Duplex Stainless Steel

7/13/2018 Duplex stainless steel
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Duplex stainless steel

Duplex stainless steels are called “duplex” because they have a two-phase microstructure consisting of grains
of ferritic and austenitic stainless steel. The picture shows the yellow austenitic phase as “islands” surrounded
by the blue ferritic phase. When duplex stainless steel is melted it solidifies from the liquid phase to a
completely ferritic structure. As the material cools to room temperature, about half of the ferritic grains
transform to austenitic grains (“islands”). The result is a microstructure of roughly 50% austenite and 50%
ferrite.
Duplex stainless steels have a two-phase microstructure of austenite and ferrite grains.
The duplex structure gives this family of stainless steels a combination of attractive properties:
Strength: Duplex stainless steels are about twice as strong as regular austenitic or ferritic stainless steels.
Toughness and ductility: Duplex stainless steels have significantly better toughness and ductility than ferritic
grades; however, they do not reach the excellent values of austenitic grades.
Corrosion resistance: As with all stainless steels, corrosion resistance depends mostly on the composition of
the stainless steel. For chloride pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, their chromium, molybdenum and
nitrogen content are most important. Duplex stainless steel grades have a range of corrosion resistance,
similar to the range for austenitic stainless steels, i.e from Type 304 or 316 (e.g. LDX 2101©) to 6%
molybdenum (e.g. SAF 2507©) stainless steels.
Stress corrosion cracking resistance: Duplex stainless steels show very good stress corrosion cracking
(SCC) resistance, a property they have “inherited” from the ferritic side. SCC can be a problem under certain
circumstances (chlorides, humidity, elevated temperature) for standard austenitics such as Types 304 and 316.
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Cost: Duplex stainless steels have lower nickel and molybdenum contents than their austenitic counterparts of
similar corrosion resistance. Due to the lower alloying content, duplex stainless steels can be lower in cost,
especially in times of high alloy surcharges. Additionally, it may often be possible to reduce the section
thickness of duplex stainless steel, due to its increased yield strength compared to austenitic stainless steel.
The combination can lead to significant cost and weight savings compared to a solution in austenitic stainless
steels.
Please download the updated brochure "Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels" for
more information.
Safer seas with stainless steel

Chemical tankers are specialized ships carrying liquid cargoes that may be
environmentally hazardous, flammable or highly reactive. They are designed and
operated under special rules, and increasingly have built-in molybdenum-
containing stainless steel tanks. Sailing around the world, they transport liquid
goods safely over long distances. They represent a significant market for duplex
stainless steels and molybdenum.
Download PDF (481 K, English) (/download_files/molyreview/excerpts/18-
(/download_files/molyreview/excerpts/18-
1/Chemical_tankers.pdf)
1/Chemical_tankers.pdf)
Innovative bridge uses stainless steel

Iconic bridges that combine cutting edge technology and aesthetic beauty are
increasingly used to create visual focal points in city centers, but very few are
constructed on modest budgets and ahead of schedule.
1/Innovative_bridge.pdf)
1/Innovative_bridge.pdf)
Lighter and safer offshore platforms

Offshore oil and gas platforms see some of the most demanding environmental
conditions for construction materials anywhere. Exposed to extreme weather, wind
and waves, these structures must operate safely for decades. The most
challenging sites are located in or near the Arctic oceans, where frequent storms
intensify the extremely corrosive exposure to seawater. Molybdenum-containing
alloys, especially duplex and super duplex stainless steels, last longer than almost
all other materials in these difficult situations. One small but critical example is
super duplex bolts.
1/Offshore_platforms.pdf)
1/Offshore_platforms.pdf)
Stainless steel stops leaks

Repair sleeves are found in the tool box of virtually every water utility. They allow
quick repair of leaking water pipes without replacing them. Often fabricated from
molybdenum-grade Type 316 stainless steel, they reduce water wastage and are
yet another way that molybdenum helps sustain Earth’s resources.
2/Repair_sleeves.pdf)
2/Repair_sleeves.pdf)
Strong sustainable storage tanks

Duplex stainless steel storage tanks are increasingly being used due to their long,
low-maintenance service life. Surprisingly, they can also reduce initial costs for
tank owners. The higher strength of duplex grades permits thinner walls requiring
less steel. Because costly protective coatings or cathodic protection are not
necessary, they can compete on installed cost with carbon steel tanks.
2/Storage_tanks.pdf)
2/Storage_tanks.pdf)
Low sulfur on the high seas

Maritime shipping remains one of the most cost-efficient global transport methods,
especially compared with air freight. Its rapid growth since the 1970s and the
containerisation of cargo have kept pace with the global economy, however this
has also increased its environmental impact. New regulations limiting the sulfur
content of engine fuel mean that ships must either use cleaner, more expensive
fuel, or install equipment to take sulfur out of exhaust gases, a process in which
molybdenum plays a key role.
1/FGD_shipping.pdf)
1/FGD_shipping.pdf)
Guide to high-performance alloys

It can be difficult and time consuming for engineers to find materials properties
beyond the basic ones reported in producer data sheets. This is especially true for
lesser-used high-performance alloys. The new High-Performance Alloys Database
addresses this problem. It contains a large number of materials properties for each
of the 100 or so featured alloys, many involving molybdenum.
2/High-performance-alloys.pdf)
2/High-
performance-
alloys.pdf)
Stainless steel sparkles in NYC

The iconic New York City skyline is celebrated in movies and photos. But as a
global financial, cultural and business center, it is also constantly changing –
particularly now. Buildings are rising at a breathtaking pace and many feature
sustainable designs. Molybdenum-containing stainless steel is often key to making
them not only beautiful, but also resilient and durable, thus reducing their carbon
footprint.
2/NYC_Buildings.pdf)
2/NYC_Buildings.pdf)
Propelling the boating world
The propeller shaft may be the most important component of any motorized
vessel. It drives the propeller, hour after hour, day after day. Molybdenum provides
improved strength and corrosion resistance in several high-performance stainless
steel grades used in demanding shaft applications.
1/Boat_shafts.pdf)
1/Boat_shafts.pdf)
Molybdenum’s nuclear mission

Nuclear power currently supplies some 11% of the world’s energy needs. Without
debating its pros and cons, everyone would agree that the spent fuel already in
existence from more than 50 years of generation needs safe handling and
disposal. Imparting greatly increased corrosion resistance to stainless steel,
molybdenum is making a positive contribution to the ongoing safety of spent fuel
management throughout the world.
1/Nuclear.pdf)
1/Nuclear.pdf)
Molybdenum at work in the dentist’s office

Dental instruments need to be hard for the dentist to work efficiently and precisely,
and tough enough not to break during procedures. At the same time they have to
be hygienic, corrosion resistant and easily sterilized. The molybdenum-containing
hardenable surgical stainless steel Type 440A fits these requirements and new,
even harder and tougher grades are on the horizon.
2/Dentist.pdf)
2/Dentist.pdf)
Moly rescues a lady in distress

Since its dedication in New York harbor on October 28, 1886, The Statue of Liberty
has become one of the world’s best-known sculptures. However, after nearly 100
years in the aggressive marine environment, galvanic corrosion between the iron
framework and the copper skin caused major structural deterioration.
Molybdenum-containing stainless steel played a crucial role in restoring this iconic
landmark.
2/Statue_of_Liberty.pdf)
2/Statue_of_Liberty.pdf)
Duplex rigging for glass sails

Canadian-born California architect Frank Gehry’s project for Fondation Louis
Vuitton exhibits unprecedented aesthetic innovation and technological
sophistication. The spectacular glass sails of the roof appear so light and airy, in
large part, thanks to the delicate high-strength molybdenum-containing duplex
stainless steel support structure.
Download PDF (1.4 MB, English) (/download_files/molyreview/excerpts/15-
1/Glass_sails.pdf)
1/Glass_sails.pdf)
Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels

Recently added: 3rd edition, English version
Download PDF (3.6 MB, English) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_3rd_Edition.pdf)
Download PDF (5.0 MB, Chinese) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_Chinese.pdf)
Download PDF (3.9 MB, French) (/download_files/stainless-
(/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_French.pdf)
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_3rd_Edition.pdf)
Download PDF (3.7 MB, German) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_German.pdf)
Download PDF (3.7 MB, Italian) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_Italian.pdf)
Download PDF (4.0 MB, Japanese) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_2d_Edition_Japanese.pdf)
Download PDF (4.5 MB, Portuguese) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_Portuguese.pdf)
Download PDF (3.7 MB, Spanish) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/Duplex_Stainless_Steel_Spanish.pdf)
Wireline for downhole tools

Wireline is cable used to lower oil- and gas-well tools and measuring equipment
downhole. Wireline must be strong, dependable and resistant to the increasingly
corrosive conditions encountered in today’s deeper wells. Molybdenum imparts the
required corrosion resistance to the stainless steel and nickel alloys used in this
application.
2/Wireline.pdf)
2/Wireline.pdf)
101: Hot forming and heat treatment of duplex stainless steels
Download PDF (104 K, English) (/download_files/stainless-

steel/IMOA_Shop_Sheet_101.pdf)
102: Bending, cold forming, and springback of duplex stainless steels

103: Machining duplex stainless steels

104: Dissimilar metal welds and weld joint design for duplex stainless steels
105: Welding parameters for duplex stainless steels

Structural stainless steel

Decorative stainless steel panels are widely used in façades, roofs and elevators
because they are attractive and long-lasting. Increasingly, engineers now use
stainless steel for load-bearing structures in challenging environments. In many
cases stainless steel is cost-effective if the whole life cycle of the installation is
considered.
1/Structural_stainless_steel.pdf)
1/Structural_stainless_steel.pdf)
Molybdenum scrap saves resources

A recent study found that about one quarter of the molybdenum used each year is
recycled material from scrap sources. The rest is newly mined, primary
molybdenum. Scrap therefore plays an important role in meeting demand and
contributing to sustainability.

2/Molybdenum_scrap_saves_resources.pdf)
2/Molybdenum_scrap_saves_resources.pdf)
Hurricane-proof
Material longevity and its inherent impact on long-term project sustainability are
changing the way buildings are designed. Memorials like the new Four Freedoms
Park in New York have to last for hundreds of years. Corrosion resistant 2205
duplex stainless steel was necessary so that the sculptural handrails were as
durable as the massive blocks of granite in this highly-acclaimed new monument.
2/Hurricane-proof.pdf)
2/Hurricane-
proof.pdf)
Super duplex to keep the Vasa safe

A major historic ship preservation project is currently under way in Stockholm. The
galvanized and epoxy coated mild steel bolts used to hold the ship together after it
was raised are failing due to corrosion. Molybdenum is a key alloying element in
the high-strength, corrosion-resistant super duplex stainless steel Sandvik SAF
2507TM and Sandvik SAF 2707 HDTM bolts that will hold the great ship Vasa
together to achieve a minimum design life of 100 years.
1/Vasa.pdf) 1/Vasa.pdf)
The Use of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel for Pharmaceutical and

Biotechnology Applications

steel/2205_Duplex_Pharmaceutical.pdf)
Download PDF (612 K, Chinese) (/download_files/stainless-
steel/2205_Duplex_Pharmaceutical_chinese.pdf)
steel/2205_Duplex_Pharmaceutical.pdf)
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7/13/2018 Duplex stainless steel

Duplex stainless steel

Safer seas with stainless steel

Innovative bridge uses stainless steel

Lighter and safer offshore platforms

Stainless steel stops leaks

Strong sustainable storage tanks

Low sulfur on the high seas

Guide to high-performance alloys

Stainless steel sparkles in NYC

Propelling the boating world

Molybdenum’s nuclear mission

Molybdenum at work in the dentist’s office

Moly rescues a lady in distress

Duplex rigging for glass sails

Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels

Wireline for downhole tools

101: Hot forming and heat treatment of duplex stainless steels

Download PDF (104 K, English) (/download_files/stainless-

102: Bending, cold forming, and springback of duplex stainless steels

103: Machining duplex stainless steels

105: Welding parameters for duplex stainless steels

Download PDF (116 K, English) (/download_files/stainless-

Structural stainless steel

Molybdenum scrap saves resources

Download PDF (307 K, English) (/download_files/molyreview/excerpts/13-

Super duplex to keep the Vasa safe

The Use of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel for Pharmaceutical and

Download PDF (406 K, English) (/download_files/stainless-

Company member log in (/imoa_member_login.php) Contact us (/IMOA/contact.php)

Personal account log in Disclaimer (/IMOA/disclaimer.php)

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