Daily Experiment Report

KI-1101 Basic Chemistry IA

Module 2
ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Name : Aurielle Margareth T S

Student ID Number : 16720001
Experiment Date : Wednesday, 16 December 2020
Experiment Shift : P-3.1
Group : B INTER
Assistance Name : Eduardus

BASIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2020
 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Experiment Purposes
1. To calculate calorimeter heat capacity (C).
2. To calculate the heat of the neutralization reaction and the heat of the dissolving reaction.
3. To calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) of the reaction.

2. Basic Theory
Thermochemistry deals with the energy absorbed or released in chemical reactions, it is a
part of thermodynamics, the study of energy transfer and energy transformation. Heat is energy
(thermal energy) that transfers between objects having different temperatures. Heat continues to
flow until the two objects come to the same temperature and thermal equilibrium is established.
The heat change during that process is known as enthalpy.
System is the part of the universe chosen for study in which the physical or the chemical
change occurs that has certain boundaries. Meanwhile, the environment is the part or medium
outside the system that exchanges the energy with the system in the form of heat or work.
Chemical reactions are accompanied with changes in the energy (releasing or absorbing), this
energy exchange occurs between the reaction mixture and its environment. This is according to
the First Law of Thermodynamics, which states that Any change in the system’s energy is
accompanied by a change in the environment’s energy by a similar value, but with an opposite
sign to make the total energy remain constant.
Systems are classified according to their ability to exchange the energy or matter with its
environment into open system, closed system and isolated system. Open system is the system
that freely exchanges matter and energy with its environment, e.g. an open beaker. Closed
system is the system that exchanges energy (but not matter) with its environment in the form of
heat or work, e.g. a sealed flask. Isolated system is the system that exchanges neither energy nor
matter with its environment, the system doesn’t interact with its environment, e.g. a thermos (at
least for a short time.

3. Materials and Equipment

1. Distilled water
2. Simple calorimeter (made of Styrofoam)
3. HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) 2M (solution)
4. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) 2M (solid and solution)
5. Laboratory glass thermometer
6. Beaker
7. Graduated cylinders
8. Small plastic ziploc bag
9. Stopwatch
10. Heater

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4. Procedures
The first section of the experiment is determining the calorific capacity of the simple
calorimeter. First, 50 ml of distilled water is heated up. Then, 25 ml of room temperature
distilled water is poured into the calorimeter and its temperature is measured using a
thermometer. The heated distilled water is then measured with the same thermometer with a
quick dip in the heated water and submerging it into room temperature water to get an
accurate temperature. Then, the heated distilled water is measured using the graduated
cylinder to get 25 ml of it which is then poured into the calorimeter. At the moment of
pouring, the stopwatch is started. After the pouring finished, the calorimeter is quickly closed
and mixed periodically while the temperature change is carefully observed using a
thermometer. After there seems to be a stop in the change of temperature, the end temperature
is then noted. After the first section is completed, all the equipment is then cleaned properly
and dried in order to continue the rest of the experiment.
The second section is determining the heat of neutralizing reaction: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq).
Both solutions’ temperature are measured, then 25 ml HCl is then poured into the calorimeter.
After that, 25 ml of NaOH is also poured into the calorimeter, simultaneously, the stopwatch
is started. The calorimeter is then quickly closed and mixed periodically, the change in
temperature is then noted when the temperature is stabile according to observations with the
thermometer. Then this section is done and all the equipment is cleaned and dried.
The third section is determining the heat of neutralizing reaction: HCl(aq) + NaOH(s).
First, a small plastic ziploc bag is weighed in order for the sodium hydroxide solid to be
weighed accurately. Then sodium hydroxide solid is put in the bag and weighed accordingly
and adjusted until it weighs 2 grams on its own (without the plastic). Then 30 ml of HCl is
poured into the calorimeter, followed by 20 ml of distilled water. The calorimeter is closed
and mixed periodically. After the temperature is constant, the temperature is measured as the
starting temperature. Then, the sodium hydroxide solid is poured into the calorimeter and the
stopwatch is started simultaneously. The temperature is measured every 30 seconds until it is
constant or starting to drop bit by bit. This section is then completed followed by laboratory
measures to move on to the next section.
The fourth section is determining the solubility heat: NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq). Firstly, 50
ml of distilled water is poured into the calorimeter and its temperature is measured. Then,
6.09 grams of solid sodium hydroxide is poured into the calorimeter, while the stopwatch is
started simultaneously. While mixing, the temperature is measured every 30 seconds until it is
stabile. This section is then completed, thus ending the practical experiment.

5. Data and Calculation

SECTION 1: Determination of Calorimeter Calorific Capacity
T cold water : 27 °C
Cold water volume : 25 ml
T hot water : 55 °C
Hot water volume : 25 ml
T final solution : 36.5 °C
s water : 4.186 J/g°C
Water density : 1 g/ml
Hot water mass : water density x hot water volume = 25 gram

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Cold water mass : water density x hot water volume = 25 gram

Calorimeter heat capacity, C:

qrelease = qreceived
qhot water = qcold water + qcalorimeter

mhot swater ΔT = mcold swater ΔT + C ΔT

C = (mhot swater (Thot – Tfinal) – mcold swater (Tfinal – Tcold)) / (Tfinal – Tcold)
= [25 x 4.186 x ((55 – 36.5) – (36.5 – 27))] / (36.5 – 27)
= 99.142 J/°C

SECTION 2: Determination of Heat of Neutralizing Reaction: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)

HCl concentration : 2 M
HCl volume : 25 ml
Tinitial HCl : 26 °C
NaOH concentration : 2 M
NaOH volume : 25 ml
Tinitial NaOH : 26 °C
Tfinal mixture : 37 °C
Solution density: : 1 g/ml
s solution : 4.186 J/g°C
m HCl = VHCl x Solution density = 25 g
m NaOH = VNaOH x Solution density = 25 g
m solution = m HCl + m NaOH = 50 g
C calorimeter : 99.142 J/°C

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

a. Calculate reactant moles

nHCl = MHCl x VHCl = 50 mmol
nNaOH = MNaOH x VNaOH = 50 mmol

b. Calculate product moles

HCl(aq) + NaOH(s) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
m 50 mmol 50 mmol
r 50 mmol 50 mmol 50 mmol 50 mmol
s 50 mmol 50 mmol

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nH2O = 50 mmol
nNaCl = 50 mmol

c. Calculate the heat of the neutralizing reaction, in kJ/mol, for that reaction.
q = msolution ssolution ΔT + C ΔT
= msolution ssolution (Tfinal - Tinitial) + C (Tfinal - Tinitial)
= (50 x 4.186 x (37 – 26)) + (99.142 x (37 – 26))
= 3392.862 J
= 3.393 kJ
ΔH = - q/nH2O = -3.39/0.05 = -67.86 kJ/mol

SECTION 3: Determination of Heat of Neutralizing Reaction: HCl(aq) + NaOH(s)

NaOH mass :2g

HCl concentration : 2 M
HCl volume : 30 ml
m HCl = VHCl x Solution density = 30 g
H2O volume : 20 ml
m NaOH = VNaOH x Solution density = 20 g
Tinitial HCl : 26 °C
Tfinal mixture : 43.5 °C
Solution Density: : 1 g/ml
s solution : 4.186 J/g
C calorimeter : 99.142 J/°C
Solution mass = mHCl + mH2O + mNaOH = 52 g

HCl(aq) + NaOH(s) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

a. Calculate reactant moles

n NaOH = m/Mr = 2 g/ 40 g/mol = 0.05 mol = 50 mmol
n HCl = M x V = 2 M x 30 ml = 60 mmol
b. Calculate product moles
HCL(aq) + NaOH(s) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
m 60 mmol 50 mmol
r 50 mmol 50 mmol 50 mmol 50 mmol
s 10 mmol 50 mmol 50 mmol

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nH2O(l) = 50 mmol
nNaCl(aq) = 50 mmol
with reactant residue nHCL(aq) = 10 mmol

c. Determine the limiting reagent

Because the coefficient in the reaction are all equal, and the mole of NaOH(s) is smaller than
HCl(aq) in the reactant side, NaOH(s) is the limiting reagent.

d. Calculate the heat of the neutralizing reaction, in kJ/mol, for that reaction.
q = msolution ssolution ΔT + C ΔT
= msolution ssolution (Tfinal - Tinitial) + C (Tfinal - Tinitial)
= (52 x 4.186 x (43.5 – 26)) + 99.142 x (43.5 – 26)
= 5544.245 J
= 5.544 kJ
ΔH = - q/nH2O = -5.54/0.05 = -110.89 kJ/mol

SECTION 4: Determination of Solubility Heat: NaOH(s)  NaOH(aq)

H2O volume : 50 ml
Tinitial H2O : 26 °C
NaOH mass : 6.09 g
Tfinal mixture : 46 °C
Solution Density: : 1 g/ml
s solution : 4.186 J/g°C
C calorimeter : 99.142 J/°C
Solution mass = mH2O + mNaOH = 56.09 g
nNaOH = m / Mr = 6.09 g/ 40 g/mol = 0.15225 mol

NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq)

a. Calculate the heat of dissolving solid NaOH in water in units of kJ/mol.

q = msolution ssolution ΔT + C ΔT
= msolution ssolution (Tfinal - Tinitial) + C (Tfinal - Tinitial)
= (56.09 x 4.186 x (46 – 26)) + 99.142 x (46 – 26)
= 6678.6948 J

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 = 6.679 kJ
ΔH = - q/nNaOH(aq) = -43.87 kJ/mol

b. Draw a Hess diagram for determining the heat of dissolving NaOH in water.

ΔH3 = ΔH2 - ΔH1

ΔHsection4 = ΔHsection3 - ΔHsection2

c. Use the results in part (2) and part (3) to calculate the heat of the solution (use Hess's Law).
ΔHsection4 = ΔHsection3 - ΔHsection2
= -110.89 – (-67.86)
= -43.03 kJ/mol

6. Result and Discussion

In this experiment all of the experiment done, both neutralizing and dissolving reactions,
is an exothermic reaction due to a positive change in temperature (the temperature goes up). It
means that heat is released by the system into the environment. Therefore it can be seen that for
all the experiments, ΔH is less than 0.
Hess law states that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total
enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes. This law is a manifestation that
enthalpy is a state function. Therefore in this experiment, it can be concluded that:
ΔHsection4 = ΔHsection3 - ΔHsection2
When comparing the ΔH from the result of Hess’ Law (section 4 part c) and ΔH from the
experiment (section 4 part a), it is a bit different, because in order for it to be the same, it has to
be a perfectly isolated system. It is not perfectly isolated in this experiment because the simple
calorimeter is opened for a while before it is closed, so it is not a perfectly isolated system,
therefore causing some extra variables that affects the result.

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7. Conclusion
1. The calorimeter heat capacity (C) in this experiment is 99.142 J/°C
2. The heat of the neutralization reaction are:
a. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) Qtotal = 3.393 kJ
b. HCl(aq) + NaOH(s) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) Qtotal = 5.544 kJ
The heat of the dissolving reaction is:
a. NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq) Qtotal = 6.679 kJ
3. The enthalpy change of the reactions are:
a. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) ΔH = -67.86 kJ/mol (neutralization)
b. HCl(aq) + NaOH(s) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) ΔH = -110.89 kJ/mol (neutralization)
c. NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq) ΔH = -43.87 kJ/mol (dissolving)
d. NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq) ΔH = -43.03 kJ/mol (Hess’ Law)

8. References
Brady, J, Jespersen, N, Hyslop, A 2014, Chemistry, The Molecular Nature of Matter, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., US.
Cohen, S. (2020, August 22). Hess’s Law. Libretext.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook
_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics
/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law
Soffar, H. (2019, November 6). Thermochemistry science, Types of systems & law of
conservation of energy. Online Sciences. https://www.online-
sciences.com/chemistry/themochemistry-science-types-of-systems-and-law-of-
conservation-of-energy/