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    Cambridge Primary Science Learner's Book Stage 4 - Public PDF

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    Cambridge Primary Science Learner's Book Stage 4 - Public PDF

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    David Musila Toywa
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    3K views13 pages

    Cambridge Primary Science Learner's Book Stage 4 - Public PDF

    Uploaded by

    David Musila Toywa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY

    Science
    Learner’s Book

    Fiona Baxter, Liz Dilley,


    Alan Cross and Jon Board
    University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

    Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.


    It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
    education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

    www.cambridge.org
    Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107674509
    © Cambridge University Press 2014
    This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
    and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
    no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
    permission of Cambridge University Press.
    First published 2014
    Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt Ltd
    A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
    isbn 978-1-107-67450-9 Paperback
    Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
    URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
    and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
    accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other
    factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but
    Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information
    thereafter.

    notice to teachers
    References to Activities contained in these resources are provided ‘as is’ and information
    provided is on the understanding that teachers and technicians shall undertake a thorough
    and appropriate risk assessment before undertaking any of the Activities listed. Cambridge
    University Press makes no warranties, representations or claims of any kind concerning the
    Activities. To the extent permitted by law, Cambridge University Press will not be liable for
    any loss, injury, claim, liability or damage of any kind resulting from the use of
    the Activities.
    Introduction

    The Cambridge Primary Science series has been developed to match


    the Cambridge International Examinations Primary Science curriculum
    framework. It is a fun, flexible and easy to use course that gives both
    learners and teachers the support they need. In keeping with the aims of
    the curriculum itself, it encourages learners to be actively engaged with
    the content, and develop enquiry skills as well as subject knowledge.

    This Learner’s Book for Stage 4 covers all the content from Stage 4 of the
    curriculum framework. The topics are covered in the order in which they are
    presented in the curriculum for easy navigation, but can be taught in any
    order that is appropriate to you.

    Throughout the book you will find ideas for practical activities, which will
    help learners to develop their Scientific Enquiry skills as well as introduce
    them to the thrill of scientific discovery.

    The ‘Talk about it!’ question in each topic can be used as a starting
    point for classroom discussion, encouraging learners to use the scientific
    vocabulary and develop their understanding.

    ‘Check your progress’ questions at the end of each unit can be used to
    assess learners’ understanding. Learners who will be taking the Cambridge
    Primary Progression test for Stage 4 will find these questions useful
    preparation.

    We strongly advise you to use the Teacher’s Resource for Stage 4,


    ISBN 978-1-107-66151-6, alongside this book. This resource contains
    extensive guidance on all the topics, ideas for classroom activities, and
    guidance notes on all the activities presented in this Learner’s Book.
    You will also find a large collection of worksheets, and answers to all the
    questions from the Stage 4 products.

    Also available is the Activity Book for Stage 4, ISBN 978-1-107-65665-9.


    This book offers a variety of exercises to help learners consolidate
    understanding, practise vocabulary, apply knowledge to new situations
    and develop enquiry skills. Learners can complete the exercises in class or
    be given them as homework.

    We hope you enjoy using this series.

    With best wishes,


    the Cambridge Primary Science team.

    Introduction 3
    Contents

    Introduction 3

    1 Humans and animals


    1.1 Skeletons 6
    1.2 The human skeleton 8
    1.3 Why do we need a skeleton? 10
    1.4 Skeletons and movement 12
    1.5 Drugs as medicines 14
    1.6 How medicines work 16
    Check your progress 18

    2 Living things and environments


    2.1 Amazing birds 20
    2.2 A habitat for snails 22
    2.3 Animals in local habitats 24
    2.4 Identification keys 26
    2.5 Identifying invertebrates 28
    2.6 How we affect the environment 30
    2.7 Wonderful water 32
    2.8 Recycling can save the Earth! 34
    Check your progress 36

    3 Solids, liquids and gases


    3.1 Matter 38
    3.2 Matter is made of particles 40
    3.3 How do solids, liquids and gases behave? 42
    3.4 Melting, freezing and boiling 44
    3.5 Melting in different solids 46
    3.6 Melting and boiling points 48
    Check your progress 50

    4 Contents
    4 Sound
    4.1 Sound travels through materials 52
    4.2 Sound travels through different materials 54
    4.3 How sound travels 56
    4.4 Loud and soft sounds 58
    4.5 Sound volume 60
    4.6 Muffling sounds 62
    4.7 High and low sounds 64
    4.8 Pitch on percussion instruments 66
    4.9 Having fun with wind instruments 68
    Check your progress 70

    5 Electricity and magnetism


    5.1 Electricity flows in circuits 72
    5.2 Components and a simple circuit 74
    5.3 Switches 76
    5.4 Circuits with more components 78
    5.5 Circuits with buzzers 80
    5.6 Mains electricity 82
    5.7 Magnets in everyday life 84
    5.8 Magnetic poles 86
    5.9 Strength of magnets 88
    5.10 Which metals are magnetic? 90
    Check your progress 92

    Reference 94
    Glossary and index 98
    Acknowledgements 104

    Contents 5
    1 Humans and animals

    1.1 Skeletons Words to learn


    skeleton frame
    bone skull
    Sometimes skeletons look scary. Skeletons
    spine vertebra
    are not scary. People, and many animals,
    have a skeleton inside their bodies.
    A skeleton is a hard, strong frame that
    supports our bodies from the inside.

    Have you seen a skeleton before?


    There are skeletons in some museums
    of animals such as dinosaurs that
    lived long ago.

    What are skeletons made of?


    Our skeletons are made
    of many different bones.
    Skeletons are made of bone . Bone is very These bones are different
    hard and strong. sizes and shapes.

    You can feel the bones of your skeleton


    through your skin.

    6 1 Humans and animals


    Activity 1.1
    Finding your bones
    Feel your head. How many skull bones can you feel?
    Hold your hands on the sides of your chest. Can you find your ribs?
    How many ribs can you feel?
    Now feel your back. The bumps you can feel are the bones
    of your spine . These bones are called vertebrae. One bone is called a vertebra .
    Stand up and put your hands on your hips. Can you feel your hip bones?
    Feel your hand bones. Why do you think there are so many bones in
    your hand?
    Did all the bones in your hand feel the same size and shape?

    Questions
    1 What are skeletons made of?
    2 Why must skeletons be hard and strong?
    3 Why do you think the bones of your
    skeleton are different shapes and sizes?
    4 Bones are not very heavy. How do you Animal skeletons have bones that
    are different shapes and sizes.
    think this helps animals?
    5 Draw a picture of what you think a person
    without a skeleton might look like.
    Talk about it!
    Are all skeletons
    W hat you have learnt made of bones?

    People and many other animals have a


    skeleton inside their bodies.
    Our skeletons support our bodies from the inside.
    Our skeletons are made of many different bones.
    Bones are different sizes and shapes.

    1 Humans and animals 7


    1.2 The human skeleton
    We have 206 bones in our skeletons. Words to learn
    There are different kinds of bones in thigh irregular

    the skeleton:

    t Long bones, like the bones in our legs and arms. The thigh bone
    is the long bone in your leg.
    t Short bones, like those in our fingers.
    t Flat bones, like those that make up our skull.
    t Irregular bones, like the bones in our spine.

    Activity 1.2
    You will need:
    Making a skeleton different shapes of pasta t black
    construction paper t paper glue
    Look at the human skeleton on the opposite page.
    Notice the sizes and shapes of the bones
    and how they are arranged.
    Plan how you will make a skeleton from different pasta shapes.
    Arrange the pasta shapes on the paper to make your skeleton.
    When you are happy with your skeleton, glue the shapes onto the paper.

    Questions
    1 Is the skull made of one bone or many bones?
    2 Why do you think the skull is important?
    3 Which is the biggest bone in the body? Why do you think this is so?
    4 Which are the smallest bones in the body?
    5 What parts of your body do you think the ribs surround? Why do you
    think the ribs are there?
    6 Women usually have wider hip bones than men. Why do you think this
    is so?

    8 1 Humans and animals


    skull
    ear bones
    jaw bone

    collar bone

    shoulder blade

    elbow
    rib

    thumb
    bone vertebra

    wrist
    finger bones

    hip bone thigh bone

    knee cap

    shin bone A giraffe’s neck can


    be up to 2 m long.
    toe bone

    ankle

    Talk about it!


    How many neck bones
    W hat you have learnt does a giraffe have?

    Our skeletons are made of long bones,


    short bones, flat bones and irregular bones.
    The skull is made of different flat bones
    joined together.

    1 Humans and animals 9


    1.3 Why do we need a skeleton?
    Words to learn
    Skeletons grow fracture X-ray
    invertebrate
    We grow and get bigger because our skeleton
    grows. An adult’s skeleton is much bigger
    than a child’s skeleton. An adult’s skeleton
    has stopped growing.

    Activity 1.3
    You will need:
    Comparing bone sizes a tape measure

    Using a tape measure, measure the length of your:


    t upper arm bone t thigh bone t shin bone.
    Measure the length of the cut-outs of the same bones on your teacher.
    Record your measurements in a table like this one.

    Bone Length in cm

    Me Teacher

    upper arm bone

    thigh bone

    shin bone

    Whose bones are longer?

    Predict what you think the length of a teenager’s bones would be


    and say why.

    10 1 Humans and animals


    Sometimes we fall or have accidents and break our bones.
    A broken bone is called a fracture . Doctors take a special
    photo called an X-ray to see if a bone is broken or not.
    X-rays are photos that let us see inside our bodies.

    Skeletons support and protect

    Our skeleton supports our body. It makes a strong frame


    This X-ray photo shows
    inside the body. We cannot squash our body easily a broken leg. Bones
    because of our skeleton. It gives our body shape and don’t stay broken. The
    broken ends of the
    makes it firm. Our skeleton also protects our organs. bone slowly grow back
    together again.

    Do all animals have skeletons?

    Not all animals have a skeleton. Worms and


    jellyfish do not have a skeleton. An animal
    with no skeleton is called an invertebrate .

    Jellyfishes do not have a skeleton.

    Questions
    1 What would happen to a baby if its
    skeleton did not grow?
    2 Why do broken bones mend?
    Talk about it!
    Why do fractures
    in old people take
    W hat you have learnt much longer to heal
    We grow because our skeleton grows. than fractures in
    children?
    The skeleton supports and protects the body.
    Animals without skeletons are called invertebrates.

    1 Humans and animals 11

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