See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/313846912

" Physicochemical Analysis of Water from Various Sources and Their

Comparative Studies "

Article · August 2013

DOI: 10.9790/2402-0538992

CITATIONS READS

16 32,176

4 authors, including:

Devangee Shukla Nayan Jain

Gujarat University Gujarat University
17 PUBLICATIONS   31 CITATIONS    48 PUBLICATIONS   198 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

“Impact of Natural compounds on Cervical Cancer (HeLa cell line) induced by Human Papillomavirus (HPV)” View project

Microbial Interference in Forensic Investigation of biological samples View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Devangee Shukla on 20 February 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 5, Issue 3 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 89-92
www.Iosrjournals.Org

“Physicochemical Analysis of Water from Various Sources and

Their Comparative Studies”
Devangee shukla* , Kinjal Bhadresha , Dr. N. K. Jain , Dr. H. A. Modi
(Department of Life science, School of Sciences,Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, INDIA)

Abstract: Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all
living organisms, most ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. The
safety of drinking water is important for the health. The safety of drinking water is affected by various
contaminants which included chemical and microbiological. Such contaminants cause serious health problems.
Due to these contaminants quality of the Drinking Water becomes poor. Sometimes such poor quality
water causes many diseases in the humans so that quality of the water must be tested for both the chemical as
well as for the microbial contaminants. During the study it was found that maximum number of physical and
chemical parameter were within the desirable limit, as suggested by WHO (1971) and BIS (1991).
The objective of the present research is to provide information on the physicochemical characteristics
& detailed ecological studies of Potable water and Lake water (Habitat) in order to discuss it’s suitability for
human consumption. Physicochemical and bio-chemical aspects of the water have been investigated to assess
the quality of water. The variations of the physicochemical properties of water samples directly influence the
biotic communities and primary productivity of the water bodies at different areas of Ahmedabad.
Keywords: Potable water and Lake water, Ahmedabad, Physico-chemical and Investigation, ecological
studies, Comparative studies.

I. Introduction
Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living
organisms, ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. The safety of
drinking water is important for the health. The safety of drinking water is affected by various contaminants
which included chemical and microbiological. Such contaminants cause serious health problems. Due to these
contaminants quality of drinking water becomes poor. Sometimes such poor quality water causes many diseases
in the humans, so that quality of water must be tested for both the chemical as well as for the microbial
contaminants.
The 5 major Application of water are Hydropower, Domestics uses, Irrigation, Industrial uses,
Commercial uses. The major water quality parameters considered for the examination in this study are pH,
Odour, Colour, Taste, Temperature, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved oxygen (DO),
Dissolved carbon dioxide, Metals and Metalloids, Total Hardness, Alkalinity.

1.2 Sample Collection:

 Potable water sample was collected from five different areas of Ahmadabad: Processed water (Water
Plant, S.G. Highway), Thaltej, Navrangpura, Naroda and Shahibaug.
 Habited water sample was collected from four different lakes of Ahmadabad: Kankariya Lake, Malav
Lake, Vastrapur Lake, Chandola Lake of Ahmedabad and physicochemical analysis of habited water has
performed.

II. Material and Methods

The present study was carried out for five different areas and four different lakes, located in
Ahmadabad city. In the present study the sampling was done during morning hours and all water samples were
collected in the polyethylene bottles. For lake water sample collection the closed bottle was dipped in the lake at
the depth of 0.7 to 0.9 m, and then a bottle was opened inside and was closed again to bring it out at the surface.
The samples were collected from three different points and were mixed together to prepare an
integrated sample. From the time of sample collection and to the time of actual analysis, many physical and
chemical reactions would change the quality of water sample therefore to minimize this change the sample were
preserved soon after the collection. The water samples were preserved by adding chemical preservatives and by
lowering the temperature. The water temperature, Odour, Taste, TDS were analyzed immediately on the spot
after the collection, Whereas the analyses of remaining parameters were done in the laboratory. The study was
carried for a period of four month (january 2012 to april 2012).The collected water samples were brought to the
laboratory and relevant analysis was performed. pH was determined using pH meter, and similarly turbidity is
www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
 “Physicochemical Analysis Of Water From Various Sources And Their Comparative Studies”

measured by Turbidity meter. Alkalinity, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Hardness, Dissolved oxygen,
Dissolved carbon dioxide,Barium, Copper, Sulphate was determined by method according to table (Verma
Pradeep et al, 2012).

TABLE 2.1
Water quality test Description Instrument/
method
Temperature Temperature exerts a major influence on the biological Thermometer
activities and growth.
Colour The term colour is used to mean the true colour of water Platinum cobalt (visual
from which turbidity has been removed. comparision) method
Odour Odour is recognized as a quality factor affecting Wide mouth glass stoppered
acceptability of drinking water. bottle
Taste Taste of water ranging from agreeable to disagreeable. By Tasting
pH The major of acidity (hydronium ion,H+) in the water. pH meter
Turbidity(NTU) Turbidity in water is the reduction of transparency. Turbidity meter
TDS The measure of the amount of particulate solids that are TDS meter
in the water
Dissolved oxygen The amount of oxygen available in the water. Titrimetric method
(iodometric)
Dissolved carbon The amount of carbon dioxide in the water. Titrimetric method
dioxide
Alkalinity Alkalinity of water is its quantitative capacity to react Titrimetric method
with a strong acid to a designated pH.
Chloride Measurment of Chloride amount in water Titrimetric method
Calcium Measurment of Calcium amount in water Titrimetric method
Barium Measurment of barium amount in water Titrimetric method
Magnesium Measurment of Magnesium amount in water Titrimetric method

Total hardness Measurment of calcium and magnesium in water. Titrimetric method

(complexometric)
Copper Measurment of copper in water Spectrophotometer
Sulphate Measurment of Sulphate in water Spectrophotometer

III. Result
Potable Water result table 3.1
Sr. Test Processed Navrangpura Shahibaug Naroda Thaltej
No. Water Municipal Municipal Municipal Municipal
Sample Water Sample Water Water Water
Sample Sample Sample
1 Temperature (ºC) 29 28 30 30 28
2 Colour (Unit) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
3 Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
4 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
5 pH 6.9 7.2 7.1 7.3 7.4
6 Turbidity (NTU) 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.3
7 TDS (ppm) 150 165 156 154 159
Dissolved oxygen
8 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.3
(ppm)
Dissolved carbon
9 38 36 40 38 37
dioxide(ppm)
10 Alkalinity (ppm) 8 8 9 8 10
11 Chloride (ppm) 58 30 41 33 35
12 Calcium (ppm) 6.2 7 6 8 7
13 Barium (ppm) Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
14 Magnesium (ppm) 2.2 3 3 3.5 2.5
Total Hardness
15 4 4.5 4.5 5 4.9
(ppm)
16 Copper (ppm) Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
17 Sulphate (ppm) 8 10 14 16 11

www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
 “Physicochemical Analysis Of Water From Various Sources And Their Comparative Studies”

Lake Water result table 3.2

Sr. No. Test Kankariya Vastrapur Malav Lake Chandola
Lake Sample Lake Sample Sample Lake Sample
1 Temperature 30 29 30 31
2 Colour (Unit) <4 <3 <2.5 <3
3 Odour Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable
4 Taste Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable Disagreeable
5 pH 8.3 8.6 8.7 8.8
6 Turbidity (NTU) 8 9 11 10
7 TDS (ppm) 900 946 987 735
8 Dissolved oxygen (ppm) 5.7 5.9 4.4 5.0
9 Dissolved carbon 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.1
dioxide(ppm)
10 Alkalinity (ppm) 150 168 164 170
11 Chloride (ppm) 84 83 60 74
12 Calcium (ppm) 72 73 68.6 67
13 Barium (ppm) 41 32 31 36
14 Magnesium (ppm) 32 15.2 7.8 8.2
15 Total Hardness (ppm) 280 279 343 321
16 Copper (ppm) 19.76 15.27 17.43 15.89
17 Sulphate (ppm) 74 62 61 71

IV. Discussion
Physical parameters like Temperature, Odour, Taste & Colour was agreeable in Process and Municipal
water. The general ISI standard for Drinking water’s Turbidity is <0.1 NTU. Turbidity >5 NTU is considered
unhealthy. In Different area of Municipal water the Turbidity ranging from 0.1 NTU to 0.5 NTU. In Naroda
Municipal water, observed higher Turbidity than other area. The pH range of drinking water should far between
6.5 to 7.5 and municipal water pH observed 7 to 7.5.So it complied with the acceptance criteria of pH range & it
was found to be healthy for human use. For Potable water, Dissolved carbon dioxide & Dissolved oxygen were
found to be 6.4 and 33 (Average value of five different areas) respectively. TDS of water sample showed range
below 1500 ppm & it complied with the given criteria of Indian standard. Minerals like Calcium, Magnesium,
Chloride, Sulphate, Barium, and Copper are essential for body. Tests of these minerals were performed on
potable water sample. The results complied with the given range of Test for Minerals. Alkalinity & Total
Hardness of potable water should less than or equal to 10 and 300 ppm respectively. Results were complied with
the given limits of both tests. Water Temperature may be depending on the season, geographic location and
sampling time. As water Temperature increases, it makes it more difficult for aquatic life to get sufficient
oxygen to meet it s need. Thermal pollution can cause shifts in the community structure of aquatic organisms.
Turbidity of lake ranges from 4 NTU to 11 NTU. Some are naturally highly turbid but human activities have
increased the levels of suspended solids in many habitats.The lake amount of Total dissolved solid recorded
ranges from 668 ppm to 942 ppm. High value of suspended solid can lower the primary Productivity of system
by covering the algae and Macrophytes, at times leading to almost their complete removal.The low oxygen level
was recorded during summer mainly due to removal of free oxygen through respiration by bacteria and other
animals as well as the oxygen demand for decomposition of organic matter. DO is the single most important gas
for most aquatic organism.If the amount of free oxygen go below then 2.0 mg/l for few day in the lake
containing aquatic organism it would lead the killing of most of the biota in the aquatic system. Higher value of
free carbon dioxide generally coincided with minimum dissolved oxygen. Habited water is generally used by
animals & birds & aquatic life. The disturbance in this biological system & ecological system may affect health
of animals & birds & aquatic life. After physicochemical analysis we found that the sample of habited water is
free from pollution & ecologically balanced.

V. Conclusion
The result obtained during study was compared with ISI standards. Potable water is water safe enough
to be consumed by humans or used with low risk of immediate or long term harm. Habited water is generally
used by animals & birds & aquatic life. The disturbance in this biological system & ecological system may
affect health of animals & birds & aquatic life. After physicochemical analysis we found that the sample of
Potable water and Habited water are free from pollution & ecologically balanced.

www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
 “Physicochemical Analysis Of Water From Various Sources And Their Comparative Studies”

References
[1]. Basavaraja Simpi, S.M. Hiremath, KNS Murthy, K.N.Chandrashekarappa, Anil N Patel, E.T.Puttiah; Analysis of Water Quality
Using Physico-Chemical Parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India; Global Journal of Science Frontier
Research,11(3),2011.
[2]. Bhaven N. Tandel, Dr. JEM Macwan, and Chirag K. Soni, Assessment of Water Quality Index of Small Lake in South Gujarat
Region, India.
[3]. Basavaraja Simpi, S.M. Hiremath, KNS Murthy, K.N.ChandrashekarappaAnil N Patel, E.T.Puttiah; Analysis of Water Quality
Using Physico-Chemical Parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India; Global Journal of Science Frontier
Research, 11(3); 2011.
[4]. H. A. Solanki, P. U. Verma and D. K. Chandawat, Evaluating The Water Quality of Malav Lake by Mean of Physico-chemical
Analysis,944-955,2011.
[5]. Hydrology project; Government of India & Government of The Netherlands; Standard Analytical Procedures for Water Analysis
May 1999.
[6]. Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking Water, IS: 10500, 1992
[7]. Jamie Bartram and Richard Ballance ,Physical And Chemical Analyses.
[8]. Jin Hur , Bo-Mi Lee , Tae-Hwan Lee and Dae-Hee Park ; Estimation of Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen
Demand for Combined Sewer Systems Using Synchronous Fluorescence Spectra; Sensors 2010, 10, 2460-2471.
[9]. Kawther F. Abed and Suaad S. Alwakeel; Mineral and Microbial Contents of Bottled and Tap Water in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2 (3-4): 151-156, 2007.
[10]. Krishna Vaidya and Mohini Gadhia; Evaluation of drinking water quality; African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 6(1):6-
9,10 2012.
[11]. M.M. Aldaya and M.R. Llamas;water footprinting analysis for the Guadiana River basin; November 2008 Value of Water Research
Report Series No. 35.
[12]. Murhekar Gopalkrushna H; International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment; Murhekar Gopalkrushna Int. J.
Res. Chem. Environ. 1(2)2011(183-187).
[13]. O. A. Ojo, S. B. Bakare and A. O. Babatunde; Microbial and Chemical Analysis of Potable Water In Public – Water Supply, Afr. J.
Infect. Dis. 1(1): 30 – 35.
[14]. O. Akoto; J. Adiyiah; Chemical analysis of drinking water from some communities in the Brong Ahafo region; Int. J. Environ. Sci.
Tech., 4 (2): 211-214, 2007.
[15]. P. U. Verma, D. K. Chandawat and H. A. Solanki, Seasonal Variation In Physico-chemical and Phytoplankton Analysis of Kankaria
Lake,842-854,2011.
[16]. Rajini Kurup1, Roland Persaud, John Caesar, Vincent Raja; Microbiological and physiochemical analysis of drinking water in
Georgetown, Guyana; Nature and Science, 2010;8(8).
[17]. Rudzka Kantoch Z and Weker H. Water in children’s diet. Med Wieku Rozwoj.2000; 4:109 – 15.
[18]. S. D. Vediya and S. S. Patel, Cationic contamination in lake ‘water situated South area at Ahmedabad, Gujarat, International Journal
of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 2(2):2011.
[19]. S. D. Vediya, A.K. Shrivastva and R. P. Rathod, Pollution Status of Thaltej Lake, Prahladnagar Lake and Sola Lake Situated at
Ahmedabad, Gujarat With Reference to Heavy Metals.
[20]. WHO's Drinking Water Standards, 1993
[21]. Boyd C.E. 1979: Water quality in warm water fishponds. Craft Master Printers, INC Opelika Alabama.
[22]. Gwynfryn J. J. 2001: Freshwater Ecosystems- Structure and Response. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 50: 107-113.
[23]. Vora A. B., Ahluwalia A.A.and Gupta R.Y. (1998). Study on water and soil, vegetation, zooplanktona and zoo-benthos. In:
Environmental Impact Assessment of Sardar Sarova Project on Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat Ecological Education and
Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinaga.
[24]. Sreenivasan, A. 1965. Limnology of tropical impoundments- III, Limnology and productivity of Amravathi reservoir, Madras.
Hydrobiol 26 : 501-516.
[25]. Ahluwalia A. A.1999: Limnological Study of wetlands under Sardar Sarovar command area. Ph.D. Thesis. Gujarat University,
Ahmedabad.
[26]. Gitanjali G. and Kumaresan A. 2006: Hydrochemical Quality of Courtallam water. Poll Res, 25(3): 583-588.
[27]. Walter K. D. 2002 : Freshwater Ecology – Concepts and Environmental Applications, Academic press, pp: 288.
[28]. Renn C.E. (1968): A study of water quality: Lamotte chemical products company. Chestertown, Maryland pp: 46.
[29]. Mohanta B.K. and Patra A.K. 2000: Studies on the Water Quality Index of River Sanamachhakandana at Keonjhar Garh, Orrisa,
Poll.Res. 19(3): 377-385.
[30]. Korium M.A. and Toufeek M.E.F. 2008: Studies of some physicochemical characteristics of old Aswan Dam reservoir and River
nile water at Aswan. Egyptian. J. of aquat. Resear., 34: 149-167.
[31]. Govindan and Sundaresan B.B. 1979: Seasonal succession of algal flora in polluted region of Adyar river. Indian Journal of
Environment and Health, 21, pp. 131-142.
[32]. Jana B.B.1973: Seasonal periodicity of plankton in fresh water ponds, West Bengasl, India. Journal of international Rev. Ges.
Hydrobiology, 58:127-143.
[33]. Welch, P.S. 1952. Limonology, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y. pp: 536.
[34]. Vijayan V.S. 1991: Keoladeo National Park Ecology Study. Final report (1980-1990) BNHS, Bombay.
[35]. Gwynfryn J. J. 2001: Freshwater Ecosystems- Structure and Response. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 50: 107-113.

www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page

View publication stats