Reviewer in Discipline and Ideas in Social Science the other factors of production in order to

carry out effectively the production process.

Social Science - the scientific study of human society and social
relationships. 3. Geography – studies the interaction between the natural
environment and the people living in it. It acts as a bridge
Nine Disciplines in the Social Sciences between natural science and social science.

1. Anthropology – is the study of ancient societies and their  Geography comes from the Greek words: geo meaning
cultural traditions. “Earth” and graphos meaning “charting or mapping”.
 Anthropology came from the Greek word anthropos
meaning “humankind” and logos meaning “study”. This social science discipline studies where things are
 Two broad fields of anthropology: physical and cultural on Earth, explains why they are there, and their
anthropology. relationships to other people, places and things.
 Physical anthropology – which is also called
biological anthropology – studies the biological Two main branches of Geography:
evolution of man.
 Cultural anthropology – investigates and A. Physical Geography studies the natural features of the Earth,
seeks to understand the cultural features of like climate, water, vegetation, and soil.
societies. Two approach in studying physical geography:
o Cultural anthropology is divided into 1) To look at the physical environment as the provider of natural
three subbranches: archaeology, resources, like food and water.
anthropological linguistics and 2) To look at the physical environment as hazard to human life.
ethnology. B. Human Geography studies human population and the impact
Archaeology – seeks to reconstruct of its activities on the planet. (e.g. agriculture, urbanization, land
the past life of ancient societies, trace reclamation)
the cultural changes that took place
and the reason behind the changes.  The pioneer in the field of Geography is Eratosthenes of
Anthropological linguistics – involves Cyrene – who is the head of the Great Library at
the study of language in societies or Alexandria. He is also considered as the “Father of
communities where language may or Geography”.
may not be written.  He wrote the first scholarly treatise on the topic, a
Ethnology – study marriage customs, three-book volume Geographika.
kinship patterns, economic systems
and religious rites of cultural groups. 4. History – is traditionally regarded as the study of the
 A major step in the evolution of anthropology as a recorded past.
discipline is the period of European conquest during History – meant a systematic account of a set of natural
the sixteenth century. phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was a factor
in the account.
2. Economics – is the study of efficient allocation of scarce ~Aristotle
resources in order to satisfy unlimited human needs and wants. It comes from the Greek noun historia meaning “learning”.
 The word Economics came from two Greek words,
oikos meaning “home” and nomos meaning Two Types of Historical Sources
“management”. 1. Primary Source – is a testimony of an eyewitness or an
 Economic resources that can be used to produce goods account to someone who has firsthand the information on the
and services are called factors of production. subject.
o Four Categories of Factors of Production: 1) Examples of Primary Sources: journal entries, transcripts, video
land 2) labor 3) capital and 4) interviews, monuments or structures, photographs, statistics
entrepreneurship and official government records.
1. Land – is anything that comes from nature 2. Secondary Source – is a testimony of someone who is not an
and which gives life and support to all living eyewitness to the event being narrated.
creatures. It simply uses primary materials as the source of information.
2.Labor – refers to any human effort exerted Examples include: biographies, textbooks, conference
during the production process which includes proceedings, and book reviews.
physical exertion, application of skills or talent
or exercise of intellectual faculties. 5. Linguistics – came from the Latin word lingua, meaning
3. Capital – refers to anything that can be used “language”.
to create or manufacture goods and services. Linguistics – it studies the nature of language, grammar and the
(e.g. buildings, machines, infrastructures, process of language acquisition.
tools)
4. Entrepreneurship – ability to organize all
Fields of Linguistics:
 A. Phonology – it is the study of speech sounds. divides the personality into id, ego, and superego.
Language impairment: unable to differentiate between
sounds. 8. Sociology – it is the systematic study of human society.
e.g. BAT and PAT / S & Z It comes from the Latin word socius meaning “friend” or
B. Morphology – it is the study of how words are “companion” and the Greek word logos meaning “study”.
categorized or formed. Sociology studies how people relate to each other and how they
Language impairment: trouble with the structure of work as a whole in the larger society.
words. Auguste Comte – French social thinker who coined the word
e.g. adding an ED to signify past tense. sociology in 1838 to enclose the idea of improving society by
Prefixes, use of plural forms understand how it operates.
C. Syntax – it is the study of how words are combined to
form a sentence. 9. Demography – is the study of human population and how
Language impairment: trouble constructing a sentence. people move from place to place.
e.g. Mommy no go. It comes from two ancient Greek words demos meaning “the
D. Semantics – is the study of meaning-making. people” and graphos meaning “charting or mapping”.
Language impairment: problems
understanding question involving “how” and Four Basic Concepts of Demography
“why”. (I & YOU)
E. Pragmatics – is the study of language context. 1. Fertility – is the incidence of child bearing in a country’s
e.g. oh, please (different meaning if it was done in a population.
harsh tone. 2. Mortality – death rate
3. Migration – it is the movement of people into and out of a
6. Political Science – is the study of politics, power and particular territory.
government. 4. Population – all the inhabitants of a particular town, area or
The word politics comes from the Greek word politea, or a country.
person who participate in the polis.
Polis means taking part in its decision-making, which normally Empirical-Analytical Approaches in the Social Sciences
takes place in the agora, or the market place, where new laws A. Rational Choice Theory (RCT) is a powerful tool in making
are passed. sense of why people act or behave in the way they do.
Politics is the process of using power in the government, while
power is the means for the government to rule the people. According to Elster 1989 “the essence of rational choice theory
Government is the authority or the bureaucracy that provides is that when faced with several courses of action, people usually
the system of rule over its territory and for its people. do what they believe is likely to have the best overall outcome.
Aristotle’s book entitled Politics is considered a x in the field of
political inquiry. It delves on the topic government and the Rationalist states that individuals choose the best action
leaders behind it. (e.g. kings) according to stable preference functions and constraints facing
them.
7. Psychology – is the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes. B. Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological framework that
It comes from two Greek words, psyche meaning “soul” or focuses on the different meanings individuals attach to objects,
“spirit” and logos meaning “study”. peoples and interactions as well as the corresponding behaviors
that reflect those interpretations.
3 Major Fields of Psychology:
1. Clinical Psychology: George Herbert Mead was an influential figure in the field of
Assesses and finds treatment for people with psychological symbolic interactionism.
disorders.
2. Developmental Psychology: Gestures, according to him, are important in communication.
Studies the intellectual, social, emotional and moral When we interact with others, our posture, tone of voice, voice
development across lifespan. inflections, as well as hand and facial movements convey
3. Experimental Psychology: significance.
Studies the most basic concepts like cognition, perception,
memory and learning but mostly conducted on animals instead Social Self Theory
of humans. George Herbert Mead, a sociologist from the late 1800s, is well
known for his theory of the social self, which includes the
Wilhelm Wundt – German psychologist who is considered as the concepts of 'self,' 'me,' and 'I.'
Father of Modern Psychology. He is credited for being the first in
the movement to make psychology as a science. Development of Self
Sigmund Freud – known for his psychoanalytic theory which According to Mead, three activities develop the self: language,
play, and games.
Language develops self by allowing individuals to respond to
each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds. Language conveys others' attitudes and opinions toward a subject
or the person. Emotions, such as anger, happiness, and 7. Finally, a social system requires a language in order to
confusion, are conveyed through language. survive.

Play develops self by allowing individuals to take on different The Scientific Method and Its Applications
roles, pretend, and express expectation of others.
During role-play, a person is able to internalize the perspective The scientific method refers to a standardized set of
of others and develop an understanding of how others feel techniques for building scientific knowledge, such as how to
about themselves and others in a variety of social situations. make valid observations, how to interpret results to generalize
results. It allows researchers to independently and impartially
Games develop self by allowing individuals to understand and test preexisting theories and prior findings. It has the same
adhere to the rules of the activity. objectives with research, which investigates and studies
different materials and sources in the pursuit of advancing
Self is developed by understanding that there are rules in which knowledge. A researcher tests his or her hypothesis by
one must abide by in order to win the game or be successful at subjecting it to careful scrutiny and debate and finally comes up
an activity. with a conclusion that either validates or disproves the
hypothesis.
Two Sides of Self: Me & I
In pursuing research, the use of scientific method is
According to Mead's theory, the self has two sides or phases:
required. The steps in scientific method (Rajasekharan 2013) are
'me' and 'I.'
as follows:
The 'me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual.
1. Defining the problem
The 'I', therefore, can be considered the present and future
2. Reviewing the literature
phase of the self.
3. Forming hypothesis
4. Collecting and analyzing data
Parsons’ Structural Functionalism:
5. Drawing conclusions
1. A- adaptation
Types of Research Design
2. G- goal attainment
3. I- integration The research design sets the direction of the whole
4. L- latency study. According to Seluz, “research design is the arrangement
of conditions for the collection and analysis of data in a manner
Structure of the General Action System that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with the
1. Action System economy in procedure.
Handles adaptation function by adjusting to and transforming
the external world Examples of Research Design and Characteristics
2. Social System
Copes with the integration by controlling its component parts
3. Personality System
Performs the goal attainment function by defining system goals
and mobilizing resources to attain them.
4. Cultural System
Performs the latency function by providing actors with the
norms and values that motivate them for action.

Functional Requisites of a Social System by Talcott Parsons

1. Social system must be structured so that they
operate compatibility with other systems.
2. To survive, the social system must have the requisite
from other systems
3. The system must meet a significant proportion of the
needs of its actor.
4. The system must elicit adequate participation from its
members.
5. It must have at least a minimum of control
over potentially disruptive behavior.
6. If conflict becomes sufficiently disruptive, it must be
controlled.
Type Characteristics
1. Descriptive It provides answers to basic questions
Research associated with the research problem.
It may not be able to conclusively
provide the answer to the question
“why” but it is able to describe “what
exists” with respect to the variables of
a given solution.
Example: A descriptive study on the
factors that lead to domestic violence
2. Historical This design collects, verifies, and
Research synthesizes evidence from the past in
order to validate or reject a hypothesis.
It uses secondary sources and variety of
primary sources like newspaper
clippings, diaries, government records,
and archival materials.
Example: Martial law in the Philippines:
the golden or the cursed years in the
country’s history?
3. Experiment This type of research answers the
al Research question, “What causes something to
occur?” This design uses both an
experimental group and a control
group, which allows a measurement of
the dependent variable when the
independent variable is administered to
 the experimental group and not to the increases the explanatory power of the
control group. new study.
Example: A study on the effect of sleep Example: Fertility and women’s
deprivation on health and productivity employment: A meta-analysis
4. Exploratory This design tackles research problems
Research that have little or no previous studies
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
done onBY:it.SIGMUND
It aims toFREUD
developOVERVIEW
tentative OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
theories or hypothesis in research
problems that are still in the  A set of philosophical of human nature
preliminary stages of investigation.  Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a
Example: A comparative study on the theory of personality
effectiveness of same sex parenting vis-  Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main cause
à-vis conventional parenting of behavior lie in unconscious mind
5. Cross- This design measures similarities or
sectional differences across groups and subjects. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
Research A specific variable is examined across
different groups or subjects. It is rather 1. DETERMINISTIC
limited because it does not capture the Life is about gaining pleasure and avoiding pain
process of change following
intervention. 2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM
Example: A study on the incidence of Freud believe that human are motivated by the unconscious,
breast cancer across different age where the Id is found along with the aggression and sex instincts
groups of women.
6. Longitudinal It studies the same sample across time LEVEL OF MENTAL LIFE
Research or across regular time intervals. This
type of study allows researchers to 1. UNCONSCIOUS
track changes that occur over a period Contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our
of and identify the variable or variables awareness but it affect our expression, feeling, action
that might be causing the changes. (E.g. Slip of tongue, dreams, wishes)
Example: A study on the effect of TV
programming to violent behavior 2. PRECONSCIOUS
among children. Facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but
7. Sequential This is a type of research design carried are available for possible use in the future
Research out in a series of over a time interval. It (E.g. A person will never think of her home address at that
has no predetermined sample size as moment but when her friend ask for it, she can easily recall it)
the researcher can accept the null
hypothesis, accept an alternative 3. CONSCIOUS
hypothesis, or choose a new set of Only level of mental life that are directly available to us
samples ad repeat the study once The awareness of our own mental process (Thoughts/feeling)
again.
Example: A study on the effects of diet, STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
exercise, and common medication on Consist of three parts :
heart disease conducted across 1. Id
different age groups. -Infants are born with Id intact
8. Case study This type of design is applied to study a -Operates on PLEASURE PRINCIPE – to gain pleasure, avoid pain
very particular research problem. This is -Driven by sexual and aggressive urge
used to test whether a specific theory
or model is applicable to real world 2. Ego
issues or scenarios. -The rational level of personality
Example: Improving school conditions -Operates on REALITY PRINCIPLES – does realistic and logical
by changing public policy in South Los thinking
Angeles: the Community Coalition -The balance between Id and Superego
Partnership 3. Superego
9. Meta- This is a type of design that evaluates -Partially unconscious
analysis and summarizes the results of other -Operates on MORAL PRINCIPLES
individual studies. It requires strict -Able to differentiate between good and bad, right and wrong
adherence to a set criteria in selecting -If people follow their superego, they will feel proud but if they
the studies that will be used. An
don’t follow, they willanalysis of the
feel guilty andprevious
anxiousstudies -Children progress through SIX psychosexual stages during
psychosexual development
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES -A person become ‘FIXATED’ or stuck in a stage when a basic
need is not met, therefore that person will face difficulty in Frigidity, impotence and unsatisfactory relationship
transiting to another stage
DEFENSE MECHANISM
1. Oral Stage Defense mechanism are invented by the Ego in an attempt to
Birth to 18 months resolve the conflict between Id and Superego – so that
-Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, personality can operate in a healthy manner
Fixation : It deny/distort reality while operating in unconscious level
1. If the child is over stimulated in this stage, as an adult she/he If it is used once a while, the purpose of using it is to reduce
may become dependent on cigarette or alcohol, become stress
chatterbox, or derive pleasure from acquiring But if it is used frequently, it means the individual are trying to
possessions(collect things) avoid facing reality
2. If the child is under stimulated in this stage, as an adult she/he
will make bitingly sarcastic remarks or be argumentative 1. Repression
Unpleasant experiences are stored deep in the subconscious
2. Anal Stage mind and cant be access by the conscious mind
18 months until 3 years Example: An accident victim nearly dies but remembers none of
-Pleasure focuses on bowel movement (withholding/eliminating the details of the accident
faeces)
Fixation : 2. Displacement
1. If parents were over-emphasizing potty training, the child will Redirecting the feelings of hostility and violent action from self
develop a retentive character. He will become obstinate and to another that is less threatening from original source
stingy Example: Angered by a neighbor’s hateful comment, a mother
2. If parents were negligent about potty training, the child will punish her child for accidentally spilling her drinks
develop expulsive trait such as bad temper, cruelty and
messy disorderliness 3. Rationalization
Providing a reasonable explanation to make undesirable
3. Phallic Stage behavior appear logical
3 years to 6 years Example: A student who fails a test because she did not study
Pleasure zone is the sex organ/genitals hard enough blames her failure on the teacher for using ‘tricky’
Fixations : question
Oedipus complex in males / Electra complex in female:
The boy will have the desire to posses his mother and displace 4. Denial
his father and the girl will want to posses the father and remove Reality is distorted to make it suit to the individual’s wishes
her mother Example: An alcoholic fails to acknowledge that he is addicted to
alcohol
Child whom had been fixated in this stage will develop a phallic
character, such as reckless, proud and vain 5. Regression
This conflict can also cause the child to be afraid of close Returning to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage
relationship and weak sexual identity of development
Freud stated that fixation may be a root of homosexuality Example: After Lucy’s parents bitter divorce, she refuse to sleep
alone in her room and crawling into bed with her mother
4. Latency Stage
6 years to 11 years, until puberty 6. Reaction Formation
No fixations occur as the child’s energy are focused on peer Thinking or behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite to
activities and personal mastery of learning and physical skills those that are of real intention
Example: A woman who loves an unobtainable man and behaves
5. Genital Stage as though she hates him
12 years onwards
Sexual interest in opposite sex increase 7. Projection
The child improve their personal identities, develop caring The attribution of one’s unacceptable urges or qualities to
feeling towards others, establish loving and sexual relationship others
and progress in successful careers. Example: A person in an extremely bad mood accuses family
Fixation : members of being hard to get along with