CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE 7-1, Cycle Diagrams ‘A good knowledge of the vapor-compression cycle requires an intensive study not only of the individual processes that make up the cycle but also of the relationships that exist among the several processes and of the effects that a change in any one process in the cycle has on all the other processes in the cycle, This is greatly simplified by the use of charts and diagrams upon which the complete cycle may be shown graphically. Graphical representation of the refrigeration cycle permits the desired simultaneous con- sideration of all the various changes in the condition of the refrigerant which occur dur- 9 the cycle and the effect that these changes have on the cycle without the necessity of holding in mind all the different numerical values involved in cyclic prob- lems. The diagrams frequently used in the analysis of the refrigeration cycle are the pressure-enthalpy (eh) diagram and the temperature-entropy (T's) diagram. Of the two, the pressure-enthalpy diagram seems to be the most useful and is the one that is used in this book. 7-2. The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram A pressure-enthaipy chart for R-12 is shown in Fig. 7-1. The condition of the refrigerant in any thermodynamic state can be represented as @ point on the ph chart. The point on the ph chart that represents the condition of the refrigerant in any one particular thermo- aynamic state may be located if any two properties of the refrigerant at that state are known. Once the state point has been located on the chart, the other properties of the rettig- erant for that state can be determined directly from the chart As shown by the skeleton ph chart in Fig. 7-2, the chart is divided into three areas that ‘are separated from each other by the satu- rated liquid and saturated vapor tines, The area on the chart to the left of the saturated liquid line is cated the subcooled region. At any point in the subcooled region the retrig- erant is in the liquid phase and its tempera- ture is below the saturation temperature cor- responding to its pressure. The area to the right of the saturated vapor line is the superheated region and the refrigerant is in the form of @ superheated vapor. The section of the chart between the saturated liquid and118 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE 2eq' 3unssaud giNosav Zi-qweLBujoy 40} wesbeIp Adjeuiua-einssarg 1-2 “Bl BaIPX" AGTVHAN 914193dS ‘ven ws Sano Sa ANVYOIUIIY Z1NOBES sos WYYOVIG Ad IVHIN - 3UNSS3ud jeq‘ aunssad S1N10se¥‘THE PRESSURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM 119 ‘Subcooled region (Refrigerant is in the form of a subcooled liquid) Absolute pressure (bar) Saturated liquid curve Region of phase change (Refrigerant is 2 liquid vapor mixture) {quid to vapor [<< \apor to liquid Saturated vapor curve Superheated region (Refrigerant is in the form of a superheated vapor) ‘Specific enthalpy (kilkg) Fig. 7-2 Skeleton oh chart illustrating the three regions of the chart and the direction of phase changing. seturated vapor fines is the mixture region and represents the change in phase of the refrigerant betwoen the liquid and vapor phases. At any point between the two satura- tion lines the refrigerant is in the form of a liquid-vapor mixture. The distance between the two lines along any constant pressure line, as réad on the enthalpy scale at the bo!- tom of the chart, is the latent heat of vaporiza- tion of the refrigerant at that pressure. The saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines are not exactly parallel to each other because the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant varies with the pressure at which the change in phase occurs. On the chart, the change in phase from the liquid to the vapor phase takes place pro- gressively from left to right, whereas the change in phase from the vapor to the liquid phase occurs from right to left. Close to the saturated liquid line the liquid-vapor mixture is primarily liquid, whereas close to the satu- rated vapor line the liquid-vapor mixture is primarily vapor. The lines of constant quality (Fig. 7-3), extending from top to bottom through the center section of the chart and approximately parallel to the saturated liquid and vapor lines, indicate the percentage of vapor in the mixture in increments of 10%. For example, at any point on the constant quality line closest to the saturated liquid line the quallty of the liquid-vapor mixture is 10%, which means that 10% (by mass) of the mix- ture is vapor. Similarly, the indicated quality of the mixture at any point along the constant quality line closest to the saturated vapor line is 90% and the amount of vapor in the liquid-vapor mixture is 90%, At any point on the saturated liquid fine the refrigerant is a saturated liquid and at any point along the saturated vapor line the refrigerant is a satu- rated vapor. The horizontal lines extending across the chart are lines of constant pressure and the vertical lines are lines of constant enthalpy. The lines of constant temperature in the subcooled region are almost vertical on the chart and parallel to the lines of constant enthalpy. In the center section, since the refrigerant changes state at a constant tem- perature and pressure, the lines of constant temperature are parallel to and coincide with120 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE a 30 Specie enthalpy (W/ke) Fig. 7-3 Skeleton ph chan showing paths of constant pressure, constant tempsra~ ture, constant volume, constant quality, constant enthalpy, and constant entropy. (Reftigerant-12,) the lines of constant pressure. At the satu- rated vapor line the lines of constant temper- ature change direction again and, in the superheated vapor region, fall off sharply toward the bottom of the chart. The straight lines which extend diagonally and almost vertically across the superheated vapor region are lines of constant entropy. The curved, nearly horizontal lines crossing the superheated vapor region are lines of constant volume. The values of any of the various properties of the refrigerant which are of importance in the refrigerating cycle may be read directly from the ph chart at any point where the value of that particular property is significant to the process occurring at that point. To simplify the chart, the number of lines on the chart is kept to a minimum, For this reason, the value of those properties of the refrigerant which have no real significance at some points in the cycle are omitted from the chart at these points. For example, in the liquid re- gion and in the region of phase change (center section) the values of entropy and volume are of no particular interest and are therefore omitted from the chart in these sections. ; Since the ph chart is based on a 1-kg mass of the refrigerant, the volume given is the specific volume in cubic metres per kilo- gram, the enthalpy is in kilojoules per kilo- gram, and the entropy is in kilojoules per kilogram per kelvin, Enthalpy values are found on the horizontal scale at the bot- tom of the chart and the values of entropy and volume are given adjacent to the entropy and volume lines, respectively. The reference point for the enthalpy scale is arbitrarily set at 200 kikg for liquid at O*C. Simitarly, the reference point for the entropy scale is set at 1 kd/kg K for liquid at 0°C. The magnitude of the absolute pressure in bar is read on the vertical scale at the left side of the chart, Temperature values in degrees Celsius are found adjacent to the constant temperature lines in the subcooled and superheated regions of the chart and on both the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines.Absolute pressure (bar) fejected at condenser 1__ Total heat rejected at condenser Latent heat ‘THE SIMPLE SATURATED REFRIGERATING CYCLE 121 fe de ha Specific enthalpy (ki/kg) Fig. 7-4 Pressure-enthalpy diagram of a simple saturated cycle operating at a vaporizing temperature of -5'C and a, condensing temperature of 40°F (Retrigerant-12.) 7-8. The Simple Saturated Refrigerating Cycle A simple saturated refrigerating cycle is a theoretical cycle wherein it is assumed that the reftigerant vapor leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor as @ saturated vapor at the vaporizing temperature and pressure and the liquid leaves the condenser and enters the refrigerant control as a satu- rated liquid at the condensing temperature and pressure. Although the refrigerating cycle of an actual refrigerating machine will deviate somewhat from the simple saturated cycle, the analysis of a simple saturated cycle is nonetheless worthwhile. In such a cycle, the fundamental processes which are the basis of every actual vapor compression refrigerating cycle are easily identified and understood. Furthermore, by using the simple saturated cycle as a standard against which actual cycles may be compared, the relative efficiency of actual refrigerating cycles at var- lous operating conditions can be readily determined A simple saturated cycle for a R-12 system is plotted on a ph chart in Fig, 7-4. The sys- tem is assumed to be operating under such conditions that the vaporizing temperature in the evaporator is -5°C and the condensing temperature in the condenser is 40°C. The points 4, B,C, D, and E on the ph diagram correspond to points in the refrigerating sys- tem as shown on the flow diagram in Fig. 7-6. State point A can be described as some Point near the bottom of the condenser where the condensing process has been completed and the refrigerant is a saturated liquid at the condensing temperature and pressure. The properties of the refrigerant at this point, as given in Table 16-2, are T= 40°C S$ = 1.12984 kikg K p = 961 bar f= 298,536 kuikg v = 0.79802 Likg ‘At point A, the values ofp, T, and h may be read directly from the ph chart. Since the refrigerant at point A is always a saturated liquid, point A will fall somewhere along the saturated liquid line and can be located on the ph chart if, T, or h is known, In practice, p and T are readily measurable.122 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE Section vapor flows ‘tom the evaporator tothe compressor. ‘treugh te sulin fine without a change in condition 7-4, The Expansion Process In the simple saturated cycle there is assumed to be no change in the properties (condition) of the refrigerant liquid as it flows through the liquid line from the condenser to the refrigerant control and the condition of the liquid approaching the refrigerant control is the same as its condition at point A. The pro- cess: described by the initial and final state points A-B occurs in the refrigerant contro! when the pressure of the liquid is reduced from the condensing pressure to the evaporating pressure as the liquid passes through the control.” When the liquid is expanded into the evaporator through the orifice of the control, the temperature of the liquid is reduced from the condensing tem- perature to the evaporating temperature by the flashing into vapor of a portion of the liquid. Process A-B is a throttling type of adiaba- * Process A-B Is an irreversible adiabatic expan- sion during which the refrigerant passes through a series of state points in such 2 way that there is no uniform distribution of any of the properties. Hence, no true path can be drawn for the process and line A-B merely represents a process which begins at state point A and terminates at state point B. Foigrant ater psig tech rehigeant contol In he simple saturated cl, he teigarnt ows thug the Eid line tom the condenser {othe rergerant contol moat 2 change in condition 5 Flow diagram of 2 simple saturated cycle. tic expansion, frequently called “wire- drawing,” in which the enthalpy of the work- ing fluid does not change during the process. This type of expansion occurs whenever a fluid is expanded through an orifice from a high pressure to a lower pressure. It is assumed to take place without the gain or loss of heat, through the piping or valves and without the performance of work. Since the enthalpy of the refrigerant does not change during process A-8, point B is located on the ph chart by following the line of constant enthalpy from point A to the point where the constant enthalpy line intersects the line of constant pressure corresponding to the evaporating pressure. To locate point B on the ph chart, the evaporating pressure oF temperature must be known ‘As a result of the partial vaporization of the liquid refrigerant during process A-B, the refrigerant at point B is a liquid-vapor mixture whose properties are: p = 261 bar ~5°C 238.535 kulkg (same as at point A) 18.698 Ukg $= 1.438 kdlkg KNote The change in entropy during process A~B occurs as the result of allowing the fluid to expand from a higher pressure to a lower pressure without the performance of useful work, and as the result of energy transfers that take place within the fluid itself. A trans- fer of energy that takes place entirely within the working fluid does not affect the enthalpy of the fluid; only the entropy changes. At point B, in addition to the values of p, T, and h, the approximate quality of the vapor can be determined from the ph chart by interpolating between the lines of constant quality. In this instance, the quality of the vapor as determined from the ph chart is approximately 28% Since the refrigerant at point B is a fiquid- vapor mixture, only the values of p and T can be read directly from Table 16-2. However, because the enthalpy of the refrigerant at points A and B is the same, the enthalpy at point B may be read from Table 16-2 as the enthalpy at the conditions of point A. The quality of the vapor at point B can be deter- mined as in Section 6-22, using enthalpy val- ues taken either from Table 16-2 or from the ph chart directly. The values of s and v at point B are usually of no interest and are not given either on the ph chart or in the vapor tables. If the values of sand v are desired, they must be calculated (see Section 4-22). 7-5, The Vaporizing Process The process B-C is the vaporization of the refrigerant in the evaporator. Since vaporiza- tion takes place at a constant temperature and pressure, process B-C is both isother- mal and lsobaric. Therefore, point C is located on the ph chart by following the lines ‘of constant pressure and constant tempera- ture from point B to the point where they intersect the saturated vapor line. At point C the refrigerant is completely vaporized and is a saturated vapor at the vaporizing tempera- ture and pressure. The properties of the refrig- erant at point C, as given in Table 16-2 or as THE COMPRESSION PROCESS 123 read from the ph chart, are: p = 2.61 bar (same as at point B) -5°C (same as at point B) 349.321 kulkg 64.963 Lkg $= 1.5571 kuikg The enthalpy of the refrigerant increases during process B-C as the refrigerant flows through the evaporator and absorbs heat from the refrigerated space. The quantity of heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator (refrigerating effect) is the difference between the enthalpy of the refrigerant at points & and C. Thus, if Mg, hy, Res hay Re, and hy represent the enthalpies of the refrigerant at points A, B,C, D, E, and X, respectively, then % = heh (7-1) where g, = the refrigerating effect in kilo- joules per kilogram. But since h, is equal to h,, then = hehe (7-2) When we substitute the appropriate values in Equation 7-2 for the example in question, p= 949.32 - 298.54 = 110.78 kdikg On the ph diagram, the distance between point X and point C represents the total latent heat of vaporization of 1 kg of R-12 at the vaporizing pressure of 2.61 bar (hig in Table 16-2). Therefore, since the distance B-C is the useful refrigerating effect, the difference between X-C and B-C, which is the distance X~B, is the loss of refrigerating effect. 7-6. The Compression Process In the simple saturated oycle, the refrigerant is assumed to undergo no change in condi- tion while flowing through the suction line from the evaporator to the compressor. Pro- cess C-D takes place in the compressor as the pressure of the vapor compression from the vaporizing pressure to the condensing pressure. For the simple124 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE saturated cycle, the compression process, C-D, is assumed to be isentropic.” An isen- tropic compression is a special type of adiabatic process which takes piace without friction. It is sometimes described as a “frictionless-adiabatic” or “constant-entropy” compression. Since there is no change in the entropy of the vapor during process C-D, the entropy of the refrigerant at point D is the same as at point C. Therefore, point D can be located on the ph chart by following the line of constant entropy from point C to the point where the constant entropy line intersects the line of constant pressure corresponding to the con- densing pressure. At state point D the refrigerant is @ superheated vapor at the condensing pres- sure of 9.61 bar, corresponding to a condens- ing (saturation) temperature of 40°C. Since the compression process is assumed to be isentropic (constant entropy), the entropy of the superheated vapor is the same as that of the saturated vapor at state point C, 1.5571 kWkg K, By interpolation in the superheated vapor table (Table 16-3), it can be determined that the temperature, enthalpy, and specific volume for superheated R-12 vapor, with @ saturation temperature of 40°C and an entropy of 1.5571 Kkg K, are 46.75°C, 372.40 kilkg, and 18.0447 L/kg, respectively (see Fig. 7.6) All of the properties of the refrigerant at the condition of point D can be taken also from * it will be shown later that compression of the vapor in an actual refrigerating compressor usually deviates somewhat from true isentropic compres- sion, +The term “adiabatic” Is used to describe any number of processes that take place without the transfer of energy a8 heat to oF from the working substance during the process, Thus, an isentropic process is only one of a number of different pro- ‘cesses that may be termed adiabatic, For example, compare process CD with process A~B, Both are adiabatic, but C-D is trictionless and reversible, whereas A-B is a throttling type of process that involves friction and is irreversible, y h s Temp. °C. 40°C (9.6065 bar) 40 18,1706 367.146 1.5405 45 18,7495 371.054 1.5529 46.75 48.9447 372.403 1.5671 50 jo3072 «574804 | T5649 55 19.8469 378.708 1.5766 60 20.3711 382.475 1.5880 Fig. 7.6 See Example 7-1 the ph chart. However, the values of T, A, and v require interpolation and will be somewhat less precise than those determined from Table 16-3. Work is done on the refrigerant vapor dur- ing the compression process C-D by the compressing mamber of the compressor, and the energy (enthalpy) of the vapor: is in- creased by an amount exactly equal to the mechanical work done on the vapor. The energy equivalent of the work done during the compression process is often referred to as the heat of compression and is equal to the difference in the enthalpy of the refriger- ant at points D and C, Where q, is the work (heat) of compression per kilogram of refrig- erant circulated, Oy = hg =e (73) For the example in question, Qy = 372.40 ~ 349.32 = 23.08 kilkg As a result of absorbing the heat of com- pression, the hot vapor discharged from the compressor is in a superheated condition, that is, its temperature is greater than the satura- tion temperature corresponding to its pres- sure. In this instance, the vapor leaves the compressor at a temperature of 46.75°C, whereas the saturation temperature corre- sponding to its pressure of 9.61 bar is 40°C. Before the vapor can be condensed, the superheat must be removed and the tempera- ture of the vapor lowered from the discharge temperature to the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure7-7. The Condensing Process Usually, both processes D-E and E-A take place in the condenser as the hot gas dis- charged from the compressor is cooled to the condensing temperature and condensed, Process D-E ocours in the upper part of the condenser and to some extent in the hot gas line. It represents the cooling of the vapor from the discharge temperature to the con- densing temperature as the vapor rejects hheat to the condensing medium. During pro- cess D-E, the pressure of the vapor remains constant and point E is located on the ph chart by following a {ine of constant pressure from point D to the point where the constant pressure line intersects the saturated vapor curve. At point €, the refrigerant is a saturated vapor at the condensing temperature and pressure, Its properties, as read from either the ph chart or from Table 16-2, are: p = 9.61 bar (same as at point D) T= 40°C 367.146 kW/kg = 1.54051 kilkg = 18.171 Lkg > a ty of sensible heat (superheat) removed per kilogram of vapor in the con- denser in cooling the vapor from the dis- charge temperature to the condensing tem- perature is the difference between the enthalpy of the refrigerant at point D and the enthalpy at point Ethig—Py) Process E-A is the condensation of the vapor in the condenser. Since condensation takes place at a constant temperature and pressure, process E-A follows along lines of constant pressure and temperature from point E to point A. The heat rejected to the con- densing medium during process E~A is the difference between the enthalpy of the refrig- erant at points and A#(h,-h,). On returning to point A, the refrigerant has completed one cycle and its properties are the same as those previously described for point 4. THE CONDENSING PROCESS 125 Since both processes D-£ and E-A occur in the condenser, the total amount of heat rejected by the refrigerant to the condensing medium in the condenser is the sum of the heat quantities rejected during processes D-E and E-A, The total heat given up by the refrigerant at the condenser is the difference between the enthalpy of the superheated vapor at point D and the saturated liquid at point A. Hence, qe = hg he (7-4) whereg, =the heat rejected at the con- denser per kilogram of refrigerant circulated, In this instance, q,, = 372.40 ku/kg — 238.54 kJ/kg = 133.86 kkg If the refrigerant is to reach point A at the end of the cycle in the same condition as it left point A at the beginning of the cycle, the total heat rejected by the refrigerant to the condensing medium in the condenser must be exactly equal to the heat absorbed by the refrigerant at all other points in the cycle. Ina simple saturated cycle, the energy of the refrigerant is increased at only two points in the cycle: (1) by the heat absorbed from the refrigerated space as the refrigerant vapor- izes in the evaporator (q,), and (2) by the ‘energy equivalent of the mechanical work of compression in the compressor (q,,). There- fore, qe = Ge + Oy (7-5) In this instance, = 110.78 kulkg + 23.08 kJ/kg = 133.86 k/kg Where m is the mass flow rate of refrigerant circulated to produce the refrigerating capa- city oF rate, Qe, of 1 kW, Q, m= 7-6) Fe ee126 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE For the cycle in question, kW. 110.78 karkg = 0.00903 kg/s or 9.03 g/s Then, where Q, is the total quantity of heat rejected at the condenser per kilowatt refrigerating capacity, Q, = (mya) 7) or Q, = (milhy =he) (78) For the cycle In question, applying Equation 7-7, Qe = (0.00903 kg/s)(133.86 ki/kg) = kus 209 Where Q, is the rate of heat transfer equiv alent of the heat of compression per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity, Qy = (mh - he) (7-9) or Qy = (mQu) (7-10) For the cycle in question, substituting in Equation 7-10, Qy = (0.00903 kg/s)(23.08 ku/kg) = 0.20841 ki/s 7-8. Theoretical Power Notice that Q,, is actually en expression of the theoretical power (P;) in kilowatts required to produce a given refrigerating capacity, in this instance a refrigerating capacity of 1°KW. That is, it is the theoretical power which would be required per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity by a 100% efficient system. it does not take into account the power required to overcome friction in the compressor and other power losses. The actual shaft power (P.) required per kilowatt of refrigeration will usually be from 30% to 80% more than the theoretical power calcu- lated, depending upon the efficiency of the compressor. The factors governing compres- sor efficiency are discussed later. 7-9. Coefficient of Performance The coefficient of performance (c.0.p.) of a refrigerating cycle is an expression of the cycle efficiency and is stated as the ratio of the heat absorbed in the refrigerated space to the heat energy equivalent of the energy supplied to the compressor, that is, Heat absorbed from Coefficient of _ the refrigerated space performance ~ Heat energy equivalent of the energy supplied to the compressor For the theoretical simple saturated cycle, this may be written as Refrigerating effect Heat of compression (he = ha) tha ~ Ne) cop. = (7-11) Hence, for the cycle in question, cop, = 110-78 kulkg 23.08 kiikg 7-10. Effect of Suction Temperature on Cycle Efficiency The efficiency of the vapor-compression re- frigerating cycle varies considerably with both the vaporizing and condensing tempera- tures, Of the two, the vaporizing temperature has by far the greater effect. To illustrate the effect that varying the va- porizing temperature has on cycle efficiency, eycle diagrams of two simple saturated cycles operating at different vaporizing temperatures are drawn on the ph chart in Fig. 7-7. One cycle, identified by the points A,B,C, D, and E, is operating at a vaporizing temperature of -10°C and @ condensing temperature of 40°C. A similar cycie having the same condensing temperature but operat- ing at a vaporizing temperature of 5°C is set off by the points A, B', C’, D’, and &[EFFECT OF SUCTION TEMPERATURE ON CYCLE EFFICIENCY 127 9.61 3.63 Absolute pressure (bar) ‘Specific enthalpy (kd/kg) Fig. 7-7 Comparison of two simple saturated cycles operating at different vaporiz- ing temperatures (figure distorted). (Refrigerant-12.) To facilitate a comparison of the two cycles, the following values have been determined by the methods previously described: (a) For the -10°C oycle, Ge = hehe 347.13 kulkg - 238.54 ku/kg. 108.59 kukg Ww ha-he 373,33 kJ/kg - 347.13 ku/kg 26.20 ki/kg 4 hgnhy 373.33 kW/kg — 238,54 ku/kg = 134.79 kwkg % (b) For the 8°C cycle, de = he ~Me 353.60 ku/kg - 238.54 kJ/kg 115.06 ki/kg Ge = hg — her 370.83 kJ/kg — 383.60 kJ/kg 17.28 kulkg Ge = hyp -Iy 370.83 kulkg — 238.54 ki/kg 182.29 kikg In comparing the two cycles, note that the refrigerating effect per unit mass of refriger- ant circulated is greater for the cycle having the higher vaporizing temperature. The refrigerating effect for the cycle having the 10°C vaporizing temperature is 108.59 kJ! kg. When the vaporizing temperature of the cycle is raised to §°C, the refrigerating effect increases to 115.06 ki/kg. This represents an increase in the refrigerating effect of (he he) = (he =e) x 499 = 5.96% The greater refrigerating effect per unit mass of refrigerant circulated obtained at the higher vaporizing temperature is accounted for by the fact that there is a smaller tempera- ture differential between the vaporizing tem- perature and the temperature of the liquid approaching the refrigerant control. Conse quently, at the higher suction temperature, a ‘smaller fraction of the refrigerant vaporizes in the control and a greater portion vaporizes in the evaporator and produces usetul cooling,128 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE Since the refrigerating effect per unit mass is greater, the mass flow rate of refrigerant required to produce 1 kW of refrigerating ‘capacity is less at the higher suction temper- ature than at the lower suction temperature. Whereas the mass flow rate of refrigerant required per kilowatt refrigerating capacity for the -10°C cycle is tkW kW hehe ~ 108.59 kdlkg = 0,00921 kg/s or 9.21 g/s the mass flow rate required per kW for the 8°C cycle is only 1 kW kW 118.06 kukg = 0.00869 kg/s or 8.69 g/s The decrease in the mass tlow rate at the higher suction temperature is 9.00921 - 0.00869, 0.00921 Ne =a X 100 = 6.65% Since the difference between the vaporiz- ing and condensing pressures is smaller for the cycle having the higher suction tempera- ture, the work of compression per unit mass required to compress the vapor from the va- porizing pressure to the condensing pressure is less for the higher temperature oycle than for the lower temperature cycle. It follows then that the heat of compression per unit mass for the cycle having the higher vapori ing temperature is also less than that for the cycle having the lower vaporizing tempera- ture. The heat of compression for the 10°C cycle is 26.20 kWikg, whereas the heat of compression for the 5°C cycle is only 17.23 kikg. This represents a decrease in the heat of compression of (hig = Pe) = (ae Nghe = 26.20-17.28 , 26.20 = 34.2% 100 Because both the work of compression per unit mass and the mass tlow rate of refriger- ant required per kilowatt of capacity are less at the higher suction temperature, the work of compression per kilowatt and therefore the theoretical power required per kilowatt will be smaller at the higher vaporizing tempera- ture. The theoretical power required per kilowatt of ‘refrigerating capacity for the -10°C eycle is Pe = mihy - h,) (0.00921 kg/s)(26.20 kJ/ kg) = 0.2413 kW For the 5°C cycle, the theoretical power required is P, = mig ~ he) (6.00869 kg/s)(17.23 kJ/kg) 0.1497 kW! In this instance, increasing the vaporizing temperature of the cycle from -10°C to °C reduces the theoretical power required by 0.2413 ~ 0.1497 oaaig 100 = 98.7% Later, when the efficiency of the compres- sor Is taken into consideration, it will be shown that the difference in the actual power required per unit capacity at the various va- porizing temperatures is even greater than that indicated by theoretical computations. Since the coefficient of performance is an index of the power required per unit of refrigerating capacity and, as such, is an indication of oycle efficiency, the relative efficiency of the two cycles can be deter- 1d by comparing their coefficients of per- formance. The coefficient of performance for the -10°C cycle is henhe _ 10859 KG 4 44 Fam h, 26.20 kulkg and the coefficient of performance for the 6°C cycle is fig = hy _ 118.06 kik 17.23 kaTkg ae ~6.68EFFECT OF SUCTION TEMPERATURE ON CYCLE EFFICIENCY 129 It Is evident that the coefficient of perfor- mance, and hence the efficiency of the cycle, improves considerably as the vaporizing tem- perature increases. inthis instance, increasing the vaporizing temperature from -10°C to 5°C increases the efficiency of the cycle by 6.68 - 4.14 Tig % 100 = 61.4% Although the difference in the mass flow rate per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity at the various vaporizing temperatures is usu- ally relatively small, the volume of vapor that the compressor must handle per second per kilowatt varies greatly with changes in the vaporizing temperature, This is probably one of the most important factors influencing the capacity and efficiency of a vapor-com- pression rafrigerating system and is the one which is most likely to be overlooked by the student when studying cycle diagrams. The difference in the volume of vapor to be dis- placed per second per kilowatt at the various suction temperatures can be clearly illustrated by a. comparison of the two eycies in question. For the -10°C oyole, the rate of vapor dis- placement per kilowatt of refrigerating capa- city is m(v) = (0.00921 kg/s}(76.65 U/kg) = 0.7059 Us whereas, at the §°C suction temperature, the volume of vapor displacement per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity is m(v). = (0.00869 kg/s)(47.49 Likg) = 0.4127 Us tt is of interest to note that, whereas the decrease in the mass flow rate at the higher suction temperature is only 5.65%, the decrease in the volume of vapor handled by the compressor per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity is 0.7059 - 0.4127 o7osg 100 = 41.5% Obviously, the lower mass flow rate ac- counts for only a very small part of the reduction in the volume of vapor displaced per unit capacity at the higher suction tem- perature. To a far greater extent, the decrease in the volume flow rate per unit capacity can be attributed to the lower specific volume of the suction vapor which is coincident with the higher suction temperature and pressure (0.04749 kg at S°C as compared to 0.07665 Likg at -10°C). The effect of vaporiz- ing temperature on compressor capacity and performance is discussed in more detail in Chapter 12. ‘The quantity of heat rejected at the con- denser per second per unit capacity is much smaller for the cycle having the higher va~ porizing temperature, This is tue even though the quantity of heat rejected at the condenser per unit mass of refrigerant circu- lated is nearly the same for both oycles. For the ~10°C cycle, the rate of heat rejected at the condenser is (hg ~ fa) = (0.00921 kg/s)(134.79 k/ka) = 1.241 kus whereas for the 5°C cycle the rate at which heat is rejected at the condenser is only m(he~ hg) = (0.00869 ka/s}(132.29 kulkg) 150 kd/s The rate of heat rejection at the condenser is lower for the higher suction temperature because of (1) the lower mass flow rate and (2) the smalier heat of compression per unit mass, It has been shown previously that the heat rejected at the condenser per unit mass of refrigerant circulated is the sum of the heat absorbed in the evaporator per unit mass (refrigerating effect) and the heat of com- pression per unit mass. Since increasing the vaporizing temperature of the cycle brings about an increase in the refrigerating effect as well as a decrease in the heat of compres- sion, the quantity of heat rejected at the con- denser per unit mass remains very nearly the130 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE same for both cycies (134.79 kJ/kg at -10°C ‘as compared to 182.29 kukg at §*C). In gen- eral, this is true for all vaporizing tempera tures because any increase or decrease the heat of compression is usually. accom- panied by an offsetting increase or decrease in the refrigerating effect. 7-11, Effect of Condensing Temperature on Cycle Efficiency Although the variations in cycle efficiency with changes in the condensing temperature are not as great as those brought about by changes in the vaporizing temperature, they are nonetheless important. In general, if the vaporizing temperature remains constant, the efficiency of the cycle decreases as the con- densing temperature increases. To illustrate the effect of condensing temn- perature on cycle efficiency, cycle diagrams of two saturated cycles operating at different condensing temperatures are drawn on the ph chart in Fig. 7-8. One cycle, A, 8, C, D, and £, has a condensing temperature of 40°C, whereas the other cycle, 4’, 8’, C, D’, and E’, is operating at a condensing temper ature of 60°C. The evaporating temperature of both cycles is -10°C. Values for cycle A- 8-C-D-E have been determined in the pre- vious section. Values for cycle A'-B'~C- D!~E" are as follows: Ge hyn he 347.13 kd/kg - 248.88 ku/kg 98.25 Kikg Qt heme 377.71 kuikg - 347.13 kJ/kg 30.58 ku/kg Gg. = ha ~ he 377.71 kulkg ~ 248.88 kJ/kg 128.89 kilkg Ina simple saturated cycle the liquid refrig- erant reaches the refrigerant control at the condensing temperature. Therefore, as the condensing temperature is increased, the temperature of the liquid approaching the refrigerant control is increased and the refrigerating etfect per unit mass is reduced. in this instance, the refrigerating effect is reduced from 108,58 kikg to 98,25 kWkg when the condensing temperature is in- 12,19 961 Absolute pressure (bar) Specitic enthalpy (ke) Fig. 7-8 Comparison of two simple saturated cycles operating at different condens- ing temperatures (figure distorted). (Refrigerant-12.)EFFECT OF CONDENSING TEMPERATURE ON CYCLE EFFICIENCY 131 creased from 40°C to 50°C. This is a reduc- tion of 108.58 - 98.25 tone * 100 9.51% Because the reftigerating effect per unit mass is less for the cycle having the higher condensing temperature, the mass flow rate of refrigerant per unit capacity must be great- et. For the cycle having the 40°C condensing temperature the refrigerant mass flow rate is, 0.00921 kg/s KW. When the condensing ternp- erature is increased to 50°C, the refrigerant mass flow rate increases to 1 kW 98.25 Kiikg 0.01018 kg/s This is an increase of 0.01048 - 0.00921 100 = 10. nome x 100 = 10.53% Since the refrigerant mass flow rate (per unit capacity) is greater at the higher con- densing temperature, it follows that the vol- ume of vapor compressed per unit capacity is also greater. In a simple saturated cycle the specific volume of the suction vapor var- ies only with the vaporizing temperature, Since the vaporizing temperature is the same for both cycles, the specific volume of the vapor leaving the evaporator is also the same for both cycles, so that the difference in the volume of vapor handled per unit of capacity is in direct proportion to the difference in the mass flow rate per unit of capacity. At the 40°C condensing temperature the volume flow rate per kilowatt is 0.7059 L's, whereas at the 50°C condensing temperature the vol- ume increases to (0.01018 kg/s)(76.65 Ukg) = 0.7803 Us This represents an increase in the volume flow rate per kilowatt of 0.7803 - 0.7059 0.7058 100 = 10.53% Note that the percent increase in the vol- ume of vapor handled by the compressor is exactly equal to the percent increase in the mass flow rate, Contrast this with what occurs when the vaporizing temperature is varied. Since the difference between the vaporiz- ing and condensing pressures is greater, the work of compression per unit mass of refrig- erant circulated is also greater for the cycle having the higher condensing temperature. In this instance, the heat of compression in- creases from 26.20 kulkg for the 40°C con- densing temperature to 30.58 kW/kg for the 50°C condensing temperature. This is an increase of 30.58 - 26.20 100 = 16.77 ZEi0 100 = 16.72% As a result of the greater work of compres- sion per unit mass and the greater mass flow rate per unit of capacity, the theoretical power required per unit of refrigerating capacity increases as the condensing tem- perature increases, Whereas the theoretical power required per kilowatt at the 40°C con- densing temperature is only 241.3 WikW when the condensing temperature is in- creased to 50°C, the theoretical power per kilowatt increases to (0.01018 kg/s)(30.58 kWkg) = 0.9313 kJ/s kW or 331.3 WikW This is an increase in the power required per kilowatt of 311.3 - 241.3 100 = Bara — * 100 = 29% Notice that the percentage increase in the power required per kilowatt at the higher condensing temperature is greater than the percentage increase in the work of compres- sion per unit mass. This is accounted for by the fact that, in addition to the 29% increase in the heat of compression per unit mass, there is also a 10.53% increase in the mass of refrigerant circulated per unit of capacity. The coefticient of performance of the cycle132 CYCLE DIAGRAMS AND THE SIMPLE SATURATED CYCLE at the 40°C condensing temperature is 4.14, When the condensing temperature is raised to 50°C, the coefficient of performance drops to 98.25 kulkg 30.58 kilkg Since the coefficient of performance is an index of the refrigerating capacity per unit of power, the decrease in refrigerating capacity per unit of power in this instance is 414-321 ai 3.21 x 100 = 22.46% Obviously, the effect of raising the con- densing temperature on cycle efficiency is the exact opposite of that of raising the evaporating temperature. Whereas raising the evaporating temperature increases the re- frigerating effect per unit mass and reduces the work of compression so that the refrigerat- ing capacity per unit of power increases, rais- ing the condensing temperature reduces the refrigerating effect per unit mass and in- creases the work of compression so that the relrigerating capacity per unit of power decreases. Although the quantity of heat rejected at the condenser per unit mass of refrigerant circulated varies only slightly with changes in the condensing temperature because any change in the heat of compression Is accom- panied by an offsetting change in the re- frigerating effect, the total heat rejected at the condenser per unit of capacity varies considerably with changes in the condensing temperature because of the difference in the mass of refrigerant circulated per unit of capacity. It was shown in Section 7-7 that the total heat rejected at the condenser per unit capacity (Q,) is always the sum of the heat absorbed in the evaporator per unit capacity (Q,) and the heat of compression per unit capacity (Q,). Since Q, is a constant (1 KW), Q-will vary only with Q,, the heat of com- pression per unit capacity. Furthermore, since Q, always increases as the condensing temperature increases, it follows then that Q, also increases as the condensing tempera- ture increases. For the two cycles in question, the heat rejected at the condenser per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity at the 40°C condensing temperature is 1.241 ki/s. For the 50°C con- densing temperature, the rate of heat rejection at the condenser per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity increases to (0.01018 kg/s)(128.83 kJ/kg) 311 kis The percent increase is 1.311 1.241 241 X 100 = 5.64% itis interesting to note also that the amount of sensible heat rejected at the condenser increases considerably at the higher con- densing temperature, whereas the amount of latent heat rejected diminishes slightly. This indicates that, at the higher condensing temperature, a greater portion of the con- denser surface .is being used merely to reduce the temperature of the discharge vapor to the condensing temperature. 7-42, Summary Since the capacity and efficiency of a refrigerating system improve significantly as the evaporator temperature is increased, it is evident that @ refrigerating system should always be designed to operate at the highest practical evaporator temperature, Although the effect of the condensing temperature on the capacity and efficiency of the retrigera- tion cycle is considerably less than that of the evaporator temperature, it nonetheless should be kept as low as is practical. In any event, the influence of the vaporizing and condensing temperatures on cycle effi- ciency is of sufficient importance to warrant @ more intensive study. To aid in this, the rela- tionship between the refrigerating effect, the mass of refrigerant circulated per second per kilowatt refrigerating capacity, the specitic133 SUMMARY ‘sosnjesedwioy uorjons snoueA ye s9jo4o ZL = wessbujoy poreimes 6-L ‘Bly 86° 81-903 20°" Lege, terive esol 10°96 Or 90 ize Lozse eer e00'% or's6t az‘ot 1eu6 Se- 180 ove, oe'zor 20°0r 009" ages vorot 19°66 0e~ 00 ose sozse ge9e 98z"L 2rier ze'6° 68°10! 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These values are given in tabu- lar form in Fig. 7-9, Problem 7-1 A refrigeration system employing R-12 is operating on a simple saturated cycle with an evaporator temperature of 4°C and a condensing temperature of 42°C. Determine the following (a) the properties of p, 7, v,h, and s for the state points A, 8, C, D, and E, as previously described. (b) the compressor displacement in litres per second required per kilo- watt of refrigerating capacity, (c) the theoretical power in watts re- quited per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity. (d) the total heat rejected at the con- denser in kilowatts per kilowatt of refrigerating capacity. (€) the coefficient of performance of the cycle.