Vectors - The Dot Product and Cross Product of Two Vectors

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The key takeaways are the different vector operations covered including dot product, cross product, finding angles between vectors, direction cosines, projections, and the triple scalar product.

The dot product of two vectors can be calculated by multiplying their corresponding components and summing them. It can also be calculated using the formula: a·b = |a||b|cosθ, where θ is the angle between the vectors.

The angle between two vectors can be found using the dot product formula and calculating the inverse cosine of their dot product over the product of their magnitudes. Examples are also given to find the angle between vectors.

Vector

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Objectives
 The dot product of two vectors.

 Find the angle between two vectors using the


dot product.

 Find the direction cosines of a vector in space.

 Find the projection of a vector onto another


vector.
 Find the cross product of two vectors in space.

 Use the triple scalar product of three vectors in


space. 2
The Dot Product

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Example 15 – Finding Dot Products
Given , and , find each
of the following.

Solution:

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Example 15 – Solution cont’d

Notice that the result of part (b) is a vector quantity,


whereas the results of the other three parts are scalar
quantities.

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Angle Between Two Vectors

o o
If the angle θ (for 0 < θ < 180 ) between two vectors is
known, then

produces an alternative way to calculate the dot product.

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Angle Between Two Vectors

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Example 16 – Finding the Angle Between Two vectors

For u = 3, –1, 2 and v = –– 4, 0 ,2 ,


o o
find the angle θ between u and v for 0 < θ < 180

Solution:

o o
Because u . v < 0, and 0 < θ < 180 ,

so, the angle between u and v is

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Direction Cosines
In 3-D space, it is convenient to measure direction in terms
of the angles between the nonzero vector v and the three
unit vectors i, j, and k, and as shown below.

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Direction Cosines
The angles α , β and γ are the direction angles of v, and
cos α, cos β, and cos γ are the direction cosines of v.

Because

and

it follows that

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Direction Cosines
By similar reasoning with the unit vectors j and k, you have

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Example 17 – Finding Direction Angles
Find the direction cosines and angles for the vector
v = 2i + 3j + 4k, and
verify that cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1.

Solution:
Because

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Example 17 – Solution cont’d

And, the sum of the squares of the direction cosines is

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Projection
and
Vector Component

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Projections and Vector Components

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Figure 18
Projections and Vector Components

Then

When v is along the positive x-axis direction, =i


( )
And then, is the horizontal component ,

is the vertical component.


The scalar multiplier k is called the
(vector) component of u in the direction of v, as is a unit vector of v. 16
Example 19 – Finding a Vector Component of u Orthogonal to v

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11.4 The Cross Product
of Two Vectors in Space

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The Cross Product

Consider

– – – + + +

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The three vectors u, v and u × v form a right-handed system.
Example 22
Given u = i – 2j + k and v = 3i + j – 2k, find each of the
following.

a. u × v b. v × u c. v × v

Solution:

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Example 22 – Solution cont’d

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Algebraic Properties of The Cross Product

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Geometric Properties of The Cross Product

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The Cross Product
The three vectors u, v and u × v Both u × v and v × u are
work in a right-handed system. perpendicular to the
plane determined by u
and v.

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Example 23
Find a unit vector that is orthogonal to both
u = i – 4j + k and v = 2i + 3j.
Solution:

Consider

A unit vector orthogonal to both u and v is

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Application of The Cross Product
In physics, the cross product can be used to measure
torque — the moment M of a force F about a point P, as
shown in Figure 21. If the point of application of the
force is Q, the moment of F about P is given by

The magnitude of the moment M measures


the tendency of the vector to rotate
counterclockwise (using the right-hand
rule) about an axis directed along the
vector M. Figure 21

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Example 24
A vertical force (F) of 50 kgf is applied to the end of
a 1 metre lever that is attached to an axle at point P,
as shown in the figure below. Find the moment of
this force about the point P when θ = 60 o .

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Example 24 - Solution

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The Triple Scalar Product
For vectors u, v, and w in space, the dot product of
u and v × w
u  (v × w)
is called the triple scalar product.

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The Triple Scalar Product
If the vectors u, v, and w do not lie in the same plane, the
triple scalar product u  (v × w) can be used to determine the
volume of the parallelepiped (a polyhedron, all of whose
faces are parallelograms) with u, v, and w as adjacent
edges, as shown in figure below.

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Example 25
Find the volume of the parallelepiped shown in Figure 24
having u = 3i – 5j + k, v = 2j – 2k, and w = 3i + j + k as
adjacent edges.

Solution:

Figure 24

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The Triple Scalar Product
The volume of the parallelepiped is 0 if and only if the three
vectors are coplanar.

That is, if the vectors

have the same initial point, then they lie in the same plane

if and only if

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