CH 1 Viscous Fluid Flow Part 2

Fluid Mechanics II
(BDA 30203)
Chapter 1: Viscous Flow in Pipes
Part 2
Fully Developed Pipe Flow
• Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow
There are some major differences between laminar and turbulent
fully developed pipe flows
Laminar
• Re ≤ 2100
• Can be solved exactly
• Flow is steady
• Velocity profile is parabolic
• Pipe roughness not important
It turns out that V = 1/2Vc and u(r)= 2V (1 - r2/R2)

Turbulent
• Re  4000
• Cannot solve exactly (too complex)
• Flow is unsteady (3D swirling eddies), but it is steady in the mean
• Mean velocity profile is fuller (shape more like a top-hat profile,
with very sharp slope at the wall)
• Pipe roughness is very important
• Vavg 85% of Umax (depends on Re a bit)
• No analytical solution, but there are some good semi-empirical
expressions that approximate the velocity profile shape.
Instantaneous
Importance of turbulent flow profiles
• mixing process
• heat and mass transfer process
Wall-shear stress
• Recall, for simple shear flows u=u(y), we had

 =  du/dy
• In fully developed pipe flow, it turns out that
 =  du/dr
Laminar Turbulent
w w
w = shear stress at the wall,

acting on the fluid w,turb > w,lam
• Laminar shear stress is dominant near the pipe wall and the
turbulent shear stress dominates the flow at center of pipe.
• The region where laminar shear force dominates is called

the viscous sublayer or the viscous wall layer.
• The region where turbulent shear force dominates is called

the outer turbulent layer or simply the outer layer.
• There is also a region where both laminar and turbulent

shear are important. This region is called the overlap region.
• The character of each layers such as their velocity is

different, so we need different equations to describe them
5
Turbulent Velocity Profile
Velocity profile for viscous sub-layer

(1.16)
where ū = time average velocity

y = distance measured from wall = R – r
u* = friction velocity = (τw /)1/2
 = kinematic viscosity
This equation is called the Law of Wall which is valid
only near a smooth wall for 0 ≤ yu*/ ≤ 5
6
Velocity profile for overlap region
(1.17)
where 2.5 and 5.0 are constants determined by

experiments
For the outer layer, the Power Law is used from the
following expression.
(1.18)
7
The relationship between average velocity, V, volume flowrate, Q, and centerline
velocity, VC can be obtained by integrating the power law velocity profile.
Q =  ū A
Q =  Vc [1 – (r/R)]1/n A
Q =  Vc [1 – (r/R)]1/n 2πr r
Q = 2πR2 Vc n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)] (1.19)
since Q = πR2V
πR2V/ πR2 Vc = 2n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]
V/Vc = 2n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)]
V = 2n2Vc /[(n + 1)(2n + 1)] (1.20)
8
Example 1.4
Water at 200 C (ρ = 998 kg/m3 , and ν = 1 x 10−6 m2/s flows through a horizontal
pipe of D = 0.1 m diameter with a flowrate of Q = 4 x 10−2 m3/s and a pressure
gradient of ∆p/l = 2.59kPa/m.
a) Determine the approximate thickness of the viscous sub-layer.
b) Determine the approximate centerline velocity, Vc using the power– law
velocity profile theory.
c) Determine the ratio of the turbulent to laminar shear stress, τturb /τlam at
a point midway between the centerline and the pipe wall.
9
Solution:
10
11
12
Head Loss
Energy equation for steady incompressible flow in horizontal pipes,
p1/ g + 1v12/2g + z1 = p2 / g + 2v22/2g + z2 + hL+ w - q
where hL = head loss

w = turbine head
q = pump head
Head loss
• major loss (due to friction)
• minor loss (due to fittings)
13
Pressure drop
• There is a direct connection between the pressure drop in a pipe and the shear
stress at the wall
• Consider a horizontal pipe, fully developed, and incompressible flow
• Let’s apply conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to this CV

▪ Conservation of Mass
▪ Conservation of x-momentum
Terms cancel since 1 = 2

and V1 = V2
• Thus, x-momentum reduces to
or
• Energy equation (in head form)
cancel (horizontal pipe)

Velocity terms cancel again because V1 = V2, and 1 = 2 (shape not changing)
hL = irreversible head
loss & it is felt as a pressure
drop in the pipe
• From momentum CV analysis
• From energy CV analysis
• Equating the two gives
• To predict head loss, we need to be able to calculate w. How?

• Laminar flow: solve exactly
• Turbulent flow: rely on empirical data (experiments)
• In either case, we can benefit from dimensional analysis!
Friction Factor
• w = fun ( V, , D, )  = average roughness of the
inside wall of the pipe
• -analysis gives
• Now go back to equation for hL and substitute f for w
• Our problem is now reduced to solving for Darcy friction factor f

• Recall But for laminar flow, roughness does
not affect the flow unless it is huge
• Therefore
• Laminar flow: f = 64/Re (exact)
• Turbulent flow: Use charts or empirical equations (Moody Chart, a famous plot
of f vs. Re and /D,)
• Moody chart was developed for circular pipes, but can be used for non-circular pipes
using hydraulic diameter
• Colebrook equation is a curve-fit of the data which is convenient for computations.
Implicit equation for f which can be solved

using the root-finding algorithm in EES
• Both Moody chart and Colebrook equation are accurate to ±15% due to roughness
size, experimental error, curve fitting of data, etc.
Non-Circular Conduits
Hydraulic Radius
RH = Area/ Circumference
Circle cross section area

RH = [πD2/4]/πD
= D/4
D = 4 RH
Therefore
L 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = f
D 2g
L 𝑉2
Air Conditioner Ducting System
=f
4 RH 2 g
 /D =  /4 RH
 v D /µ =4 v RH /µ
Types of Fluid Flow Problems
In design and analysis of piping systems, 3 problem types are encountered
1. Determine p (or hL) given L, D, V (or flow rate)
Can be solved directly using Moody chart and Colebrook equation
2. Determine V, given L, D, p
3. Determine D, given L, p, V (or flow rate)
Types 2 and 3 are common engineering design problems, i.e., selection of pipe
diameters to minimize construction and pumping costs
However, iterative approach required since both V and D are in the Reynolds
number.
Example 1.5
Water with a viscosity of µ = 1.545 x 10-3 kg.s/m and density  = 998 kg/m3
is flowing through 0.003 m diameter 9 m long horizontal pipe steadily at an
average velocity of 0.9 m/s. Determine
a) the head loss
b) the pressure drop
c) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop.
Solution:
a) head loss?
Re =  vD/µ
= 998(0.9)(0.003)/ 1.545 × 10-3
= 1744 ( 2100, laminar flow)
24
for laminar flow
f = 64/Re
= 64/1744 = 0.0367
and hL = f(l/D)(v2/2g)
= (0.0367)(9/0.003)[0.92/2(9.81)] = 4.545 m
b) for laminar flow
p/ g = (64/Re)(l/D)(v2/2g)
p = (64/Re)(l/D)(  v2/2)
= 0.0367(9/0.003)[998(0.92)/2]
= 44.5 kPa
c) Power, P =  g Q hL
and p/ g = hL
Therefore P = Qp
= 0.9π(0.0032/4)(44500)
= 0.283 W
25
Example 1.6
Water at 10°C (ρ=999.7 kg/m3 and μ=1.307×10-3 kg/m·s) is flowing

steadily in a 0.20-cm-diameter, 15-m-long pipe at an average velocity
of 1.2 m/s. Determine
(a) the pressure drop,
(b) the head loss, and
(c) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure
drop.
Solution:
First we need to determine the flow regime (Reynolds number)
Therefore, the flow is laminar

Then:
(a)
Thank You
29

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Fluid Mechanics II

Chapter 1: Viscous Flow in Pipes

It turns out that V = 1/2Vc and u(r)= 2V (1 - r2/R2)

• Recall, for simple shear flows u=u(y), we had

w = shear stress at the wall,

• The region where laminar shear force dominates is called

• The region where turbulent shear force dominates is called

• There is also a region where both laminar and turbulent

• The character of each layers such as their velocity is

Velocity profile for viscous sub-layer

where ū = time average velocity

where 2.5 and 5.0 are constants determined by

Q = 2πR2 Vc n2/[(n + 1)(2n + 1)] (1.19)

V = 2n2Vc /[(n + 1)(2n + 1)] (1.20)

p1/ g + 1v12/2g + z1 = p2 / g + 2v22/2g + z2 + hL+ w - q

where hL = head loss

• Let’s apply conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to this CV

Terms cancel since 1 = 2

• Energy equation (in head form)

cancel (horizontal pipe)

• From energy CV analysis

• Equating the two gives

• To predict head loss, we need to be able to calculate w. How?

• Our problem is now reduced to solving for Darcy friction factor f

Implicit equation for f which can be solved

Circle cross section area

Water at 10°C (ρ=999.7 kg/m3 and μ=1.307×10-3 kg/m·s) is flowing

Therefore, the flow is laminar

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