Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2

infection using rapid immunoassays

Interim guidance
11 September 2020

Background After collecting the respiratory specimen and applying

it to the test strip, results are read by the operator within
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, 10 to 30 minutes with or without the aid of a reader
laboratories have been using nucleic acid amplification instrument. The use of a reader standardizes
tests (NAATs), such as real time reverse transcription interpretation of test results, reducing variance in assay
polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays, to detect interpretation by different operators, but requires
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. In ancillary equipment. Most of the currently
many countries, access to this form of testing has been manufactured tests require nasal or nasopharyngeal
challenging. The search is on to develop reliable but less swab samples, but companies are carrying out studies to
expensive and faster diagnostic tests that detect antigens assess the performance of their tests using alternative
specific for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antigen-detection sample types such as saliva, oral fluid and sample
diagnostic tests are designed to directly detect SARS- collection systems to potentially expand options for use
CoV-2 proteins produced by replicating virus in and to facilitate safe and efficient testing. Generally, the
respiratory secretions and have been developed as both ease-of-use and rapid turnaround time of Ag-RDTs
laboratory-based tests, and for near-patient use, so- offers the potential to expand access to testing and
called rapid diagnostic tests, or RDTs. The diagnostic decrease delays in diagnosis by shifting to decentralized
development landscape is dynamic, with nearly a testing of patients with early symptoms. The trade-off
hundred companies developing or manufacturing rapid for simplicity of operation of Ag-RDTs is a decrease in
tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection (1). sensitivity compared to NAAT. Very few of the SARS-
CoV-2 Ag-RDTs have undergone stringent regulatory
This document offers advice on the potential role of review. Only four tests have received United States
antigen-detecting RDTs (Ag-RDT) in the diagnosis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use
COVID-19 and the need for careful test selection. The Authorization (EUA), and another two tests have been
information on Ag-RDTs in this document updates approved by Japan’s Pharmaceutical and Medical
guidance that was included in the Scientific Brief Devices Agency. Only three companies have submitted
entitled WHO Advice on use of point of care documents toward WHO’s Emergency Use Listing
immunodiagnostics test for COVID-19 published on 8 (EUL) procedure (2, 3).
April 2020. Guidance on the use of Ag-RDTs will be
regularly updated as new evidence becomes available. Data on the sensitivity and specificity of currently
available Ag-RDTs for SARS-CoV-2 have been derived
Most Ag-RDTs for COVID-19 use a sandwich from studies that vary in design and in the test brands
immunodetection method employing a simple-to-use being evaluated. They have shown that sensitivity
lateral flow test format commonly employed for HIV, compared to NAAT in samples from upper respiratory
malaria and influenza testing. Ag-RDTs are usually tract (nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs) appears to be
comprised of a plastic cassette with sample and buffer highly variable, ranging from 0-94% (4-13) but
wells, a nitrocellulose matrix strip, with a test line with specificity is consistently reported to be high (>97%).
bound antibody specific for conjugated target antigen- Although more evidence is needed on real-world
antibody complexes and a control line with bound performance and operational aspects, Ag-RDTs are most
antibody specific for conjugated-antibody. In the case likely to perform well in patients with high viral loads
of SARS-CoV-2 RDTs the target analyte is often the (Ct values ≤25 or >106 genomic virus copies/mL) which
virus’ nucleocapsid protein, preferred because of its usually appear in the pre-symptomatic (1-3 days before
relative abundance. Typically, all materials that are symptom onset) and early symptomatic phases of the
required to perform the test, including sample collection illness (within the first 5-7 days of illness) (14, 15). This
materials, are provided in the commercial kit, with the offers the opportunity for early diagnosis and
exception of a timer. interruption of transmission through targeted isolation

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

and cohorting of the most infectious cases and their close contact tracing efforts) and prioritize sample
contacts (16). Patients who present more than 5-7 days collection from RDT-negative individuals for NAAT.
after the onset of symptoms are more likely to have lower
viral loads, and the likelihood of false negative results iii) To monitor trends in disease incidence in
with Ag-RDTs is higher. communities, and particularly among essential
workers and health workers during outbreaks or in
Despite these expected limitations in performance, if regions of widespread community transmission
correctly performed and interpreted, Ag-RDTs could where the positive predictive value and negative
play a significant role in guiding patient management, predictive value of an Ag-RDT result is sufficient to
public health decision making and in surveillance of enable effective infection control. 2
COVID-19. At minimum, Ag-RDTs would need to
correctly identify significantly more cases than they iv) Where there is widespread community
would miss (sensitivity ≥80%) and have very high transmission, RDTs may be used for early detection
specificity (≥97-100%). Based on these performance and isolation of positive cases in health facilities,
parameters, this interim guidance proposes several COVID-19 testing centres/sites, care homes, prisons,
potential roles for Ag-RDT and offers general schools, front-line and health-care workers and for
recommendations for selection of tests and key contact tracing. Note that the safe management of
considerations for their implementation. patients with RDT-negative samples will depend on
the RDT performance and the community
General recommendations for the use of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence of COVID-19 (see Annex). A negative
Ag-RDTs Ag-RDT result cannot completely exclude an active
COVID-19 infection, and, therefore, repeat testing
1. SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs that meet the minimum or preferably confirmatory testing (NAAT) should
performance requirements of ≥80% sensitivity and ≥97% be performed whenever possible (Figure 1),
specificity compared to a NAAT reference assay 1 can be particularly in symptomatic patients.
used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in a range of
settings where NAAT is unavailable or where prolonged
v) Testing of asymptomatic contacts of cases may be
turnaround times preclude clinical utility.
considered even if the Ag-RDT is not specifically
To optimize performance, testing with Ag-RDTs should authorized for this use, since asymptomatic cases
be conducted by trained operators in strict accordance have been demonstrated to have viral loads similar
with the manufacturer’s instructions and within the first to symptomatic cases (17), though in that situation,
5-7 days following the onset of symptoms. a negative Ag-RDT should not remove a contact
from quarantine requirements.

2. Appropriate scenarios for use of COVID-19 Ag-RDTs

include the following: 3. For initial introduction of Ag-RDTs into clinical use,
countries should consider selecting some settings where
i) To respond to suspected outbreaks of COVID-19 in NAAT confirmatory testing is currently available so
remote settings, institutions and semi-closed that staff can gain confidence in the assays, confirm
communities where NAAT is not immediately performance of the selected RDT, and troubleshoot any
available. Positive Ag-RDT results from multiple implementation issues encountered. Wherever NAAT
suspects is highly suggestive of a COVID-19 will be used for confirmatory testing in patients
outbreak and would allow for early implementation screened using an Ag-RDT, the samples for the two
of infection control measures. Where possible, all tests should be collected at roughly the same time, or at
samples giving positive Ag-RDT results (or at least a most within a period of less than 2 days.
subset) should be transported to laboratories with
NAAT capability for confirmatory testing. 4. In situations where confirmatory testing with NAAT
is not feasible, any indications that results may be
incorrect should raise suspicions about validity.
ii) To support outbreak investigations (e.g. in closed
Examples would include patients who are test-positive
or semi-closed groups including schools, care-homes,
but have a clinical syndrome not consistent with
cruise ships, prisons, work-places and dormitories,
COVID-19, or patients with a positive test detected in a
etc.) In NAAT-confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks, Ag-
low-prevalence setting (where the predictive value of a
RDTs could be used to screen at-risk individuals and
positive test is low and the risk of false-positives high).
rapidly isolate positive cases (and initiate other

1 Based on well-designed and executed evaluations in minimum performance criteria met; increases to 93% if prevalence
representative populations is 20%
2 Risk of false positive results is high in low prevalence settings;

positive predictive value is 78% if prevalence is 10% and

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

Other warning signals might include patients who are necessary to avoid many false-positive results.
test-negative but have a classical syndrome, are close Sensitivity will depend on the status of patients
contacts of a case or are tested in a high-prevalence studied (degree of illness, days since onset of
setting. In such situations, considerations should be symptoms, etc.) as well as the product quality,
given to repeating the test, especially if there is also any but should reach a minimum of ≥80%. A useful
uncertainty about the visual result (faint bands) or assessment is the sensitivity of the test in
adequacy of sampling. patients with a rRT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct)
below a specific value (e.g. 28 or 30), because
5. Use of Ag-RDTs is not recommended in settings or the virus is expected to be abundant in
populations with low expected prevalence of disease respiratory samples when the test is in this
(e.g. screening at points of entry, blood donation, range, and test sensitivity correspondingly high
elective surgery), especially where confirmatory testing (exceeding 90% in some published and
by NAAT is not readily available. Such use will not be unpublished studies) (4,11). It is important to
possible until there are more data from high-quality note, however, that Ct values at a given input
studies confirming high specificity (>99%) of one or concentration of target RNA vary between rRT-
more of the commercialized Ag-RDT test kits. PCR assays and are not strictly quantitative.
3. Manufacturing quality and regulatory status.
Selection of tests for procurement and Tests should be procured from manufacturers
implementation: who work under a quality management system
Though there are a limited number of SARS-CoV-2 Ag- (e.g. ISO 13485) and with at least local
RDTs currently available commercially, multiple regulatory approval or right of free sale granted
products, of variable quality and performance, are by the country of manufacture. RDTs, as all in
expected to enter the marketplace soon. As noted in the vitro diagnostics intended for clinical use,
Introduction, most commercial SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs should undergo a rigorous and transparent
use a conventional lateral flow format with colloidal regulatory review. Approval or authorization by
gold or other visible dye as indicators. Several systems, a stringent regulatory body and/or Emergency
including some with US FDA approval under EUA, use Use Listing by WHO should be available at the
alternative indicators that may lead to enhanced time of procurement.
sensitivity but require a specific device to read and 4. Manufacturing capacity and further
interpret the test results. evidence of quality. Many new companies
There are a number of factors to consider when without a history of success in the manufacture,
selecting Ag-RDTs for use in the scenarios presented sales and support of in vitro diagnostics are
above, in the recommendations section. These include: entering the market with SARS-CoV-2 Ag-
RDTs. Procurers should consider the range of
1. Quality of available data used to validate the other products offered by the company
test. The source of data should be considered (especially lateral flow tests), what regulatory
(independent vs. internal/corporate sponsorship) approvals they have for non-emergency
as should study design (e.g. the reference diagnostic products, and their manufacturing
standard used, the type of specimen, the delay and post-market surveillance capacity. Many
between sample collection and test execution companies are able to manufacture high-quality
and the number of days since symptom onset), prototypes or completed tests at low volume but
the number of subjects enrolled, and the setting may have difficulty when scaling up
of enrolment. As the concentration of virus in manufacturing to meet global needs.
specimens is the greatest predictor of test
sensitivity, the selection of patients and study 5. Distribution and technical support.
sites is of critical importance. Prospective Consideration should be given to a supplier’s
clinical studies are generally superior to distribution and product support capacity,
retrospective studies. Data from studies especially in low and middle-income countries.
independent of corporate sponsorship have This is particularly true for tests that require
particular value if the studies are well- additional equipment like readers.
performed. 6. Shipping and storage conditions and shelf-
2. Reported performance. Data demonstrating life. The capacity to withstand temperature
the performance of an RDT should be carefully stress and having an extended shelf-life are
reviewed before procurement is initiated. Given critical to the ease-of-use of Ag-RDTs. With
the relatively low prevalence of active SARS- new products, shelf-life must be estimated
CoV-2 infections even in settings with based on accelerated stability studies (usually at
community transmission, high specificity higher temperatures), but target shelf-life
(minimum >97% and ideally >99%) is should be at least 12-18 months at 30°C and

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

ideally 40°C. A cold chain requirement for 3. Use of instrumented detection systems
shipping and/or storage would significantly demands additional training requirements
increase the cost and complexity of (instrument use, calibration as required, service
procurement and distribution. requirements, operating conditions) and
sufficient infrastructure, such as a reliable
7. Specimen collection requirements. SARS-
source of electricity.
CoV-2 Ag-RDTs vary in their requirements for
specimen type, number of processing steps, 4. Sample collection is one of the most critical
need for accurate timing, instrumentation and factors affecting performance of Ag-RDTs.
interpretation of results, which will influence Instructions for use should be carefully
the extent of training and supervision required. followed, and any staff collecting samples
For this reason, an ease-of-use assessment is an should be trained in the methodology.
important consideration along with test
5. Each of these tests has a specifically indicated
performance.
method for sample processing after collection.
8. Contents of test kit. Standard kit contents do Instructions should be followed precisely, and
not necessarily include everything required to no alternative reagents used (e.g. water or other
perform and quality control the test, and this liquid instead of dilution/mixing buffer).
must be verified prior to purchase. Several
6. Biosafety requirements for operators must be in
commercially available Ag-RDTs for SARS-
place – personal protective equipment,
CoV-2 utilize a reading instrument.
biohazard waste bag and good ventilation are
9. The cost of the test. The cost of tests will vary essential (19).
according to the test and the volume to be
purchased. In general, they should be less Methods
expensive than PCR tests. The cost of This Interim Guidance document outlines potential use
transportation, import tariffs, storage, end-user and non-use case scenarios for SARS-CoV-2 antigen-
training (and supervision) and post-purchase detecting RDTs based on minimum performance
quality control testing activities required to criteria. Minimum performance requirements for Ag-
support quality implementation of RDTs must RDTs were established through a formal process of
also be considered. target product profile (TPPs) development for priority
10. Availability, completeness and clarity of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics (20). They were informed by
instructions for use. These should be clear, an evolving understanding of the temporal dynamics of
contain illustrations and be user-friendly for a viral shedding and transmissibility and the anticipated
benefits of earlier and expanded testing. PubMed and
non-laboratory specialist.
medRxiv databases were searched for both peer-
Implementation considerations: reviewed and published, pre-print reports of test
accuracy of point of care/near patient rapid antigen-
1. Even though Ag-RDTs may be considerably
detecting SARS-CoV-2 tests. One systematic review of
easier to perform than NAAT, they still require
diagnostic test accuracy was identified (21).
that supplier-recommended procedures be
Additionally, unpublished independent reports on the
strictly followed with due attention to
performance of two SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs were
documentation, execution of time-dependent or
shared confidentially with WHO. Interim guidance was
volume-dependent steps, storage conditions
reviewed by members of the WHO Reference
and shelf-life and equipment and stock
Laboratory Network for COVID-19 and members of the
management. All test operators must have
WHO COVID-19 Diagnostics Target Product Profile
training in sample collection, relevant biosafety,
Review Group, as well as other outside experts.
performance of the test and interpretation and
reporting of results as well as in waste We recognize the shortcomings of the available
management. Quality control measures also evidence. They include small sample sizes, skewed
need to be put in place. sampling based on expected presence or absence of
SARS-CoV-2 infection, and lack of details in studies
2. Post-market surveillance, with regulatory
aimed at validating tests regarding symptom status or
oversight, is critical to discover defects in
time from symptom onset. In addition, the lack of data
product performance and is an important
from asymptomatic cases, use of tests outside of
requirement for the manufacturer. The health
manufacturers’ instructions for use and performance of
system should ensure there is monitoring and
tests in laboratories as opposed to point of care/near-
evaluation of COVID-19 diagnostic testing
patient settings limit the generalizability of
activities and clear mechanisms for reporting
recommendations. Nonetheless, it was concluded that
problems (18).
some Ag-RDTs are likely to at least meet and likely
exceed minimum performance requirements in the early

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

phase of the illness (within the first 5-7 days, when viral a test-negative patient is not to have the disease, see
loads and risk of transmission are highest). Expanding Annex. For example, when the prevalence of active
testing to potentially interrupt transmission through the SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community is 1%, even a
use of antigen RDTs is considered more beneficial than test that is 99% specific would have a poor positive
not testing or performing tests that fail to inform predictive value, since one-half of all positive results
infection control measures due to very long turnaround would be false positive.
times or the risk of false negatives in patients with low
viral loads. Roles for antigen detecting RDTs for case management
and surveillance for COVID-19
Test performance
Use of Ag-RDTs can be considered in countries or areas
The performance of an Ag-RDT is determined by the that are experiencing widespread community
sensitivity and specificity of the test to detect a SARS- transmission, where the health system may be over-
CoV-2 infection compared with a reference standard, burdened and where it may not be possible to test all or
NAAT (generally rRT-PCR). any suspect cases by NAAT. As with all diagnostic tests,
but especially those with sub-optimal sensitivity and/or
Sensitivity is the percentage of cases positive by a specificity, to correctly interpret and act on the results
NAAT reference standard that are detected as positive of the RDT, the prevalence of disease (according to
by the Ag-RDT under evaluation. the reference standard) must be estimated based on
surveillance, since this determines the positive and
Specificity is the percentage of cases negative by a negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively)
NAAT reference standard that are detected as negative of the RDTs (see Annex). The proposed process for
by the Ag-RDT under evaluation. The prevalence of utilizing an Ag-RDT for COVID-19 case management
disease in the community being tested strongly affects when there is widespread community transmission is
the predictive value of a positive or negative result (see shown in Figure 1. In such a setting, the pre-test
Annex). Thus, the clinical value of a positive or probability of COVID-19 disease (the likelihood that
negative test result will depend on what action is taken the patient has COVID-19 before their results are
on the basis of the test result when interpreted in the known, based on epidemiologic and clinical factors) is
context of local prevalence. relatively high, and positive test results have a high
predictive value. Likewise, in a setting of community
In general, the higher the prevalence of SARS-COv-2 transmission, the predictive value of a negative RDT
infection in the tested population, the more likely a result may be low, even when there are strong
person who tests positive is to have COVID-19. The epidemiologic or clinical indicators of COVID-19
lower the prevalence in the community, the more likely exposure or disease.

Figure 1. Flowchart demonstrating the potential use of antigen-based RDTs (that meet minimum performance
criteria) in settings of widespread community transmission and where there is no NAAT capacity.

NPV- negative predictive value; PPV – positive predictive value

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

Table 1. Situations where SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs should not be used, based on currently available information

Do not use SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs: Explanation

In individuals without symptoms unless the Pre-test probability (the likelihood, before testing, that the
person is a contact of a confirmed case patient has the disease based on epidemiology, case contact,
clinical findings) is low.
Where there are zero or only sporadic cases Ag-RDTs are not recommended for routine surveillance
purposes or case management in this setting. Positive test results
would likely be false positives. Molecular testing is preferred.
Appropriate biosafety and infection prevention To safeguard health workers, respiratory sample collection for
and control measures (IPC) are lacking any test from patients with suspected COVID-19 requires that
operators wear gloves, gown, mask and face shield or goggles
(19, 22, 23).
Management of the patient does not change If test-positive and test-negative patients will be treated the same
based on the result of the test way because of unknown or low PPV and/or NPV, then there is
no benefit to testing.
For airport or border screening at points of entry Prevalence of COVID-19 will be highly variable among
travellers, and it is therefore not possible to determine PPV and
NPV of test results. Positive and negative tests would require
confirmatory testing to increase PPV and NPV for decision
making.
In screening prior to blood donation A positive RDT result would not necessarily correlate with
presence of viremia. Asymptomatic blood donors do not meet
the definition of a suspect case (24).

Factors influencing test performance - unclear or incorrect instructions that

can affect test performance
• As mentioned above, many factors may affect
• inadequate training or competency of the test
the performance of antigen-detecting RDTs.
operator, which may lead to error in preparing
Consequently, findings in clinical settings may
the antigen-detecting RDT, performing the test
be variable. The following should be taken into
or interpreting the result, with erroneous
account:
conclusions.
• patient factors such as the time from illness
onset and immune status sample type (upper or Future updates and product specific recommendations
lower respiratory tract), quality and processing,
including storage conditions and dilution in WHO is working closely with groups evaluating the
performance and operational characteristics of
viral transport medium
commercialized SARS-CoV-2 antigen detecting RDTs
• viral factors including the concentration and to systematically compile the evidence as it emerges and
duration of viral antigen shedding and structural coordinate updates. Currently, there is insufficient
variation in the target antigen, cross reactivity evidence on performance and operational use to
with other viruses recommend specific commercial products.
• specific protein target, as some antigens are
produced in higher concentrations than others,
e.g. nucleocapsid versus spike proteins
• product design or quality issues including:
- insufficient antibody quantity or
affinity for the target antigen(s)
- poor packaging and exposure to heat
and humidity during improper
transport and/or storage, which can
degrade antibodies in the test

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

Acknowledgments WHO: Jane Cunningham and Mark Perkins (Leads),

Amal Barakat, Golubinka Boshevksa, Lisa Carter,
This document was developed in consultation with: Lora Chernyshova, Radu Cojocaru, Janet Victoria
External: Sergio Carmona, FIND, Switzerland; Arlene Diaz, Soudeh Ehsani, Belinda Louise Herring,
Chua, Médecins Sans Frontières, Switzerland; Antonino Francis Inbanathan, Alexandr Jaguparov, Iaroslava
Di Caro, Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Maksymovych, Marco Marklewitz, Jairo Mendez-
Spallanzani, Italy; Sally Hojvat, Partners in Diagnostics, Rico, Karen Nahapetyan, Dmitriy Pereyaslov, Anne
USA; Erik Karlsson, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Perrocheau, Irena Prat, Artem Skrypnyk, Maja
Cambodia; Rosanna Peeling, London School of Hygiene & Stanojevic, Ute Ströher, Maria Van Kerkhove, Karin
Tropical Medicine, UK; Leo Poon, Hong Kong University, von Eije.
China, Hong Kong SAR; Chantal Reusken, RIVM,
Declaration of interests
Netherlands; Bill Rodriguez, Draper Richards, Kaplan
Foundation, USA; Jilian Sacks, FIND, Switzerland; Anne Declarations of interests were collected from all
von Gottberg, National Institute for Communicable external contributors and assessed for any conflicts of
Diseases, South Africa interest. There were no significant conflicts of interest
declared.

WHO continues to monitor the situation closely for any changes that may affect this interim guidance. Should any
factors change, WHO will issue a further update. Otherwise, this interim guidance document will expire 2 years after
the date of publication.

© World Health Organization 2020. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
licence.
WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/Antigen_Detection/2020.1

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 Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays: Interim guidance

Annex
Annex : Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and the number of true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) and false negative (FN) tests in a
population of 10 000 with the prevalence of COVID-19 estimated at 5, 10, 20, 30% prevalence and based on recommended performance criteria: sensitivity of 70, 80%, 90% and specificity of
98% and 100%.

Example prevalence Prevalence Sensitivity Specificity NPV PPV TP FP TN FN No. with No. positive Total
target populations (%) disease tests
70 98 98 60 350 238 9263 150 500 588 10000
70 100 98 88 350 48 9453 150 500 398 10000
Symptomatic general
80 98 99 63 400 238 9263 100 500 638 10000
population; contacts of 5
80 100 99 89 400 48 9453 100 500 448 10000
index case
90 98 99 65 450 238 9263 50 500 688 10000
90 100 99 90 450 48 9453 50 500 498 10000
70 98 97 76 700 225 8775 300 1000 925 10000
Community
70 100 97 94 700 45 8955 300 1000 745 10000
transmission:
Symptomatic patients 80 98 98 78 800 225 8775 200 1000 1025 10000
presenting to health 80 100 98 95 800 45 8955 200 1000 845 10000
care facilities; contacts 10 90 98 99 80 900 225 8775 100 1000 1125 10000
of index cases; 90 100 99 95 900 45 8955 100 1000 945 10000
institutions & closed
communities with
confirmed outbreaks
70 98 93 88 1400 200 7800 600 2000 1600945 10000
Symptomatic at referral 70 100 93 97 1400 40 7960 600 2000 1440 10000
centre; Symptomatic or 80 98 95 89 1600 200 7800 400 2000 1800 10000
screening of health care 20
80 100 95 98 1600 40 7960 400 2000 1640 10000
work workers; care
homes 90 98 98 90 1800 200 7800 200 2000 2000 10000
90 100 98 98 1800 40 7960 200 2000 1840 10000
70 98 88 92 2100 175 6825 900 3000 2275 10000
70 100 89 98 2100 35 6965 900 3000 2135 10000
Symptomatic health 80 98 92 93 2400 175 6825 600 3000 2575 10000
care worker/cleaners; 30
80 100 92 99 2400 35 6965 600 3000 2435 10000
care home residents
90 98 96 94 2700 175 6825 300 3000 2875 10000
90 100 96 99 2700 35 6965 300 3000 2735 10000

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