Software Engineering

Architectural CS-303
Design

Lecture # 18,19,20
17,18, 19 March

Rubab Jaffar
[email protected]
 Topics covered
• Architectural design decisions
• Architectural views
• Architectural patterns
• Application architectures

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 Architectural Design
• Architectural design is concerned with
understanding how a software system should be
organized and designing the overall structure of
that system.
• Architectural design is the critical link between
design and requirements engineering, as it identifies
the main structural components in a system and the
relationships between them.
• The output of the architectural design process is an
architectural model that describes how the system
is organized as a set of communicating
components.

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 Agility and Architecture
• It is generally accepted that an early stage of agile
processes is to design an overall systems
architecture.
• Refactoring the system architecture is usually
expensive because it affects so many components
in the system

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 Architectural Abstraction
• Architecture in the small is concerned with the
architecture of individual programs. At this level, we
are concerned with the way that an individual
program is decomposed into components.
• Architecture in the large is concerned with the
architecture of complex enterprise systems that
include other systems, programs, and program
components. These enterprise systems are
distributed over different computers, which may be
owned and managed by different companies.

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 Advantages of Explicit
Architecture
• Stakeholder communication
o Architecture may be used as a focus of discussion by system stakeholders.
• System analysis
o Means that analysis of whether the system can meet its non-functional
requirements is possible.
• Large-scale reuse
o The architecture may be reusable across a range of systems
o Product-line architectures may be developed.

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 Architectural
Representations
• Simple, informal block diagrams showing entities
and relationships are the most frequently used
method for documenting software architectures.
• But these have been criticised because they lack
semantics, do not show the types of relationships
between entities nor the visible properties of entities
in the architecture.
• Depends on the use of architectural models. The
requirements for model semantics depends on how
the models are used.

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 Box and Line Diagrams
• Very abstract - they do not show the nature of
component relationships nor the externally visible
properties of the sub-systems.
• However, useful for communication with
stakeholders and for project planning.

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The Architecture of a Packing
Robot Control System

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 Use of Architectural
Models
• As a way of facilitating discussion about the system
design
o A high-level architectural view of a system is useful for communication
with system stakeholders and project planning because it is not cluttered
with detail. Stakeholders can relate to it and understand an abstract view
of the system. They can then discuss the system as a whole without being
confused by detail.

• As a way of documenting an architecture that has

been designed
o The aim here is to produce a complete system model that shows the
different components in a system, their interfaces and their connections.

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 Architectural Design
Decisions

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 Architectural Design
Decisions
• Architectural design is a creative process so the
process differs depending on the type of system
being developed.
• However, a number of common decisions span all
design processes and these decisions affect the
non-functional characteristics of the system.

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 Architectural Design
Decisions

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 Architecture Reuse
• Systems in the same domain often have similar
architectures that reflect domain concepts.
• Application product lines are built around a core
architecture with variants that satisfy particular
customer requirements.
• The architecture of a system may be designed
around one of more architectural patterns or
‘styles’.
o These capture the essence of an architecture and can be instantiated in
different ways.

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 Architecture and System
Characteristics
• Performance
o Localise critical operations and minimise communications. Use
large rather than fine-grain components.
• Security
o Use a layered architecture with critical assets in the inner
layers.
• Safety
o Localise safety-critical features in a small number of sub-
systems.
• Availability
o Include redundant components and mechanisms for fault
tolerance.
• Maintainability
o Use fine-grain, replaceable components.

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 Architectural Views

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 Architectural Views
• What views or perspectives are useful when
designing and documenting a system’s
architecture?
• What notations should be used for describing
architectural models?
• Each architectural model only shows one view or
perspective of the system.
o It might show how a system is decomposed into modules, how the run-
time processes interact or the different ways in which system components
are distributed across a network. For both design and documentation,
you usually need to present multiple views of the software architecture.

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 Architectural Views

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 4 + 1 view Model of
Software Architecture
• A logical view, which shows the key abstractions in
the system as objects or object classes.
• A process view, which shows how, at run-time, the
system is composed of interacting processes.
• A development view, which shows how the
software is decomposed for development.
• A physical view, which shows the system hardware
and how software components are distributed
across the processors in the system.
• Related using use cases or scenarios (+1)

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 Representing
Architectural Views
• Some people argue that the Unified Modeling
Language (UML) is an appropriate notation for
describing and documenting system architectures
• I disagree with this as I do not think that the UML
includes abstractions appropriate for high-level
system description.
• Architectural description languages (ADLs) have
been developed but are not widely used

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 Architectural Patterns

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 Architectural Patterns
• Patterns are a means of representing, sharing and
reusing knowledge.
• An architectural pattern is a stylized description of
good design practice, which has been tried and
tested in different environments.
• Patterns should include information about when
they are and when the are not useful.
• Patterns may be represented using tabular and
graphical descriptions.

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 The Model-View-
Controller (MVC) Pattern
Name MVC (Model-View-Controller)

Description Separates presentation and interaction from the system data. The system is
structured into three logical components that interact with each other. The
Model component manages the system data and associated operations on
that data. The View component defines and manages how the data is
presented to the user. The Controller component manages user interaction
(e.g., key presses, mouse clicks, etc.) and passes these interactions to the
View and the Model. See Figure 6.3.
Example Figure 6.4 shows the architecture of a web-based application system
organized using the MVC pattern.
When used Used when there are multiple ways to view and interact with data. Also used
when the future requirements for interaction and presentation of data are
unknown.
Advantages Allows the data to change independently of its representation and vice versa.
Supports presentation of the same data in different ways with changes made
in one representation shown in all of them.
Disadvantages Can involve additional code and code complexity when the data model and
interactions are simple.

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 The Organization of the
Model-View-Controller

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Web Application Architecture
using the MVC Pattern

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 Layered Architecture
• Used to model the interfacing of sub-systems.
• Organises the system into a set of layers (or abstract
machines) each of which provide a set of services.
• Supports the incremental development of sub-
systems in different layers. When a layer interface
changes, only the adjacent layer is affected.
• However, often artificial to structure systems in this
way.

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The Layered Architecture
Pattern
Name Layered architecture

Description Organizes the system into layers with related functionality

associated with each layer. A layer provides services to the layer
above it so the lowest-level layers represent core services that
are likely to be used throughout the system. See Figure 6.6.
Example A layered model of a system for sharing copyright documents
held in different libraries, as shown in Figure 6.7.
When used Used when building new facilities on top of existing systems;
when the development is spread across several teams with each
team responsibility for a layer of functionality; when there is a
requirement for multi-level security.
Advantages Allows replacement of entire layers so long as the interface is
maintained. Redundant facilities (e.g., authentication) can be
provided in each layer to increase the dependability of the
system.
Disadvantages In practice, providing a clean separation between layers is often
difficult and a high-level layer may have to interact directly with
lower-level layers rather than through the layer immediately
below it. Performance can be a problem because of multiple
levels of interpretation of a service request as it is processed at
each layer.

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 A Generic Layered
Architecture

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 The Architecture of the
LIBSYS System

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 The Architecture of the
iLearn System

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 Repository Architecture
• Sub-systems must exchange data. This may be
done in two ways:
o Shared data is held in a central database or repository and may be
accessed by all sub-systems;
o Each sub-system maintains its own database and passes data explicitly to
other sub-systems.
• When large amounts of data are to be shared, the
repository model of sharing is most commonly used
a this is an efficient data sharing mechanism.

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 The Repository Pattern
Name Repository

Description All data in a system is managed in a central repository that is

accessible to all system components. Components do not
interact directly, only through the repository.
Example Figure 6.9 is an example of an IDE where the components use
a repository of system design information. Each software tool
generates information which is then available for use by other
tools.
When used You should use this pattern when you have a system in which
large volumes of information are generated that has to be
stored for a long time. You may also use it in data-driven
systems where the inclusion of data in the repository triggers
an action or tool.
Advantages Components can be independent—they do not need to know
of the existence of other components. Changes made by one
component can be propagated to all components. All data can
be managed consistently (e.g., backups done at the same
time) as it is all in one place.
Disadvantages The repository is a single point of failure so problems in the
repository affect the whole system. May be inefficiencies in
organizing all communication through the repository.
Distributing the repository across several computers may be
difficult.
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A Repository Architecture
for an IDE

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Client-server Architecture
• Distributed system model which shows how data
and processing is distributed across a range of
components.
o Can be implemented on a single computer.
• Set of stand-alone servers which provide specific
services such as printing, data management, etc.
• Set of clients which call on these services.
• Network which allows clients to access servers.

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The Client–server Pattern
Name Client-server

Description In a client–server architecture, the functionality of the system is

organized into services, with each service delivered from a
separate server. Clients are users of these services and access
servers to make use of them.
Example Figure 6.11 is an example of a film and video/DVD library organized
as a client–server system.
When used Used when data in a shared database has to be accessed from a
range of locations. Because servers can be replicated, may also be
used when the load on a system is variable.
Advantages The principal advantage of this model is that servers can be
distributed across a network. General functionality (e.g., a printing
service) can be available to all clients and does not need to be
implemented by all services.
Disadvantages Each service is a single point of failure so susceptible to denial of
service attacks or server failure. Performance may be unpredictable
because it depends on the network as well as the system. May be
management problems if servers are owned by different
organizations.

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A Client–server Architecture
for a film Library

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 Pipe and Filter
Architecture
• Functional transformations process their inputs to
produce outputs.
• May be referred to as a pipe and filter model (as in
UNIX shell).
• Variants of this approach are very common. When
transformations are sequential, this is a batch
sequential model which is extensively used in data
processing systems.
• Not really suitable for interactive systems.

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 The Pipe and Filter
Pattern
Name Pipe and filter

Description The processing of the data in a system is organized so that each

processing component (filter) is discrete and carries out one type of
data transformation. The data flows (as in a pipe) from one component
to another for processing.
Example Figure 6.13 is an example of a pipe and filter system used for
processing invoices.
When used Commonly used in data processing applications (both batch- and
transaction-based) where inputs are processed in separate stages to
generate related outputs.
Advantages Easy to understand and supports transformation reuse. Workflow style
matches the structure of many business processes. Evolution by
adding transformations is straightforward. Can be implemented as
either a sequential or concurrent system.
Disadvantages The format for data transfer has to be agreed upon between
communicating transformations. Each transformation must parse its
input and unparse its output to the agreed form. This increases system
overhead and may mean that it is impossible to reuse functional
transformations that use incompatible data structures.

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 An example of the pipe and filter
architecture used in a payments system

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Application Architectures

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Application Architectures
• Application systems are designed to meet an
organisational need.
• As businesses have much in common, their
application systems also tend to have a common
architecture that reflects the application
requirements.
• A generic application architecture is an
architecture for a type of software system that may
be configured and adapted to create a system
that meets specific requirements.

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 Use of Application
Architectures
• As a starting point for architectural design.
• As a design checklist.
• As a way of organising the work of the
development team.
• As a means of assessing components for reuse.
• As a vocabulary for talking about application types.

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 Examples of Application
Types
• Data processing applications
o Data driven applications that process data in batches without explicit
user intervention during the processing.

• Transaction processing applications

o Data-centred applications that process user requests and update
information in a system database.

• Event processing systems

o Applications where system actions depend on interpreting events from
the system’s environment.

• Language processing systems

o Applications where the users’ intentions are specified in a formal
language that is processed and interpreted by the system.

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 Application Type
Examples
• Two very widely used generic application
architectures are transaction processing systems and
language processing systems.
• Transaction processing systems
o E-commerce systems;
o Reservation systems.
• Language processing systems
o Compilers;
o Command interpreters.

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 Transaction Processing
Systems
• Process user requests for information from a
database or requests to update the database.
• From a user perspective a transaction is:
o Any coherent sequence of operations that satisfies a goal;
o For example - find the times of flights from London to Paris.
• Users make asynchronous requests for service which
are then processed by a transaction manager.

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The Structure of Transaction
Processing applications

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The Software Architecture
of an ATM System

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 Information Systems
Architecture
• Information systems have a generic architecture
that can be organised as a layered architecture.
• These are transaction-based systems as interaction
with these systems generally involves database
transactions.
• Layers include:
o The user interface
o User communications
o Information retrieval
o System database

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 Layered Information
System Architecture

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 The Architecture of the
Mentcare System

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 Web-based Information
Systems
• Information and resource management systems are
now usually web-based systems where the user
interfaces are implemented using a web browser.
• For example, e-commerce systems are Internet-
based resource management systems that accept
electronic orders for goods or services and then
arrange delivery of these goods or services to the
customer.
• In an e-commerce system, the application-specific
layer includes additional functionality supporting a
‘shopping cart’ in which users can place a number
of items in separate transactions, then pay for them
all together in a single transaction.
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 Server Implementation
• These systems are often implemented as multi-tier
client server/architectures (discussed in Chapter 17)
o The web server is responsible for all user communications, with the user
interface implemented using a web browser;
o The application server is responsible for implementing application-specific
logic as well as information storage and retrieval requests;
o The database server moves information to and from the database and
handles transaction management.

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 Language Processing
Systems
• Accept a natural or artificial language as input and
generate some other representation of that
language.
• May include an interpreter to act on the instructions in
the language that is being processed.
• Used in situations where the easiest way to solve a
problem is to describe an algorithm or describe the
system data

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 The Architecture of a
Language Processing System

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 Compiler Components
• A lexical analyzer, which takes input language
tokens and converts them to an internal form.
• A symbol table, which holds information about the
names of entities (variables, class names, object
names, etc.) used in the text that is being
translated.
• A syntax analyzer, which checks the syntax of the
language being translated.
• A syntax tree, which is an internal structure
representing the program being compiled.

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 Compiler Components
• A semantic analyzer that uses information from the
syntax tree and the symbol table to check the
semantic correctness of the input language text.
• A code generator that ‘walks’ the syntax tree and
generates abstract machine code.

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A Repository Architecture for
a Language Processing System

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 A Pipe and Filter
Compiler Architecture

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 That is all

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