Logarithmic Function PDF

Logarithm
➢ from the word “logos” means ratio and

“arithmos” means numbers
➢ a word made up by John Napier
➢ it is an exponent or power to which a

base must be raised to yield a given
number
Definition:
➢ Let a and b be positive numbers such that
b ≠ 𝟏. The logarithm of a with base b,
denoted by 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂 , is defined as the
number such that 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒂 = a. That is, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 is
the exponent that b must be raised to
produce a.
Notes: 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎
In both exponential and logarithmic forms, b is the

base. In the exponential form, c is an exponent ,
this implies that the logarithm is actually an
exponent. Hence, the logarithmic and
exponential functions are inverses.
In logarithmic form, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 a cannot be negative.
The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 , can be negative.

𝑐=
Common Logarithms
are logarithms with base of 10, log x is a short
notation for 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥
Natural Logarithms
are logarithms to the base e (approximately 2.17828)
natural logarithm of x denoted by “In x” . In other
words, ln 𝑥 is the other way of writing 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
Write exponential equation in logarithmic form.
𝑐
𝑏 =𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑐
5
2 =𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = 5
3
5 =125 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = 3
−2
1 1
7 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 = −2
49 49
3 log 1000 = 3
10 = 1000
2 2 4 4
( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 2
3 9 3 9
2
𝑒 =𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 2
3 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑
(−2) = 1000 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚
Write logarithmic equation in exponential form.
log 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑛
10 = 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4 4
3 = 81
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 5 = 2 ( 5) =2
𝑎
ln 8 = a 𝑒 =8
Examples: a. What exponent of 3
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 will give 27?
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 =3
𝑥
3 = 27
𝑥 3
3 =3
𝑥=3
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32
a. What exponent of 2
will give 32?
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 = 5
Examples: a. What exponent of 5
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625 will give 625?
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625 = 4
𝑥
5 = 625
𝑥 4
5 =5
𝑥 =4
Properties of Logarithm
➢ Let b and x be real number such that b>
0 and b ≠ 1.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 is the exponent of b that

gives 1
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 is the exponent of b
that gives 𝑏 𝑥
c. If x > 0 , 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 x is the exponent of b that
then 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 gives x, so when we get the
exponent of b, we should get x
0 and b ≠ 1.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 is the exponent of b that

gives 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
0 and b ≠ 1.
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 𝑥
is the exponent of b
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑥 that gives 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥 𝑏
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔5
125
=𝑥
1
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 3 = 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 = 𝑥 5
−3
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (5 ) = 𝑥
0 and b ≠ 1.
c. If x > 0 , 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 x is the exponent of b that
gives x, so when we get the
then 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 exponent of b, we should get x
5𝑙𝑜𝑔52 = 𝑥 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 = 2
Laws of Logarithm
➢ Let b> 0, b≠ 1 and let n € R. For x >0, y >
0 then:
Logarithm of a Product 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚

𝒙
Logarithm of a Quotient 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
𝒚
Logarithm of a Power 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙

Laws of Logarithm
0 then:
Logarithm of a Product 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 . 𝟕𝟖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟖
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙

Laws of Logarithm
0 then:
𝒙
Logarithm of a Quotient 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚
𝒚
𝟒𝟗
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟒𝟗 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟕
𝟕
𝟐𝟒
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟏𝟎 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟐𝟒 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟐𝟏𝟎
𝟐
Laws of Logarithm
0 then:
𝒏
Logarithm of a Power 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟓𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕
𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟔 = 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟔
Solving Logarithmic Equations
One-to-One Property of Logarithm

For any logarithmic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, if
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑣, then 𝑢 = 𝑣.
Zero Factor Property

If 𝑎𝑏 = 0 then 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑏 = 0.
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 10
2𝑥 = 10 One to one property
𝑥=5
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2𝑥 − 1 = 2
2𝑥 − 1 = 32 Change to exponential form
2𝑥 − 1 = 9
2𝑥 = 9 + 1
2𝑥 = 10
𝑥=5
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 16 = 2
2
𝑥 = 16
2
𝑥 − 16 = 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = −4, 4
Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
Given the logarithmic expression, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥,
If 0 < 𝑏 < 1,then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 > 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2.
If 𝑏 > 1,then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2.

Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥≤3 5
𝑥 ≤ 243
0 < 𝑥 ≤ 243
(0, 243]
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 ≥ 6
6
𝑥≥4
𝑥 ≥ 4069
[4096, ∞)
Examples:
𝑙𝑜𝑔6 (𝑥 + 8) ≤ 2
2
(𝑥 + 8) ≤ 6 −8
𝑥 + 8 = 0 (𝑥 + 8) ≤ 36
𝑥 = −8 𝑥 ≤ 28
−8 < 𝑥 ≤ 28
(−8, 28]
Graphing Logarithmic Function
Examples: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥.
𝑦
𝑥 = 2−2
x 𝟏 𝟏 1 2 4 𝑥= 2
𝟒 𝟐 1
𝑥= 2
y -2 -1 0 1 2 2
1
𝑥=
4
𝒙
Graph the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 .
𝒙
Graph the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 .
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 x= 𝟐𝒚

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Logarithm

➢ from the word “logos” means ratio and

➢ it is an exponent or power to which a

In both exponential and logarithmic forms, b is the

In logarithmic form, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 a cannot be negative.

The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 , can be negative.

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 is the exponent of b that

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 is the exponent of b that

Logarithm of a Product 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚

Logarithm of a Power 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙

Logarithm of a Product 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒚

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 . 𝟕𝟖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟖

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙

One-to-One Property of Logarithm

Zero Factor Property

Given the logarithmic expression, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥,

If 𝑏 > 1,then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥1 < 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥2.

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