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    DMK 5022 Chapter 1

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    nitya
    This document discusses essential fatty acids and their roles and sources. It notes that alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the only two fatty acids essential for humans. Essential fatty acids serve multiple functions in the body, including forming eicosanoids and affecting inflammation, mood, and behavior. The document also discusses reference intake values, conjugated linoleic acid and its uses, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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    DMK 5022 Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    nitya
    32 views12 pages
    This document discusses essential fatty acids and their roles and sources. It notes that alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the only two fatty acids essential for humans. Essential fatty acids serve multiple functions in the body, including forming eicosanoids and affecting inflammation, mood, and behavior. The document also discusses reference intake values, conjugated linoleic acid and its uses, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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    This document discusses essential fatty acids and their roles and sources. It notes that alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the only two fatty acids essential for humans. Essential fatty acids serve multiple functions in the body, including forming eicosanoids and affecting inflammation, mood, and behavior. The document also discusses reference intake values, conjugated linoleic acid and its uses, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views12 pages

    DMK 5022 Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    nitya
    This document discusses essential fatty acids and their roles and sources. It notes that alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the only two fatty acids essential for humans. Essential fatty acids serve multiple functions in the body, including forming eicosanoids and affecting inflammation, mood, and behavior. The document also discusses reference intake values, conjugated linoleic acid and its uses, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    DMK 5022

    LOGISTICS IN OIL AND FAT


    INDUSTRY

    CHAPTER 1: QUALITY OF OIL & FAT AND


    THEIR SOURCES

    By: Nor Aziyan Mohd Nasir


    Essential fatty acid

    • Essential fatty acids (EFA) are fatty acids that humans and other


    animals must ingest because the body requires them for good
    health but cannot synthesize them.
    • The term "essential fatty acid" refers to fatty acids required for
    biological processes but does not include the fats that only act as
    fuel
    • Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for
    humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic
    acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).
    • Mammals lack the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids
    beyond carbon 9 and 10, hence ω-6 linoleic acid (18:2,9,12),
    abbreviated LA (18:2n-6), and the ω-3 linolenic acid(18:3,9,12,15),
    abbreviated ALA (18:3n-3), are essential for humans in the diet.
    • In humans, arachidonic acid (20:4,5,8,11,14, abbreviated 20:4n-6)
    can be synthesized from LA by alternative desaturation and chain
    elongation.
    Roles of essential fatty acid

    In the body, essential fatty acids serve multiple functions. The balance
    between dietary ω-3 and ω-6 strongly affects function.
    • They are modified to make

    - the classic eicosanoids (affecting inflammation and many other cellular


    functions)
    – the endocannabinoids (affecting mood, behavior and inflammation)
    – the lipoxins which are a group of eicosanoid derivatives formed via the
    lipoxygenase pathway from ω-6 EFAs and resolvins from ω-3 (in the
    presence of acetylsalicylic acid, downregulating inflammation)
    – the isofurans, neurofurans, isoprostanes, hepoxilins, epoxyeicosatrienoic
    acids (EETs) and Neuroprotectin D
    • They form lipid rafts (affecting cellular signaling)
    • They act on DNA (activating or inhibiting transcription factors such
    as NF-κB, which is linked to pro-inflammatory cytokine production)
    Reference intake values

    Reference intake values for as published by the Panel on Dietetic


    Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety
    Authority
     (EFSA)
    Conjugated linoleic acid
    • Conjugated fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids in
    which at least one pair of double bonds is separated by only
    one single bond. Example: conjugated linoleic acid.
    • Dairy products and beef are the major sources of
    conjugated linoleic acid in the diet.
    • An average diet supplies 15-174 mg of conjugated linoleic
    acid daily.
    • Conjugated linoleic acid is commonly taken
    by mouth for weight loss.
    • It is also often used for bodybuilding and fitness, but there is
    limited scientific evidence to support these uses. 

    How does it work?

    Conjugated linoleic acid might help reduce body fat deposits


    and improve immune function.
    Polyunsaturated fatty acids

    • Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fatty acids that contain


    more than one double bond in their backbone.
    • This class includes many important compounds, such as essential
    fatty acids and those that give drying oils their characteristic
    property
    • Polyunsaturated fats — along with monounsaturated fats — are
    considered healthy fats, as they may reduce your risk of heart
    disease, especially when substituted for saturated fats
    • the two major classes of polyunsaturated fats are omega-3 and
    omega-6 fatty acids
    • Both are essential fatty acids that your body needs for
    brain function and cell growth.
    • Your body cannot make essential fatty acids, so you
    must get them from your diet
    • Polyunsaturated fatty acids in culinary oils
    undergo oxidative deterioration at temperatures of
    150 °C (302 °F).
    • The heating causes a free radical chain reaction,
    which oxidizes the PUFAs into hydroperoxide, which
    further decomposes into a complex mixture of
    secondary products.

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