Special Points:

1. Wetting property is due to surface tension.

FLUID MECHANICS
2. Ideal fluids ® No-viscosity ® no “No slip” condition
Some specific fluid properties 3. No slip condition is due to fluid viscosity.
mass
1. Density = (measured in kg/m3). 4
volume · Pressure Inside The Liquid Drop: Pld  d
2. Density of liquid & gas is directly proportional to pressure
and inversely to temperature 2
3. Specific gravity/relative density · Pressure Inside The Liquid Jet: Plj  d
Density of liquid 8
= Density of water at 4ºC · Pressure Inside the Soap Bubble: Psb  d
4. If R.D < 1, then fluid is lighter than water. 4 cos 
Weight of substance · Expression For Capillary Rise: h  wd
5. Specific weight = , (g = rg in N/m3)
Volume of substance
6. Some Important Relation Patm
1 milibar = 10–3 bar =100 N/m2 Pvaccum
1 mm of Hg = 10–3 m of Hg = 10–3 × 13.6 m of water = P local
10–3 × 13.6 × 9810 N/m2 = 133.42 N/m2 P =P – P
absolute atm vaccum

P =P + P
1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2
absolute atm gauge

Pabs
9.81 N
1 Kgf/cm2 = = 98.1 × 103 N/m2
104 m 2 Absolute
vaccum
N KN Special Points:
7. gwater = 9810  9.81 3
m3 m • Buoyant force is independent of distance of body from
8. gmercury = 13.6 gw
1 free surface of liquid and also the density of solid body.
9. Specific volume = Density • Mechanical gauges are used for measuring high pressure
 values which does not requires high precision.
 d du
· Viscosity: d  • Air cavitation is less damaging than vapour cavitation.
dt dy
dt
Measurement of fluid pressure

· Kinematic Visocity: V   m2/sec. Manometer Mechanical gauges
Based on principle of balancing Mechanical pressure measuring
du a column of fluid by the same instruments with a deflecting
· Newton’s Law Of Viscosity:    dy or other column needle (used in filling air in tyres)

n
 du  Simple Differential
· Non- Newtonian Fluid:   A  dy   B manometer manometer
  To measure pressure at a point To measure the pressure difference
c te U-Tube manometer
pi ic pas Inverted differential
tro ast
0

m c
ixo Pl psu lasti Single column manometer manometer
1, B

T h m y
G p g
a
gh tic do nin Piezometer
pe c P s e u r t h i
0
B Bin Micro manometer
n<

1,
n= B 0 Rh
eo ea
1, Sh
n>
Newtonian No. Type of Manometer Fluid Types Pressure measurement
1
<
n

1
0,


n=
B=

, Dilatant
=0
B >1 (Shear Thickening) 1. Piezometer Liquid Positive
,n
B =0 (Gauge pressure)
Ideal Fluid
du/dy 2. U-tube Manometer Both liquid & Both positive &
· Ex. gases Negative Pressure

3. Inclined Tube Gases Both (+ve & -ve)

(a) Thixotropic Ink, Ketchup, Enamels etc. Manometer ( for very low pressure) (mostly +ve)
(b) Bingham plastic Sewage, Sludge, Drilling mud, Gel, 4. Differential &
Inverted Differential Both liquid & Pressure difference
Toothpaste, Cream gases Between 2 points
(c) Rheopectic Gypsum in water & Bentonite slurry. 5. Bourdon Pressure Both liquid & It measures pressure
gauge gases at a point
(d) Pseudo Plastic Paint, Paper, Pulp, Blood, Syrup,
Polymer, Lipstick, Nailpaint Facts about pressure
(e) Dilatant Quick sand, Sugar in water, Butter
1.Longer runway’s needed at higher altitude due to reduced Types of fluid show:
drag and lift. 1. Steady and Unsteady Flow: At any given location, the
2.Nose bleeding starts at higher altitude because of difference flow and fluid properties do not change with time, then its
in body’s blood pressure and atmosphere pressure. steady flow otherwise unsteady.
v p f
3.Motor capacity reduces at higher altitude. = 0,  0,  0  Steady flow
t t t
4.Cooking takes longer time at higher altitudes. 2. Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow: A flow is said to be
· Buoyancy And Floatation uniform flow in which velocity & flow both in magnitude
and direction do not change along the direction of flow
Weight of body  weight of fluid displaced
for given instant of time.
3. One, two or three Dimensional Flow: If flow
Horizontal Plane Vertical Plane Inclined Plane parameters varies in one dimension wrt space only then
Surface Surface Surface its one dimensional otherwise its 2 or 3 dimension
respectively.

xp
x x V = V(x, t) ® one dimensional
x xp
Area A
C.G.
C.G.
V = V(x, y, t) ® two dimensional
C.P.
C.G. C.P V = V(x, y, z, t) ® three dimensional
F = Ax F = Ax F = Ax 4. Laminar and Turbulent Flow: In Laminar flow, the
particles moves in layers sliding smoothly over the adjacent
Ig Ig sin 2  layers while in turbulent flow particles have the random
xp = x  xp = x  and erratic movement, intermixing in the adjacent layers.
Ax Ax
Which causes continuous momentum transfer.
x & x p for same horizontal plane surface from liquid surface Flow of blood in veins and arteries occurs as a viscous
Rotational Stability: When a small angular displacement flow. Hence, Laminar flow.
sets up a restoring couple, then stability is known as rotational A water supply pipe carries water at high speed leading
stability. to rapid mixing which causes highly turbulent conditions.
5. Rotational and Irrotational Flow: When fluid particles
FB = Buoyant Force
rotate about their mass centre during movement. Flow is
said to be rotational otherwise irrotational.
B Couple (Restoring)
Rotational Flow ® Forced Vortex, Flow inside boundary
layer.
G
Irrotational Flow ® Free Vortex, Flow outside boundary
layer.
Submerged body Floating body In a straight tube of uniform diameter and uniform
Stable equilibrium G below B M above G roughness, the flow properties does not vary across the
BM > BG length of the pipe. Hence, Uniform flow.
GM = MB – BG = +Ve Flow above the drain having a wash basin is a free vortex
Unstable equilibrium G above B M below G motion (Irrotational flow).
BM < MG 6. Compressible and Incompressible Flow: In
GM = MB – BG = –Ve compressible flow density of fluid changes from time to
Neutral equilibrium G and B coincide M time while in Incompressible flow it remains constant.
and G
Flow lines
GM = 0
Metacentre (M) is the point of intersection of lines of action Stream lines Streak line Path line
of buoyant force before and after rotation. · Stream Line: There are a set of concentric circle with
· Continuity Equation: A1V1  A 2 V2 origin at centre.
· Hydrostatic Force · Stream lines neither touch nor cross each other.
Horizontal F  WAx h  x · Tracing of motion of different fluid particle.
Ig dx dy dz
Vertical F  WAx h  x   = Equation of stream line
Ax u v w
Ig · Streak Line: It is line traced by series of fluid particles
Inclined F  WAx h  x  sin 2  passing through a fixed point. It is formed by continous
Ax
Note: We generally follow Eulerian concept, as its difficult introduction of dye or smoke from a point in the flow.
to keep the track of a single fluid particle. · Path Lines: It is actual path traced by a fluid particle over a
 period of time. It is based on lagrangian concept the motion.
· Two path lines can intersect each other. (i) Newton’s equation of motion
Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with respect       
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  Fc  F  ma
to space + local acceleration with respect to time.
(ii) Reynold’s equation of motion
Convective Temporal    
Type of flow
Acceleration Acceleration 
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  ma
Steady & uniform 0 0
(iii) Navier-stock equation of motion
Steady & non-uniform Exists 0    
Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists Fg  FP  FV  ma

Unsteady & non-uniform Exists Exists (iv) Euler’s equation of motion

  
Acceleration on a stream line Fg  FP  ma
Special points:
Trangential Acceleration Vn (s,n,t) Vs (s,n,t) Normal Acceleration
It is due to change in It is due to the • Energy equation can be used to find the pressure at a
magnitude of velocity. If change in the
spacing b/w stream line direction of fluid point in a pipeline using Bernoulli’s eq.
changes tangensial acceleration moving on a curved
n
exists path
s

• Continuity eq. is used to find out the flow at two sections

· Acceleration Of A Fluid Particle of tapering pipes.
• Euler equation based on momentum conservation while
uu vu wu u
ax     Bernoulli is based on energy conservation.
x 
y z  t

Convective Temporal • Impulse momentum principle is used to find out the force
acceleration acceleration
on a moving vane.
vs v v n v • Concept of moment of momentum (Angular momentum
a s  Vs + s a n  Vs + s principle is used in lawn sprinkler problems)
s t s t
convective local tangential convective local P V
2

 + 2g + Z = Constant
tangential acceleration normal normal
acceleration acceleration acceleration Static pressure
head Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure
pressure head head

No Acceleration Tangential Convective Stagnation pressure head

Acceleration

Piezometric pressure head

dp
· Euler’s Equation: p  gd z  vdv  0
Both Normal and P v2
Normal Convective
Tangential Convective
Accelation · Bernoullies Equation: z = constant.
Acceleration w 2g
· Rotational Component · Rotameter is used to measure discharge while current
1  w v 
wx    
1  v u 
wz    
1  u w 
wy   
meter is used to measure velocity in open channel.
2  dy dz  , 2  x y  , 
2  z x  · Hot Wire Anemometer: Used for measurement of In-
Special points: stantaneous velocity and temperature at a point in flow.
1.Velocity potential exists only for ideal and irrotational flow. · Theoretical Discharge:
2.Velocity of flow is in direction of decreasing potential A1A 2 2gh qA ct h  hL
Q th  Cd  
function. 2
A  A2
1
2
q th h
3.Equipotential line is the line joining points having same · Percentage Error In Discharge:
potential function. Q th  Q act
% error   100 % error  (1  C )  100
  Q th d

· Velocity Potential Function (f):  u  v

x y NOTE.
  When Pressure Difference Measured by Manometer
· Stream Function (v): u   y v  When heavier fluid in manometer & lighter fluid in pipe.
x
It is the study of motion of fluid along with the forces causing
 Number Equation Us es
g  Fi VL
h  x  h  1 Reynolds No.  Aeroplanes,
 gl  Fv 
submarines, pipe flow
gh ® Specific gravity of heavier liquid-
Fi V
gl ® Specific gravity of lighter liquid Fp

p
Eulers No. Cavitation problem
x ® Reading Manometer 
h ® Reading Piezometer. Fi V
Mach No.  Aerodynamic testing, rocket,
· Orificemeter: Fe C

Cd 0 A1A 0 2gh
missile
 A
CC  C C  C  C Fi V
A12  A 2 2 A0 d c v
Froude No. Fg

gL OCF, spillway, weir
Where Fi

v
Weber No. F Veins, arteries, rising bubble
Cc ® Coefficient of Contraction.  / L
Cd ® Coefficient of Discharge Water hammer Pressure: Rapid/Sudden closure of valve
CV ® Coefficient of Velocity. in a pipe carying flowing liquid destroys the momentum of
1 1 P V2 flowing liquid and sets up a high pressure wave. This pressure
· Pitot Tube –Velocity Of Flow: w  2g  Constant wave travels with the speed of sound and causes hammering
action in pipe called Knocking water hammer.
vd
· Reynold’s Number: R e   · Surge tanks are used to absorb the Increase in the pres-
sure due to water hammer phenomenon.
Nature of flow according to Reynold's number (Re)
Laminar Transition Turbulent Chezy’s Formula: V  C RS , Manning equa-
Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000 1
2 / 3 1/ 2
Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000 tion V  R S0
n
parallel plate
Flow in open channel Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000 Dimension of C = L1/2 T–1, n = L–1/3 T1, f = Dimensionless
Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2 Open-channel Flow

Steady unsteady
r  dp 
· Laminar Flow Through Circular Pipe:  2  dx  Uniform Gradually Rapidly Spatially Gradually Rapidly Spatially
  Canal Flow Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied
(GVF) (RVF) (SVF) (GVUF) (RVUF) (SVUF)
· Velocity Distribution: Flow in river Flow D/S of an Flow River Flow in A surge Surface runoff
U/S of a weir overflow over alluvial reach moving due to
2 during winter spillway. side weir during rising flood upstream rainfall
1  p  2  r 
U max     R U  U max 1  2 
4  x   R 
Type of flow Depth ofVelocity of Froude
 U max R 2 Q
  P  4 Comments
· Discharge: Q   D
2   x  flow flow No

16 8 Subcritical y > yc v < vc Fr < 1 Also called as
· Friction Factor: F  4f f  R f  u 2 streaming or transquil
e

· Trapezoidal Notch: flow

Critical y = yc v = vc Fr = 1
2 8 
Q= Cd1 2gLH3/ 2  Cd2 2g tan H5/ 2 Super Critical y < yc v > vc Fr > 1 Shooting
3 15 2
flow, rapid flow, tor-
rential flow
· Entrance length in a pipe is the length where boundary
layer increases and flow is fully developed.
For Laminar Flow L = 0.07 Re D
 
For Turbulent Flow Le = 50 D  S S 
Note: dy  o 2f 
· Hele Show flow: Laminar flow between parallel plates Dynamic eq. for G.V.F.: =  q 
dx  1  gy3 
· Stoke’s Law: Settling of fine particles.  
· Hagen Poiseuille flow: Laminar flow in Tubes/pipes. Hydraulic Jump Eq.
· Major Losses Head/Loses
 2q 2 (y 2  y1 )3
fLQ h  fLv 1.  y1 y 2 (y1  y2 ) 2. Energy Loss EL =
hL  f g 4y1 y 2
12D5 2gD
 y 1 2 2 2
2
3. y  2
1
 1  8F12  1  3
4. yc 
y1 y 2 (y1  y 2 )
2
=
3
(y -x ). The magnitude of discharge occurring

Types of Jump Fr EL/E1 Water surface between the stream line passing through points (0,3)
Undular 1-1.7 »0 Undulating and (3,4) is
Weak 1.7-2.5 5–18% Small rollers form (a) 6 units (b) 3 units
Oscillating 2.5-4.5 18–45% Water oscillates in random
manner (c) 1.5 units (d) 2 units
Steady 4.5-9 45–70% Roller and jump action [RPSC LECTURE - 2014]
strong ³9 ³ 70% Very rough and choppy 4. The reading of differential manometer of a venturimeter,
N P N Q placed at 450 to the horizontal is 11 cm. If the
NS = (for Turbine), NS = (H )3/ 4 (for Pump)
(H)5/4 m venturimeter is turned to horizontal position, the ma-
nometer reading will be
Classificationaccording to energy available at input
(a) zero (b) 11 / 2cm
Impulse turbine Reaction Turbine

1. Input energy is only kinetic energy 1. Input energy is kinetic energy + pressure energy
(c) 11 cm (d) 11 2cm
2. Pressure remains constant 2. Pressure drop takes place.
throughout the working [RPSC LECTURE - 2014]
3. Useful for low head & high discharge
& which is equal to atmospheric.
3. Useful for high head & low discharge
4. Degree of reaction not zero. 5. Match List-I (Devices ) with List -II (Uses) and select
5. Draft tube is present.
4. Degree of reaction is zero.
the correct answer using the given lists:
n

6. Example (i) Francis Turbine

5. No draft tabe
(ii) kaplan & propeller Turbine.
6. Example Pelton wheel
List - I List - II
Turbine
A. Pitot tube 1. Measuring pressure in a
Name Type Type of Ns (MKS) Head Discharge Direction of
Energy flow
pipe
Pelton wheel Impulse Kinetic 10-35 High Low(Q<1000 LPM) Tangential
turbine (250 to 1000m)
(Single jet) B.Manometer 2. Measuring velocity of
Peloton wheel Impulse Kinetic 35-60 High Low Tangential
turbine
(multiple jet)
(250 to 1000 m) flow runner
flow in a pipe
Francis Reaction Kinetic + 60-300 Medium Medium Inward Radial
Turbine Pressure (60 to 150 m) (1000-10000) LPM Mixed flow
(Modern Francis)
C. Venturimeter3. Measuring air and gas
Kaplan & Reaction Kinetic + 300-1000 Low High(Q>10000LPM) Axial flow
Propeller
turbine
Pressure (< 30 m) velocity
D. Anemometer 4. Measuring discharge in
RPSC Previous Questions a pipe
ABCD ABCD
1. If, for a fluid in motions, pressure at a point is same in (a) 1 2 4 3 (b) 2 1 3 4
all directions, then the fluid is (c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 4 1 3 2
(a) A real fluid [RPSC LECTURE - 2014]
(b) A Newtonian fluid 6. The number of parameters needed to express the func-
(c) An ideal fluid tion f (A,V, t,u,L)= 10 is
(d) A Non-Newtonian fluid (a) 5 (b) 4
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] (c) 3 (d) 2
2. A 15 cm length of steel rod with relative density of 7.4 [RPSC LECTURE - 2014]
is submerged in a two layer fluid. The bottom layer is 7. Water flow through a 100 mm diameter pipe with a
mercury and the top layer is water the height of top velocity of 0.015 m / sec. If the kinematic viscosity of
surface of the rod above the liquid interface (in cm)is water is 1.13 x 10-6 m2/sec, the friction factor of the
(a) 8.24 (b) 7.82 pipe material is
(c) 7.64 (d) 7.38 (a) 0.0015 (b) 0.032
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] (c) 0.037 (d) 0.048
3. For a 2D flow field, the stream function  is given as [RPSC LECTURE - 2014]
8. On an immersed body in a flowing fluid, the lift force is (c) Decrease in gravitational acceleration (d)
(a) Due to buoyant force Increase in head
(b) Always in the opposite direction to gravity [RPSC LECTURE - 2014]
(c) Due to wake phenomenon 14. An ideal fluid is :
(d) The dynamic fluid force component normal (a) One which obeys Newton’s law of
to approach velocity viscosity
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] (b) Frictionless and incompressible
9. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer on a flat (c) Very Viscous
plate at a point A is 2 cm and at a point B, 1m down- (d) Frictionless and Compressible
stream of A, is 3 cm. What is the distance of A from the [RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014]
leading edge of the plate? [RPSC ACE - 2011]
(a) 0.50 m (b) 0.80 m 15. Surface tension of water
(c) 1.00 m (d) 1.25 m (a) Increase with decrease in temperature
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] (b) Decrease with decrease in temperature
10. The repeating variables in dimensional analysis should (c) Is independent of temperature
(a) Include the dependent variable (b) (d) None of these
Have amongst themselves all the basic [RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014]
(c) Be derivable from one another (d) [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
Exclude one of the basic dimensions [RPSC ACF - 2011]
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] 16. For a fully submerged body of homogeneous compo-
11. Which of the following statement is correct regarding sition, the centre of buoyancy always
impulse turbine? (a) Coincides with the centre of gravity (b)
(a) Always operates submerged Coincides with the centroid of the volume of
(b) Makes use draft tube the displaced
(c) Operates by initial complete conversion (c) Remains above the centre of gravity (d)
to kinetic energy Remains below the centre of gravity
(d) Converts pressure head into velocity head [RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014]
through out the vanes 17. Which of the following is used to measure the discharge?
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] (a) Current Meter (b) Venturimeter
12. A hydraulic turbine has a discharge of 5 m3/sec, when (c) Pitot tube (d) Hotwireanemometer
operating under a head of 20 m with a speed of 500 [RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014]
rpm. It is to operate under a head of 15 m, for the same 18. The major loss of energy in long pipes is due to
discharge, the rotational speed in rpm will approximately (a) Sudden enlargement
be (b) Sudden contraction
(a) 433 (b) 403 (c) Gradual contraction or enlargement (d)
(c) 627 (d) 388 Friction
[RPSC LECTURE - 2014] [RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014]
13. Identify the false statement from the following. The spe- 19. Which notch is preferable for low flow rates?
cific speed of the pump increases with (a) Rectangular
(a) Increase in shaft speed (b) Triangular
(b) Increase in discharge (c) Both Rectangular and Triangular
 (d) None of these axis
[RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014] (c) Is the distance between the metacentre
20. Multi U tube manometers with different fluids are used and the centre of gravity
to measure: (d) Is the height of centre of buoyancy
(a) Very low pressure [RPSC A.En. - 2013]
(b) Low pressure 26. A stream function is defined by the expression = 2X2 -
(c) High pressure Y3. Calculate the components of velocity at point
(d) Medium pressure P(X=3, Y=1)
[RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014] (a) -3,-12 (b) +3,+12
21. Conversion of dynamic velocity head into static pres- (c) +3,+1 (d) +12,-1
sure head in a centrifugal pump is result of: [RPSC A.En. - 2013]
(a) Difference in pressure between suction 27. The hydraulic gradient line represents the variation of
and delivery ends (a) Datum head in the direction of flow (b)
(b) Stuffing box Velocity head in the direction of flow
(c) Increasing area of flow between adjacent (c) Piezometric head in the direction of flow
vanes from inlet to outlet (d) Total energy in the direction of flow
(d) Radial thrust in pump [RPSC A.En. - 2013]
[RPSC GWD A.En. - 2014] 28. If H is the head, the discharge through a V-notch varies
22. The ratios of pressure between the points X and Y lo- as
cated respective at depths 0.5 m and 2 m below a con- (a) H1/2 (b) H3/2
stant level of water in a container is : (c) H5/2 (d) H5/8
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1: 2 [RPSC A.En. - 2013]
(c) 1 : 16 (d) 1:4 29. In laminar flow, the shear stress distribution for a fluid
[RPSC A.En. - 2013] flowing in between the parallel plates, both at rest, is
23. A vertical rectangular plane surface is submerged in (a) Constant over the cross section (b)
water such that its top and bottom surfaces are 1.5 m Parabolic distribution across the section
and 6.0 m respectively below the free surface. The (c) Zero at the mid plane and varies linearly
position of center of pressure below the free surface with distance from mid plane
will be at a distance of : (d) Zero at plates and increases linearly to
(a) 3.75 m (b) 4.0 m midpoint
(c) 4.2 m (d) 4.5 m [RPSC A.En. - 2013]
[RPSC A.En. - 2013] 30. With the same cross-sectional area and immersed in
24. A stone weight 450 N in air and 250 N in water. The same turbulent flow, the largest total drag will be on
volume of the stone is (a) A circular disc of plate held normal to flow
(a) 0.0204 m 3 (b) 0.204 m3 (b) A sphere
(c) 1.0204 m3 (d) 1.0402 m3 (c) A cylinder
[RPSC A.En. - 2013] (d) A streamlined body
25. The metacentric height of a floating body: [RPSC A.En. - 2013]
(a) Is the distance between metacentre and 31. Which of the following is true for a Newtonian fluid?
centre of buoyancy (a) Viscous shear stress is independent of velocity
(b) Is the same about longitudinal and transverse gradients.
 (b) Viscous shear stress depends linearly on velocity (b) V = (R1/2 S 2/3) / n
gradients. (c) V = (R2/3 S 1/2) / n
(c) Viscous shear stress is zero at all velocity gradi- (d) V = (R1/2 S 1/3) / n
ents [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
(d) Viscous shear stress decreases with velocity 37. A rectangular channel section will be most efficient
[RPSC A.En. ME - 2013] when:-
32. The stream function for a 2 dimensional flow is given (a) Hydraulic radius is equal to half the depth
by  = 2 xy. Choose the wrong conclusion about the of flow
nature of the flow? (b) Hydraulic radius is equal to the depth of
(a) The flow satisfies continuity equation (b) flow
The flow is a rotational flow (c) Depth of flow is equal to the bottom width
(c) The flow is a potential flow (d) Depth of flow is equal to half the hydrau
(d) The flow is a irrotational flow lic radius
[RPSC A.En. ME - 2013] [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
33. Which of the following non-dimensional numbers is not 38. A fluid, which satisfies the relation  =  (du/dy), where
correctly defined? ‘ ’ is shear stress.
(a) Reynolds number = (inertia force /viscous (a) Newtonian fluid
force) (b) Non-Newtonian fluid
(b) Froude number = (inertia force / gravity (c) Thixotropic fluid /substance
1/2
force) (d) Plastic
(c) Weber number = (inertia force / pressure [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
force) 39. What shall be pressure head of a liquid of specific grav-
(d) Euler number =( pressure force / inertial ity 0.8 for a pressure head of 100 m of water:-
force) (a) 80 m (b) 125 m
[RPSC A.En. ME - 2013] (c) 160 m (d) 64 m
34. SI unit of kinematic viscocity is :- [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
2 2
(a) N.s/m (b) m /s 40. Hydraulic radius is equal to the :-
(c) N/m (d) N.s/m (a) Area divided by the square of wetted
[RPSC VPITI - 2012] perimeter
35. If f = friction coefficient for a pipe; L and D are length (b) Area divided by the wetted perimeter
and diameter for the pipe respectively and V is velocity (c) Wetted perimeter divided by the Area(d)
of flow through the pipe, then according to Darcy - Square root of the area
Weisbach equation the head loss due to friction resis- [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
tance (hf) is given by 41. If the velocity, pressure, density etc. do not change at a
(a) fLv2/gD (b) 2fLv2/gD point with respect to time, the flow is called:-
2 2
(c) 3fLv /4gD (d) 3fLv /4gD (a) Uniform (b) Non uniform
[RPSC VPITI - 2012] (c) Incompressible (d) Steady
36. If V= mean velocity; R = Hydraulic radius; S = bottom [RPSC VPITI - 2012]
slope of channel and n = Manning’s coefficient, then 42. Flow in a circular pipe will be laminar if Reynold’s num-
Mannings’s formula for channel flow is given by:- ber is :
(a) V = (R1/3 S 1/2) / n (a) More than 4000
 (b) Less than 2000 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d)
(c) Between 2000-4000 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d)
(d) None of these 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14.(b)
[RPSC VPITI - 2012]
15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b)
The flow in a pipe is neither laminar nor turbulent when 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (c)
Reynolds number is 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a)
(a) Less than 2000 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c)
(b) Between 2000 to 2800 29. (c) 30. (a) 31. (b)
(c) More then 2800 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35.(b)
36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (a)
(d) None of the above
39. (b) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (b)
[RPSC LECTURE - 2011]
43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b)
43. Venturimeter is used to measure Detailed Solution
(a) The velocity of a flowing liquid (b)
1(c).Types of fluid -
The pressure of a flowing liquid
(c) The discharge of liquid flowing in a pipe (a) Real fluid -
(d) The pressure difference of liquid flowing · Fluids which are not ideal.
between two points in a pipe line. Ideal fluid do not exist, so practically all fluid are real.
[RPSC LECTURE - 2011] (b) Ideal fluid -
44. A pitot tube is used to measure the Bulk modulus is infinite.
They are incompressible and do not have viscosity &
(a) Velocity of flow at the required point in a
surface tension.
pipe For an ideal fluid, no shear stresses exist and pressure is
(b) Pressure difference between two points same in all directions.
in a pipe 2(d).
(c) Total pressure of liquid flowing in a pipe
(d) Discharge through a pipe
[RPSC LECTURE - 2011] water
45. The liquid used in manometers should have x sw = 1
(a) Low density
Sbody = 7.4
(b) High density
(c) Low surface tension Mercury
15-x
SHg = 13.6
(d) High surface tension
[RPSC LECTURE - 2011]
46. A body in neutral equilibrium will rotate about the
(a) Centre of gravity and Meta centre (b)
Centre of pressure and Meta centre For floating body
(c) Centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy
s body  h body  SW x  Sg  (15  x)
(d) Centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy
and Meta centre 7.4 × 15 = 1 x + 13.6 (15 - x)
[RPSC LECTURE - 2011] x = 7.38 cm

3(b). Q  1   2
ANSWER KEY
 6(d). The number of  parameters = (n - m)
3
1  (3)2  (0) 2   13.5
2 No. of fundamental dimensional Quantities (m)=3
No. of variables in the system (n) = 5
3
2  (4) 2  (3) 2   10.5
2 So,  parameters = 5 - 3 = 2

Q  13.5  10.5  3units 64

7(d). Friction factor = R
e
4(c). The indication of pipe does not affect the recading of
the manometer, since it measure pressure difference between 64 64
two points and will not change with orientation.  
(VD / ) VD / 
5(c). Pitot tube:
 Used to mesasure fluid flow velocity, water speed of a 64 1.13  106

boat 0.015 100 103
 To measure liquid, air & gas flow velocity in certain
industrial applications.
= 0.048
 Used to measure ship’s speed relative to be water. They 8(d). Drag force is the component of dynamic fluid force in
are used on both surface ships & submarine. the direction of flow whereas the lift force is normal to the
direction of flow right.
A fluid flowing around the surface of an object exerts a force
h on it. Lift is the component of this force that is perpendicular
pc pa  pA VA2 

 
 
2g  to the oncoming flow direction
 
C 9(b).
Zc A
ZA
Datum

 It measures the velocity of fluid

2m 3m
Venturimeter
 To find discharge from a large diameter pipe
 Accuracy is quite good It has much smaller head
O A B
X 1m
loss.

(2) h
P1 A  x
P2
 
B  x  1
22° 5°–7°
z1
A x 2
z2 (2) Throat  
(1) B x 1 3
Datum
 Angle of convergence = 20° - 30° (Generally 22°) x 4

 Angle of divergence = 5° - 7° x 1 9

U-Tube manometer x = 0.8 m

 for large pressure measurement, gas pressure & –ve 10(b).Repeating variables should include the dependent vari-
pressure ables.
 Simple manometer/U-tube manometer can measure both Repeating variables should combine among themselves.
+ve and –ve pressure. Repeating variables should contain all primary units used in
describing the variables in the problem.
Anemometer measures gas and air velocity. Repeating variables should not contain the dependent vari-
ables.
1
11(c). NS 
H 3/ 4
Specific speed decrease with increase in head.

Impulse turbine 14(b).Ideal fluid -

Bulk modulus is infinite.
They are incompressible and do not have viscosity &
1. Input energy is only surface tension.
kinetic energy For an ideal fluid, no shear stresses exist and pressure is
2. Pressure remains constant same in all directions.
throughout the working 15(a).Surface tension and capillary effect: It occurs at the
liquid-gas interface or at the interface of two immiscible liq-
& which is equal to atmospheric.
uids while a thin film is apparently formed due to attraction of
3. Useful for high head & low discharge liquid in the surface which is similar to tension
4. Degree of reaction is zero. in stretched membrane known as surface tension measured
5. No draft tube force
as
6. Example Pelton wheel length
N
(Unit )
m
 Surface tension is caused by force of cohesion between
12(a). liquid molecules.
Net down force is shown Here
Q1  5m3 / s, H1  20m
Tension Tension
C
N1  500rpm, Q1  Q 2 B

Liquid Surface
H 2  15m Net Cohesive Force

N Work done
 constant
H Surface tension=
Change in area to work done

N1 H1 It increase with decrease in temperature.


N2 H2
16(b). For fully submerged body of homogeneous compo-
sition, the center of buoyancy always coincides with cen-
500 20 troid of the volume of fluid displaced.

N2 15
17(b).

15
N2   500 Device Measurement
20
Venturimeter Discharge or rate of flow
N 2  433 rpm Flow nozzle Discharge or rate of flow
Hydrometer Density or specific gravity
13(d). Specific speed of pump Hygrometer Moisture
Pyrometer Solar radiation
N Q Pycnometer Water content & specific gravity
NS 
H 3/ 4 Hot wire anemometer Air & gas velocity
Current meter Velocity in open channel flow
NS  N(Shaft speed) Pitot tube Fluid velocity

NS  Q
18(d). 2
 1  Ac
Head loss where K =   1 , Cc 
 Cc  A2

Frictional loss Losses in pipe fittings Note:

Major loss  (80 – 90)% Minor loss 10 – 20)%  Momentum equation and Bernouilli’s equation are uses
in derivation of losses
 Major loss in pipe due to friction is given by Darcy–  Loss in expansion is much higher than loss in contraction
Weisbach equation.  Losses are always expressed in terms of velocity of
smaller diameter pipe.
Major Losses
(a) Darcy’s weisbach equation (c) Exit loss (due to impact)

f LV 2 hL
hf = , f  4f  , KV 2
2gD hL =
V 2g
(f = friction factor, f' = coefficient of friction)
(b) Chezy’s formula Note : In exit loss due to impact, K is the kinetic energy
V = C
RS correction factor. For Laminar , its K = 1 & forTurbulent,
its K = 1.
A  D2 D
R =  R=
P  D 4 (d) Entry loss
hL hL
 Slope ( S ) =
L 0.5V 2
By equating both the above equations , we can get C = hL =
V entry in pipe 2g
8g
19(b).A triangular notch gives much more accurate results in
f
low discharge conditions as compared to conventional rect-
Minor losses angular notch.
(a) Due to sudden expansion 20(c).

V1 P1 V2 No. Type of Manometer Fluid Types Pressure measurement

Eddies
1. Piezometer Liquid Positive
(Gauge pressure)
2 2. U-tube Manometer Both liquid & Both positive &
(V1  V2 ) 2 V12  A1  gases Negative Pressure
hL =  1  
2g 2g  A2  3. Inclined Tube Gases Both (+ve & -ve)
Manometer ( for very low pressure) (mostly +ve)
A1= Area of smaller diameter
4. Differential &
pipe Inverted Differential Both liquid & Pressure difference
gases Between 2 points
A2=Area of bigger diameter pipe
V1=Velocity of smaller diameter pipe 5. Bourdon Pressure
gauge
Both liquid &
gases
It measures pressure
at a point

V12
hL = K
2g 21(c).In centrifugal pump, volute chamber have continuous
2
 A1  increasing area due to which velocity reduce, so the velocity
Where K=  1  
 A2  head converted into pressure head.
(b) Losses due to sudden contraction 22(d).
vena contractra
(1)
(2) V2
0.5 m
AC
PA 2m
2
(Vc  V2 ) 2 KV2 2 0.5V 2
h L=  =
2g 2g 2g PB
 PA ZA 0.5 1 I
   Where BM =
PB ZB 2 4 V
 I = MOI of top view of the immersed part of the body
23(c). about longitudinal axis.
 Larger the metacentric height, greater is stability.
26(b).
1.5 m
  2x 2  y3
x = 3.75 m 6.0 m

U  4x  12
x
27(c).Hydraulic gradient line and Total energy line

IG P 
Centre of pressure = x  Line joining the points of piezometric head   z  at various
Ax  
points in a flow is called HGL.
2

(b)(4.5)3
V1
2g 2
V2
= 3.75  TEL 2g
12(b)(4.5)(3.75) 2
V2 Hydraulic grade line
HGL
2
2g joining top pipe surface
V1
2g
= 4.2 m exit

24(a). V2

TEL HGL
Real weight = 450 N
datum
Apparent weight = 250 N
 P V2 
Buoyancy force = Real weight - Apparent weight Line joining the points of total energy    2 g  z  at
 
FB  450  250  200 various points in a flow is called TEL.
Note:
Vdisp  g  200
 HGL may rise or fall in the flow direction, depending
upon the velocity head (which varies with the area of
200 cross section)
Vdisp 
1000  9.81  TEL always fall down. But if there is a pump or turbine
placed in the flow, then there will be sudden rise or fall
Vdisp  Vstone  0.0204 m 3 repectively
 TEL is horizontal in case of idealised Bernoulli's flow as
25(c).Metacentre (M) is the point of intersection of lines of losses are zero.
action of buoyant force before and after rotation.
28(c).Flow over V-Notch or triangular weir:
GM = metacentric height
GM = BM – BG  End contraction is not consider in this case.

M h

H dh



G 8 
B  Q= cd 2 g tan H5 / 2 cd = 0.52
15 
 If we consider velocity of approach then
8 
Q= cd 2 g tan [(H + ha )5 / 2  ha 5 / 2 ]
15 
29(c).Flow between two fixed parallel plates
 If continuity equation is satisfied, therefore, the flow will
be irrotational and potential flow.
1  -dp  2 B dy
1. u=   (By  y ) y 33(d).
2  dx  dx x
Number Equation
1  dp  3 Fi VL
Reynolds No. 
2. Q =  B Fv 
12  dx 
Fi V
du 1  dp  
Fp p
3.      (B  2y)  Eulers No.
dy 2  dx  
Q 1  dp  2 Fi V
4. Vavg =   B 
A 12  dx  Mach No. Fe C
1  dp   3
5. Vmax =    , Vmax = Vavg Fi V
8  dx  2
Froude No. 
B 3B Fg gL
6. V = Vavg at y = 
2 6
Fi v
3B Weber No. 
6 F  / L
3B
6 34(d). Kinematic viscosity =
12Vavg.L dynamic viscosity  
 v
7. hL = density  

30(a). cm 2
CGS unit = or stoke
sec
31(b).Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids
m2
du SI unit =
sec
 If  =  dy then Newtonian fluids otherwise non- –4 2
10 m /s (SI) = 1 stoke
Newtonian
FLV 2
pic ic pas
te
35(b). hf 
tro ast 2gD
0

xo l u m ic
i P ps st g)
1, B

Th am Gy pla in
0 n gh c tic udo thinn
n<


B B i e
p Pse ar
1,
n = B 0 R h
1,
eo
(S h
e  F = 4f
n>
Newtonian where F = friction factor
1
<
n

=1
0,


B=

,n Dilatant f = coefficient of friction

=0
B >1 (Shear Thickening)
0, n
B= Ideal Fluid (4f )LV 2 2fLV 2
hf  
du/dy 2gD gD
n
 du 
  = A    B (General shear equation) 36(c).Manning’s equation
 dy 
32(b). 1 2/3 1/2
V R S0
n
 2  2  1/ 6
d50
Continuity equation = 2  2  Strikler’s Formula n = , d in meters
x y 21.10 50
1/ 6
d 90
 2 (4xy)  2 (4xy) Meyer’s Formula n = , d90  in meters
=  26
x 2 y 2
37(a).Economical channel section:
=0+0=0
(i) The efficient section is the one whose discharge carrying
 capacity is maximum for a given cross-sectional area. 41(d). Steady and Unsteady Flow: At any given location,
(ii) A section whose construction cost is minimum for a the flow and fluid properties do not change with time, then its
given discharge. steady flow otherwise unsteady.
 Most Economical & Most efficient channel section,
V
perimeter should be minimum. =
t
 1 
 Q  2 / 3  (excavation is minimum). P 
 p  0,  0,  0  Steady flow
t t
 Semi-Circular shape has a least amount of perimeter for a
given area. Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow: A flow is said to be
 Gedmetrical  Rectangular
uniform flow in which velocity & flow both in magnitude
Parameters and direction do not change along the direction of flow
for given instant of time.
y
 Diagram
B
42(a).
B
 Condition for  y Laminar Transition Turbulent
2
most Economical Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000
Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
 Area A = B.y = 2y.y parallel plate
Flow in open channel Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
 A  2y 2
Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2
 Perimeter P  4y
43(c).Venturimeter
 Hydraullic Radius  R  y/2
 To find discharge from a large diameter pipe
(R = A/P)
 Top width (T)  T  2y
 Accuracy is quite good It has much smaller head
loss.
 Hydraullic Depth  Dy

 A
D  
 T (2) h
P1 P2
du  
38(a). If  =  dy then Newtonian fluids otherwise non-
22° 5°–7°
Newtonian z1
p ic c pas
te
tro sti z2 (2) Throat
0

o la u m c
ix P ps sti g) (1)
1, B

Th am Gy la in
0 ngh c t ic do p hinn Datum
n<

B Bi

pe Pseu ar t
1,
n= B0 Rh
eo e
> 1, ( Sh
n
 Angle of convergence = 20° - 30° (Generally 22°)
Newtonian
1

 Angle of divergence = 5° - 7°
<
n

=1
0,


B=

,n Dilatant 1 1
=0  d   to  D , commonly d = D/2, where d = dia
B 1 (Shear Thickening)
0, n> 3 2
B= Ideal Fluid of throat
du/dy D = dia of pipe
39(b). Pwater  Pliquid  Principal : Reduction in Area leads to increase in
velocity & decrease in pressure, this pressure reduction
 w  g  (100)  0.8   w  g  h is noted & used in Bernoulli to calculate discharge.
V22 V12
Piezometric head difference h = 
100 2g 2g
h  125m
0.8 a1a2
 Qactual = cd 2 gh
A a12  a22
40(b). R 
P Where a1, a2 cross-sectional areas at section 1 and 2
 a1
a2 = area ratio FB = Buoyant Force
cd  discharge coefficient Couple (Restoring)
B
a1a2 2 g
, because this depends only on dimensions
a12  a22 G G
of venturimeter, it is called venturi-constant. W
Q actual Submerged body Floating body
h  hL
 cd =  0.98 = Stable equilibrium G below B M above G
h Q theoretical BM > BG
44(a). Pitot tube: GM = MB – BG = +Ve
Unstable equilibrium G above B M below G
 Used to mesasure fluid flow velocity, water speed of a BM < BG
boat GM = MB – BG = –Ve
 To measure liquid, air & gas flow velocity in certain Neutral equilibrium G & B coincide M & G coincide
industrial applications. GM = 0
 Used to measure ship’s speed relative to be water. They 47(b).
are used on both surface ships & submarine.
 It measures the velocity of fluid Laminar Transition Turbulent
Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000
V2 Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
 hmeasured  A parallel plate
2g Flow in open channel Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2
VA = 2gh

h
pc pa  pA VA2 

 
  2g 
 
C
Zc A
ZA
Datum

 VA actual = CV 2gh
CV = 0.98 (coefficient of velocity)
45(b). Liquid in U-tube manometer, should have specific
gravity more than the liquid whose pressure is to be mea-
sured.
 Manometric Liquid should be completely immiscible
with the liquid whose pressure is to be measured.
 Liquid should have small thermal coefficient & small
vapour pressure.
 Mercury is used in Manometer & barometer because
of high density, Immiscible & low Vapour pressure.
46(b). Rotational Stability: When a small angular displace-
ment sets up a restoring couple, then stability is known as
rotational stability.