Designation: F 1216 – 98 An American National Standard

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Practice for

Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the
Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated Tube1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to

1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the recon- Plastics3
struction of pipelines and conduits (4 to 108-in. diameter) by D 3839 Practice for Underground Installation of Fiberglass
the installation of a resin-impregnated, flexible tube which is (Glass–Fiber–Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe5
inverted into the existing conduit by use of a hydrostatic head F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems5
or air pressure. The resin is cured by circulating hot water or 2.2 AWWA Standard:
introducing controlled steam within the tube. When cured, the Manual on Cleaning and Lining Water Mains, M 286
finished pipe will be continuous and tight-fitting. This recon- 2.3 NASSCO Standard:
struction process can be used in a variety of gravity and Recommended Specifications for Sewer Collection System
pressure applications such as sanitary sewers, storm sewers, Rehabilitation7
process piping, electrical conduits, and ventilation systems. NOTE 1—An ASTM specification for cured-in-place pipe materials
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded appropriate for use in this standard is under preparation and will be
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for referenced in this practice when published.
information only.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F 412
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D 1600,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- unless otherwise specified.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descrip-
precautionary statements, see 7.4.2. tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cured-in-place pipe (CIPP)—a hollow cylinder con-
2. Referenced Documents taining a nonwoven or a woven material, or a combination of
2.1 ASTM Standards: nonwoven and woven material surrounded by a cured thermo-
D 543 Test Method for Resistance of Plastics to Chemical setting resin. Plastic coatings may be included. This pipe is
Reagents3 formed within an existing pipe. Therefore, it takes the shape of
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics3 and fits tightly to the existing pipe.
D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced 3.2.2 inversion—the process of turning the resin-
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi- impregnated tube inside out by the use of water pressure or air
als3 pressure.
D 903 Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhe- 3.2.3 lift—a portion of the CIPP that has cured in a position
sive Bonds4 such that it has pulled away from the existing pipe wall.
4. Significance and Use
1
4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers,
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67on Trench- regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations who
less Plastic Pipeline Technology. are involved in the rehabilitation of conduits through the use of
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published March 1999. Originally a resin-impregnated tube inverted through the existing conduit.
published as F 1216 – 89. Last previous edition F 1216 – 93.
2
The following report has been published on one of the processes: Driver, F. T.,
and Olson, M. R., “Demonstration of Sewer Relining by the Insituform Process,
5
Northbrook, Illinois,” EPA-600/2-83-064, Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
6
Interested parties can obtain copies from the Environmental Protection Agency or Available from the American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincey Ave,
from a local technical library. Denver, CO 80235.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Available from the National Association of Sewer Service Companies, 101
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06. Wymore Rd., Suite 501, Altamonte, FL 32714.

1
 F 1216
As for any practice, modifications may be required for specific 7.1.3 Inspection of Pipelines—Inspection of pipelines
job conditions. should be performed by experienced personnel trained in
locating breaks, obstacles, and service connections by closed-
5. Materials circuit television or man entry. The interior of the pipeline
5.1 Tube—The tube should consist of one or more layers of should be carefully inspected to determine the location of any
flexible needled felt or an equivalent nonwoven or woven conditions that may prevent proper installation of the impreg-
material, or a combination of nonwoven and woven materials, nated tube, such as protruding service taps, collapsed or
capable of carrying resin, withstanding installation pressures crushed pipe, and reductions in the cross-sectional area of more
and curing temperatures. The tube should be compatible with than 40 %. These conditions should be noted so that they can
the resin system used. The material should be able to stretch to be corrected.
fit irregular pipe sections and negotiate bends. The outside 7.1.4 Line Obstructions—The original pipeline should be
layer of the tube should be plastic coated with a material that clear of obstructions such as solids, dropped joints, protruding
is compatible with the resin system used. The tube should be service connections, crushed or collapsed pipe, and reductions
fabricated to a size that, when installed, will tightly fit the in the cross-sectional area of more than 40 % that will prevent
internal circumference and the length of the original conduit. the insertion of the resin-impregnated tube. If inspection
Allowance should be made for circumferential stretching reveals an obstruction that cannot be removed by conventional
during inversion. sewer cleaning equipment, then a point repair excavation
5.2 Resin—A general purpose, unsaturated, styrene-based, should be made to uncover and remove or repair the obstruc-
thermoset resin and catalyst system or an epoxy resin and tion.
hardener that is compatible with the inversion process should 7.2 Resin Impregnation—The tube should be vacuum-
be used. The resin must be able to cure in the presence of water impregnated with resin (wet-out) under controlled conditions.
and the initiation temperature for cure should be less than The volume of resin used should be sufficient to fill all voids in
180°F (82.2°C). The CIPP system can be expected to have as the tube material at nominal thickness and diameter. The
a minimum the initial structural properties given in Table 1. volume should be adjusted by adding 5 to 10 % excess resin for
These physical strength properties should be determined in the change in resin volume due to polymerization and to allow
accordance with Section 8. for any migration of resin into the cracks and joints in the
original pipe.
6. Design Considerations
7.3 Bypassing—If bypassing of the flow is required around
6.1 General Guidelines—The design thickness of the CIPP the sections of pipe designated for reconstruction, the bypass
is largely a function of the condition of the existing pipe. should be made by plugging the line at a point upstream of the
Design equations and details are given in Appendix X1. pipe to be reconstructed and pumping the flow to a downstream
point or adjacent system. The pump and bypass lines should be
7. Installation
of adequate capacity and size to handle the flow. Services
7.1 Cleaning and Inspection: within this reach will be temporarily out of service.
7.1.1 Prior to entering access areas such as manholes, and 7.3.1 Public advisory services will be required to notify all
performing inspection or cleaning operations, an evaluation of parties whose service laterals will be out of commission and to
the atmosphere to determine the presence of toxic or flammable advise against water usage until the mainline is back in service.
vapors or lack of oxygen must be undertaken in accordance
7.4 Inversion:
with local, state, or federal safety regulations.
7.4.1 Using Hydrostatic Head—The wet-out tube should be
7.1.2 Cleaning of Pipeline—All internal debris should be
inserted through an existing manhole or other approved access
removed from the original pipeline. Gravity pipes should be
by means of an inversion process and the application of a
cleaned with hydraulically powered equipment, high-velocity
hydrostatic head sufficient to fully extend it to the next
jet cleaners, or mechanically powered equipment (see
designated manhole or termination point. The tube should be
NASSCO Recommended Specifications for Sewer Collection
inserted into the vertical inversion standpipe with the imper-
System Rehabilitation). Pressure pipelines should be cleaned
meable plastic membrane side out. At the lower end of the
with cable-attached devices or fluid-propelled devices as
inversion standpipe, the tube should be turned inside out and
shown in AWWA Manual on Cleaning and Lining Water
attached to the standpipe so that a leakproof seal is created. The
Mains, M 28.
inversion head should be adjusted to be of sufficient height to
cause the impregnated tube to invert from point of inversion to
TABLE 1 CIPP Initial Structural PropertiesA
point of termination and hold the tube tight to the pipe wall,
Property Test Method Minimum Value
producing dimples at side connections. Care should be taken
during the inversion so as not to over-stress the felt fiber.
psi (MPa)
7.4.1.1 An alternative method of installation is a top inver-
Flexural strength D 790 4 500 (31)
Flexural modulus D 790 250 000 (1 724)
sion. In this case, the tube is attached to a top ring and is
Tensile strength (for D 638 3 000 (21) inverted to form a standpipe from the tube itself or another
pressure pipes method accepted by the engineer.
only)
A
The values in Table 1 are for field inspection. The purchaser should consult the NOTE 2—The tube manufacturer should provide information on the
manufacturer for the long-term structural properties. maximum allowable tensile stress for the tube.

2
 F 1216
7.4.2 Using Air Pressure—The wet-out tube should be resin manufacturer, during which time the recirculation of the
inserted through an existing manhole or other approved access water and cycling of the boiler to maintain the temperature
by means of an inversion process and the application of air continues. The curing of the CIPP must take into account the
pressure sufficient to fully extend it to the next designated existing pipe material, the resin system, and ground conditions
manhole or termination point. The tube should be connected by (temperature, moisture level, and thermal conductivity of soil).
an attachment at the upper end of the guide chute so that a 7.6.2 Using Steam—After inversion is completed, suitable
leakproof seal is created and with the impermeable plastic steam-generating equipment is required to distribute steam
membranes side out. As the tube enters the guide chute, the throughout the pipe. The equipment should be capable of
tube should be turned inside out. The inversion air pressure delivering steam throughout the section to uniformly raise the
should be adjusted to be of sufficient pressure to cause the temperature within the pipe above the temperature required to
impregnated tube to invert from point of inversion to point of effect a cure of the resin. The temperature in the line during the
termination and hold the tube tight to the pipe wall, producing cure period should be as recommended by the resin manufac-
dimples at side connections. Care should be taken during the turer.
inversion so as not to overstress the woven and nonwoven 7.6.2.1 The steam-generating equipment should be fitted
materials. with a suitable monitor to gage the temperature of the outgoing
NOTE 3—Warning: Suitable precautions should be taken to eliminate steam. The temperature of the resin being cured should be
hazards to personnel in the proximity of the construction when pressurized monitored by placing gages between the impregnated tube and
air is being use. the existing pipe at both ends to determine the temperature
7.4.3 Required Pressures—Before the inversion begins, the during cure.
tube manufacturer shall provide the minimum pressure re- 7.6.2.2 Initial cure will occur during temperature heat-up
quired to hold the tube tight against the existing conduit, and and is completed when exposed portions of the new pipe
the maximum allowable pressure so as not to damage the tube. appear to be hard and sound and the remote temperature sensor
Once the inversion has started, the pressure shall be maintained indicates that the temperature is of a magnitude to realize an
between the minimum and maximum pressures until the exotherm or cure in the resin. After initial cure is reached, the
inversion has been completed. Should the pressure deviate temperature should be raised to post-cure temperatures recom-
from within the range of the minimum and maximum pres- mended by the resin manufacturer. The post-cure temperature
sures, the installed tube shall be removed from the existing should be held for a period as recommended by the resin
conduit. manufacturer, during which time the distribution and control of
7.5 Lubricant—The use of a lubricant during inversion is steam to maintain the temperature continues. The curing of the
recommended to reduce friction during inversion. This lubri- CIPP must take into account the existing pipe material, the
cant should be poured into the inversion water in the downtube resin system, and ground conditions (temperature, moisture
or applied directly to the tube. The lubricant used should be a level, and thermal conductivity of soil).
nontoxic, oil-based product that has no detrimental effects on 7.6.3 Required Pressures—Before the curing begins, the
the tube or boiler and pump system, will not support the growth pressure required to hold the flexible tube tight against the
of bacteria, and will not adversely affect the fluid to be existing conduit shall be provided by the tube manufacturer.
transported. Once the cure has started and dimpling for laterals is com-
7.6 Curing: pleted, the required pressure shall be maintained until the cure
7.6.1 Using Circulating Heated Water—After inversion is has been completed. Should the pressure deviate more than 2.3
completed, a suitable heat source and water recirculation ft of water (1 psi) from the required pressure, the installed tube
equipment are required to circulate heated water throughout the shall be removed from the existing conduit. If required by the
pipe. The equipment should be capable of delivering hot water owner, a continuous log of pressure during cure shall be
throughout the section to uniformly raise the water temperature maintained.
above the temperature required to effect a cure of the resin. 7.7 Cool-Down:
Water temperature in the line during the cure period should be 7.7.1 Using Cool Water After Heated Water Cure—The new
as recommended by the resin manufacturer. pipe should be cooled to a temperature below 100°F (38°C)
7.6.1.1 The heat source should be fitted with suitable before relieving the static head in the inversion standpipe.
monitors to gage the temperature of the incoming and outgoing Cool-down may be accomplished by the introduction of cool
water supply. Another such gage should be placed between the water into the inversion standpipe to replace water being
impregnated tube and the pipe invert at the termination to drained from a small hole made in the downstream end. Care
determine the temperatures during cure. should be taken in the release of the static head so that a
7.6.1.2 Initial cure will occur during temperature heat-up vacuum will not be developed that could damage the newly
and is completed when exposed portions of the new pipe installed pipe.
appear to be hard and sound and the remote temperature sensor 7.7.2 Using Cool Water After Steam Cure—The new pipe
indicates that the temperature is of a magnitude to realize an should be cooled to a temperature below 113°F (45°C) before
exotherm or cure in the resin. After initial cure is reached, the relieving the internal pressure within the section. Cool-down
temperature should be raised to the post-cure temperature may be accomplished by the introduction of cool water into the
recommended by the resin manufacturer. The post-cure tem- section to replace the mixture of air and steam being drained
perature should be held for a period as recommended by the from a small hole made in the downstream end. Care should be

3
 F 1216
taken in the release of the air pressure so that a vacuum will not of water or 4.3 psi (29.7 kPA) and the water level inside of the
be developed that could damage the newly installed pipe. inversion standpipe should be 2 ft (0.6 m) higher than the top
7.8 Workmanship—The finished pipe should be continuous of the pipe or 2 ft higher than the groundwater level, whichever
over the entire length of an inversion run and be free of dry is greater. The leakage quantity should be gaged by the water
spots, lifts, and delaminations. If these conditions are present, level in a temporary standpipe placed in the upstream plug. The
remove and replace the CIPP in these areas. test should be conducted for a minimum of one hour.
7.8.1 If the CIPP does not fit tightly against the original pipe NOTE 4—It is impractical to test pipes above 36-in. diameter for
at its termination point(s), the space between the pipes should leakage due to the technology available in the pipe rehabilitation industry.
be sealed by filling with a resin mixture compatible with the Post inspection of larger pipes will detect major leaks or blockages.
CIPP.
7.9 Service Connections—After the new pipe has been 8.3 Pressure Pipe Testing—If required by the owner in the
cured in place, the existing active service connections should contract documents or purchase order, pressure pipes should be
be reconnected. This should generally be done without exca- subjected to a hydrostatic pressure test. A recommended
vation, and in the case of non-man entry pipes, from the pressure and leakage test would be at twice the known working
interior of the pipeline by means of a television camera and a pressure or at the working pressure plus 50 psi, whichever is
remote-control cutting device. less. Hold this pressure for a period of two to three hours to
allow for stabilization of the CIPP. After this period, the
8. Inspection Practices pressure test will begin for a minimum of one hour. The
8.1 For each inversion length designated by the owner in the allowable leakage during the pressure test should be 20 U.S.
contract documents or purchase order, the preparation of two gallons per inch of internal pipe diameter per mile per day,
CIPP samples is required, one from each of the following two providing that all air has been evacuated from the line prior to
methods: testing and the CIPP has cooled down to ambient temperature.
8.1.1 The sample should be cut from a section of cured NOTE 5—The allowable leakage for gravity and pressure pipe testing is
CIPP at an intermediate manhole or at the termination point a function of water loss at the end seals and trapped air in the pipe.
that has been inverted through a like diameter pipe which has 8.4 Delamination Test—If required by the owner in the
been held in place by a suitable heat sink, such as sandbags. contract documents or purchase order, a delamination test
8.1.2 The sample should be fabricated from material taken should be performed on each inversion length specified. The
from the tube and the resin/catalyst system used and cured in CIPP samples should be prepared in accordance with 8.1.2,
a clamped mold placed in the downtube when circulating except that a portion of the tube material in the sample should
heated water is used and in the silencer when steam is used. be dry and isolated from the resin in order to separate tube
8.1.3 The samples for each of these cases should be large layers for testing. (Consult the tube manufacturer for further
enough to provide a minimum of three specimens and a information.) Delamination testing shall be in accordance with
recommended five specimens for flexural testing and also for Test Method D 903, with the following exceptions:
tensile testing, if applicable. The following test procedures 8.4.1 The rate of travel of the power-actuated grip shall be
should be followed after the sample is cured and removed. 1 in. (25 mm)/min.
8.1.3.1 Short-Term Flexural (Bending) Properties—The ini- 8.4.2 Five test specimens shall be tested for each inversion
tial tangent flexural modulus of elasticity and flexural stress specified.
should be measured for gravity and pressure pipe applications 8.4.3 The thickness of the test specimen shall be minimized,
in accordance with Test Methods D 790 and should meet the but should be sufficient to adequately test delamination of
requirements of Table 1. nonhomogeneous CIPP layers.
8.1.3.2 Tensile Properties—The tensile strength should be 8.5 The peel or stripping strength between any nonhomo-
measured for pressure pipe applications in accordance with geneous layers of the CIPP laminate should be a minimum of
Test Method D 638 and must meet the requirements of Table 1. 10 lb/in. (178.60 g/mm) of width for typical CIPP applications.
8.2 Gravity Pipe Leakage Testing—If required by the owner
in the contract documents or purchase order, gravity pipes NOTE 6—The purchaser may designate the dissimilar layers between
should be tested using an exfiltration test method where the which the delamination test will be conducted.
CIPP is plugged at both ends and filled with water. This test NOTE 7—For additional details on conducting the delamination test,
contact the CIPP contractor.
should take place after the CIPP has cooled down to ambient
temperature. This test is limited to pipe lengths with no service 8.6 Inspection and Acceptance—The installation may be
laterals and diameters of 36 in. or less. The allowable water inspected visually if appropriate, or by closed-circuit television
exfiltration for any length of pipe between termination points if visual inspection cannot be accomplished. Variations from
should not exceed 50 U.S. gallons per inch of internal pipe true line and grade may be inherent because of the conditions
diameter per mile per day, providing that all air has been bled of the original piping. No infiltration of groundwater should be
from the line. During exfiltration testing, the maximum internal observed. All service entrances should be accounted for and be
pipe pressure at the lowest end should not exceed 10 ft (3.0 m) unobstructed.

4
 F 1216
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

X1.1 Terminology:
X1.1.1 partially deteriorated pipe—the original pipe can N 5 factor of safety.
support the soil and surcharge loads throughout the design life NOTE X1.1—The choice of value (from manufacturer’s literature) of EL
of the rehabilitated pipe. The soil adjacent to the existing pipe will depend on the estimated duration of the application of the load, P, in
must provide adequate side support. The pipe may have relation to the design life of the structure. For example, if the total duration
longitudinal cracks and up to 10.0% distortion of the diameter. of the load, P, is estimated to be 50 years, either continuously applied, or
the sum of intermittent periods of loading, the appropriately conservative
If the distortion of the diameter is greater than 10.0%,
choice of value for EL will be that given for 50 years of continuous loading
alternative design methods are required (see Note 2). at the maximum ground or fluid temperature expected to be reached over
X1.1.2 fully deteriorated pipe—the original pipe is not the life of the structure.
structurally sound and cannot support soil and live loads nor is NOTE X1.2—If there is no groundwater above the pipe invert, the CIPP
expected to reach this condition over the design life of the should typically have a maximum SDR of 100, dependent upon design
rehabilitated pipe. This condition is evident when sections of conditions.
the original pipe are missing, the pipe has lost its original X1.2.1.1 If the original pipe is oval, the CIPP design from
shape, or the pipe has corroded due to the effects of the fluid, Eq X1.1 shall have a minimum thickness as calculated by the
atmosphere, soil, or applied loads. following formula:

X1.2 Gravity Pipe:

q
S q
D q
S sL
1.5 100 1 1 100 SDR 2 2 0.5 1 1 100 SDR 5 PN D
X1.2.1 Partially Deteriorated Gravity Pipe Condition—The
(X1.2)
CIPP is designed to support the hydraulic loads due to
groundwater, since the soil and surcharge loads can be sup- where:
ported by the original pipe. The groundwater level should be sL 5 long-term (time corrected) flexural strength for CIPP,
determined by the purchaser and the thickness of the CIPP psi (MPa) (see Note X1.5).
should be sufficient to withstand this hydrostatic pressure X1.2.1.2 See Table X1.1 for typical design calculations.
without collapsing. The following equation may be used to X1.2.2 Fully Deteriorated Gravity Pipe Condition—The
determine the thickness required: CIPP is designed to support hydraulic, soil, and live loads. The
2KEL 1 C groundwater level, soil type and depth, and live load should be
P5 · · (X1.1) determined by the purchaser, and the following equation
~1 2 n2! ~SDR 2 1!3 N
should be used to calculate the CIPP thickness required to
where: withstand these loads without collapsing:
P 5 groundwater load, psi (MPa),
C
K 5 enhancement factor of the soil and existing pipe qt 5 N @32RwB8 E8s ~ELI/D3!#1/2
adjacent to the new pipe (a minimum value of 7.0 is
recommended where there is full support of the (X1.3)
existing pipe),
EL 5 long-term (time corrected) modulus of elasticity for
CIPP, psi (MPa) (see Note X1.1), TABLE X1.1 Maximum Groundwater Loads for Partially
n 5 Poisson’s ratio (0.3 average), Deteriorated Gravity Pipe Condition
SDR 5 standard dimension ratio of CIPP,
C 5 ovality reduction factor 5 Diameter, in. Nominal CIPP CIPP Maximum Allowable Ground-
(Inside Thickness, Thickness, water LoadA (above invert)

SF GF GD
Diameter of mm t, in.
q q 2 3
Original Pipe) ft m
1 2 100 / 1 1 100
8 6 0.236 40.0 12.2
10 6 0.236 20.1 6.1
12 6 0.236 11.5 3.5
q 5 percentage ovality of original pipe 5 15 9 0.354 20.1 6.1
18 9 0.354 11.5 3.5
~Mean Inside Diameter 2 Minimum Inside Diameter! 18 12 0.472 27.8 8.5
100 3 Mean Inside Diameter 24 12 0.472 11.5 3.5
or 24 15 0.591 22.8 6.9
30 15 0.591 11.5 3.5
~Maximum Inside Diameter 2 Mean Inside Diameter! 30 18 0.709 20.1 6.1
100 3 Mean Inside Diameter A
Assumes K 5 7.0, E 5 125 000 psi (862 MPa) (50-year strength), n 5 0.30, C
and 5 0.64 (5 % ovality), and N 5 2.0

5
 F 1216

where: d 5 diameter of hole or opening in original pipe wall, in.

qt 5 total external pressure on pipe, psi (MPa), (mm),
Rw 5 water buoyancy factor (0.67 min) 5 1 − 0.33 (Hw/H), D 5 mean inside diameter of original pipe, in. (mm), and
Hw 5 height of water above top of pipe, ft (m) t 5 thickness of CIPP, in. (mm).
H 5
SD
height of soil above top of pipe, ft (m), 5.33 D 2 sL
B’ 5 coefficient of elastic support 5 1/(1 + 4e−0.065H) P5
~SDR 2 1!2 d N
inch-pound units, (1/(1 + 4e−0.213H) SI units
I 5 moment of inertia of CIPP, in.4/in. (mm4/mm) 5 (X1.5)
t3/12,
t 5 thickness of CIPP, in. (mm), where:
C 5 ovality reduction factor (see X1.2.1), SDR 5 standard dimension ratio of CIPP,
N 5 factor of safety, D 5 mean inside diameter of original pipe, in. (mm),
E8s 5 modulus of soil reaction, psi (MPa) (see Note X1.4), d 5 diameter of hole or opening in original pipe wall, in.
EL 5 long-term modulus of elasticity for CIPP, psi (MPa), (mm),
and sL 5 long-term (time corrected) flexural strength for
D 5 mean inside diameter of original pipe, in. (mm) CIPP, psi (MPa) (see Note X1.5), and
X1.2.2.1 The CIPP design from Eq X1.3 should have a N 5 factor of safety.
minimum thickness as calculated by the following formula:
NOTE X1.5—The choice of value (from manufacturer’s literature) of sL
EI E
5 $ 0.093 ~inch2pound units!, () will depend on the estimated duration of the application of the load, P, in
D3 12~SDR!3 relation to the design life of the structure. For example, if the total duration
or of the load, P, is estimated to be 50 years, either continuously applied, or
E the sum of intermittent periods of loading, the appropriately conservative
$ 0.00064 ~SI units! choice of value of sL will be that given for 50 years of continuous loading
12~SDR!3
at the maximum ground or fluid temperature expected to be reached over
the life of the structure.
where: X1.3.2 Fully Deteriorated Pressure Pipe Condition—A
E 5 initial modulus of elasticity, psi (MPa) CIPP to be installed in an underground condition is designed to
NOTE X1.3—Finite element analysis is an alternative design method for withstand all external loads and the full internal pressure. The
noncircular pipes. design thicknesses are calculated from Eq X1.1, Eq X1.3, Eq ,
NOTE X1.4—For definition of modulus of soil reaction, see Practice and Eq X1.6, and the largest thickness is selected. If the pipe
D 3839. is above ground, the CIPP is designed to withstand internal
X1.2.2.2 The minimum CIPP design thickness for a fully pressure only by using Eq X1.6.
deteriorated condition should also meet the requirements of Eq 2sTL
X1.1 and X1.2. P 5 ~SDR 2 2! N

X1.3 Pressure Pipe: (X1.6)

X1.3.1 Partially Deteriorated Pressure Condition—A CIPP
where:
installed in an existing underground pipe is designed to support
P 5 internal pressure, psi (MPa),
external hydrostatic loads due to groundwater as well as sTL 5 long-term (time corrected) tensile strength for CIPP,
withstand the internal pressure in spanning across any holes in psi (MPa) (see Note 12),
the original pipe wall. The results of Eq X1.1 are compared to SDR 5 standard dimension ratio of CIPP, and
those from Eq X1.5 or Eq X1.6, as directed by Eq X1.4, and N 5 factor of safety.
the largest of the thicknesses is selected. In an above-ground
design condition, the CIPP is designed to withstand the internal NOTE X1.6—The choice of value (from manufacturer’s literature) of
pressure only by using Eq X1.4-X1.6 as applicable. sTL will depend on the estimated duration of the application of the load,
X1.3.1.1 If the ratio of the hole in the original pipe wall to P, in relation to the design life of the structure. For example, if the total
duration of the load, P, is estimated to be 50 years, either continuously
the pipe diameter does not exceed the quantity shown in Eq applied, or the sum of intermittent periods of loading, the appropriately
X1.4, then the CIPP is assumed to be a circular flat plate fixed conservative choice of value of sTL will be that given for 50 years of
at the edge and subjected to transverse pressure only. In this continuous loading at the maximum ground or fluid temperature expected
case, Eq X1.5 is used for design. For holes larger than the d/D to be reached over the life of the structure.
value in Eq X1.4, the liner cannot be considered in flat plate
loading, but rather in ring tension or hoop stress, and Eq X1.6 X1.4 —Negative Pressure—Where the pipe is subject to a
is used. vacuum, the CIPP should be designed as a gravity pipe with the

SD
external hydrostatic pressure increased by an amount equal to
d t 1/2

D # 1.83 D
the negative pressure.
NOTE X1.7—Table X1.1 presents maximum groundwater loads for
(X1.4) partially deteriorated pipes for selected typical nominal pipe sizes. CIPP is
custom made to fit the original pipe and can be fabricated to a variety of
where: sizes from 4 to 96-in. diameter which would be impractical to list here.

6
 F 1216

X2. CHEMICAL-RESISTANCE TESTS

X2.1 Scope: TABLE X2.1 Minimum Chemical Resistance Requirements for

Domestic Sanitary Sewer Applications
X2.1.1 This appendix covers the test procedures for
chemical-resistance properties of CIPP. Minimum standards Chemical Solution Concentration, %
are presented for standard domestic sewer applications. Tap water (pH 6–9) 100
Nitric acid 5
X2.2 Procedure for Chemical-Resistance Testing: Phosphoric acid 10
Sulfuric acid 10
X2.2.1 Chemical resistance tests should be completed in Gasoline 100
accordance with Test Method D 543. Exposure should be for a Vegetable oil 100
minimum of one month at 73.4°F (23°C). During this period, Detergent 0.1
Soap 0.1
the CIPP test specimens should lose no more than 20 % of their
initial flexural strength and flexural modulus when tested in
accordance with Section 8 of this practice. X2.2.3 For applications other than standard domestic sew-
X2.2.2 Table X2.1 presents a list of chemical solutions that age, it is recommended that chemical-resistance tests be
serve as a recommended minimum requirement for the conducted with actual samples of the fluid flowing in the pipe.
chemical-resistant properties of CIPP in standard domestic These tests can also be accomplished by depositing CIPP test
sanitary sewer applications. specimens in the active pipe.

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