FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 232677. June 8, 2020.]

MENANDRO A. SOSMEÑA, petitioner, vs. BENIGNO M.

BONAFE, JIMMY A. ESCOBAR, JOEL M. GOMEZ, and HECTOR
B. PANGILINAN, respondents.

DECISION

LAZARO-JAVIER, J : p

The Case
This Petition for Review assails the Decision 1 dated June 30, 2017 of
the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 104210 entitled "Benigno M. Bonafe,
et al. v. Menandro A. Sosmeña ," affirming the Decision dated April 22, 2014
of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 22, Manila, in Civil Case No. 02-104536
ordering petitioner Menandro Sosmeña to pay respondents Benigno Bonafe,
Jimmy Escobar, Joel Gomez and Hector Pangilinan P200,000.00 as moral
damages, P50,000.00 as exemplary damages, and P25,000.00 as attorney's
fees, for malicious prosecution.
Proceedings before the Trial Court
Respondents sued 2 petitioner for malicious prosecution seeking the
payment of damages.
The facts established after trial are as follows:
Petitioner is the managing director of Expo Logistics Philippines, Inc.
("Expo Logistics"), a freight forwarding company doing business in the
Philippines. It is the local partner of Plettac Roeder Asia Pte. Ltd. ("Plettac"),
a Singaporean company engaged in providing pavilion hall tents for holding
exhibitions and other events in the Philippines. 3
Respondent Benigno Bonafe ("Benigno") was engaged by petitioner as
Air Conditioning Assistant sometime in January 2001. His services were
required for installing and maintaining air conditioning units for the pavilion
hall tents provided by Expo Logistics and Plettac.
Respondents Jimmy Escobar ("Jimmy") and Joel Gomez ("Joel") were
hired as petitioner's assistants and respondent Hector Pangilinan ("Hector")
was the lead carpenter, all at Expo Logistics. Pangilinan resigned in April
2001. 4
Respondents lived in the same area and were almost always together
at work. They developed a camaraderie that made them close to each other.
Meantime, petitioner's foreign business partner, a certain Abdul Majid
Sattar ("Abdul"), became suspicious of petitioner. Abdul thought that
petitioner had been erecting tent pavilion halls in local markets without
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 reporting the transactions to him. Abdul approached Benigno and asked him
to spy for him against petitioner. Benigno agreed and accepted Abdul's
proposal. 5
Not long after, petitioner discovered that he was being surveilled by
Benigno. They had a falling out. The relationship between petitioner and
Jimmy and Joel also got strained. Petitioner maneuvered to ruin Benigno's
efficiency and camaraderie with Jimmy and Joel. Petitioner blamed Benigno
for problems arising at the work place. 6
Benigno resigned from Expo Logistics in September 2001. He felt that
his working conditions had become hostile. Jimmy and Joel followed suit in
October 2001.
On February 4, 2002, petitioner filed criminal cases against Benigno,
Jimmy, Joel and Hector with the Office of the City Prosecutor in Pasay City.
He accused them of conspiring with one another to commit malicious
mischief when they allegedly cut-off the cable wires of five (5) air
conditioning units in the evening of October 8, 2001, and thereafter,
deliberately concealing them to damage petitioner's business to the tune of
P30 million, which however did not happen as the cables were located in
time for the event. These air-conditioning units were installed at a tent
pavilion hall for an exhibit by the Philippine government.
Petitioner also charged Benigno separately for allegedly absconding
with P29,000.00 cash, and Jimmy and Joel with theft of materials of an
undetermined value and P2,000.00 cash. 7
On May 10, 2002, 3rd Assistant City Prosecutor Manuel Ortega
dismissed the complaints for insufficiency of evidence. He also concluded
that the charges were motivated by petitioner's grudge with each of
respondents and that he filed the complaints just to prejudice them. 8
In their civil complaint for malicious prosecution, respondents claimed
that petitioner's initiation of the criminal complaints caused them to suffer
damages as they were forced to hire lawyers and plead with a witness to
testify on their behalf. They allegedly suffered anguish, mental torture and
public ridicule. For one, Benigno received the subpoena at his work place
which led his employer to halt his employment so he could attend to the
complaints against him. He demanded P400,000.00 as moral damages.
Respondents also assailed petitioner for violating Article 19 of the Civil Code,
9 and demanded that he pay exemplary damages of not less than

P100,000.00 and P100,000.00 as attorney's fees. 10

Petitioner defended himself by claiming good faith when he filed the
criminal complaints against respondents. 11 He said he did not appeal the
dismissal of the criminal complaints as he was then busy with his business
engagements. He prayed for attorney's fees against respondents.
Ruling of the Trial Court
In its assailed Decision, 12 the trial court found petitioner to have
violated Article 19 of the Civil Code and awarded respondents moral
damages, exemplary damages, and attorney's fees. It ruled:
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 The plaintiffs, on the other hand, were able to establish
that it could not have been possible for them to commit the
imputed crimes, both during the investigation by the
Prosecutor and during the trial of this case. No hint of
inconsistency was ever found in their statements and testimonies.
They have been consistent in their respective stories to the letter.
This only leads to one conclusion, that is, that they are telling
the truth.
Defendant, and his witnesses, presented testimonies which are
contrary to each other. Defendant Sosmena testified that the
Plaintiffs are the employees of Plettac Roeder, not Expo Logistics,
while Majid Sattar testified that the Plaintiffs are employees of
Defendant in Expo Logistics. The Defendant testified that he was
frustrated with the recommendation of the police as to the crime that
can be charged, yet it took him almost four months to file the
cases against Plaintiffs with additional charges at that. He
also testified that he knew that Resolutions of dismissal by the
Prosecutors are not final and that it may be re-filed at
another time, as one of the reasons, for failure to take recourse
against the adverse Resolution, the other being that he was too busy
to take care of it. Yet, to date, no such re-filing was ever made
by the said Defendant against the Plaintiffs. The inconsistencies
found in the different testimonies, if considered individually, are
unsubstantial, but taken collectively show a pattern, that is of lies and
fabrication. Fact is he had his opportunity to prove his charges
against the Plaintiffs with the Pasay Prosecutor's Office, but
he blew it there. Now he is trying to prove those very same charges
in the present case. His explanation that the case was tried long after
the occurrence of the incident because he was too busy at that time
is simply unacceptable. He also used this excuse in failing to file a
reply or even to re-file the case as he allegedly intended to do. He
even alleged that he consulted a lawyer prior to filing the case
against the Plaintiffs, yet he did not make it credible enough
to provide the name of the lawyer whom he consulted.
The Court finds from the evidence that indeed, malice attended
the filing of the criminal case against the Plaintiffs. This constitutes a
violation of one of the most basic precepts of civil law. Article 19 of
the Civil Code provides that "Every person must in the exercise of his
rights and in the performance of his duties, act with justice, give
everyone his due and observe honesty and good faith." It was also
said that the "Statutory basis for an action for moral damages, due to
malicious prosecution can be found in Articles 19, 2176 and 2219 of
the Civil Code" *Madera vs. Heirs of Salvador Lopez, G.R. No. 37105,
February 10, 1981). Indeed, the malicious prosecution gives right to
an action for moral damages, herein Plaintiffs having established that
the filing of the case was attended by bad faith on the part of the
Defendant. Since the Plaintiffs were able to establish that they are
entitled to Moral Damages, Article 2234 justifies the award of
exemplary damages. The award of attorney's fees is also proper
under the circumstances pursuant to Article 2208 (1) tempered
pursuant to the principle of quantum meruit. 13 (Emphasis supplied)
The dispositive portion of the trial court's Decision read:
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 WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the
plaintiffs and against the defendant ordering the latter to pay:
1. Moral Damages in the amount of TWO HUNDRED
THOUSAND PESOS (P200,000.00);
2. Exemplary damages in the amount of FIFTY THOUSAND
PESOS (P50,000.00);
3. Attorney's Fees in the amount of TWNETY-FIVE THOUSAND
PESOS (P25,000.00)
SO ORDERED. 14

Proceedings before the Court of Appeals

On appeal, petitioner argued he could not be guilty of malicious
prosecution because the element that "the criminal action ended in
plaintiff's acquittal" is missing. Since the criminal complaints were dismissed
during the preliminary investigation stage, there was no acquittal to speak
of. He argued that the mere act of submitting a criminal complaint to the
authorities does not make a person automatically liable for malicious
prosecution. Resort to judicial processes is not itself evidence of ill will. 15 He
insisted that there was probable cause for malicious mischief and theft
against respondents.
Benigno countered that all the elements of malicious prosecution were
present. Petitioner had instigated a criminal complaint against respondents.
The subsequent dismissal of the complaints sufficiently satisfied the element
of "the criminal action ended in plaintiff's acquittal." He echoed the
prosecutor's finding of absence of probable cause for malicious mischief and
theft. He stressed that petitioner had been prompted by a sinister design to
vex and humiliate him and the other respondents. 16
The Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal and affirmed the assailed
trial court Decision. The Court of Appeals Decision held that there was
sufficient evidence to show that petitioner was motivated by malice in
initiating the complaints below against respondents, thus:
There is no question that the resolution of the case hinges on
the question of whether Menandro is guilty of malice and bad faith in
instituting the malicious mischief case, if it is not so, then there is no
ground to hold it liable for malicious prosecution. It is evident in this
case that bad faith attended the filing of the malicious mischief case
against the plaintiffs. Jesus Limbo, the security guard in charge
of the [of] PTC Grounds who was presented by Menandro as
witness, attested that the alleged incident that led to
Menandro's filing of malicious mischief case indeed took
place and the plaintiffs were in fact the ones responsible for
the acts. Suspiciously, however, the disturbance was not
recorded in the Security Guard's Log Book raising doubt on
the credibility of the witness.
What further militates against the claim of Menandro that
his action was not motivated by sinister design to vex plaintiffs, but
only by a well-founded anxiety to protect his rights, was the
uncontroverted fact that it took him three months before
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 initiating the action. If in fact the acts committed by plaintiffs,
if not timely averted, would have caused damage to the
company amounting to millions of pesos, logic dictates that
Menandro, as the Managing Director, would have lost no time
in prosecuting the action to vindicate its rights and to prevent
similar occurrence in the future. Unfortunately, however, he dragged
the filing of the case which was suggestive of the existence of legal
malice. 17 (Emphasis supplied)
The Present Petition
Petitioner now invokes this Court's discretionary review jurisdiction to
reverse and set aside the Court of Appeals' dispositions. He reiterates his
arguments that he is not guilty of malicious prosecution because there was
probable cause that respondents committed the crime of malicious mischief
and Benigno perpetrated theft, and he was not motivated by malice or bad
faith when he initiated the criminal complaints against respondents. 18
Benigno ripostes that petitioner was unable to establish probable
cause to support the charge of malicious mischief and theft against him and
the other respondents. The Court of Appeals' assessment of credibility of the
witnesses should be respected and its factual findings should be affirmed as
they are supported by the trial record. 19
Issue
Upon the facts established in the case at bar, did petitioner act without
probable cause and was he motivated by malice and bad faith in initiating
the criminal complaints against respondents, and therefore, is guilty of
malicious prosecution?
Ruling
For purposes of resolving this petition for review on certiorari, we have
to be mindful of the facts established below. This is because under Section
1, Rule 45, petitions of this kind shall raise only questions of law. 20 The
factual findings are binding upon us and only questions of law, and only from
the Court of Appeals' disposition, 21 may be litigated once again. 22 The
Court is not obliged to weigh the evidence once again. 23 While
jurisprudence has laid down exceptions to this rule, any of these exceptions
must be alleged, substantiated, and proved by the parties so the Court may
in its discretion evaluate and review the facts of the case. 24
Here, petitioner does not invoke any of the exceptions. We therefore
resolve this petition in accordance with the general rule.
The investigating prosecutor, the trial court, and the Court of Appeals
have similarly arrived at the following facts:
1. Petitioner always blamed Benigno for the crash of air
conditioners at the tent pavilions after petitioner had found out
that Benigno was spying against petitioner on behalf of Abdul.
2. Benigno was eventually forced to resign from Expo Logistics in
September 2001.

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 3. Petitioner's nephew once berated Hector and his co-workers for
stopping work when it was raining. Hector and his co-workers
went home and never reported back for work.
4. Petitioner called Jimmy's attention about his and his co-workers'
slow work, which came to a head on October 7, 2001 when he
cursed them. He and his co-workers refused to return to work
thereafter.
5. Petitioner threatened to have respondents arrested.
6. Joel corroborated the occurrence of the foregoing events.
7. Respondents memorialized petitioner's harsh treatment of them
in their respective affidavits.
8. Petitioner took four months to file the criminal complaints for
malicious mischief and theft against respondents. 25
The Office of the City Prosecutor found no probable cause to indict
respondents for malicious mischief and theft because petitioner was only
motivated by ill will in filing the criminal complaints against them. The trial
court and the Court of Appeals shared this assessment of petitioner's
evidence and further rejected his evidence for lacking credibility.
The foregoing factual findings are binding upon the Court. We cannot
weigh the evidence again but must use the established facts to resolve the
issue posed above and determine if the Court of Appeals erred in its
dispositions.
Notably, the issue presented before the Court is a question of law —
what are the legal consequences of the facts above-mentioned? There is a
question of law when the doubt or difference arises as to what the law is on
a certain set of facts; a question of fact, on the other hand, exists when the
doubt or difference arises as to the truth or falsehood of the alleged facts.
The answer to the issue is a conclusion of law, that is, a legal inference made
as a result of a factual showing where no farther evidence is required.
Magbanua v. Junsay 26 explains the cause of action of malicious
prosecution:
In this jurisdiction, the term "malicious prosecution" has been
defined as "an action for damages brought by one against whom a
criminal prosecution, civil suit, or other legal proceeding has been
instituted maliciously and without probable cause, after the
termination of such prosecution, suit, or other proceeding in favor of
the defendant therein." While generally associated with unfounded
criminal actions, the term has been expanded to include unfounded
civil suits instituted just to vex and humiliate the defendant despite
the absence of a cause of action or probable cause.
This Court, in Drilon v. Court of Appeals , elucidated, viz.:
The term malicious prosecution has been defined in
various ways. In American jurisdiction, it is defined as:
"One begun in malice without probable cause to
believe the charges can be sustained (Eustace v. Dechter,
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 28 Cal. App. 2d. 706, 83 P. 2d. 525). Instituted with
intention of injuring defendant and without probable
cause, and which terminates in favor of the person
prosecuted. For this injury an action on the case lies,
called the action of malicious prosecution (Hicks v.
Brantley , 29 S.E. 459, 102 Ga. 264; Eggett v. Allen , 96
N.W. 803, 119 Wis. 625)."
In Philippine jurisdiction, it has been defined as:
"An action for damages brought by one against
whom a criminal prosecution, civil suit, or other legal
proceeding has been instituted maliciously and without
probable cause, after the termination of such prosecution,
suit, or other proceeding in favor of the defendant
therein. The gist of the action is the putting of legal
process in force, regularly, for the mere purpose of
vexation or injury (Cabasaan v. Anota , 14169-R,
November 19, 1956)."
The statutory basis for a civil action for damages for
malicious prosecution are found in the provisions of the
New Civil Code on Human Relations and on damages
particularly Articles 19, 20, 21, 26, 29, 32, 33, 35, 2217
and 2219 (8). To constitute malicious prosecution,
however, there must be proof that the prosecution was
prompted by a sinister design to vex and humiliate a
person, and that it was initiated deliberately by the
defendant knowing that his charges were false and
groundless. Concededly, the mere act of submitting a
case to the authorities for prosecution does not make one
liable for malicious prosecution.
This Court has drawn the four elements that must be shown
to concur to recover damages for malicious prosecution. Therefore,
for a malicious prosecution suit to prosper, the plaintiff must
prove the following: (1) the prosecution did occur, and the
defendant was himself the prosecutor or that he instigated
its commencement; (2) the criminal action finally ended with
an acquittal; (3) in bringing the action, the prosecutor acted
without probable cause; and (4) the prosecution was impelled
by legal malice — an improper or a sinister motive. The
gravamen of malicious prosecution is not the filing of a complaint
based on the wrong provision of law, but the deliberate initiation of an
action with the knowledge that the charges were false and
groundless. (Emphasis supplied)
Malicious prosecution does not only pertain to criminal prosecutions
but also to any other legal proceeding such as a preliminary investigation. 27
Here, there should be no question that the first two elements of this
cause of action are present with necessary modifications: (1) the preliminary
investigation did occur, and petitioner himself instigated its commencement;
(2) the preliminary investigation finally ended with a dismissal of the
complaints.
The issues are whether the last two elements are present: in bringing
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 the action, petitioner acted without probable cause, and petitioner was
impelled by legal malice, an improper or a sinister motive in bringing the
criminal complaints.
As above-quoted, there is malice where a criminal complaint was
initiated deliberately by a complainant knowing that his charges were false
and groundless. So there must be deliberate initiation and knowledge of
falsity or groundlessness of the charges. Concededly, as stated above, the
mere act of submitting a case to the authorities for prosecution whether
upon the correct or wrong provision of law does not make one liable for
malicious prosecution.
The burden is upon respondents to prove malice upon the standard of
proof of preponderance of evidence 28 — is it more likely than not or
probably true that petitioner knew that his charges against respondents
were false and groundless and yet deliberately initiated the criminal
complaints against them at the Office of the City Prosecutor in Pasay City?
The trial court and the Court of Appeals ruled that respondents have
discharged their burden of proof. This Court agrees. We examine the
established facts one by one to show that the trial court and the Court of
Appeals correctly deduced therefrom the last two elements of malicious
prosecution.
The common denominator of the facts, as the trial court and the Court
of Appeals ruled, is petitioner's ill will and bad blood towards respondents.
That he was probably motivated by ill will and bad blood to complain against
them is established.
Petitioner delayed in initiating the criminal complaints at the Office of
the City Prosecutor and challenging the investigating prosecutor's findings.
The delay probably points to petitioner's lack of genuine complaints against
respondents — otherwise he would not have delayed and would have had
acted promptly as any reasonable person would have expectedly done.
Both the trial court and the Court of Appeals found petitioner's
evidence purportedly to establish probable cause for malicious mischief and
theft to be contrived and lacking in credibility. We cannot weigh again the
evidence; we are bound by the trial court and the Court of Appeals' weighing
thereof. To any reasonable person, such assessments are more likely than
not true and reliable.
To illustrate, petitioner's witness, a security guard, identified Benigno
as the criminal only in his supplemental affidavit that was executed months
after serving his first affidavit. The identification of Benigno is more likely
than not an after-thought. Petitioner's witness did not even have any
document contemporaneous with his alleged discovery of the crime, such as
an incident report, to prove that he had early on made such allegation
against Benigno. More likely than not, his statement against Benigno was
meant only to serve petitioner's interest.
To sum up, in all probability, petitioner was motivated by ill will and
bad blood against respondents in the initiation of the criminal complaints at
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 the Office of the City Prosecutor. More likely than not, he had no legitimate
grievances that had spurred him to so act. Finally, his evidence probably
does not confirm probable cause for the crimes he ascribed to respondents.
These legal conclusions flow more likely than not from the facts validated by
the investigating prosecutor, the trial court, and the Court of Appeals.
Finally, as to respondents' relief, we reduce the amounts awarded as
damages pursuant to jurisprudence. In Meyr Enterprises Corporation v.
Cordero, 29 we awarded P50,000.00 as moral damages and P20,000.00 as
attorney's fees; no exemplary damages was given. In Coca Cola Bottlers
Philippines, Inc. v. Roque 30 the Court granted P50,000.00 as moral
damages, P50,000.00 as exemplary damages, P50,000.00 as attorney's fees
and the costs of suit. In Spouses Kapoe v. Masa , 31 we awarded an
aggregate amount of P29,000.00 for 11 plaintiffs representing both moral
and exemplary damages, P2,200.00 for exemplary damages for all of them,
and P3,000.00 attorney's fees also for all the 11 plaintiffs. In Tiongco v.
Deguma, 32 we ruled:
While we commiserate with the mental and emotional
tribulations suffered by private respondents Atty. Deguma and Atty.
Pagtanac as a result of TIONGCO's unfounded accusations, we find
that the amount of moral and exemplary damages granted them,
though not enriching, still excessive. Moral damages must be
understood to be in concepts of grants which are not punitive or
corrective in nature calculated to compensate the claimant for injury
suffered. Exemplary damages, for their part, serve as deterrent
against or as a negative incentive to curb socially deleterious actions.
Both are in the category of an award designed to compensate
claimants for actual injury and are not meant to enrich complainant at
the expense of defendants. Further, in instances where no actual
damages are adjudicated, the Supreme Court may reduce moral and
exemplary damages.
Using these case law as guideline, the amount of P300,000
moral damages and P100,000 exemplary damages granted to Atty.
Deguma should be reduced to P100,000 and P50,000, respectively.
The award of P100,000 moral damages and P50,000 exemplary
damages granted to Atty. Pagtanac should likewise be reduced to
P50,000 and P10,000, respectively. We observe however, as
equitable under the circumstances, the amounts of moral and
exemplary damages granted to private respondents Major Carmelo
and Yared.
We therefore reduce the amounts of damages awarded jointly to
respondents. The award of moral damages is reduced to P30,000.00,
exemplary damages to P20,000.00, and attorney's fees to P10,000.00.
ACCORDINGLY, the petition is DENIED. The Decision dated June 30,
2017 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 104210 and the Decision
dated April 22, 2014 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 22, Manila, in Civil
Case No. 02-104536 are AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION as follows:
Petitioner Menandro Sosmeña is ordered to pay each of respondents
Benigno Bonafe, Jimmy Escobar, Joel Gomez and Hector Pangilinan
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 P30,000.00 as moral damages, P20,000.00 as exemplary damages ,
and P10,000.00 as attorney's fees, for malicious prosecution.
All monetary awards are subject to six percent (6%) interest per
annum from finality of this decision until fully paid.
SO ORDERED.
Peralta, C.J., Caguioa, J.C. Reyes, Jr. and Lopez, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Penned by Associate Justice Samuel H. Gaerlan (now a member of this Court)
with the concurrence of Associate Justices Normandie B. Pizarro and Jhosep
Y. Lopez, all members of the Twelfth Division, rollo, pp. 27-28.
2. Complaint dated August 28, 2002, rollo, pp. 60-64.
3. Id. at 60-61.
4. Id.

5. Id.
6. Id.
7. Id. at 62.
8. Id.
9. Article 19. Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the
performance of his duties, act with justice, give everyone his due, and
observe honesty and good faith.
10. Rollo , pp. 63-64.
11. Answer with Counterclaim dated November 12, 2002, id. at 66-69.
12. Penned by Judge Marino M. dela Cruz, Jr., id. at 34-59.

13. Id. at 56-59.

14. Id. at 58-59.
15. Id. at 96-111.
16. Id. at 114-123.

17. Id. at 31-32.

18. Id. at 10-23.
19. Id. at 175-183.
20. See Pascual v. Burgos, 776 Phil. 167, 169 (2016).
21. Gatan v. Vinarao, G.R. No. 205912, October 18, 2017.

22. Supra note 20.

23. Supra note 20: "Only questions of law may be raised in a petition for review on
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 certiorari. The factual findings of the Court of Appeals bind this court.
Although jurisprudence has provided several exceptions to these rules,
exceptions must be alleged, substantiated, and proved by the parties so this
court may evaluate and review the facts of the case. In any event, even in
such cases, this court retains full discretion on whether to review the factual
findings of the Court of Appeals."
24. Id.

25. Rollo , pp. 37-41.

26. 544 Phil. 349, 364 (2007).
27. Yasoña v. De Ramos , 483 Phil. 162, 168 (2004): "The principal question to be
resolved is whether the filing of the criminal complaint for estafa by
petitioners against respondents constituted malicious prosecution. In this
jurisdiction, the term 'malicious prosecution' has been defined as 'an action
for damages brought by one against whom a criminal prosecution, civil suit,
or other legal proceeding has been instituted maliciously and without
probable cause, after the termination of such prosecution, suit, or other
proceeding in favor of the defendant therein.' To constitute 'malicious
prosecution,' there must be proof that the prosecution was prompted by a
sinister design to vex or humiliate a person, and that it was initiated
deliberately by the defendant knowing that his charges were false and
groundless. Concededly, the mere act of submitting a case to the authorities
for prosecution does not make one liable for malicious prosecution."
28. Rule 133, Section 1. Preponderance of evidence, how determined. — In civil
cases, the party having the burden of proof must establish his case by a
preponderance of evidence. In determining where the preponderance or
superior weight of evidence on the issues involved lies, the court may
consider all the facts and circumstances of the case, the witnesses' manner
of testifying, their intelligence, their means and opportunity of knowing the
facts to which they are testifying, the nature of the facts to which they
testify, the probability or improbability of their testimony, their interest or
want of interest, and also their personal credibility so far as the same may
legitimately appear upon the trial. The court may also consider the number
of witnesses, though the preponderance is not necessarily with the greater
number.

29. 742 Phil. 320 (2014).

30. 367 Phil. 493, 504 (1999).

31. G.R. No. L-50473, January 21, 1985.

32. 375 Phil. 978, 994-995 (1999).

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