Using Complete Sentences Written in Your Own Words, Explain The Meaning of The Following

Abdul Alrashdi
September 24, 2014

HW 5
1. Using complete sentences written in your own words, explain the meaning of the
following:
a) Mark: It is a code term that means the binary digit is one.
b) Bit time: It is the duration of time a bit lasts on a transmitting medium.
c) Duty cycle: an amount of bit time that a pulse uses.
d) Timing error: the measuring of an incorrect bit or symbol at a certain time.
2. PCM
A voice signal is measured at 3.21692 V and it resides inside an interval from 3.20 V to 3.30
V.
a) How big is a single interval in volts?
Range=Max- Min
3.30 – 3.20 = 0.1 v
b) If there were 512 levels in the PCM encoder, how many bits would the sample
above represent? HINT: L=2n
L= 2n
512= 2n
n= 9 bits.
c) Receivers have no choice but to decode the binary sample value at the center of
the interval. So, what would the received voltage of the sample be?
Half way between 3.20 v to 3.30 v= 3.25 v
d) If the total range of voltages started at zero and there are 512 intervals, what
would the maximum possible voltage be?
512 intervals stacked up at 0.1v for each.
512 x 0.1= 51.2 v

e) The original voice signal voltage and the decoded voltage value are different.
What is this "round off error"?
Round off error= 3.25v – 3.21692v = 0.03308v (the noise).
f) What is the ratio of received voltage to round off error in absolute and in dB
form? This is signal to noise ratio for this digital system.
Signal noise ratio = R / noise
= 3.25v / 0.03308v
= 98.25 = 19.9 dB.
g) In the same system, what would be the value of this ratio for a sample measuring
0.06011 V?
Signal noise ratio = R / noise
= 3.25v / 0.06011v
= 54.07 = 17.3 dB.
h) What would be the data rate of this system if 1500 samples per second are
transmitted?
R = 1500 samples/sec x 8 bits/sample
R = 12000 bps for companded encoding
R = 19500 bps for linear encoding
3. Sketch the following bits, 01100, encoded as:
a) ASK
0 1 1 0 0
b) FSK
0 1 1 0 0
c) PSK
0 1 1 0 0
4. Using a combination of ASK, FSK and PSK:
a) Sketch the eight unique signals, one each for 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and
111.
b) Sketch the transmitted signal for the following bit stream:
10110011 01110100 11000001
c) What would be the data rate of this system if 20,000 signals were sent per second?
R = 160000 bps for companded encoding
R = 260000 bps for linear encoding

d) What would be the effective bit time (not the signal time)?
b=1/R
= 1 / 160000 = 0.00000625.
b=1/R
= 1/ 260000 = 3.85 x10-6.
e) Could this be sent on a channel with a signal to noise ratio of 20 dB and

bandwidth of 11,000 Hz?
5. Given the following bit stream, 110010, sketch:
a) Unipolar NRZ with a maximum voltage of +4 V.
4v 1 1 0 0 1 0
b) Bipolar NRZ with a maximum voltage of +5 V.
5v 1 1 0 0 1 0
-5v
c) AMI, -3 V to +3 V
3v 1 1 0 0 1 0
-3v
d) Manchester from -2 V to +2 V.
1 1 0 0 1 0
2v
-2v
6. Encode the following bit stream:
10000000 00000000 10001100 01110000
a) Using HDB3: +000+-00 -+00+000 -000+-00 0+-+-00-.
b) Using B8ZS: +0000000 000+-0-+ -000+-00 0+-+0000.
c) Using B6ZS: +0+-0-+0 0+-0-+00 -000+-00 0+-+0000.
d) Using B3ZS: +00+-0-0 +0+0-0-0 -00-+-00 -+-+00+0.

7. Decode the following bit streams:
a) +000+00- +-00--+- 000- :
b) +0+-0-+- 0-+0+-+0 +-0-+ : 10000001 00000010 00000.
c) +00+-+-0 -+0+-+-0 0- :
8. What have you found to be the most difficult part of taking this course by studying web
based curriculum?
Sometimes it is difficult to find what I want on the way blackboard arranges the course
material. I am use to a class room environment so sometimes I mix up things online. The
most difficult thing is knowing which questions are needed to be completed. Other than
that the class is fun and the professor is good at getting his point across.
9. Identify the bit stream produced when encoding the sample shown in the graphic below.
010 011 011 010 001 000 100 100 100 100 101 110 111 110.
10. The third sample in the graphic above is 2.3 volts and encoded as a 010. What range of
voltages defines the 010 interval?
The range of voltages in the 010 interval is from +2v to +3v.

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Abdul Alrashdi

September 24, 2014

a) Mark: It is a code term that means the binary digit is one.

b) Bit time: It is the duration of time a bit lasts on a transmitting medium.

c) Duty cycle: an amount of bit time that a pulse uses.

d) Timing error: the measuring of an incorrect bit or symbol at a certain time.

a) How big is a single interval in volts?

3.30 – 3.20 = 0.1 v

Half way between 3.20 v to 3.30 v= 3.25 v

512 intervals stacked up at 0.1v for each.

512 x 0.1= 51.2 v

Round off error= 3.25v – 3.21692v = 0.03308v (the noise).

Signal noise ratio = R / noise

= 98.25 = 19.9 dB.

Signal noise ratio = R / noise

= 54.07 = 17.3 dB.

R = 1500 samples/sec x 8 bits/sample

R = 12000 bps for companded encoding

R = 1500 samples/sec x 13 bits/sample

R = 19500 bps for linear encoding

3. Sketch the following bits, 01100, encoded as:

4. Using a combination of ASK, FSK and PSK:

b) Sketch the transmitted signal for the following bit stream:

10110011 01110100 11000001

R = 20000 samples/sec x 8 bits/sample

R = 160000 bps for companded encoding

R = 20000 samples/sec x 13 bits/sample

R = 260000 bps for linear encoding

= 1/ 260000 = 3.85 x10-6.

e) Could this be sent on a channel with a signal to noise ratio of 20 dB and

5. Given the following bit stream, 110010, sketch:

a) Unipolar NRZ with a maximum voltage of +4 V.

b) Bipolar NRZ with a maximum voltage of +5 V.

6. Encode the following bit stream:

10000000 00000000 10001100 01110000

a) Using HDB3: +000+-00 -+00+000 -000+-00 0+-+-00-.

b) Using B8ZS: +0000000 000+-0-+ -000+-00 0+-+0000.

c) Using B6ZS: +0+-0-+0 0+-0-+00 -000+-00 0+-+0000.

d) Using B3ZS: +00+-0-0 +0+0-0-0 -00-+-00 -+-+00+0.

a) +000+00- +-00--+- 000- :

b) +0+-0-+- 0-+0+-+0 +-0-+ : 10000001 00000010 00000.

The range of voltages in the 010 interval is from +2v to +3v.

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