterion optimization of systems with multi-source requirements
is possible only when custom-made modelling languages are created; these languages must
consider the requirements’ parameters and relations between them and systems’ components
or documentation.
5. Metamodeling allows to apply a hybrid approach to project management. This means
interspersing heuristic and standard methods within one management process.

Table 3 provides information for teams that are interested in implementing the Model-Based Design
in their projects:

1. Several years of experience in a given problem domain is required in order to properly apply
Model-Based Design. The benefits of the MBD approach cannot be fully appreciated without
complete knowledge of the field in which it is applied.
2. Full knowledge of all MBD aspects is not required when it is adopted for the first
time—simultaneous and effective implementation of its every feature is impossible.
3. Some aspects of Model-Based Design can be used even in small groups; with larger teams the
payoff is even bigger as more MBD elements are used.
4. Motivation for applying Model-Based Design in mechatronic and cyber-physical systems is often
independent from the product itself. It can be a result of research and development projects in
which industry and academia partners cooperate to create new products or processes. This is
an unusual order-of-business for both parties, additionally limited by the specifics of research
program and its funding.
5. The issues caused by changes in team’s personnel also prove the Model-Based Design to be
beneficial. It enables seamless introduction of new employees into the project and enables safe
continuation whenever a more experienced team member leaves.
6. Model-Based Design improves communication between the stakeholders and the project team that
designs the system in question.

Generic Workflow for Model-Based Design

The methods proposed in this subsection can improve the quality and efficiency of mechatronic
and cyber-physical systems design processes. Regardless of the problem’s complexity (new dexterous
robotic hand [39,40], experimental reactor [41], extrusion-based additive manufacturing machine [42],
satellite [20,24,25], loader crane [105], 5-axis milling machine [61]), the following workflow can be
applied:

1. Introduce MagicGrid process (including VDI 2206 [81] V-model approach at each stage, no matter
if modelling requirements, use cases, system architecture or functions),
2. Define Domain-Specific Language use cases for the project,
3. Propose initial version of the language; model part of the system as a pilot sub-project,
4. Update modelling language, define abstraction levels/layers for modelling,
5. Define scope for code/documentation generation,
6. Define scope for data import/export and select candidate objects,
7. Model most of the system and close code/documentation generation loops,
8. Integrate the proposed modelling language with project management methodology, for example,
SCRUM, Project Cycle Management or propose custom modelling process.

This workflow provides a generic approach for complex (mechatronic and cyber-physical [82,106–108])
system design. One can combine General Purpose Modelling Languages (UML, SysML [5]) with
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 27 of 40

Domain-Specific Languages within a single ecosystem. Using only general-purpose languages is far less
effective even when a precise methodology (INCOSE or MagicGrid) is applied.
Metamodeling of Domain-Specific Languages strongly supports:

1. control system development, including development of new control functions, components

selection, dynamic simulation and code generation,
2. systems engineering, including virtual verification and validation, hardware in the loop
simulation, requirements engineering at each stage of the project; integration of multicriteria
indices (similar to the proposed in Reference [62] mechatronic design quotient MDQ) for ensuring
high quality of the resulting system,
3. project management: higher quality of decision-making process achieved by rapid analysis of the
project’s state.

During work on modelling languages in the mechatronic projects presented in this paper,
the following problems were identified:

1. Utilization of General Purpose Languages (UML, SysML) takes a lot of time compared with
Domain-Specific Languages. This is true even for languages that take basic concepts from SysML
(like Requirement or Use Case). This conclusion is similar to [109],
2. Issues were observed with engineers that observe their increasing efficiency—they are exhibiting
problematic social behaviour that stems from the increased quality and efficiency. This is
a common problem in digitalization projects, when engineers are forced to use new toolchains
which are usually far more efficient than the currently used. This problem, however, is outside
the scope of this paper and needs further research.

Experience collected from over 20 research projects (including AVIA X-5 and iLOAD) in which
selected elements of Model-Based Design were applied, culminated in a decision in 2014 to develop
a modelling language that would support effective project management. The main goal was to
intertwine a heuristic methodology with a well-rounded, popular counterpart that is often used in
software development projects, including embedded systems [110].
The result of this effort is the researchML language. The language extends processes like Magic Grid
or INCOSE by expanding SysML and attempts to improve management of companies and research
projects. Its structure offers a manageable way to track the team’s qualities and current workload.
Moreover, it can be used to quickly build project portfolios for potential investors. It is the main
scientific contribution of this paper.

6. ResearchML
ResearchML was developed in 2016 and was a response to the increasing need for organizing the
procedures for management of purely scientific and R&D projects developed by the team working in
Mechatronics Centre at West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin. The type of activities
pursued by project members varied greatly, partly due to differences in research interests, experience
and broad scope of the realized projects. These factors posed an increasing difficulty in managing such
a varied team and hindered the realization of projects.
Additionally, the legislation changes in Poland and demographic decline heavily influenced the
team’s efficiency and quality of work. The team conducted multiple projects in 2006–2016 aimed
at improving the control systems of CNC machines. The increase in the number of projects and,
consequently, the number of tasks each team member was responsible for, had led to a conclusion that
a modelling language was needed in order to improve the team’s management.

6.1. ResearchML Goals

At first, during the researchML development a set of goals was defined for the construction and
application of the modelling language. These were described below.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 28 of 40

6.1.1. Activity Management and Effective Reporting

The work time of research teams that are involved in a broad selection of problems across multiple
projects has to be monitored. This is achieved by implementing time-sheet systems which allow to
monitor the time spent on each project and activities within. The reports are generated on a monthly
or quarterly basis, the latter type is tied to the financing of project phases. The complexity of this issue
is increased by the fact that the team members’ contributions vary across the project’s realization.

6.1.2. Information Flow Optimization

Whenever the involvement in a design process includes representatives from industry and
academia or whenever the partners are spread around the world, the use of graphical modelling
languages shared as a network resource (i.e. repositories) enables an efficient communication.

6.1.3. Fast Adaptation

Often, during the project’s realization new members join the team; these engineers must work in
areas in which the groundwork was not laid by them. Static documents cause long adaptation times
and endanger the deadlines. The use of Domain-Specific Languages causes the minimalization of that
transition period.

6.1.4. Compensation for Lack of Managerial Experience

In control system design the technological knowledge is of utmost importance. This often leads
to team leaders that do not possess enough managerial experience. Conversely, the opposite also
holds—the technological competence of a person well predisposed to lead a group of people may be
inadequate. The answer to the first concern could be the development of a Domain-Specific Language
that should reinforce the engineers with high technical prowess by supplying them with tools aiding
the project management. An example of such language is researchML.
The requirements set for the modelling language caused that the devised metamodel found the
following applications:

• reporting,
• preparing grant applications,
• storage and organization of project’s information,
• project management,
• management and organization of research infrastructure,
• monitoring workload of each project member,
• career development plan for employees, training plans for acquiring new skills.

6.2. ResearchML Design

Abstraction layers for the actual version (3.09) of researchML language are shown in Figure 16
(with stereotypes):

1. Project Analysis Level (address, project, workplace),

2. Project Design Level, Functional Project Design (goal, goal type, project phase, project implementation
rate, project rate type, project rate value, project role, project task, researcher, risk, risk type, workload,
workload set),
3. Project Design Level, Resources Project Design (author, cost, cost type, experience, experience type,
resource, resource type, service, service group, technology, technology category),
4. Project Implementation Level (requirement, relationship),
5. Project Implementation Level, Relationships (contain, copy, derive, satisfy, trace, verify),
6. Project Operational Level (project activity, project activity type, task activity, task activity type).
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 29 of 40

List of objects, relationships and target object roles is presented in Figure 17. It is preferable
for relationships within abstraction levels to be contained in metamodel and in objects (stereotypes).
In this case the creation of generators is straightforward. Relationships going beyond the abstraction
levels should be modelled at the M1 level—the resulting language and generated models are then
easier to implement.

6.2.1. Project Analysis Level

Appl.This
Sci. 2019,
level9, 376 general information about the realized project (current stereotypes:30project,
contains of 40
address, workplace), its name and description (description). An institutional project leader is specified
physical
(Project systems.
leader In this stereotype,
in workspace case, the technology
additionallycategory (technology
the GPS category)
localization might be
is supplied). As“computer
the project
simulation.” The experience objects serve as a proof of expertise obtained in that area, while the
members locations are geographically distinct, the metamodel contains the information about their
experience type objects serve to categorize them (e.g. scientific articles, project reports, internet
whereabouts. This is realized by the address stereotype which contains the following: country, city,
publications). Each such documented use of technology has its author or authors (author), thus it can
postal address. One workspace is assigned one address. Similarly, a single project can have only one
be tracked to specific team members. Using a technology will often require the presence of resources
institutional project leader.
(resource), often of different types (resource type), for example, software, hardware, chemical agents.

Figure 16. ResearchML 3.09 abstraction layers and objects.

Figure 16. ResearchML 3.09 abstraction layers and objects.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 30 of 40
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 31 of 40

No Abstraction Level Source Relationship Target role Target

1 Analysis projec t … Projec t leader workplac e

Project
Level

2 projec t … Projec t manager researc her

2 projec t … Projec t R&D manager researc her
3 workplac e … Address address
4 goal … Goal type goal type
5 projec t phase … Projec t projec t
6 projec t phase … Phase effec ts goal
7 projec t phase … Researc hers researc her
8 projec t phase … Phase risk risk
9 projec t phase … Phase resourc es resourc e
10 projec t implementation rate … Projec t projec t
11 projec t implementation rate … Rate type projec t rate type
Functional Project Design

12 projec t implementation rate … Base value projec t rate value

Project Design Level,

12 projec t implementation rate … Target value projec t rate value

13 projec t task … Projec t projec t
14 projec t task … Projec t phase projec t phase
15 projec t task … Projec t team researc her
16 projec t task … Task resourc es resourc e
17 researc her … Projec t projec t
18 researc her … Workplac e workplac e
19 researc her … Roles projec t role
20 researc her … Workload workload
21 researc her … Workload set workload set
22 risk … Risk type risk type
23 risk … Cost of risk (optional) c ost
24 workload … Projec t projec t
25 workload … Projec t phase projec t phase
26 workload … Researc her researc her
27 workload set … Phase 1…7 workload
28 author … Address address
29 author … Researc her (optionally) researc her
30 c ost … Cost type c ost type
31 experienc e … Authors author
Resources Project Design

32 experienc e … Type of experienc e experienc e type

Project Design Level,

33 resourc e … Cost of reso urc e (optional) c ost

34 resourc e … Resourc e type resourc e type
35 servic e … S ervic e c o st c ost
36 servic e … Providing servic e servic e group
36 servic e … S ervic e gro up servic e group
37 tec hnology … Tec hnology owner workplac e
38 tec hnology … Tec hnology authors author
39 tec hnology … Experienc e list experienc e
40 tec hnology … Resourc es resourc e
41 tec hnology … S ervic es servic e
42 tec hnology … Category tec hnology c ategory
43 tec hnology … Requirement satisfied requirement
44 requirement … Author researc her
Level, Relationships

45
Implementation

requirement … 1.02 Requirement sourc e experienc e

46 c ontain … Type of relationship relationship
Project

47 c opy … Type of relationship relationship

48 derive … Type of relationship relationship
49 satisfy … Type of relationship relationship
50 trac e … Type of relationship relationship
51 verify … Type of relationship relationship
52 projec t ac tivity … Task projec t task
Operational

53 projec t ac tivity … Researc her researc her

Project
Level

54 projec t ac tivity … Type of ac tivity projec t ac tivity type

55 task ac tivity … Projec t ac tivity projec t ac tivity
56 task ac tivity … Type of task ac tivity task ac tivity type

Figure 17. ResearchML abstraction

Figure 17. abstractionlayers,
layers,objects,
objects,relationships,
relationships,target
targetroles.
roles.

6.2.2.
6.2.4.Project
ProjectDesign Level, Functional
Implementation Project Design
Level, Relationships
Detailed
At this information about theprocess
level, the MagicGrid organization
can beof utilized;
project isalternatively,
found here (stereotypes: goal, goal
SysML language type,
or any
project phase, project implementation rate, project rate type, project rate value, project
domain-specific solution can be applied. Two stereotypes are utilized in researchML for model-basedrole, project
task, researcher,
requirement risk, risk type,
management: workload,
requirement andworkload set).
relationship. The These allow
former to define
is the generalthe project’s timetable,
requirement object,
the latter defines the relationships between requirements and architecture objects. Also, relationships
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 31 of 40

team members, the workload of specific team members in this specific project as well as the other ones
(that is, if the presented approach is applied to manage the portfolio of all projects).

6.2.3. Project Design Level, Resources Project Design

Detailed information about the resources used in the project (or projects); contains the following
stereotypes: author, cost, cost type, experience, experience type, resource, resource type, service, service group,
technology, technology category. In the adopted approach the key characteristics of the team is the set of
technologies that it is acquainted with (technology) and as such can effectively apply them during the
execution of the project. One such example may be the ability to conduct simulations of cyber-physical
systems. In this case, the technology category (technology category) might be “computer simulation.”
The experience objects serve as a proof of expertise obtained in that area, while the experience type objects
serve to categorize them (e.g., scientific articles, project reports, internet publications). Each such
documented use of technology has its author or authors (author), thus it can be tracked to specific team
members. Using a technology will often require the presence of resources (resource), often of different
types (resource type), for example, software, hardware, chemical agents.

6.2.4. Project Implementation Level, Relationships

At this level, the MagicGrid process can be utilized; alternatively, SysML language or any
domain-specific solution can be applied. Two stereotypes are utilized in researchML for model-based
requirement management: requirement and relationship. The former is the general requirement object,
the latter defines the relationships between requirements and architecture objects. Also, relationships
extended from SysML v1.4 are implemented in the metamodel: contain, copy, derive, satisfy, trace,
verify. They have the same meaning compared to SysML relationships with an extension of the
relationship property.
Project Implementation Level may be realized with the use of MagicGrid, SysML or any other DSL.
Preferably, it should be implemented with the 8-step workflow presented in Section 5.

6.2.5. Project Operational Level

In this abstraction level, the summary of activities undertaken during the project’s execution is
contained (stereotypes: project activity, project activity type, task activity, task activity type). With the
developed report generators, the documentation management process is more effective. Team members
devote less time for that task, thus the developed metamodel increases the team’s overall productivity.
ResearchML is under intensive development. Another important area of abstraction that was
added is Project Implementation Level which contains the requirement model. Due to the modularity of
modelling languages, the SysML or any DSL could be used as a potential solution in this specific area.
Also, a set of generators and data visualization algorithms are under development, including 2D/3D
visual reports, similar to the ones used in Reference [89].
Project design template created with the use of researchML is shown in Figure 18.

6.3. Reporting, Specifications

Creation of modelling languages for multi-criterion and multi-stage projects is usually aided by
advanced tools for data visualization and progress reporting. In this subsection, two important issues
are addressed: generation of project’s documentation and information exchange between models and
their environment.
 ResearchML is under intensive development. Another important area of abstraction that was
added is Project Implementation Level which contains the requirement model. Due to the modularity
of modelling languages, the SysML or any DSL could be used as a potential solution in this specific
area. Also, a set of generators and data visualization algorithms are under development, including
2D/3D
Appl. Sci.visual
2019, 9,reports,
376 similar to the ones used in Reference [89]. 32 of 40
Project design template created with the use of researchML is shown in Figure 18.

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 33 of 40

Figure 18. ResearchML project design template.
6.3.1. Documentation Generation
Figure 18. ResearchML project design template.
6.3.1. Documentation Generation
Generation of documentation follows the schema presented in Figure 19. The generators
6.3. Reporting, Specifications
Generation
(including of documentation
templates and format offollows the schema
generated presented
files and documents)in Figure
are an19. The generators
integral (including
part of metamodel
templates
(M2). Afterand
Creation offormat
the of generated
modelling
modelling languagesis
language files
for and documents)
multi-criterion
defined, andare
models and an integral
multi-stage
documentation part
projects ofis metamodel
models usually M1 (M2).
on the aided by
level
After the
advanced modelling
tools for language
data is defined,
visualization and models
progressand documentation
reporting. In this models on
subsection, the
and their generation (M0), contribute to the robustness of project process against requirementstwo M1 level
importantand their
issues
generation
are addressed:
changes. (M0), contribute
generation of to the robustness
project’s of project
documentation andprocess againstexchange
information requirements
betweenchanges.
models and
their environment.

Figure 19. Reporting workflow.

Figure 19. Reporting workflow.
Changes in documentation at the M0 level require manual updating of data that is contained
Changes
within in documentation
the model. Changes at theatM1 thelevel
M0 are
level require
visible manual
in all placesupdating of data that
and perspectives is contained
of the modelled
projects. It is important to delete the M0 documents when they are no longer needed—it ismodelled
within the model. Changes at the M1 level are visible in all places and perspectives of the possible
projects. It is important to delete the M0 documents when they are
that such documents will no longer be consistent with data at the M1 level. no longer needed—it is possible
that such documents will no longer be consistent with data at the M1 level.
Generation of documentation with the approach presented in Figure 19 is the basis for automation
Generation of documentation
of requirements analysis with theprojects
in control systems approach
and presented in Figure
products designed to 19
meetis the
thefunctional
basis for
automation of requirements
safety requirements analysis in control systems projects and products designed to meet the
[8,9,70,73,111,112].
functional safety requirements [8,9,70,73,111,112].

6.3.2. Two-way Data Exchange with Model’s Environment

Even the most advanced and automated procedure of documentation generation is still is a one-
way process. Projects realized in teams often require a two-way data exchange between the model
and external software solutions (e.g. other models created with the same language, simulation
within the model. Changes at the M1 level are visible in all places and perspectives of the modelled
projects. It is important to delete the M0 documents when they are no longer needed—it is possible
that such documents will no longer be consistent with data at the M1 level.
Generation of documentation with the approach presented in Figure 19 is the basis for
automation
Appl. Sci. 2019, of requirements analysis in control systems projects and products designed to meet
9, 376 the
33 of 40
functional safety requirements [8,9,70,73,111,112].

6.3.2. Two-way
6.3.2. Two-way Data
Data Exchange
Exchange with
with Model’s
Model’s Environment
Environment
Even the
Even themost
mostadvanced
advanced and
and automated
automated procedure
procedure of documentation
of documentation generation
generation is stillisis still
a one-is
a one-way process. Projects realized in teams often require a two-way data exchange
way process. Projects realized in teams often require a two-way data exchange between the model between the
model
and and external
external software
software solutions
solutions (e.g. (e.g.,
otherother models
models created
created with
with thesame
the samelanguage,
language, simulation
simulation
software, CAD software, control system design software). Whenever a necessity for actualization
software, CAD software, control system design software). Whenever a necessity for actualization of of
large number of parameters exists, then a data exchange between the model and its environment
large number of parameters exists, then a data exchange between the model and its environment is is
worth
worth considering.
considering. The
The workflow
workflow of of such
such integration
integration is
is presented
presented in
in Figure
Figure 20.
20.

Figure 20. Specification workflow.

Figure 20. Specification workflow.

Metamodel (objects, properties, M2) should be designed in a way that allows straightforward
Metamodel (objects, properties, M2) should be designed in a way that allows straightforward
import and export of large amounts of data by the means of M0-level files. Only then, the usage of
import and export of large amounts of data by the means of M0-level files. Only then, the usage of
modelling tool (M1) is effective.
modelling tool (M1) is effective.
The data exchange specification was defined at M2 level and not in generators. The developed
The data exchange specification was defined at M2 level and not in generators. The developed
modelling language (step 1 in Figure 20) defines data export (step 2 in Figure 20) from model (M1) to
modelling language (step 1 in Figure 20) defines data export (step 2 in Figure 20) from model (M1) to
data files (M0) and allows information exchange between IT systems and other software solutions.
data files (M0) and allows information exchange between IT systems and other software solutions.
Data files (M0) may be actualized or updated with new objects; importing the data from an external
source (step 3 in Figure 20) causes actualization of all objects present in the model. This could also lead
to creation of new objects. It is of upmost importance to be careful during the data import. A mass
import of new objects or actualization of the already existing ones will most likely lead to major
problems, (e.g., loss of information in the model).

7. Conclusions
To summarize, Model-Based Design is very useful for designing mechatronic and cyber-physical
systems. It expands upon the Model-Driven Engineering paradigm and allows for effective solving
of problems in prototyping, development, standardization and management of projects—issues that
often haunt the creation of such systems.
Model-Based Design supports all areas of systems’ development allowing for employing advanced
data analytics. A novelty in this approach is the analysis of relations directly between the objects and
not only their parameters. This approach in a much greater scale leads to fulfilment of business goals
that are set for such projects.
However, implementing the Model-Based Design in team environment is not an easy task.
Prior experience in document-based approach leads to reluctance when exploring the possibility of
shifting to model-based development, even though the latter offers an increase in overall productivity.
On the way to full implementation of the Model-Based Design paradigm, the human factor may be the
hardest to overcome. The cultural, nationality and education backgrounds, as well as experience of the
engineers are major issues whenever a practical implementation takes place. All of these problems
were observed during the realization of the iLOAD project.
Another issue is a high initial cost, usually in three areas: (1) software and hardware, (2) training,
(3) external consultations. That last problem stems from the fact that it is highly unlikely that a major
shift (i.e. adoption of new methodology) is initiated from within the company—it often lacks the
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 34 of 40

qualified personnel. It is also the reason why projects involving the academia and industry partners
are so valuable.
Also, the first problem may be somewhat averted by adopting the MBD approach in a systematic
fashion. Beginning from MBD-1 (Figure 1) up to MBD-3, then moving to MBD-4 and MBD-6. Finally,
reaching the last layer concerned with the requirements management and moving forward on it
(MBD-7 to MBD-9). The process, however, should not be rushed—time is needed for the methodology
to take roots and for the processes to be understood by all team members. Only then, any investments
in software, hardware, training and external consulting can be considered. The initial reluctance must
also be combatted by appointing project leaders that are willing to put through the new approach in
a controlled and organized manner.
As a result, the author expects that the methodology presented in this paper will be increasingly
popular in management of cyber-physical and mechatronic projects—especially in mixed teams
where representatives from academia and industry are present. The problem of designing functional
system safety or more generally, multi-criterion constraints that stem from multiple sources are the
new challenges for MBD. These problems are essential when considering the rise of Industry 4.0,
development of autonomous vehicles and cooperative robotics.
In this work, a relatively novel approach for scientific research was also presented – Model-Based
Management. A relational approach allows for tackling the problems that were previously out of reach,
for example, similarity analysis of chosen safety functionalism. The strengths of this approach can be
attributed to an effective analysis of large data sets.
This paper also confirms the scalability of the approach for more abstract problems, that is,
from operational to strategic planning. The implementation of researchML language uses SysML
language or other Domain-Specific Languages that are compatible with the 8-steps workflow presented
in the discussion (Section 5).
When applying researchML to the strategic management of projects, the following workflows can
be considered:
1. Top-down—from more abstract layers/levels to precise definitions of properties and objects;
2. Bottom-up—from precise definitions of properties and objects to more abstract levels including
project architecture;
3. Free—new objects are created when needed;
Finally, the researchML implementation fully supports agile project management. It is a big
advantage of the proposed modelling language and is caused by the domain-specific approach to
its design.
Concepts, workflows, methods and language researchML presented in the paper are applied in
current projects: “Development of devices for medical rehabilitation supported by telemedicine (ARM)”
(EU co-financing under grant agreement no. RPZP.01.01.00-32-0030/17), “RapidSteel—development
of an integrated chain of tools to optimize and automate the design process and robotize the
production of heavy-duty components (RapidSteel)” (EU co-financing under grant agreement
no. POIR.01.01.01-00-0441/18), “ZUT 2.0—Modern Integrated University” (EU co-financing under
grant agreement no. POWR.03.05.00-00-Z205/17) and “Development of a model concept for the
categorization and parameterization of elements of the digital innovation hub network (DIH) and
a feasibility study” (grant financed by the Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Technology, Poland).
In forthcoming works author of presented here paper is planning to present newly proposed
metamodel RAMIF (Reference Architecture Metamodel for Industry of the Future). It will be application of
RAMI 4.0 metamodel for discussion on Industry 4.0 complexity issues in Poland.

Funding: Presented here research received no external funding. It is inspired, among the others by the works
initiated in project “iLoad – Partnership for developing energy efficient intelligent load handling system” Marie
Curie 7PR, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IAPP (Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways) grant number 324496
and “Family of high-performance, universal 5-axis machining centers type X-5” Innotech In-Tech, research and
development grant number 158356.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 376 35 of 40

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

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