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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents some foreign and local

literatures and studies which the researchers deemed

relevant with the present study.

Related Literature

Community Oriented Policing System

In the book of Ellis (2014) entitled “Community

Oriented Policing System”, he stresses the importance of

community consent for policing in liberal democracies

before sketching the nature of police-community relations

in Northern Ireland during the decades of political

conflict. He then considers whether the situation has

changed in the aftermath of the Independent Commission on

Policing for Northern Ireland (ICP) reforms, by examining

recent survey data from the Northern Ireland Policing Board

and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.

Moreover, he suggests that while official surveys are

useful in highlighting trends in police–community relations

over time, a more refined conceptual framework is required

in order to take stock of such relationships in

marginalized and alienated communities. Drawing upon the

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ecological model of police-community relations proposed by

scholars such as Sung and Weitzer, Ellison argues that any

analysis needs to dig deeper and consider residential

fragmentation, the spatial distribution of power, specific

modalities of police-community relations across and between

neighborhoods and problematic assumptions about the nature

of „community‟ itself.

In the Building Police Community Relations, (2014)

entitled “Community Relations” stated that poor relations

between community members and police can lead to feelings

of distrust, anger and fear. Citizens may think the police

are prejudiced and have unfair policies. Police may feel

blame for all kinds of social problems, and think they

don’t get credit for doing their jobs. Dialogue to change

programs help people build trusting relationships necessary

for long-term change. People from diverse backgrounds and

experiences, and work together on solutions. Poor

communication between the police and communities served as

the problem most frequently, in a variety of ways, by

police and community members surveyed. When asked what the

main problems are when it comes to police community

relations, police listed “language barriers”, “connecting

with the community” and “lack of meaningful communication

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on both sides” and “lack of understanding of police

practices” as obstacles in to better relations. This list

is similar to the one provided by community members, who

listed “lack of communications, “language barriers” and

“lack of relationships” as barriers to getting along with

the police.

According to the book of Vila (2014) claimed that the

duties of a police officer encompass a wide variety of

tasks ranging from simple to complex performed in various

situations and environments. Tasks asked of police officers

include but are not limited to: confronting, and possibly

arresting suspicious persons, using force (even deadly

force) on community members, enforcing traffic laws

(directing traffic, writing tickets, etc.), mediating

disputes, assisting people in emergency situations, writing

incident reports and providing a general level of security

to the community. Police officers decide when and how to do

many of these tasks on a day-to-day basis. Many of the most

dangerous tasks they are asked to perform are done using

broad discretionary power and carry grave consequences if

errors in decision making are made by the officers. In the

United States, police officers are granted great

discretionary power for carrying out the duties and

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responsibilities of their job. While large of discretionary

power can lead to abuses of its use, it is fundamental to

the process and execution of justice by police officers by

enabling flexibility and common sense to temper police

decision making.

According to the book of James (2013) cited that there

are two tasks that are performed by police officers

generate concern in terms of officer and community safety:

driving emergency vehicles; and decisions to use force,

especially deadly force. These two tasks have the potential

to lead to detrimental and catastrophic outcomes. Driving

by police officers, which for many encompasses a large

portion of their daily shift duration, is typically done at

high speeds in highly distracting environments with

expensive government owned vehicles. Decisions to use

force, which are complex decisions under any circumstance,

are frequently made under fast-paced ambiguous

circumstances in which flexibility of thought, creativity

of action, and adaption to uncertainty or unexpected events

is vital to the success of the officer making the decision.

These emotionally charged situations carry with them the

risk that lives, property, and liberty could be lost at a

given moment, and are often lost in a split second . Poor

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performance and impaired decision making during either of

these critical job tasks can result in unintended deaths of

police officers or community members, enormous monetary

costs to cities, counties, departments, and communities,

and broken relationships between the community and the

police department.

In the book of Breva Jr (2012) cited that police

Administration has been as the management of police

organization, which is all about the work of the police

officer or the utilization of talents to coordinate an

effort and manage resources for the achievement of police

organizational goals. Considering that a police

organization as the primary responsibilities of the police

administrators making it as the primary responsibilities in

applying their individual initiative and skills necessary

for the performance of the actual police roles and

responsibilities.

The Philippine National Police Law Enforcement Manual

(2013) establishes the nature of the functions of law

enforcement in the defense of public order and the manner

in which these functions are exercised to have a direct

impact on the quality of life individuals as well as of

society as a whole. Conscious of the important tasks which

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law enforcement officers are performing, but aware,

nevertheless, of the potential for abuse which the exercise

of such duties entails, it is essential that certain

important standards and guidelines for the humane

performance of law enforcement functions be recognized and

closely adhered to by all members of law enforcement

agencies, to wit; all enforcement agencies should be

representative of and responsive accountable to the

community; all enforcement agencies shall ensure the

ethical standards are strictly adhered to in accordance

with popularly accepted and humane system of law and

regulations; every law enforcement officer is part of the

criminal justice system, the aim of which is to prevent,

control and solve crimes; and every law enforcement agency

should observe self-discipline in conformity with the

principles and standards provided and ensure that the

actions of law enforcement officers are responsive to

public scrutiny. The manual is widely adhered to by the

organization.

Related Studies

In the study of Jack (2014) entitled “A study of

Factors Affecting Participation and Performance of Police

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Officers Undertaking the Queensland Police Service’s

Management Development Program by Distance Education”. The

management education for the police officers has played a

significant role in the desired transformation of police

service around the world form vocational to professional

status. This study found factors that influenced the

participation and performance of officers undertaking the

program were their attitude to in-service professional

development, how they perceived professional development,

issues about their success potential, the level of

personal, professional and academic support they received,

the impact of aspects related to program delivery and

discourse with facilitators of the program.

Adebayo (2013) discussed attitudes and behavior of

Police Officers in Nigeria. His main focus was on the issue

of lack of ethical behavior amongst the Police Officers. He

established that in order to ensure adequate conformity to

its constitutional roles, police men and women are largely

influenced by their training, skills and submission to an

ethical code. Adebayo however established that, a review of

the Nigerian Police functions as provided in Section 4 of

Police Act of 1967 and as amended by Police Act Number 23

of the 1990 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

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would suggest that pro-social behavior amongst the Nigeria

police should include: involvement in rescue operations,

helping accident victims, and responding to distress calls

from victims of violent crimes whether or not they are

assigned such duties. Others duties of the Police Officer

under the Act are being friendly and courteous to

strangers, tolerating inconveniences at work, being honest,

kind and reliable as peacekeepers and releasing suspects on

bail without extortions. The Nigerian public experts

discuss that whilst performing these tasks allocated to

them, the police should only behave in ways that are

advantageous to society but abstain from forms of behaviour

that are detrimental to themselves and the society at

large. This requires the complete decency, selflessness,

protection of human rights, and the pursuit of citizens’

happiness on the part of the Police in the discharge of

their functions.

In the study of Yildiz (2012) cited that the

determinants of the well-being of Police Officers in the

Turkish National Police” evaluates the relationships of

time balance, social relations, role conflict, perception

of work environment, and fourteen control variables to

police officers’ well-being in Turkish National Police.

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Individual police officers were analysed to better

understand the relationship between work environment on

family life, social life, and the well-being of the police

officers. The findings of Yildiz’s study support some

commonly expressed complaints of police officers. These

findings also suggest that attention should be paid to the

effects of time balance, income sufficiency, work

environment, and workdays on the well-being of the

officers. The analysis of this study revealed statistically

significant relationships between following latent

constructs: time balance and well-being, time balance and

social relations, time balance and role conflict, social

relations and role conflict, role conflict and well-being,

and perception of work environment and well-being. In

addition, six control variables (rank, department,

optimism, isolation, income sufficiency, and working days

per week) were statistically significantly related with

well-being. No direct significant relationship was found

between time balance and well-being, and social relations

and well-being constructs. Eight control variables (gender,

marital status, service time, extra work, confusion,

region, work type, and working hours per day) had no

significant relationship.
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Eyram (2014) in her case study of Police Officers at

the Cantonments Station, Ghana assesses the operations of

the Ghana Police Service using Cantonments Police Station.

Other findings include some of the hindrances to operations

of Police officers are non – availability of vehicles which

makes mobility very difficult, lack of logistics, poor

infrastructure and lack of modern equipment’s,

discrimination, lack of motivation and poor incentives,

lack of manpower and limitation accommodation. Good

supervision, cooperation from the public and logistics were

identified as factors that helped to promote their duties

efficiently. Most of the failures of the police officers

were their inability to apprehend and arrest some notorious

criminals. Other failures were their inability to show

quick response to calls from the public.

Galino (2014), in his study entitled, “Role

Performance of the Police and the Community as Correlates

of Police Community Relations”, analysed the roles

performance of the Baguio City Police Office along the

areas of peace and order maintenance and law enforcement.

The author likewise analysed the role performance of the

Baguio City residents with regards to crime reporting and

information system and their participation in criminal

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investigation and judicial process. Moreover, the

researcher correlated the foregoing role performance of the

police and the residents to the extent of police-community

relations in Baguio City. The findings of Galino’s study

revealed that the respondents perceived the role

performance of the personnel of Baguio City Police Office

as generally “efficient”, and the role performance of the

Baguio City residents as generally “favorable”. Both the

police and community perceived police-community relations

in Baguio City as “harmonious”. However, the study

concluded that the Baguio City police have not reached its

full potential in the delivery of police service to the

people of Baguio City as far as peace and order maintenance

and law enforcement are concerned. It likewise concluded

that the residents of Baguio City seemed to have not fully

realized the essence of social responsibility. Everyone who

violate laws, rules, regulations and ordinances are

apprehend when they are reported. When this takes place,

the identity of the offender is noted. This is considered

as profile for it provides information about the

individual.

According to the study of Manzano (2014) entitled

“Performance of the Philippine National Police in the

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implementation of anti-illegal drug program in the

municipality Of San Gabriel, La Union”. Based on the

findings of the study, conclusions are arrived at: 1) The

PNP in San Gabriel, La Union are highly educated, lower

rank officers, relatively young in service and less trained

in drug prevention program, 2) The level of implementation

of the anti-illegal Drugs Prevention Program on information

and education is “least implemented” while partnership

with the Local Government Units on policy formulation on a

drug free community is rated “moderately implemented”, 3)

The status of performance on supply reduction and demand

reduction is “fair” and 4) Problems encountered by the PNP

are “moderately serious”. On the basis of the foregoing

findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are

forwarded: 1) Local Government Unit should be tap to

allocate funds for the maintenance and other operating

expenses of the Anti-Illegal Drug Prevention Program so as

not to disrupt the program on drug prevention. A sound

government policy must be geared towards the production and

provision of adequate high quality Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) services and equipments that

match the need of the surveillance and monitoring of

suspects 2)PNP Chief should plan their operational

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approaches and funds for communication activities must be

source out including travel expenses, operating expenses

for the mobility of the police forces, 3) Improvement of

educational and information campaign must be spearheaded.

The language or dialect must be easily understood in by

partner civil society and the community and 4) Further, the

implementation of the proposed action plan is hereby

forwarded to the PNP for their adoption.

According to Magtibay (2013) in his study entitled

“the Effects of Police Community Relations” was on a

comprehensive coverage of the causal factors of crime in

the country. In his study, he sought for the relationship

of crime and society enumerating the various significant

factors of crime occurrence. He found out that the

development of delinquency was based on the following;

biological, psychological and environmental.

In the study of Taccad (2016) entitled “Effectiveness

of Patrol Methods in Crime Prevention at San Clemente,

Tarlac” cited that the effectiveness of the different

patrol methods used to prevent crimes. The “ Police

officers use automobile when conducting checkpoints, Police

officers use automobile when chasing criminals who run in

an open area, Police patrol officers conduct patrol in the

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place where crimes are possibly committed, Police officers

use the motorcycle patrol to round or make inspection

within the municipality” are interpreted as “very much

effective”. Police officers shall continue the activities

to be effective and the support of the community. The

“Providing Security and Protection to Community” and

“Making a relationship with the community” which is

cooperate the community to police officers. Because of

these of programs they help to prevent the crimes in San

Clemente, Tarlac and help the PNP personnel to reduces the

number of crime.

In the study of Dangalan (2018) entitled “The

Effectiveness of Police Omni-presence on Crime Control in

Irosin Sorsogon”. His study dealt the level of

effectiveness of police omni-presence in Irosin Sorsogon.

The findings of the study are a great help to the following

institutions: Philippine Nation Police, Schools, Students,

Youth, Local Government Unit, and Business Establishment.

Different related literature and studies were reviewed and

analyzed to support what is being studied and provide

further information to greatly comprehend the mean purpose

of the study. The descriptive correlational method of

research was used in this study by using survey

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questionnaire prepared by the researcher to gather the

needed data for the study. The study has 4 groups of

respondents namely: police personnel, brgy. Residence,

elected brgy officials, business man with a total number of

256 respondents. On the basis of the data earlier presented

in chapter IV, the following were found. The study revealed

that out of 256 respondents out of which rated as

sometimes, as follows base on their perceptions of the

program of the PNP, (a) patrol in crime prone areas with

radio communications devices to quick response (b) conduct

patrol led by the police command officer (c) conduct 24/7

police visibility around the near brgys. Of municipality

(d) conduct information gathering intelligence through

trained assets from the community (e) conduct patrol

shifting at night to prevent crime incident (f) dispatch

buddy-buddy system especially at night while on dispatch

(g) conduct foot patrol during night time until sunrise to

prevent criminality (h) response immediately to reported

crime (i). The study revealed that the police personnel of

the said municipality rated by the respondents as often in

terms of the following variables (a) establish checkpoints

with proper lighting during night time, with a noticeable

signage bearing the name of the PNP unit and the

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participating organizations (b) conduct mobile checkpoints

with proper prescribe uniform. Since the main livelihood of

the community is more on agricultural business they are

much affected by its variables. The study revealed that out

of seven variables, 3 of which was rated by the group of

respondents as often, as follows (a) conduct minor brgy

visit and create relationships with the people in the area

by conducting interpersonal discussion, establish

relationship and offer friendship (b) educate the people in

the community about recent news that may capture their

interest and when countered (c) conduct brgy. Peacekeeping

operations to fight against criminality. While the rest

variables was rated as rarely as follows: (a) organize and

mobilize people to create an organization (b) conduct

symposium, seminars in the brgy. Together with the

residence. This community is a good residence to live, and

as extreme as communities go, it's pretty average. Average

income, average levels of education, average amount of

crime. But, this community has a big problem. 2. The study

find out that the level of effectives of the said program

was rated as moderate effective based on the checklist of

the respondents. Two of which was rated as MO as follows,

in general (a) patrol (b) police community relations, this

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was not unexpected since the number of crime committed in

the locality is seriously affected the business sector of

the area of the study. Still checkpoints was rated as

effective base on the perception of the respondent. 3. The

most Seven (7) pricing problems as perceived by the

respondents were: (1) Absence of police in the barangay to

conduct patrol in the community (2) Inadequate presence of

police in crime prone areas (3) Lack of communication line

of the police to the community (4) Lack of meeting with

barangay officials in the conduct of information gathering

activities in the barangay (5) The communication equipment

is not upgraded (6) Lack of police assistance during

emergency (7) Lack of checkpoints during the night time. 4.

In general the PNP should properly monitor the police

personnel its implementation they are obeying what is

implemented base on norms. It is recommended to conduct

more police visibility, interaction between the

communities, provide strategic plan for specific cited

problems, analyzed geographical area for effective plan,

developed good governance to effectively implement the

program, prolong the time of patrolling specially during

night time to avoid victimization. In general it is

recommended to conduct intensive checkpoints during the

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night to deter possible intruder by using signage bearing

with the name of in-charge police officials and

organization. Be enthusiast while conducting checkpoints

for more aggressive detection. It is recommended to conduct

seminars, symposium, activity gathering to develop good

relationship among residence and its brgy officials. 4. The

result is highly significant since the perceptions of the 4

groups of respondents are correlated to each other. The

computed t is greater than the tabulated t at 5% margin

error. The null hypothesis was rejected because the

perception of the 4 groups of respondents are correlated to

each other. On the basis of the findings presented, the

following conclusions are offered. 1. Some of police

personnel of the said municipal police station is in lack

of interest to implement the mandated program of the PNP to

insure the lives and property of the citizen specially

during night time were in the most crime are committed. 2.

The police personnel of the said municipal police station

did not give more prioritization on patrol base on the

response of the group of respondent, out of 13 statements 8

of which was rated as sometimes under item 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10. The rest rated as rarely, often. 3 In terms of

police community relations, the police are not complying

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their mandate to have interaction between the police and

the community to strengthen their relationship to gathered

assists, information from near brgy which is the mean

concern of the study. Likewise, the police did not conduct

house visitation to regularly monitor the possible

situation in the area. Based on the findings of the study,

the following recommendation are strongly recommended. More

police officers to the streets, or changing the ways in

which they operate to detect, prevent and to suppress them.

Additional disciplinary action among police personnel to be

able to enhance their capability to perform their duty and

responsibility. Improve the efficiency of the interaction

between police and areas of the criminal justice

system. Since the majority of respondents were police

officers. More furthered enhancement in terms of criminal

detection especially cybercrimes, street crime, pity crimes

etc.

Synthesis

The foreign and local studies herein discussed are

both related to the present study because it deals with the

community oriented policing system. In the study of

Magtibay (2013) supports the present study because of its

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similarities and dissimilarities in terms of police

community relations. In this case, the study will be

limited to the police Community Oriented Policing System

(COPS) most especially in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan for CY

2018.