Heat Engines Mechanical Energy Make Electricity

Introduction
This project will construct a 650 MW power plant next to an existing 624
MW plant, thus delivering more energy to some 3.5 million people in the
Assiut Governorate. As the generated power will be connected to the
national grid, outlying populations will also benefit.
The project will help boost economic growth and improve living standards
by satisfying the increasing demand for electricity in a cost-effective and
reliable manner.
Assiut power plant an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from
the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy. On land,
when used to make electricity the most common type is called
a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant. The same principle is also used
for marine propulsion, where it is called a combined gas and
steam (COGAS) plant. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles
improves overall efficiency, which reduces fuel costs.
The principle is that after completing its cycle in the first engine,
the working fluid (the exhaust) is still hot enough that a second subsequent
heat engine can extract energy from the heat in the exhaust. Usually the
heat passes through a heat exchanger so that the two engines can use
different working fluids.
By generating power from multiple streams of work, the overall efficiency

of the system can be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall
efficiency of say 34% (for a simple cycle), to as much as 64% (for a
combined cycle). This is more than 84% of the theoretical efficiency of
a Carnot cycle. This can be accomplished because heat engines can only
use part of the energy from their fuel (usually less than 50%), so in an
ordinary (non-combined cycle) heat engine, the remaining heat (i.e., hot
exhaust gas) from combustion is wasted.
-Design of Assiut power plant
The efficiency of a heat engine, the fraction of input heat energy that
can be converted to useful work, is limited by the temperature
difference between the heat entering the engine and the exhaust heat
leaving the engine.
In a thermal power station, water is the working medium. High
pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. High
temperatures require expensive alloys made from nickel or cobalt,
rather than inexpensive steel. These alloys limit practical steam
temperatures to 655 °C while the lower temperature of a steam plant
is fixed by the temperature of the cooling water. With these limits, a
steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of 35–42%.
An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor, a combustor and
a turbine. For gas turbines the amount of metal that must withstand
the high temperatures and pressures is small, and lower quantities of
expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle, the input
temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high
(900 to 1,400 °C). The output temperature of the flue gas is also high
(450 to 650 °C). This is therefore high enough to provide heat for a
second cycle which uses steam as the working fluid (a Rankine
cycle).
In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's
exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through a heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a live steam temperature
between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is
usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This
temperature can be as low as 15 .
- size of Assiut power plant
Plant size is important in the cost of the plant. The larger plant sizes
benefit from economies of scale (lower initial cost per kilowatt) and
improved efficiency.
For large-scale power generation, a typical set would be a 270 MW
primary gas turbine coupled to a 130 MW secondary steam turbine,
giving a total output of 400 MW. A typical power station might consist
of between 1 and 6 such sets.
Gas turbines for large-scale power generation are manufactured by at
least four separate groups – General Electric, Siemens, Mitsubishi-
Hitachi, and Ansaldo Energia. These groups are also developing,
testing and/or marketing gas turbine sizes in excess of 300 MW (for
60 Hz applications) and 400 MW (for 50 Hz applications). Combined
cycle units are made up of one or more such gas turbines, each with
a waste heat steam generator arranged to supply steam to a single or
multiple steam turbines, thus forming a combined cycle block or unit.
Combined cycle block sizes offered by three major manufacturers
(Alstom, General Electric and Siemens) can range anywhere from 50
MW to well over 1300 MW with costs approaching $670/kW.
-Steam generators
The steam power plant gets its input heat from the high temperature
exhaust gases from gas turbine power plant.[4] The steam generated
thus can be used to drive steam turbine. The Waste Heat Recovery
Boiler (WHRB) has 3 sections: Economiser, evaporator and
superheate
-Efficiency of Assuit power plant

By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output
temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they
are powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has a
thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing
temperature and the waste heat temperature from the condensers of the steam
cycle. This large range means that the Carnot efficiency of the cycle is high. The
actual efficiency, while lower than the Carnot efficiency, is still higher than that of
either plant on its own.[7][8]
The electric efficiency of a combined cycle power station, if calculated as electric
energy produced as a percentage of the lower heating value of the fuel
consumed, can be over 60% when operating new, i.e. unaged, and at continuous
output which are ideal conditions. As with single cycle thermal units, combined
cycle units may also deliver low temperature heat energy for industrial
processes, district heating and other uses. This is called cogeneration and such
power plants are often referred to as a combined heat and power (CHP) plant.
In general, combined cycle efficiencies in service are over 50% on a lower
heating value and Gross Output basis. Most combined cycle units, especially the
larger units, have peak, steady-state efficiencies on the LHV basis of 55 to 59%.
-Competition
There is active competition to reach higher efficiencies. Research aimed at
1,370 °C (2,500 °F) turbine inlet temperature has led to even more efficient
combined cycles.
In December 2017, GE claimed 64% in its latest 826 MW HA plant, up from
63.7%. They said this was due to advances in additive manufacturing and
combustion. Their press release said that they planned to achieve 65% by the
early 2020s.[1]
In January 2017, Mitsubishi claimed a LHV efficiency of greater than 63% for
some members of its J Series turbines.
On April 28, 2016, the plant run by Électricité de France in Bouchain was certified
by Guinness World Records as the worlds most efficient combined cycle power
plant at 62.22%. It uses a General Electric 9HA, that claimed 41.5% simple cycle
efficiency and 61.4% in combined cycle mode, with a gas turbine output of 397
MW to 470 MW and a combined output of 592 MW to 701 MW. Its firing
temperature is between 2,600 and 2,900 °F (1,430 and 1,590 °C), its overall
pressure ratio is 21.8 to 1.
The Chubu Electric’s Nishi-ku, Nagoya power plant 405 MW 7HA is expected to
have 62% gross combined cycle efficiency.
In May 2011 Siemens AG announced they had achieved a 60.75% efficiency
with a 578 megawatt SGT5-8000H gas turbine at the Irsching Power Station.
Nearly 60% LHV efficiency (54% HHV efficiency) was reached in the Baglan Bay
power station, using a GE H-technology gas turbine with a NEM 3 pressure
reheat boiler, using steam from the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to
cool the turbine blades.
-References
1. "HA technology now available at industry-first 64
percent efficiency" (Press release). GE Power.
December 4, 2017.
2. ^ "Levelized cost of electricity renewable energy
technologies" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE. 2013.
Retrieved 6 May 2014.
3. ^ "Cost and Performance Characteristics of New
Generating Technologies, Annual Energy Outlook
2019" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration.
2019. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Yahya, S.M. Turbines, compressors
and fans. Tata Mc Graw Hill. pp. chapter 5.
5. ^ "Combined-cycle, gas-fired unit costs coming in
below expectations: Duke | S&P Global Platts". 2015-
08-11.
6. ^ "SSS Clutch Operating Principle" (PDF). SSS Gears
Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-
29. Retrieved 2010-09-13.

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Introduction

By generating power from multiple streams of work, the overall efficiency

-Efficiency of Assuit power plant

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