Merged PDF React Questions

27/2/2020 5 Essential React.
js Interview Questions and Answers
Question #1: What is React? How is it different from other JS

frameworks?
Although this sounds like a relatively simple question, it’s really asking the candidate to state an
informed opinion about React, as well as any competing alternatives. In short, this question is
designed to test a candidate's knowledge about the JavaScript ecosystem at large while also
pressing for specifics on what makes React unique.
Let’s look at each part of the answer separately.
What is React?
React is an open-source JavaScript library created by Facebook for building

complex, interactive UIs in web and mobile applications.
The key point in this answer is that React’s core purpose is to build UI components; it is often
referred to as just the “V” (View) in an “MVC” architecture. Therefore it has no opinions on the
other pieces of your technology stack and can be seamlessly integrated into any application.
How is React different?
The answer to this question will likely vary depending on the candidate's personal experiences.
The important thing is to listen for real-life examples provided and opinions on whether or not
the candidate prefers React and why.
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27/2/2020 5 Essential React.js Interview Questions and Answers
Because React is a small library focused on building UI components, it is

necessarily different than a lot of other JavaScript frameworks.
For example, AngularJS (1.x) approaches building an application by extending

HTML markup and injecting various constructs (e.g. Directives, Controllers,
Services) at runtime. As a result, AngularJS is very opinionated about the
greater architecture of your application — these abstractions are certainly
useful in some cases, but in many situations, they come at the cost of
flexibility.
By contrast, React focuses exclusively on the creation of components, and has

few (if any) opinions about an application’s architecture. This allows a
developer an incredible amount of flexibility in choosing the architecture they
deem “best” — though it also places the responsibility of choosing (or building)
those parts on the developer.
I recently migrated an application originally written in AngularJS to React, and

one of the things I loved most was…
By comparing and contrasting React with another library, not only can the candidate demonstrate
a deep understanding of React, but also position themself as a potentially strong candidate.
Be prepared to ask some follow-up questions as well, such as:
Under what circumstances would you choose React over another technology? For example,
React vs Angular or React vs Vue.
If React only focuses on a small part of building UI components, can you explain some pitfalls
one might encounter when developing a large application?
If you were rewriting an AngularJS application in React, how much code could you expect to re-
use?
Question #2: What happens during the lifecycle of a React component?

One of the most valuable parts of React is its component lifecycle — so understanding exactly
how components function over time is instrumental in building a maintainable application.
High-Level Component Lifecycle
At the highest level, React components have lifecycle events that fall into three general categories:
1. Initialization
2. State/Property Updates
3. Destruction
Every React component defines these events as a mechanism for managing its properties, state,
and rendered output. Some of these events only happen once, others happen more frequently;
understanding these three general categories should help you clearly visualize when certain logic
needs to be applied.
For example, a component may need to add event listeners to the DOM when it first mounts.
However, it should probably remove those event listeners when the component unmounts from
the DOM so that irrelevant processing does not occur.
class MyComponent extends React.Component {

// when the component is added to the DOM...
componentDidMount() {
window.addEventListener('resize', this.onResizeHandler);
}
// when the component is removed from the DOM...

componentWillUnmount() {
window.removeEventListener('resize', this.onResizeHandler);
}
onResizeHandler() {
console.log('The window has been resized!');
}
}
Low-Level Component Lifecycle
Within these three general buckets exist a number of specific lifecycle hooks — essentially
abstract methods — that can be utilized by any React component to more accurately manage
updates. Understanding how and when these hooks fire is key to building stable components and
will enable you to control the rendering process (improving performance).
Take a look at the diagram above. The events under “Initialization” only happen when a
component is first initialized or added to the DOM. Similarly, the events under “Destruction” only
happen once (when the component is removed from the DOM). However, the events under
“Update” happen every time the properties or state of the component change.
For example, components will automatically re-render themselves any time their properties or
state change. However, in some cases a component might not need to update — so preventing
the component from re-rendering might improve the performance of our application.

// only re-render if the ID has changed!
shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) {
return nextProps.id === this.props.id;
}
}
Find top React developers today.

CodementorX will find you the best engineers for your project.
Question #3: What can you tell me about JSX?

When Facebook first released React to the world, they also introduced a new dialect of JavaScript
called JSX that embeds raw HTML templates inside JavaScript code. JSX code by itself cannot be
read by the browser; it must be transpiled into traditional JavaScript using tools like Babel and
webpack. While many developers understandably have initial knee-jerk reactions against it, JSX (in
tandem with ES2015) has become the defacto method of defining React components.

render() {
let props = this.props;
return (
<div className="my-component">
<a href={props.url}>{props.name}</a>
</div>
);
}
}
Asking questions about JSX tests whether or not the candidate can state an informed opinion
towards JSX and defend it based on personal experience. Let’s cover some of the basic talking
points.
Key Talking Points
Developers do not have to use JSX (and ES2015) to write an application in

React.
This is certainly true. Having said that, many React developers prefer to use JSX as its syntax is far
more declarative and reduces overall code complexity. Facebook certainly encourages it in all of
their documentation!
Adopting JSX allows the developer to simultaneously adopt ES2015 — giving

immediate access to some wonderful syntactic sugar.
ES2015 introduced a variety of new features to JavaScript that makes writing large applications far
easier than ever before: classes, block scoping via let, and the new spread operator are just a
small portion of the additions.
import AnotherClass from './AnotherClass';

render() {
let props = this.props;
return (
<div className="my-component">
<AnotherClass {...props} />
</div>
);
}
}
But while ES2015 is becoming more and more widespread, it still is far from widely supported by
the major browsers — so tools like Babel or webpack are needed to convert everything into legacy
ES5 code.
Candidates that have built a React application using JSX and ES2015 can speak about some
specific pros or cons encountered, such as:
Although it took me some time to get used to the JSX and ES2015 syntax, I
discovered how much I really enjoyed using it. Specifically, I’m a big fan of…
On the other hand, I could do without the hassle of configuring webpack and
Babel. Our team ran into issues with…
The React docs on JSX Gotchas may be good to know/review.
Question #4: Are you familiar with Flux?

Flux is an architectural pattern that enforces unidirectional data flow — its core purpose is to
control derived data so that multiple components can interact with that data without risking
pollution.
The Flux pattern is generic; it’s not specific to React applications, nor is it required to build a React
app. However, Flux is commonly used by React developers because React components are
declarative — the rendered UI (View) is simply a function of state (Store data).
Flux is relatively simple in concept, but in a technical interview, it's important that the developer
demonstrates a deep understanding of its implementation. Let’s cover of the important few
discussion points.
Description of Flux
In the Flux pattern, the Store is the central authority for all data; any mutations to the data must
occur within the store. Changes to the Store data are subsequently broadcast to subscribing
Views via events. Views then update themselves based on the new state of received data.
To request changes to any Store data, Actions may be fired. These Actions are controlled by a
central Dispatcher; Actions may not occur simultaneously, ensuring that a Store only mutates
data once per Action.
The strict unidirectional flow of this Flux pattern enforces data stability, reducing data-related
runtime errors throughout an application.
Flux vs MVC
Traditional MVC patterns have worked well for separating the concerns of data (Model), UI (View)
and logic (Controller) — but many web developers have discovered limitations with that approach
as applications grow in size. Specifically, MVC architectures frequently encounter two main
problems:
Poorly defined data flow: The cascading updates which occur across views often lead to a
tangled web of events which is difficult to debug.
Lack of data integrity: Model data can be mutated from anywhere, yielding unpredictable
results across the UI.
With the Flux pattern complex UIs no longer suffer from cascading updates; any given React
component will be able to reconstruct its state based on the data provided by the store. The flux
pattern also enforces data integrity by restricting direct access to the shared data.
During a technical interview, one should discuss the differences between the Flux and MVC design
patterns within the context of a specific example:
For example, imagine we have a “master/detail” UI in which the user can select
a record from a list (master view) and edit it using an auto-populated form
(detail view).
With an MVC architecture, the data contained within the Model is shared
between both the master and detail Views. Each of these views might have its
own Controller delegating updates between the Model and the View. At any
point the data contained within the Model might be updated — and it’s
difficult to know where exactly that change occurred. Did it happen in one of
the Views sharing that Model, or in one of the Controllers? Because the
Model’s data can be mutated by any actor in the application, the risk of data
pollution in complex UIs is greater than we’d like.
With a Flux architecture, the Store data is similarly shared between multiple
Views. However this data can’t be directly mutated — all of the requests to
update the data must pass through the Action > Dispatcher chain first,
eliminating the risk of random data pollution. When updates are made to the
data, it’s now much easier to locate the code requesting those changes.
Difference with AngularJS (1.x)
UI components in AngularJS typically rely on some internal $scope to store their data. This data
can be directly mutated from within the UI component or anything given access to $scope — a
risky situation for any part of the component or greater application which relies on that data.
By contrast, the Flux pattern encourages the use of immutable data. Because the store is the
central authority on all data, any mutations to that data must occur within the store. The risk of
data pollution is greatly reduced.
Testing
One of the most valuable aspects of applications built on Flux is that their components become
incredibly easy to test. Developers can recreate and test the state of any React component by
simply updating the store — direct interactions with the UI (with tools like Selenium) are no longer
necessary in many cases.
Popular Flux Libraries
While Flux is a general pattern for enforcing data flow through an application, there exist many
implementations from which to choose from. There are nuances between each implementation,
as well as specific pros and cons to consider. The candidate should provide examples of real-
world experience with using Flux.
For example, the candidate might discuss:
Redux: perhaps the most popular Flux library today.
Alt.js: another popular library for managing data in React applications.
Question #5: What are stateless components?

If React components are essentially state machines that generate UI markup, then what are
stateless components?
Stateless components (a flavor of “reusable” components) are nothing more than pure functions
that render DOM based solely on the properties provided to them.
const StatelessCmp = props => {

return (
<div className="my-stateless-component">
{props.name}: {props.birthday}
</div>
);
};
// ---
ReactDOM.render(
<StatelessCmp name="Art" birthday="10/01/1980" />,
document.getElementById('main')
);
This component has no need for any internal state — let alone a constructor or lifecycle handlers.
The output of the component is purely a function of the properties provided to it.
Bonus Question: Explain this Code

As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, technical interviews may also include time where
the developer is asked to look at (and probably write) some code. Take a look at the code below:

constructor(props) {
// set the default internal state
this.state = {
clicks: 0
};
}
this.refs.myComponentDiv.addEventListener('click', this.clickHandler);
}
this.refs.myComponentDiv.removeEventListener('click', this.clickHandler);
}
clickHandler() {
this.setState({
clicks: this.clicks + 1
});
}
render() {
let children = this.props.children;
return (
<div className="my-component" ref="myComponentDiv">
<h2>My Component ({this.state.clicks} clicks})</h2>
<h3>{this.props.headerText}</h3>
{children}
</div>
);
}
}
Given the code defined above, can you identify two problems?
1. The constructor does not pass its props to the super class. It should include the following
line:
super(props);
// ...
}
2. The event listener (when assigned via addEventListener() ) is not properly scoped
because ES2015 doesn’t provide autobinding. Therefore the developer can re-assign
clickHandler in the constructor to include the correct binding to this:
super(props);
this.clickHandler = this.clickHandler.bind(this);
// ...
}
Can you explain what the output of this class actually does? How would you use it in an
application?
This class creates a <div /> element and attaches a click listener to it. The content of this
component includes a <h2 /> element that updates every time the user clicks on the parent <div
/> , as well as an <h3 /> element containing a provided title and whatever child elements were
passed to it.
To use this class, the candidate should import it into another class and use it like this:
<MyComponent headerText="A list of paragraph tags">

<p>First child.</p>
<p>Any other <span>number</span> of children...</p>
</MyComponent>
Conclusion
Interviewing a React developer involves much more than just testing for React knowledge — you
should also ask questions about JavaScript and about other nuances more closely related to the
project or job in question.
This article attempted to cover some basic talking points that would demonstrate whether or not
a developer has adequate understanding of React and its core concepts. I hope you find it useful
— good luck!
Published Jul 14, 2016
Hiring & Remote Work
27/2/2020 10 React.js interview questions (and possible answers)
Practical React Developer
What is React, and why use it?
Get started quickly with React using CodeSandbox
How to export your React project from CodeSandbox to your desktop with Parcel.js
How to add routing to a React app using @reach/router
Build a complete property listings page with React.js
Add advanced filtering to a React app using React Context API
Adding the finishing touches to 'Property Finder'
10 React.js interview questions
Published on Apr 10, 2019. 12 minute read.
Interviewing for a developer role does not have to be a stressful experience. Interviewing can be fun.
Interviewing can be an opportunity to geek out about the tools and technologies you use every day.
More often than not, when you interview for a company you will be asked a broad range of
questions about various aspects of software engineering, including, but not limited to, the following;
Problem solving
Algorithms and data structures
Agile, Scrum, Kanban and other working practices
Specific tools and technologies
Experience
Interviews can consist of face-to-face contact, online meetings, whiteboarding, telephone

conversations, and a combination of all of the above (especially for large technology companies).
There is an infinite list of possible questions you may be asked, or possible tasks you may be asked
to perform, so a little preparation is a good idea.
To keep the post specific, let us talk only about React in the context of applying for a front-end
developer role. We may explore other aspects of the interview process in follow up posts.
What are fragments in React?

Fragments in React allow for returning multiple elements without the need for a container element.
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For example;
JSX
render() {
return (
<img />
<input />
<button>Click</button>
)
}
The above code is invalid because the render function (when inheriting from a class , and also
applies to functional components’ return value) can only return one single value, but this example
returns three values. (This is a limitation in many programming languages, not just a limitation of
React or JavaScript).
To resolve the issue, a container element (such as a div ) could be used. However, container
elements add unnecessary depth to the DOM and can also break layout of certain CSS features (such
as CSS grid).
Fragments allow you to return multiple elements without the container element.
The following is valid;
JSX
render() {
return (
<React.Fragment>
<img />
<input />
</React.Fragment>
)
}
As is;
JSX
render() {
return (
<>
<img />
<input />
</>
)
}
(The above example requires Babel 7).
Difficulty: Entry.
Reasoning: To help the candidate feel more relaxed and start the conversation flowing.
What is React.js, and explain why might you use it on a project?

React is a tool for building dynamic and interactive user interfaces.
React promotes building small pieces, called components, (which are often JavaScript functions or
classes), that are assembled to form a UI.
React is not a framework, like Angular. React is an unopinionated library that, when combined with a
renderer (like React-DOM), can display/capture data and respond to user inputs and network events.
As React is view-layer agnostic, you, the developer, are not limited to using React to build for the
web. Having skills and expertise in React means you can quickly and easily build websites, and also
apply those skills to building mobile applications using React Native.
Main reasons for choosing React for new development;
Fast, reliable.
Excellent for web and mobile.
Strong community and ecosystem.
“Just JavaScript”. There are fewer language paradigms to learn, compared to a framework like
Angular or Vue.
Easier to upskill existing staff and hire staff due to the desirability of using React and
accompanying tools.
Difficulty: Entry.
Reasoning: Demonstrates deeper understanding of what React is, and why/when it should be used
(and what the benefits are to the business).
Why is React-DOM a separate package to React?

React is an isomorphic library which contains many helper functions for creating components and
managing state.
ReactDOM, which is also isomorphic, is used for creating and updating the DOM in the context of
web pages. ReactDOM is designed to run in desktop and mobile browsers, such as; Chrome, Firefox
etc.
ReactDOM was split from React so that other UI rendering libraries (renderers) could be use in other
scenarios.
Some examples of other renderers include; React ART, React Native, react-pdf and more.
Difficulty: Entry.
Reasoning: Demonstrates that the interviewee has a broader understanding of what React is, and
how rendering works at a high level.
How do you unit test a React Component?

There are two popular approaches to unit testing React components.
1. Shallow rendering components using Enzyme

2. Rendering components “for real” using react-testing-library
Unit testing React with Enzyme

Both approaches require a test runner/assertion library, typically Jest.
Shallow rendering components using Enzyme (a testing library from Airbnb) was very popular for a
long time, but is falling out of favour.
Shallow rendering renders a given component one level deep, meaning that child components are
not rendered. Properties are passed to the component and assertions are made based on the result
of the render.
Take the following example test;
JSX
function render(props) {
return shallow(<Home {...props} />)
}
test('should render "Hello, World!" as title', () => {

const renderedComponent = render()
const header = renderedComponent.find('h1')
expect(header.text()).toBe(
'A bare bones React boilerplate, featuring Webpack 4, React, Redux, Jest, and Babel 7'
)
})
Calling shallow causes a render of the Home component. The Home component contains many
elements, including a h1 tag, which contains some text. We use a query selector to find the h1 tag,
and then check that the h1 contains the text that we are expecting. We can also test more
advanced functionality, that may include; clicking buttons, verify that an alert was displayed, fire
custom events etc.
Unit testing React with react-testing-library

An alternative approach is to use a newer library called react-testing-library. This alternative
approach has a couple of key differences;
No shallow rendering, everything is rendered “for real” using JS-DOM. This is more realistic
because this mimics how the component will run in the browser
No query selectors. Instead we select text using regular expressions, so we make assertions
based on what the user sees rather than the markup
Take the following example test;
JSX
afterEach(cleanup)
test('should render "Hello, World!" as title', () => {

const { getByText } = render(<Home />)
expect(getByText(/Hello, World!/i)).toBeTruthy()
})
Calling render this time uses JS-DOM to render the component in a way that is more consistent
with a normal browser, then we use the supplied getByText function to query the result of the
render and find the text we need, and perform our assertions. There is less learning curve here (the
test is simpler) compared to previous approaches, and the resulting code is closer to unit
testing/integration testing best practices.
Difficulty: Intermediate.
Reasoning: The interviewee should be familiar with unit/integration testing, as they should be
testing their code on a daily basis.
What is JSX?
JSX is an abstraction over React.createElement . JSX allows us to write HTML-like code directly in
our JavaScript files. At build time (usually), JSX is converted (compiled) into JavaScript entirely, as JSX
itself cannot be interpreted by any browser.
Following on from examples given earlier, we can see that when, for example, our JSX is compiled
using @babel/preset-react , we see the following output;
JAVASCRIPT
function (_React$Component) {
_inherits(Interview, _React$Component);
function Interview() {
_classCallCheck(this, Interview);
return _possibleConstructorReturn(this, _getPrototypeOf(Interview).apply(this, arguments));

}
_createClass(Interview, [{
key: "render",
value: function render() {
return React.createElement(React.Fragment, null, React.createElement("img", null), React.createEleme
}
}]);
return Interview;
}(React.Component);
Line 12 (the highlighted line) shows (abbreviated for clarity);
JSX
<img />
Was converted to;
JAVASCRIPT
React.createElement('img', null)
This is JavaScript code that can now be read and executed by the runtime (browser).
Reasoning: Demonstrates that the interviewee has a deeper understanding of the development
ecosystem, Babel, transpilation/compilation.
What is React Context API?

React Context provides a mechanism for sharing state between components without needing to
directly pass props down the component tree.
React Context API consists of a Provider and a Consumer . The Provider element wraps a
hierarchical tree of components, and makes state available to the Consumer anywhere within
the same tree. The Consumer can access state from the Provider regardless of depth, as long
as both are within the same tree.
As React Context is hierarchical and applied to a tree of components, it is normal to have many
Contexts in the same application with no conflicts to unexpected interactions between them.
Context is not mutually exclusive to existing state management tools, like Redux, local state,
useState etc.
Context is best used when working with small amounts of state (closer to the single responsibility
principal).
Reasoning: Demonstrates working knowledge of various parts of the React library.
What are hooks in React?

Hooks are a newer feature of React designed specifically to simplify state management and handling
change, without the use of ES6 classes.
Prior to hooks, if you wanted to manage local state or respond to change during lifecycle functions
( componentDidMount , componentWillReceiveProps etc) when using functional components, you
would have to rewrite your code to use an ES6 class.
As JavaScript is predominantly a functional language, many developers were less inclined to use
classes, which are more commonly associated with object-oriented languages like Java and C#.
Hooks simplify state management, and make it easier to update based on state changes, when
working with functional components.
There are several integrated hooks;
useState . Comparable to setState . Exposes the current state, and a function to update
state.
useEffect . Can be considered to be similar to; componentDidMount , componentDidUpdate , and
componentWillUnmount . Can run once on mount, or many times when other state is updated.
useContext . Enables integration with React Context API.
useReducer . Exposes state and dispatch functions that are similar to the paradigm made
popular by Redux, but with less boilerplate.
useMemo . Useful for making long running operations more performant by caching the result
and only re-running when given props are changed.
Reasoning: Demonstrates that the interviewee is keeping up-to date with the latest goings-on in the
React ecosystem, which due to the rate of change is very important and is an indicator of the
interviewees work ethic and attitude to change.
What is Redux?
Redux is a library agnostic (can be used with libraries other than React) global state management
tool, based on the Flux design pattern.
Redux has a central (global) store (on the window ), which contains the entire global state of the
application.
To update the global state, you dispatch an action which describes the change being made, and
the new value. A reducer (which is a pure function) is used to create a new copy of the state with the
changes, and the new state is pushed over the existing global state.
Benefits of Redux;
Predictable state. State lives in one place, the global store.

Debugging. Excellent tooling exists that allows us to step through state changes over time,
which makes finding bugs easier.
Testing. Components are easier to unit test (primarily because of the use of the withConnect
higher-order-component). Pure functions (the reducers) are also straightforward to test due to
having no side-effects.
Server-side rendering. Works fine with server-side rendering.
Difficulty: Advanced.
Reasoning: Large applications (applications with a lot of state, typically Line-of-Business enterprise
applications) often use Redux. Generally, Redux has fallen out of favour with developers but it is still
heavily in use so it can be important to have a good understanding of how it works.
When/why do you need to use keys on elements

Keys are used by React to help identify which items have been added, changed, or removed.
Rules for keys;
Always use a key when building elements using iterator functions, like; for loops, map ,
reduce , etc
Keys must be unique values
Avoid using indexes for keys
Reasoning: Demonstrates an understanding of/experience of pain-points encountered when
elements fail to re-render, or encountering re-rendering related performance issues.
What is the di erence between rendering and hydrating a

component when using React-DOM?
Rendering a component with React-DOM refers to taking a React component, and converting it into
DOM nodes (and usually inserting it into a container).
For example;
JSX
render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'))
Subsequent calls to render will result in the DOM being patched, for performance reasons (creating
DOM elements is computationally expensive).
Calling hydrate (instead of render ) will cause React to attach event listeners to the existing
markup.
JSX
hydrate(<App />, document.getElementById('root'))
There is no need to render the DOM elements and insert them, because that process has usually
already happened. Hydrate is usually used when the markup has been server-side rendered using
ReactDOMServer .
Reasoning: Demonstrates more advanced concepts of React and application design. Server-side
rendering is vital for perceived performance and SEO.
BONUS: Are you a full-stack developer, or a front-end

developer?
Warning: Incoming opinion. This reflects my personal experience and opinions and your views may
vary!
How a developer answers this question speaks a lot about their skillset or their perception of their
skillset.
A developer will fall in to one of three categories;
A back-end developer
A front-end developer
A full-stack developer
A back-end developer has knowledge and expertise in back-end concerns, tooling, languages,
frameworks, and so on. They have little-to-no experience of front-end considerations, and they
never claim to (a true back-end developer will often be fast to tell you how they do not like working
on the front-end!).
A front-end developer has knowledge and expertise in front-end concerns, tooling, languages,
frameworks, and so on. A front-end developer will often (although not always) have limited
knowledge and experience of back-end concerns, but they recognise that this is not their primary
skillset. During an interview, a front-end developer may assert that they have working knowledge
and experience with back-end systems, but do not necessary consider that to be a primary skillset.
A full-stack developer. <1% of the time a true full-stack developer will have comprehensive
knowledge and experience of both back-end and front-end ecosystems. A true full-stack developer
will be as comfortable writing dockerfiles, cloudformation templates, updating DNS records, and
configuring build pipelines as they are vertically centering text using CSS.
More often than not, somebody who claims to be a full-stack developer will in fact be a back-end
developer who has had minimal exposure both JavaScript & CSS and is deficient in both areas
compared to a front-end developer.
For best results when interviewing for a role, choose to specialise. Pick the front-end, or the
back-end, whichever skillset is strongest. Specialists often are better developers because they spend
more time refining a specific set of skills, rather than a generalist.
More often than not, a specialist will get paid more money than a generalist…although you will
find the number of roles dwindles the more of a specialist you become.
27/2/2020 Frequently asked: React JS Interview Questions and Answers
Frequently asked: React JS Interview Questions and

Answers
Vigo Webs Follow
Sep 23, 2018 · 12 min read
Q1. How React works? How Virtual-DOM works in React?
React creates a virtual DOM. When state changes in a component it firstly runs a
“diffing” algorithm, which identifies what has changed in the virtual DOM. The second
step is reconciliation, where it updates the DOM with the results of diff.
The HTML DOM is always tree-structured — which is allowed by the structure of HTML
document. The DOM trees are huge nowadays because of large apps. Since we are more
and more pushed towards dynamic web apps (Single Page Applications — SPAs), we
need to modify the DOM tree incessantly and a lot. And this is a real performance and
development pain.
The Virtual DOM is an abstraction of the HTML DOM. It is lightweight and detached
from the browser-specific implementation details. It is not invented by React but it uses it
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and provides it for free. ReactElements lives in the virtual DOM. They make the basic
nodes here. Once we defined the elements, ReactElements can be render into the "real"
DOM.
Whenever a ReactComponent is changing the state, diff algorithm in React runs and
identifies what has changed. And then it updates the DOM with the results of diff. The
point is - it’s done faster than it would be in the regular DOM.
Q2. What is JSX?
JSX is a syntax extension to JavaScript and comes with the full power of JavaScript. JSX
produces React “elements”. You can embed any JavaScript expression in JSX by
wrapping it in curly braces. After compilation, JSX expressions become regular
JavaScript objects. This means that you can use JSX inside of if statements and for loops,
assign it to variables, accept it as arguments, and return it from functions. Eventhough
React does not require JSX, it is the recommended way of describing our UI in React app.
For example, below is the syntax for a basic element in React with JSX and its equivalent
without it.
Equivalent of the above using React.createElement
Q3. What is React.createClass ?
React.createClass allows us to generate component "classes." But with ES6, React

allows us to implement component classes that use ES6 JavaScript classes. The end
result is the same -- we have a component class. But the style is different. And one is
using a "custom" JavaScript class system (createClass) while the other is using a "native"
JavaScript class system.
When using React’s createClass() method, we pass in an object as an argument. So we

can write a component using createClass that looks like this:
Using an ES6 class to write the same component is a little different. Instead of using a
method from the react library, we extend an ES6 class that the library defines,
Component .
constructor() is a special function in a JavaScript class. JavaScript invokes

constructor() whenever an object is created via a class.
Q4. What is ReactDOM and what is the difference between ReactDOM and React ?
Prior to v0.14, all ReactDOM functionality was part of React . But later, React and
ReactDOM were split into two different libraries.
As the name implies, ReactDOM is the glue between React and the DOM. Often, we will
only use it for one single thing: mounting with ReactDOM . Another useful feature of
ReactDOM is ReactDOM.findDOMNode() which we can use to gain direct access to a DOM

element.
For everything else, there’s React . We use React to define and create our elements, for
lifecycle hooks, etc. i.e. the guts of a React application.
Q5. What are the differences between a class component and functional
component?
Class components allows us to use additional features such as local state and lifecycle
hooks. Also, to enable our component to have direct access to our store and thus holds
state.
When our component just receives props and renders them to the page, this is a ‘stateless
component’, for which a pure function can be used. These are also called dumb
components or presentational components.
From the previous question, we can say that our Booklist component is functional
components and are stateless.
On the other hand, the BookListContainer component is a class component.
Q6. What is the difference between state and props?
The state is a data structure that starts with a default value when a Component mounts.
It may be mutated across time, mostly as a result of user events.
Props (short for properties) are a Component’s configuration. Props are how
components talk to each other. They are received from above component and immutable
as far as the Component receiving them is concerned. A Component cannot change its
props, but it is responsible for putting together the props of its child Components. Props
do not have to just be data — callback functions may be passed in as props.
There is also the case that we can have default props so that props are set even if a parent
component doesn’t pass props down.
Props and State do similar things but are used in different ways. The majority of our
components will probably be stateless. Props are used to pass data from parent to child
or by the component itself. They are immutable and thus will not be changed. State is
used for mutable data, or data that will change. This is particularly useful for user input.
Q7. What are controlled components?
In HTML, form elements such as <input> , <textarea> , and <select> typically maintain
their own state and update it based on user input. When a user submits a form the values
from the aforementioned elements are sent with the form. With React it works
differently. The component containing the form will keep track of the value of the input
in it's state and will re-render the component each time the callback function e.g.
onChange is fired as the state will be updated. A form element whose value is controlled
by React in this way is called a "controlled component".
With a controlled component, every state mutation will have an associated handler
function. This makes it straightforward to modify or validate user input.
Q8. What is a higher order component?
A higher-order component (HOC) is an advanced technique in React for reusing

component logic. HOCs are not part of the React API. They are a pattern that emerges
from React’s compositional nature.
A higher-order component is a function that takes a component and returns a new

component.
HOC’s allow you to reuse code, logic and bootstrap abstraction. HOCs are common in
third-party React libraries. The most common is probably Redux’s connect function.
Beyond simply sharing utility libraries and simple composition, HOCs are the best way to
share behavior between React Components. If you find yourself writing a lot of code in
different places that does the same thing, you may be able to refactor that code into a
reusable HOC.
Q9. What is create-react-app ?
create-react-app is the official CLI (Command Line Interface) for React to create React
apps with no build configuration.
We don’t need to install or configure tools like Webpack or Babel. They are
preconfigured and hidden so that we can focus on the code. We can install easily just like
any other node modules. Then it is just one command to start the React project.
It includes everything we need to build a React app:
React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.
Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.
A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting.
A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and
sourcemaps.
Q10. What is Redux?
The basic idea of Redux is that the entire application state is kept in a single store. The
store is simply a javascript object. The only way to change the state is by firing actions
from your application and then writing reducers for these actions that modify the state.
The entire state transition is kept inside reducers and should not have any side-effects.
Redux is based on the idea that there should be only a single source of truth for your
application state, be it UI state like which tab is active or Data state like the user profile
details.
All of these data is retained by redux in a closure that redux calls a store . It also provides
us a recipe of creating the said store, namely createStore(x) .
The createStore function accepts another function, x as an argument. The passed in

function is responsible for returning the state of the application at that point in time,
which is then persisted in the store. This passed in function is known as the reducer .
This is a valid example reducer function:
This store can only be updated by dispatching an action. Our App dispatches an action ,
it is passed into reducer ; the reducer returns a fresh instance of the state ; the store
notifies our App and it can begin it's re render as required.
Q11. What is Redux Thunk used for?
Redux thunk is middleware that allows us to write action creators that return a function
instead of an action. The thunk can then be used to delay the dispatch of an action if a
certain condition is met. This allows us to handle the asyncronous dispatching of actions.
The inner function receives the store methods dispatch and getState as parameters.
To enable Redux Thunk, we need to use applyMiddleware() as below
Q12. What is PureComponent ? When to use PureComponent over Component ?
PureComponent is exactly the same as Component except that it handles the

shouldComponentUpdate method for us. When props or state changes, PureComponent
will do a shallow comparison on both props and state . Component on the other hand
won't compare current props and state to next out of the box. Thus, the component will
re-render by default whenever shouldComponentUpdate is called.
When comparing previous props and state to next, a shallow comparison will check
that primitives have the same value (eg, 1 equals 1 or that true equals true) and that the
references are the same between more complex javascript values like objects and arrays.
It is good to prefer PureComponent over Component whenever we never mutate our

objects.
Q13. How Virtual-DOM is more efficient than Dirty checking?
In React, each of our components have a state. This state is like an observable.
Essentially, React knows when to re-render the scene because it is able to observe when
this data changes. Dirty checking is slower than observables because we must poll the
data at a regular interval and check all of the values in the data structure recursively. By
comparison, setting a value on the state will signal to a listener that some state has
changed, so React can simply listen for change events on the state and queue up re-
rendering.
The virtual DOM is used for efficient re-rendering of the DOM. This isn’t really related to
dirty checking your data. We could re-render using a virtual DOM with or without dirty
checking. In fact, the diff algorithm is a dirty checker itself.
We aim to re-render the virtual tree only when the state changes. So using an observable
to check if the state has changed is an efficient way to prevent unnecessary re-renders,
which would cause lots of unnecessary tree diffs. If nothing has changed, we do nothing.
Q14. Is setState() is async? Why is setState() in React Async instead of Sync?
setState() actions are asynchronous and are batched for performance gains. This is
explained in documentation as below.
setState() does not immediately mutate this.state but creates a pending state
transition. Accessing this.state after calling this method can potentially return the
existing value. There is no guarantee of synchronous operation of calls to setState and
calls may be batched for performance gains.
This is because setState alters the state and causes rerendering. This can be an expensive
operation and making it synchronous might leave the browser unresponsive. Thus the
setState calls are asynchronous as well as batched for better UI experience and
performance.
Q15. What is render() in React? And explain its purpose?
Each React component must have a render() mandatorily. It returns a single React
element which is the representation of the native DOM component. If more than one
HTML element needs to be rendered, then they must be grouped together inside one
enclosing tag such as <form> , <group> , <div> etc. This function must be kept pure i.e., it
must return the same result each time it is invoked.
Q16. What are controlled and uncontrolled components in React?
This relates to stateful DOM components (form elements) and the difference:
A Controlled Component is one that takes its current value through props and
notifies changes through callbacks like onChange. A parent component “controls” it
by handling the callback and managing its own state and passing the new values as
props to the controlled component. You could also call this a “dumb component”.
A Uncontrolled Component is one that stores its own state internally, and you query
the DOM using a ref to find its current value when you need it. This is a bit more like
traditional HTML.
In most (or all) cases we should use controlled components.
Q17. Explain the components of Redux.
Redux is composed of the following components:
Action — Actions are payloads of information that send data from our application to
our store. They are the only source of information for the store. We send them to the
store using store.dispatch() . Primarly, they are just an object describes what
happened in our app.
Reducer — Reducers specify how the application’s state changes in response to

actions sent to the store. Remember that actions only describe what happened, but
don’t describe how the application’s state changes. So this place determines how
state will change to an action.
Store — The Store is the object that brings Action and Reducer together. The store
has the following responsibilities: Holds application state; Allows access to state via
getState() ; Allows state to be updated via dispatch(action) ; Registers listeners via
subscribe(listener) ; Handles unregistering of listeners via the function returned by
subscribe(listener) .
It’s important to note that we’ll only have a single store in a Redux application. When we
want to split your data handling logic, we’ll use reducer composition instead of many
stores.
Q18. What is React.cloneElement ? And the difference with this.props.children ?
React.cloneElement clone and return a new React element using using the passed
element as the starting point. The resulting element will have the original element's
props with the new props merged in shallowly. New children will replace existing
children. key and ref from the original element will be preserved.
React.cloneElement only works if our child is a single React element. For almost
everything {this.props.children} is the better solution. Cloning is useful in some more
advanced scenarios, where a parent send in an element and the child component needs
to change some props on that element or add things like ref for accessing the actual
DOM element.
Q19. What is the second argument that can optionally be passed to setState and
what is its purpose?
A callback function which will be invoked when setState has finished and the
component is re-rendered.
Since the setState is asynchronous, which is why it takes in a second callback function.
With this function, we can do what we want immediately after state has been updated.
Q20. What is the difference between React Native and React?
React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being run on the server,
for building user interfaces and web applications.
On the other hand, React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app
components, allowing us to build native mobile applications (iOS, Android, and
Windows) in JavaScript that allows us to use ReactJS to build our components, and
implements ReactJS under the hood.
With React Native it is possible to mimic the behavior of the native app in JavaScript and
at the end, we will get platform specific code as the output. We may even mix the native
code with the JavaScript if we need to optimize our application further.
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React Interview Questions & Answers

Table of Contents
Core React
1. What is React?
React is an open-source frontend JavaScript library which is used for building user interfaces especially for single page
applications. It is used for handling view layer for web and mobile apps. React was created by Jordan Walke, a software
engineer working for Facebook. React was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011 and on Instagram in 2012.
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2. What are the major features of React?
The major features of React are:
It uses VirtualDOM instead RealDOM considering that RealDOM manipulations are expensive.
Supports server-side rendering.
Follows Unidirectional data flow or data binding.
Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the view.
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3. What is JSX?
JSX is a XML-like syntax extension to ECMAScript (the acronym stands for JavaScript XML). Basically it just provides
syntactic sugar for the React.createElement() function, giving us expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML like
template syntax.
In the example below text inside <h1> tag return as JavaScript function to the render function.
class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return(
<div>
<h1>{'Welcome to React world!'}</h1>
</div>
)
}
}
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4. What is the difference between Element and Component?
An Element is a plain object describing what you want to appear on the screen in terms of the DOM nodes or other
components. Elements can contain other Elements in their props. Creating a React element is cheap. Once an element is
created, it is never mutated.
The object representation of React Element would be as follows:
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const element = React.createElement(

'div',
{id: 'login-btn'},
'Login'
)
The above React.createElement() function returns an object:
{
type: 'div',
props: {
children: 'Login',
id: 'login-btn'
}
}
And finally it renders to the DOM using ReactDOM.render() :
<div id='login-btn'>Login</div>
Whereas a component can be declared in several different ways. It can be a class with a render() method.
Alternatively, in simple cases, it can be defined as a function. In either case, it takes props as an input, and returns a JSX
tree as the output:
const Button = ({ onLogin }) =>

<div id={'login-btn'} onClick={onLogin}>Login</div>
Then JSX gets transpiled to a React.createElement() function tree:
const Button = ({ onLogin }) => React.createElement(

'div',
{ id: 'login-btn', onClick: onLogin },
'Login'
)
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5. How to create components in React?

There are two possible ways to create a component.
i. Function Components: This is the simplest way to create a component. Those are pure JavaScript functions that
accept props object as first parameter and return React elements:
function Greeting({ message }) {

return <h1>{`Hello, ${message}`}</h1>
ii. Class Components: You can also use ES6 class to define a component. The above function component can be
written as:
class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return <h1>{`Hello, ${this.props.message}`}</h1>
}
}
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6. When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

If the component needs state or lifecycle methods then use class component otherwise use function component.
However, from React 16.8 with the addition of Hooks, you could use state , lifecycle methods and other features that were
only available in class component right in your function component.
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7. What are Pure Components?

React.PureComponent is exactly the same as React.Component except that it handles the shouldComponentUpdate()
method for you. When props or state changes, PureComponent will do a shallow comparison on both props and state.
Component on the other hand won't compare current props and state to next out of the box. Thus, the component will
re-render by default whenever shouldComponentUpdate is called.
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8. What is state in React?
State of a component is an object that holds some information that may change over the lifetime of the component. We
should always try to make our state as simple as possible and minimize the number of stateful components. Let's create
an user component with message state,
class User extends React.Component {

super(props)
this.state = {
message: 'Welcome to React world'
}
}
render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
</div>
)
}
}
State is similar to props, but it is private and fully controlled by the component. i.e, It is not accessible to any component
other than the one that owns and sets it.
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9. What are props in React?
Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects containing a set of values that are passed to
components on creation using a naming convention similar to HTML-tag attributes. They are data passed down from a
parent component to a child component.
The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following component functionality:
i. Pass custom data to your component.

ii. Trigger state changes.
iii. Use via this.props.reactProp inside component's render() method.
For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:
<Element reactProp={'1'} />
This reactProp (or whatever you came up with) name then becomes a property attached to React's native props object
which originally already exists on all components created using React library.
props.reactProp
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10. What is the difference between state and props?
Both props and state are plain JavaScript objects. While both of them hold information that influences the output of
render, they are different in their functionality with respect to component. Props get passed to the component similar to
function parameters whereas state is managed within the component similar to variables declared within a function.
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11. Why should we not update the state directly?

If you try to update state directly then it won't re-render the component.
//Wrong
this.state.message = 'Hello world'
Instead use setState() method. It schedules an update to a component's state object. When state changes, the
component responds by re-rendering.
//Correct
this.setState({ message: 'Hello World' })
Note: You can directly assign to the state object either in constructor or using latest javascript's class field declaration
syntax.
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12. What is the purpose of callback function as an argument of setState() ?
The callback function is invoked when setState finished and the component gets rendered. Since setState() is
asynchronous the callback function is used for any post action.
Note: It is recommended to use lifecycle method rather than this callback function.
setState({ name: 'John' }, () => console.log('The name has updated and component re-rendered'))
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13. What is the difference between HTML and React event handling?
i. In HTML, the event name should be in lowercase:
<button onclick='activateLasers()'>
Whereas in React it follows camelCase convention:
<button onClick={activateLasers}>
ii. In HTML, you can return false to prevent default behavior:
<a href='#' onclick='console.log("The link was clicked."); return false;' />
Whereas in React you must call preventDefault() explicitly:
function handleClick(event) {
event.preventDefault()
console.log('The link was clicked.')
}
iii. In HTML, you need to invoke the function by appending () Whereas in react you should not append () with the
function name. (refer "activateLasers" function in the first point for example)
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14. How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?
There are 3 possible ways to achieve this:
i. Binding in Constructor: In JavaScript classes, the methods are not bound by default. The same thing applies for
React event handlers defined as class methods. Normally we bind them in constructor.
class Component extends React.Componenet {

super(props)
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this)
}
handleClick() {
// ...
}
}
ii. Public class fields syntax: If you don't like to use bind approach then public class fields syntax can be used to
correctly bind callbacks.
handleClick = () => {
console.log('this is:', this)
}
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>
{'Click me'}
</button>
iii. Arrow functions in callbacks: You can use arrow functions directly in the callbacks.
<button onClick={(event) => this.handleClick(event)}>

{'Click me'}
</button>
Note: If the callback is passed as prop to child components, those components might do an extra re-rendering. In those
cases, it is preferred to go with .bind() or public class fields syntax approach considering performance.
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15. How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?
You can use an arrow function to wrap around an event handler and pass parameters:
<button onClick={() => this.handleClick(id)} />
This is an equivalent to calling .bind :
<button onClick={this.handleClick.bind(this, id)} />
Apart from these two approaches, you can also pass arguments to a function which is defined as array function
<button onClick={this.handleClick(id)} />

handleClick = (id) => () => {
console.log("Hello, your ticket number is", id)
};
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16. What are synthetic events in React?
SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native event. It's API is same as the browser's native
event, including stopPropagation() and preventDefault() , except the events work identically across all browsers.
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17. What is inline conditional expressions?

You can use either if statements or ternary expressions which are available from JS to conditionally render expressions.
Apart from these approaches, you can also embed any expressions in JSX by wrapping them in curly braces and then
followed by JS logical operator && .
<h1>Hello!</h1>
{
messages.length > 0 && !isLogin?
<h2>
You have {messages.length} unread messages.
</h2>
:
<h2>
You don't have unread messages.
</h2>
}
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18. What are "key" props and what is the benefit of using them in arrays of elements?
A key is a special string attribute you should include when creating arrays of elements. Keys help React identify which
items have changed, are added, or are removed.
Most often we use IDs from our data as keys:
const todoItems = todos.map((todo) =>

<li key={todo.id}>
{todo.text}
</li>
)
When you don't have stable IDs for rendered items, you may use the item index as a key as a last resort:
const todoItems = todos.map((todo, index) =>

<li key={index}>
{todo.text}
</li>
)
Note:
i. Using indexes for keys is not recommended if the order of items may change. This can negatively impact
performance and may cause issues with component state.
ii. If you extract list item as separate component then apply keys on list component instead of li tag.
iii. There will be a warning message in the console if the key prop is not present on list items.
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19. What is the use of refs?

The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be avoided in most cases, however, they can be useful
when you need a direct access to the DOM element or an instance of a component.
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20. How to create refs?

There are two approaches
i. This is a recently added approach. Refs are created using React.createRef() method and attached to React
elements via the ref attribute. In order to use refs throughout the component, just assign the ref to the instance
property within constructor.

super(props)
this.myRef = React.createRef()
}
render() {
return <div ref={this.myRef} />
}
}
ii. You can also use ref callbacks approach regardless of React version. For example, the search bar component's input
element accessed as follows,
class SearchBar extends Component {

super(props);
this.txtSearch = null;
this.state = { term: '' };
this.setInputSearchRef = e => {
this.txtSearch = e;
}
}
onInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ term: this.txtSearch.value });
}
render() {
return (
<input
value={this.state.term}
onChange={this.onInputChange.bind(this)}
ref={this.setInputSearchRef} />
);
}
}
You can also use refs in function components using closures. Note: You can also use inline ref callbacks even though it is
not a recommended approach
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21. What are forward refs?
Ref forwarding is a feature that lets some components take a ref they receive, and pass it further down to a child.
const ButtonElement = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => (

<button ref={ref} className="CustomButton">
{props.children}
</button>
));
// Create ref to the DOM button:

const ref = React.createRef();
<ButtonElement ref={ref}>{'Forward Ref'}</ButtonElement>
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22. Which is preferred option with in callback refs and findDOMNode()?
It is preferred to use callback refs over findDOMNode() API. Because findDOMNode() prevents certain improvements in
React in the future.
The legacy approach of using findDOMNode :
class MyComponent extends Component {

findDOMNode(this).scrollIntoView()
}
render() {
return <div />
}
}
The recommended approach is:

constructor(props){
super(props);
this.node = createRef();
}
this.node.current.scrollIntoView();
}
render() {
return <div ref={this.node} />
}
}
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23. Why are String Refs legacy?
If you worked with React before, you might be familiar with an older API where the ref attribute is a string, like ref=
{'textInput'} , and the DOM node is accessed as this.refs.textInput . We advise against it because string refs have
below issues, and are considered legacy. String refs were removed in React v16.
i. They force React to keep track of currently executing component. This is problematic because it makes react module
stateful, and thus causes weird errors when react module is duplicated in the bundle.
ii. They are not composable — if a library puts a ref on the passed child, the user can't put another ref on it. Callback
refs are perfectly composable.
iii. They don't work with static analysis like Flow. Flow can't guess the magic that framework does to make the string ref
appear on this.refs , as well as its type (which could be different). Callback refs are friendlier to static analysis.
iv. It doesn't work as most people would expect with the "render callback" pattern (e.g. )

renderRow = (index) => {
// This won't work. Ref will get attached to DataTable rather than MyComponent:
return <input ref={'input-' + index} />;
// This would work though! Callback refs are awesome.

return <input ref={input => this['input-' + index] = input} />;
}
render() {
return <DataTable data={this.props.data} renderRow={this.renderRow} />
}
}
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24. What is Virtual DOM?
The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of Real DOM. The representation of a UI is kept in memory
and synced with the "real" DOM. It's a step that happens between the render function being called and the displaying of
elements on the screen. This entire process is called reconciliation.
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25. How Virtual DOM works?
The Virtual DOM works in three simple steps.
i. Whenever any underlying data changes, the entire UI is re-rendered in Virtual DOM representation.
ii. Then the difference between the previous DOM representation and the new one is calculated.
iii. Once the calculations are done, the real DOM will be updated with only the things that have actually changed.
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26. What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?
The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for scoping variables and CSS in web components. The
Virtual DOM is a concept implemented by libraries in JavaScript on top of browser APIs.
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27. What is React Fiber?
Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of core algorithm in React v16. The goal of React Fiber is to
increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout, gestures, ability to pause, abort, or reuse work and assign priority
to different types of updates; and new concurrency primitives.
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28. What is the main goal of React Fiber?
The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout, and gestures. Its headline feature is
incremental rendering: the ability to split rendering work into chunks and spread it out over multiple frames.
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29. What are controlled components?
A component that controls the input elements within the forms on subsequent user input is called Controlled
Component, i.e, every state mutation will have an associated handler function.
For example, to write all the names in uppercase letters, we use handleChange as below,
handleChange(event) {
this.setState({value: event.target.value.toUpperCase()})
}
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30. What are uncontrolled components?

The Uncontrolled Components are the ones that store their own state internally, and you query the DOM using a ref to
find its current value when you need it. This is a bit more like traditional HTML.
In the below UserProfile component, the name input is accessed using ref.
class UserProfile extends React.Component {

super(props)
this.handleSubmit = this.handleSubmit.bind(this)
this.input = React.createRef()
}
handleSubmit(event) {
alert('A name was submitted: ' + this.input.current.value)
event.preventDefault()
}
render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>
{'Name:'}
<input type="text" ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}
}
In most cases, it's recommend to use controlled components to implement forms.
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31. What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?
JSX elements will be transpiled to React.createElement() functions to create React elements which are going to be
used for the object representation of UI. Whereas cloneElement is used to clone an element and pass it new props.
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32. What is Lifting State Up in React?

When several components need to share the same changing data then it is recommended to lift the shared state up to
their closest common ancestor. That means if two child components share the same data from its parent, then move the
state to parent instead of maintaining local state in both of the child components.
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33. What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

The component lifecycle has three distinct lifecycle phases:
i. Mounting: The component is ready to mount in the browser DOM. This phase covers initialization from
constructor() , getDerivedStateFromProps() , render() , and componentDidMount() lifecycle methods.
ii. Updating: In this phase, the component get updated in two ways, sending the new props and updating the state
either from setState() or forceUpdate() . This phase covers getDerivedStateFromProps() ,
shouldComponentUpdate() , render() , getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidUpdate() lifecycle methods.
iii. Unmounting: In this last phase, the component is not needed and get unmounted from the browser DOM. This
phase includes componentWillUnmount() lifecycle method.
It's worth mentioning that React internally has a concept of phases when applying changes to the DOM. They are
separated as follows
i. Render The component will render without any side-effects. This applies for Pure components and in this phase,
React can pause, abort, or restart the render.
ii. Pre-commit Before the component actually applies the changes to the DOM, there is a moment that allows React to
read from the DOM through the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() .
iii. Commit React works with the DOM and executes the final lifecycles respectively componentDidMount() for
mounting, componentDidUpdate() for updating, and componentWillUnmount() for unmounting.
React 16.3+ Phases (or an interactive version)
Before React 16.3
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34. What are the lifecycle methods of React?

React 16.3+
getDerivedStateFromProps: Invoked right before calling render() and is invoked on every render. This exists for
rare use cases where you need derived state. Worth reading if you need derived state.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up
event listeners should occur.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By default it returns true . If you
are sure that the component doesn't need to render after state or props are updated, you can return false value. It
is a great place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives new prop.
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate: Executed right before rendered output is committed to the DOM. Any value returned
by this will be passed into componentDidUpdate() . This is useful to capture information from the DOM i.e. scroll
position.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or state changes. This will not fire
if shouldComponentUpdate() returns false .
componentWillUnmount It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners
associated with the component.
Before 16.3
componentWillMount: Executed before rendering and is used for App level configuration in your root component.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up
event listeners should occur.
componentWillReceiveProps: Executed when particular prop updates to trigger state transitions.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By default it returns true . If you
are sure that the component doesn't need to render after state or props are updated, you can return false value. It
is a great place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives new prop.
componentWillUpdate: Executed before re-rendering the component when there are props & state changes
confirmed by shouldComponentUpdate() which returns true.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or state changes.
componentWillUnmount: It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners
associated with the component.
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35. What are Higher-Order Components?

A higher-order component (HOC) is a function that takes a component and returns a new component. Basically, it's a
pattern that is derived from React's compositional nature.
We call them pure components because they can accept any dynamically provided child component but they won't
modify or copy any behavior from their input components.
const EnhancedComponent = higherOrderComponent(WrappedComponent)
HOC can be used for many use cases:
i. Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction.

ii. Render hijacking.
iii. State abstraction and manipulation.
iv. Props manipulation.
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36. How to create props proxy for HOC component?
You can add/edit props passed to the component using props proxy pattern like this:
function HOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Test extends Component {
render() {
const newProps = {
title: 'New Header',
footer: false,
showFeatureX: false,
showFeatureY: true
}
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} {...newProps} />

}
}
}
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37. What is context?

Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every
level. For example, authenticated user, locale preference, UI theme need to be accessed in the application by many
components.
const {Provider, Consumer} = React.createContext(defaultValue)
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38. What is children prop?

Children is a prop ( this.prop.children ) that allow you to pass components as data to other components, just like any
other prop you use. Component tree put between component's opening and closing tag will be passed to that
component as children prop.
There are a number of methods available in the React API to work with this prop. These include React.Children.map ,
React.Children.forEach , React.Children.count , React.Children.only , React.Children.toArray . A simple usage of
children prop looks as below,
const MyDiv = React.createClass({

render: function() {
return <div>{this.props.children}</div>
}
})
ReactDOM.render(
<MyDiv>
<span>{'Hello'}</span>
<span>{'World'}</span>
</MyDiv>,
node
)
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39. How to write comments in React?
The comments in React/JSX are similar to JavaScript Multiline comments but are wrapped in curly braces.
Single-line comments:
<div>
{/* Single-line comments(In vanilla JavaScript, the single-line comments are represented by double slash(//))
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>
Multi-line comments:
<div>
{/* Multi-line comments for more than
one line */}
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>
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40. What is the purpose of using super constructor with props argument?
A child class constructor cannot make use of this reference until super() method has been called. The same applies
for ES6 sub-classes as well. The main reason of passing props parameter to super() call is to access this.props in your
child constructors.
Passing props:

super(props)
console.log(this.props) // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }

}
}
Not passing props:

super()
console.log(this.props) // prints undefined
// but props parameter is still available

console.log(props) // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}
render() {
// no difference outside constructor
console.log(this.props) // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}
}
The above code snippets reveals that this.props is different only within the constructor. It would be the same outside
the constructor.
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41. What is reconciliation?

When a component's props or state change, React decides whether an actual DOM update is necessary by comparing
the newly returned element with the previously rendered one. When they are not equal, React will update the DOM. This
process is called reconciliation.
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42. How to set state with a dynamic key name?
If you are using ES6 or the Babel transpiler to transform your JSX code then you can accomplish this with computed
property names.
handleInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ [event.target.id]: event.target.value })
}
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43. Whatwould be the common mistake of function being called every time the component
renders?
You need to make sure that function is not being called while passing the function as a parameter.
render() {
// Wrong: handleClick is called instead of passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick()}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}
Instead, pass the function itself without parenthesis:
render() {
// Correct: handleClick is passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}
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44. Is lazy function supports named exports?

No, currently React.lazy function supports default exports only. If you would like to import modules which are named
exports, you can create an intermediate module that reexports it as the default. It also ensures that tree shaking keeps
working and don’t pull unused components. Let's take a component file which exports multiple named components,
// MoreComponents.js
export const SomeComponent = /* ... */;
export const UnusedComponent = /* ... */;
and reexport MoreComponents.js components in an intermediate file IntermediateComponent.js
// IntermediateComponent.js
export { SomeComponent as default } from "./MoreComponents.js";
Now you can import the module using lazy function as below,
import React, { lazy } from 'react';

const SomeComponent = lazy(() => import("./IntermediateComponent.js"));
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45. Why React uses className over class attribute?

class is a keyword in JavaScript, and JSX is an extension of JavaScript. That's the principal reason why React uses
className instead of class . Pass a string as the className prop.
render() {
return <span className={'menu navigation-menu'}>{'Menu'}</span>
}
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46. What are fragments?

It's common pattern in React which is used for a component to return multiple elements. Fragments let you group a list
of children without adding extra nodes to the DOM.
render() {
return (
<React.Fragment>
<ChildA />
<ChildB />
<ChildC />
</React.Fragment>
)
}
There is also a shorter syntax, but it's not supported in many tools:
render() {
return (
<>
<ChildA />
<ChildB />
<ChildC />
</>
)
}
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47. Why fragments are better than container divs?

i. Fragments are a bit faster and use less memory by not creating an extra DOM node. This only has a real benefit on
very large and deep trees.
ii. Some CSS mechanisms like Flexbox and CSS Grid have a special parent-child relationships, and adding divs in the
middle makes it hard to keep the desired layout.
iii. The DOM Inspector is less cluttered.
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48. What are portals in React?

Portal is a recommended way to render children into a DOM node that exists outside the DOM hierarchy of the parent
component.
ReactDOM.createPortal(child, container)
The first argument is any render-able React child, such as an element, string, or fragment. The second argument is a
DOM element.
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49. What are stateless components?
If the behaviour is independent of its state then it can be a stateless component. You can use either a function or a class
for creating stateless components. But unless you need to use a lifecycle hook in your components, you should go for
function components. There are a lot of benefits if you decide to use function components here; they are easy to write,
understand, and test, a little faster, and you can avoid the this keyword altogether.
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50. What are stateful components?

If the behaviour of a component is dependent on the state of the component then it can be termed as stateful
component. These stateful components are always class components and have a state that gets initialized in the
constructor .
class App extends Component {

super(props)
this.state = { count: 0 }
}
render() {
// ...
}
}
React 16.8 Update: Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing classes.
The Equivalent Functional Component
import React, {useState} from 'react';
const App = (props) => {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
// JSX
)
}
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51. How to apply validation on props in React?

When the application is running in development mode, React will automatically check all props that we set on
components to make sure they have correct type. If the type is incorrect, React will generate warning messages in the
console. It's disabled in production mode due to performance impact. The mandatory props are defined with
isRequired .
The set of predefined prop types:
i. PropTypes.number
ii. PropTypes.string
iii. PropTypes.array
iv. PropTypes.object
v. PropTypes.func
vi. PropTypes.node
vii. PropTypes.element
viii. PropTypes.bool
ix. PropTypes.symbol
x. PropTypes.any
We can define propTypes for User component as below:
import React from 'react'

import PropTypes from 'prop-types'

static propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired
}
render() {
return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${this.props.name}`}</h1>
<h2>{Àge, ${this.props.age}`}</h2>
</>
)
}
}
Note: In React v15.5 PropTypes were moved from React.PropTypes to prop-types library.
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52. What are the advantages of React?

i. Increases the application's performance with Virtual DOM.
ii. JSX makes code easy to read and write.
iii. It renders both on client and server side (SSR).
iv. Easy to integrate with frameworks (Angular, Backbone) since it is only a view library.
v. Easy to write unit and integration tests with tools such as Jest.
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53. What are the limitations of React?
i. React is just a view library, not a full framework.

ii. There is a learning curve for beginners who are new to web development.
iii. Integrating React into a traditional MVC framework requires some additional configuration.
iv. The code complexity increases with inline templating and JSX.
v. Too many smaller components leading to over engineering or boilerplate.
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54. What are error boundaries in React v16?

Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript errors anywhere in their child component tree, log those errors,
and display a fallback UI instead of the component tree that crashed.
A class component becomes an error boundary if it defines a new lifecycle method called componentDidCatch(error,
info) or static getDerivedStateFromError() :
class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

super(props)
this.state = { hasError: false }
}
componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// You can also log the error to an error reporting service
logErrorToMyService(error, info)
}
static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}
render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>{'Something went wrong.'}</h1>
}
return this.props.children
}
}
After that use it as a regular component:
<ErrorBoundary>
<MyWidget />
</ErrorBoundary>
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55. How error boundaries handled in React v15?
React v15 provided very basic support for error boundaries using unstable_handleError method. It has been renamed
to componentDidCatch in React v16.
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56. What are the recommended ways for static type checking?
Normally we use PropTypes library ( React.PropTypes moved to a prop-types package since React v15.5) for type
checking in the React applications. For large code bases, it is recommended to use static type checkers such as Flow or
TypeScript, that perform type checking at compile time and provide auto-completion features.
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57. What is the use of react-dom package?

The react-dom package provides DOM-specific methods that can be used at the top level of your app. Most of the
components are not required to use this module. Some of the methods of this package are:
i. render()
ii. hydrate()
iii. unmountComponentAtNode()
iv. findDOMNode()
v. createPortal()
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58. What is the purpose of render method of react-dom ?
This method is used to render a React element into the DOM in the supplied container and return a reference to the
component. If the React element was previously rendered into container, it will perform an update on it and only mutate
the DOM as necessary to reflect the latest changes.
ReactDOM.render(element, container[, callback])
If the optional callback is provided, it will be executed after the component is rendered or updated.
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59. What is ReactDOMServer?

The ReactDOMServer object enables you to render components to static markup (typically used on node server). This
object is mainly used for server-side rendering (SSR). The following methods can be used in both the server and browser
environments:
i. renderToString()
ii. renderToStaticMarkup()
For example, you generally run a Node-based web server like Express, Hapi, or Koa, and you call renderToString to
render your root component to a string, which you then send as response.
// using Express
import { renderToString } from 'react-dom/server'
import MyPage from './MyPage'
app.get('/', (req, res) => {

res.write('<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>My Page</title></head><body>')
res.write('<div id="content">')
res.write(renderToString(<MyPage/>))
res.write('</div></body></html>')
res.end()
})
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60. How to use innerHTML in React?

The dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute is React's replacement for using innerHTML in the browser DOM. Just like
innerHTML , it is risky to use this attribute considering cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. You just need to pass a __html
object as key and HTML text as value.
In this example MyComponent uses dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute for setting HTML markup:
function createMarkup() {
return { __html: 'First · Second' }
}
function MyComponent() {
return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={createMarkup()} />
}
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61. How to use styles in React?

The style attribute accepts a JavaScript object with camelCased properties rather than a CSS string. This is consistent
with the DOM style JavaScript property, is more efficient, and prevents XSS security holes.
const divStyle = {
color: 'blue',
backgroundImage: 'url(' + imgUrl + ')'
};
function HelloWorldComponent() {
return <div style={divStyle}>Hello World!</div>
}
Style keys are camelCased in order to be consistent with accessing the properties on DOM nodes in JavaScript (e.g.
node.style.backgroundImage ).
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62. How events are different in React?

Handling events in React elements has some syntactic differences:
i. React event handlers are named using camelCase, rather than lowercase.
ii. With JSX you pass a function as the event handler, rather than a string.
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63. What will happen if you use setState() in constructor?

When you use setState() , then apart from assigning to the object state React also re-renders the component and all
its children. You would get error like this: Can only update a mounted or mounting component. So we need to use
this.state to initialize variables inside constructor.
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64. What is the impact of indexes as keys?

Keys should be stable, predictable, and unique so that React can keep track of elements.
In the below code snippet each element's key will be based on ordering, rather than tied to the data that is being
represented. This limits the optimizations that React can do.
{todos.map((todo, index) =>

<Todo
{...todo}
key={index}
/>
)}
If you use element data for unique key, assuming todo.id is unique to this list and stable, React would be able to reorder
elements without needing to reevaluate them as much.
{todos.map((todo) =>
<Todo {...todo}
key={todo.id} />
)}
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65. Is it good to use setState() in componentWillMount() method?
It is recommended to avoid async initialization in componentWillMount() lifecycle method. componentWillMount() is

invoked immediately before mounting occurs. It is called before render() , therefore setting state in this method will
not trigger a re-render. Avoid introducing any side-effects or subscriptions in this method. We need to make sure async
calls for component initialization happened in componentDidMount() instead of componentWillMount() .
axios.get(àpi/todos`)
.then((result) => {
this.setState({
messages: [...result.data]
})
})
}
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66. What will happen if you use props in initial state?

If the props on the component are changed without the component being refreshed, the new prop value will never be
displayed because the constructor function will never update the current state of the component. The initialization of
state from props only runs when the component is first created.
The below component won't display the updated input value:

super(props)
this.state = {
records: [],
inputValue: this.props.inputValue
};
}
render() {
return <div>{this.state.inputValue}</div>
}
}
Using props inside render method will update the value:

super(props)
this.state = {
record: []
}
}
render() {
return <div>{this.props.inputValue}</div>
}
}
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67. How do you conditionally render components?
In some cases you want to render different components depending on some state. JSX does not render false or
undefined , so you can use conditional short-circuiting to render a given part of your component only if a certain
condition is true.
const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address &&
<p>{address}</p>
}
</div>
)
If you need an if-else condition then use ternary operator.
const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address
? <p>{address}</p>
: <p>{'Address is not available'}</p>
}
</div>
)
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68. Why we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM elements?

When we spread props we run into the risk of adding unknown HTML attributes, which is a bad practice. Instead we can
use prop destructuring with ...rest operator, so it will add only required props. For example,
const ComponentA = () =>

<ComponentB isDisplay={true} className={'componentStyle'} />
const ComponentB = ({ isDisplay, ...domProps }) =>

<div {...domProps}>{'ComponentB'}</div>
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69. How you use decorators in React?

You can decorate your class components, which is the same as passing the component into a function. Decorators are
flexible and readable way of modifying component functionality.
@setTitle('Profile')
class Profile extends React.Component {
//....
}
/*
title is a string that will be set as a document title
WrappedComponent is what our decorator will receive when
put directly above a component class as seen in the example above
*/
const setTitle = (title) => (WrappedComponent) => {
return class extends React.Component {
document.title = title
}
render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} />
}
}
}
Note: Decorators are a feature that didn't make it into ES7, but are currently a stage 2 proposal.
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70. How do you memoize a component?

There are memoize libraries available which can be used on function components. For example moize library can
memoize the component in another component.
import moize from 'moize'

import Component from './components/Component' // this module exports a non-memoized component
const MemoizedFoo = moize.react(Component)
const Consumer = () => {

<div>
{'I will memoize the following entry:'}
<MemoizedFoo/>
</div>
}
Update: Since React v16.6.0, we have a React.memo . It provides a higher order component which memoizes component
unless the props change. To use it, simply wrap the component using React.memo before you use it.
const MemoComponent = React.memo(function MemoComponent(props) {

/* render using props */
});
OR
export default React.memo(MyFunctionComponent);
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71. How you implement Server Side Rendering or SSR?

React is already equipped to handle rendering on Node servers. A special version of the DOM renderer is available,
which follows the same pattern as on the client side.
import ReactDOMServer from 'react-dom/server'

import App from './App'
ReactDOMServer.renderToString(<App />)
This method will output the regular HTML as a string, which can be then placed inside a page body as part of the server
response. On the client side, React detects the pre-rendered content and seamlessly picks up where it left off.
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72. How to enable production mode in React?
You should use Webpack's DefinePlugin method to set NODE_ENV to production , by which it strip out things like
propType validation and extra warnings. Apart from this, if you minify the code, for example, Uglify's dead-code
elimination to strip out development only code and comments, it will drastically reduce the size of your bundle.
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73. What is CRA and its benefits?

The create-react-app CLI tool allows you to quickly create & run React applications with no configuration step.
Let's create Todo App using CRA:
# Installation
$ npm install -g create-react-app
# Create new project

$ create-react-app todo-app
$ cd todo-app
# Build, test and run

$ npm run build
$ npm run test
$ npm start
It includes everything we need to build a React app:
i. React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.

ii. Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
iii. Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.
iv. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting.
v. A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and sourcemaps.
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74. What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

The lifecycle methods are called in the following order when an instance of a component is being created and inserted
into the DOM.
i. constructor()
ii. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
iii. render()
iv. componentDidMount()
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75. What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React v16?
The following lifecycle methods going to be unsafe coding practices and will be more problematic with async rendering.
i. componentWillMount()
ii. componentWillReceiveProps()
iii. componentWillUpdate()
Starting with React v16.3 these methods are aliased with UNSAFE_ prefix, and the unprefixed version will be removed in
React v17.
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76. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method?

The new static getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method is invoked after a component is instantiated as well as
before it is re-rendered. It can return an object to update state, or null to indicate that the new props do not require
any state updates.

static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
// ...
}
}
This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of componentWillReceiveProps() .
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77. What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method?
The new getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method is called right before DOM updates. The return value from this
method will be passed as the third parameter to componentDidUpdate() .

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
// ...
}
}
This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of componentWillUpdate() .
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78. Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

Both render props and higher-order components render only a single child but in most of the cases Hooks are a simpler
way to serve this by reducing nesting in your tree.
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79. What is the recommended way for naming components?

It is recommended to name the component by reference instead of using displayName .
Using displayName for naming component:
export default React.createClass({

displayName: 'TodoApp',
// ...
})
The recommended approach:
export default class TodoApp extends React.Component {

// ...
}
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80. What is the recommended ordering of methods in component class?

Recommended ordering of methods from mounting to render stage:
i. static methods
ii. constructor()
iii. getChildContext()
iv. componentWillMount()
v. componentDidMount()
vi. componentWillReceiveProps()
vii. shouldComponentUpdate()
viii. componentWillUpdate()
ix. componentDidUpdate()
x. componentWillUnmount()
xi. click handlers or event handlers like onClickSubmit() or onChangeDescription()
xii. getter methods for render like getSelectReason() or getFooterContent()
xiii. optional render methods like renderNavigation() or renderProfilePicture()
xiv. render()
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81. What is a switching component?

A switching component is a component that renders one of many components. We need to use object to map prop
values to components.
For example, a switching component to display different pages based on page prop:
import HomePage from './HomePage'

import AboutPage from './AboutPage'
import ServicesPage from './ServicesPage'
import ContactPage from './ContactPage'
const PAGES = {
home: HomePage,
about: AboutPage,
services: ServicesPage,
contact: ContactPage
}
const Page = (props) => {

const Handler = PAGES[props.page] || ContactPage
return <Handler {...props} />

}
// The keys of the PAGES object can be used in the prop types to catch dev-time errors.
Page.propTypes = {
page: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(PAGES)).isRequired
}
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82. Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

The reason behind for this is that setState() is an asynchronous operation. React batches state changes for
performance reasons, so the state may not change immediately after setState() is called. That means you should not
rely on the current state when calling setState() since you can't be sure what that state will be. The solution is to pass
a function to setState() , with the previous state as an argument. By doing this you can avoid issues with the user
getting the old state value on access due to the asynchronous nature of setState() .
Let's say the initial count value is zero. After three consecutive increment operations, the value is going to be
incremented only by one.
// assuming this.state.count === 0

this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 })
// this.state.count === 1, not 3
If we pass a function to setState() , the count gets incremented correctly.
this.setState((prevState, props) => ({

count: prevState.count + props.increment
}))
// this.state.count === 3 as expected
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83. What is strict mode in React?

React.StrictMode is a useful component for highlighting potential problems in an application. Just like <Fragment> ,
<StrictMode> does not render any extra DOM elements. It activates additional checks and warnings for its descendants.
These checks apply for development mode only.
function ExampleApplication() {
return (
<div>
<Header />
<React.StrictMode>
<div>
<ComponentOne />
<ComponentTwo />
</div>
</React.StrictMode>
<Footer />
</div>
)
}
In the example above, the strict mode checks apply to <ComponentOne> and <ComponentTwo> components only.
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84. What are React Mixins?

Mixins are a way to totally separate components to have a common functionality. Mixins should not be used and can be
replaced with higher-order components or decorators.
One of the most commonly used mixins is PureRenderMixin . You might be using it in some components to prevent
unnecessary re-renders when the props and state are shallowly equal to the previous props and state:
const PureRenderMixin = require('react-addons-pure-render-mixin')
const Button = React.createClass({

mixins: [PureRenderMixin],
// ...
})
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85. Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper solution?
The primary use case for isMounted() is to avoid calling setState() after a component has been unmounted, because
it will emit a warning.
if (this.isMounted()) {
this.setState({...})
}
Checking isMounted() before calling setState() does eliminate the warning, but it also defeats the purpose of the
warning. Using isMounted() is a code smell because the only reason you would check is because you think you might
be holding a reference after the component has unmounted.
An optimal solution would be to find places where setState() might be called after a component has unmounted, and
fix them. Such situations most commonly occur due to callbacks, when a component is waiting for some data and gets
unmounted before the data arrives. Ideally, any callbacks should be canceled in componentWillUnmount() , prior to
unmounting.
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86. What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

Pointer Events provide a unified way of handling all input events. In the old days we had a mouse and respective event
listeners to handle them but nowadays we have many devices which don't correlate to having a mouse, like phones with
touch surface or pens. We need to remember that these events will only work in browsers that support the Pointer
Events specification.
The following event types are now available in React DOM:
i. onPointerDown
ii. onPointerMove
iii. onPointerUp
iv. onPointerCancel
v. onGotPointerCapture
vi. onLostPointerCapture
vii. onPointerEnter
viii. onPointerLeave
ix. onPointerOver
x. onPointerOut
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87. Why should component names start with capital letter?

If you are rendering your component using JSX, the name of that component has to begin with a capital letter otherwise
React will throw an error as unrecognized tag. This convention is because only HTML elements and SVG tags can begin
with a lowercase letter.
class SomeComponent extends Component {

// Code goes here
}
You can define component class which name starts with lowercase letter, but when it's imported it should have capital
letter. Here lowercase is fine:
class myComponent extends Component {

render() {
return <div />
}
}
export default myComponent
While when imported in another file it should start with capital letter:
import MyComponent from './MyComponent'
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88. Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?

Yes. In the past, React used to ignore unknown DOM attributes. If you wrote JSX with an attribute that React doesn't
recognize, React would just skip it. For example, this:
<div mycustomattribute={'something'} />
Would render an empty div to the DOM with React v15:
<div />
In React v16 any unknown attributes will end up in the DOM:
<div mycustomattribute='something' />
This is useful for supplying browser-specific non-standard attributes, trying new DOM APIs, and integrating with
opinionated third-party libraries.
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89. What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?

You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes, and getInitialState() method when using
React.createClass() .
Using ES6 classes:

super(props)
this.state = { /* initial state */ }
}
}
Using React.createClass() :
const MyComponent = React.createClass({

getInitialState() {
return { /* initial state */ }
}
})
Note: React.createClass() is deprecated and removed in React v16. Use plain JavaScript classes instead.
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90. Can you force a component to re-render without calling setState?

By default, when your component's state or props change, your component will re-render. If your render() method
depends on some other data, you can tell React that the component needs re-rendering by calling forceUpdate() .
component.forceUpdate(callback)
It is recommended to avoid all uses of forceUpdate() and only read from this.props and this.state in render() .
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91. What is the difference between super() and super(props) in React using ES6 classes?
When you want to access this.props in constructor() then you should pass props to super() method.
Using super(props) :

super(props)
console.log(this.props) // { name: 'John', ... }
}
}
Using super() :

super()
console.log(this.props) // undefined
}
}
Outside constructor() both will display same value for this.props .
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92. How to loop inside JSX?

You can simply use Array.prototype.map with ES6 arrow function syntax. For example, the items array of objects is
mapped into an array of components:
<tbody>
{items.map(item => <SomeComponent key={item.id} name={item.name} />)}
</tbody>
You can't iterate using for loop:
<tbody>
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
<SomeComponent key={items[i].id} name={items[i].name} />
}
</tbody>
This is because JSX tags are transpiled into function calls, and you can't use statements inside expressions. This may
change thanks to do expressions which are stage 1 proposal.
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93. How do you access props in attribute quotes?

React (or JSX) doesn't support variable interpolation inside an attribute value. The below representation won't work:
<img className='image' src='images/{this.props.image}' />
But you can put any JS expression inside curly braces as the entire attribute value. So the below expression works:
<img className='image' src={'images/' + this.props.image} />
Using template strings will also work:
<img className='image' src={ìmages/${this.props.image}`} />
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94. What is React proptype array with shape?

If you want to pass an array of objects to a component with a particular shape then use React.PropTypes.shape() as an
argument to React.PropTypes.arrayOf() .
ReactComponent.propTypes = {
arrayWithShape: React.PropTypes.arrayOf(React.PropTypes.shape({
color: React.PropTypes.string.isRequired,
fontSize: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired
})).isRequired
}
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95. How to conditionally apply class attributes?

You shouldn't use curly braces inside quotes because it is going to be evaluated as a string.
<div className="btn-panel {this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}">
Instead you need to move curly braces outside (don't forget to include spaces between class names):
<div className={'btn-panel ' + (this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden')}>
Template strings will also work:
<div className={`btn-panel ${this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}`}>
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96. What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?

The react package contains React.createElement() , React.Component , React.Children , and other helpers related to
elements and component classes. You can think of these as the isomorphic or universal helpers that you need to build
components. The react-dom package contains ReactDOM.render() , and in react-dom/server we have server-side
rendering support with ReactDOMServer.renderToString() and ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticMarkup() .
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97. Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

The React team worked on extracting all DOM-related features into a separate library called ReactDOM. React v0.14 is
the first release in which the libraries are split. By looking at some of the packages, react-native , react-art , react-
canvas , and react-three , it has become clear that the beauty and essence of React has nothing to do with browsers or
the DOM. To build more environments that React can render to, React team planned to split the main React package
into two: react and react-dom . This paves the way to writing components that can be shared between the web version
of React and React Native.
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98. How to use React label element?

If you try to render a <label> element bound to a text input using the standard for attribute, then it produces HTML
missing that attribute and prints a warning to the console.
<label for={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />
Since for is a reserved keyword in JavaScript, use htmlFor instead.
<label htmlFor={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />
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99. How to combine multiple inline style objects?
You can use spread operator in regular React:
<button style={{...styles.panel.button, ...styles.panel.submitButton}}>{'Submit'}</button>
If you're using React Native then you can use the array notation:
<button style={[styles.panel.button, styles.panel.submitButton]}>{'Submit'}</button>
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100. How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

You can listen to the resize event in componentDidMount() and then update the dimensions ( width and height ). You
should remove the listener in componentWillUnmount() method.
class WindowDimensions extends React.Component {

constructor(props){
super(props);
this.updateDimensions = this.updateDimensions.bind(this);
}
componentWillMount() {
this.updateDimensions()
}
window.addEventListener('resize', this.updateDimensions)
}
window.removeEventListener('resize', this.updateDimensions)
}
updateDimensions() {
this.setState({width: window.innerWidth, height: window.innerHeight})
}
render() {
return <span>{this.state.width} x {this.state.height}</span>
}
}
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101. What is the difference between setState() and replaceState() methods?

When you use setState() the current and previous states are merged. replaceState() throws out the current state,
and replaces it with only what you provide. Usually setState() is used unless you really need to remove all previous
keys for some reason. You can also set state to false / null in setState() instead of using replaceState() .
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102. How to listen to state changes?

The following lifecycle methods will be called when state changes. You can compare provided state and props values
with current state and props to determine if something meaningful changed.
componentWillUpdate(object nextProps, object nextState)

componentDidUpdate(object prevProps, object prevState)
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103. What is the recommended approach of removing an array element in React state?
The better approach is to use Array.prototype.filter() method.
For example, let's create a removeItem() method for updating the state.
removeItem(index) {
this.setState({
data: this.state.data.filter((item, i) => i !== index)
})
}
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104. Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

It is possible with latest version (>=16.2). Below are the possible options:
render() {
return false
}
render() {
return null
}
render() {
return []
}
render() {
return <React.Fragment></React.Fragment>
}
render() {
return <></>
}
Returning undefined won't work.
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105. How to pretty print JSON with React?

We can use <pre> tag so that the formatting of the JSON.stringify() is retained:
const data = { name: 'John', age: 42 }

render() {
return (
<pre>
{JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}
</pre>
)
}
}
React.render(<User />, document.getElementById('container'))
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106. Why you can't update props in React?

The React philosophy is that props should be immutable and top-down. This means that a parent can send any prop
values to a child, but the child can't modify received props.
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107. How to focus an input element on page load?

You can do it by creating ref for input element and using it in componentDidMount() :
class App extends React.Component{

this.nameInput.focus()
}
render() {
return (
<div>
<input
defaultValue={'Won\'t focus'}
/>
<input
ref={(input) => this.nameInput = input}
defaultValue={'Will focus'}
/>
</div>
)
}
}
ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('app'))
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108. What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?

i. Calling setState() with an object to merge with state:
Using Object.assign() to create a copy of the object:
const user = Object.assign({}, this.state.user, { age: 42 })

this.setState({ user })
Using spread operator:
const user = { ...this.state.user, age: 42 }

this.setState({ user })
ii. Calling setState() with a function:
this.setState(prevState => ({
user: {
...prevState.user,
age: 42
}
}))
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109. Why function is preferred over object for setState() ?
React may batch multiple setState() calls into a single update for performance. Because this.props and this.state
may be updated asynchronously, you should not rely on their values for calculating the next state.
This counter example will fail to update as expected:
// Wrong
this.setState({
counter: this.state.counter + this.props.increment,
})
The preferred approach is to call setState() with function rather than object. That function will receive the previous
state as the first argument, and the props at the time the update is applied as the second argument.
// Correct
this.setState((prevState, props) => ({
counter: prevState.counter + props.increment
}))
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110. How can we find the version of React at runtime in the browser?
You can use React.version to get the version.
const REACT_VERSION = React.version
ReactDOM.render(
<div>{`React version: ${REACT_VERSION}`}</div>,
document.getElementById('app')
)
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111. What are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-react-app ?

i. Manual import from core-js :
Create a file called (something like) polyfills.js and import it into root index.js file. Run npm install core-js
or yarn add core-js and import your specific required features.
import 'core-js/fn/array/find'
import 'core-js/fn/array/includes'
import 'core-js/fn/number/is-nan'
ii. Using Polyfill service:
Use the polyfill.io CDN to retrieve custom, browser-specific polyfills by adding this line to index.html :
<script src='https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?features=default,Array.prototype.includes'></script>
In the above script we had to explicitly request the Array.prototype.includes feature as it is not included in the
default feature set.
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112. How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?

You just need to use HTTPS=true configuration. You can edit your package.json scripts section:
"scripts": {
"start": "set HTTPS=true && react-scripts start"
}
or just run set HTTPS=true && npm start
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113. How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

Create a file called .env in the project root and write the import path:
NODE_PATH=src/app
After that restart the development server. Now you should be able to import anything inside src/app without relative
paths.
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114. How to add Google Analytics for React Router?
Add a listener on the history object to record each page view:
history.listen(function (location) {
window.ga('set', 'page', location.pathname + location.search)
window.ga('send', 'pageview', location.pathname + location.search)
})
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115. How to update a component every second?

You need to use setInterval() to trigger the change, but you also need to clear the timer when the component
unmounts to prevent errors and memory leaks.
this.interval = setInterval(() => this.setState({ time: Date.now() }), 1000)
}
clearInterval(this.interval)
}
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116. How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?

React does not apply vendor prefixes automatically. You need to add vendor prefixes manually.
<div style={{
transform: 'rotate(90deg)',
WebkitTransform: 'rotate(90deg)', // note the capital 'W' here
msTransform: 'rotate(90deg)' // 'ms' is the only lowercase vendor prefix
}} />
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117. How to import and export components using React and ES6?
You should use default for exporting the components

import User from 'user'
export default class MyProfile extends React.Component {

render(){
return (
<User type="customer">
//...
</User>
)
}
}
With the export specifier, the MyProfile is going to be the member and exported to this module and the same can be
imported without mentioning the name in other components.
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118. What are the exceptions on React component naming?

The component names should start with a uppercase letter but there are few exceptions on this convention. The
lowercase tag names with a dot (property accessors) are still considered as valid component names. For example the
below tag can be compiled to a valid component,
render(){
return (
<obj.component /> // `React.createElement(obj.component)`
)
}
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119. Why is a component constructor called only once?

React's reconciliation algorithm assumes that without any information to the contrary, if a custom component appears in
the same place on subsequent renders, it's the same component as before, so reuses the previous instance rather than
creating a new one.
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120. How to define constants in React?

You can use ES7 static field to define constant.

static DEFAULT_PAGINATION = 10
}
Static fields are part of the Class Fields stage 3 proposal.
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121. How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

You could use the ref prop to acquire a reference to the underlying HTMLInputElement object through a callback, store
the reference as a class property, then use that reference to later trigger a click from your event handlers using the
HTMLElement.click method. This can be done in two steps:
i. Create ref in render method:
<input ref={input => this.inputElement = input} />
ii. Apply click event in your event handler:
this.inputElement.click()
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122. Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?

If you want to use async / await in React, you will need Babel and transform-async-to-generator plugin. React Native
ships with Babel and a set of transforms.
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123. What are the common folder structures for React?
There are two common practices for React project file structure.
i. Grouping by features or routes:
One common way to structure projects is locate CSS, JS, and tests together, grouped by feature or route.
common/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ APIUtils.js
└─ APIUtils.test.js
feed/
├─ index.js
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
└─ FeedAPI.js
profile/
├─ index.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
├─ ProfileHeader.css
└─ ProfileAPI.js
ii. Grouping by file type:
Another popular way to structure projects is to group similar files together.
api/
├─ APIUtils.js
├─ APIUtils.test.js
├─ ProfileAPI.js
└─ UserAPI.js
components/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
└─ ProfileHeader.css
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124. What are the popular packages for animation?

React Transition Group and React Motion are popular animation packages in React ecosystem.
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125. What is the benefit of styles modules?
It is recommended to avoid hard coding style values in components. Any values that are likely to be used across
different UI components should be extracted into their own modules.
For example, these styles could be extracted into a separate component:
export const colors = {

white,
black,
blue
}
export const space = [

0,
8,
16,
32,
64
]
And then imported individually in other components:
import { space, colors } from './styles'
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126. What are the popular React-specific linters?
ESLint is a popular JavaScript linter. There are plugins available that analyse specific code styles. One of the most
common for React is an npm package called eslint-plugin-react . By default, it will check a number of best practices,
with rules checking things from keys in iterators to a complete set of prop types. Another popular plugin is eslint-
plugin-jsx-a11y , which will help fix common issues with accessibility. As JSX offers slightly different syntax to regular
HTML, issues with alt text and tabindex , for example, will not be picked up by regular plugins.
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127. How to make AJAX call and in which component lifecycle methods should I make an AJAX
call?
You can use AJAX libraries such as Axios, jQuery AJAX, and the browser built-in fetch . You should fetch data in the
componentDidMount() lifecycle method. This is so you can use setState() to update your component when the data is
retrieved.
For example, the employees list fetched from API and set local state:

super(props)
this.state = {
employees: [],
error: null
}
}
fetch('https://api.example.com/items')
.then(res => res.json())
.then(
(result) => {
this.setState({
employees: result.employees
})
},
(error) => {
this.setState({ error })
}
)
}
render() {
const { error, employees } = this.state
if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
} else {
return (
<ul>
{employees.map(employee => (
<li key={employee.name}>
{employee.name}-{employee.experience}
</li>
))}
</ul>
)
}
}
}
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128. What are render props?

Render Props is a simple technique for sharing code between components using a prop whose value is a function. The
below component uses render prop which returns a React element.
<DataProvider render={data => (

<h1>{`Hello ${data.target}`}</h1>
)}/>
Libraries such as React Router and DownShift are using this pattern.
React Router
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129. What is React Router?

React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React that helps you add new screens and flows to your
application incredibly quickly, all while keeping the URL in sync with what's being displayed on the page.
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130. How React Router is different from history library?

React Router is a wrapper around the history library which handles interaction with the browser's window.history with
its browser and hash histories. It also provides memory history which is useful for environments that don't have global
history, such as mobile app development (React Native) and unit testing with Node.
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131. What are the <Router> components of React Router v4?

React Router v4 provides below 3 <Router> components:
i. <BrowserRouter>
ii. <HashRouter>
iii. <MemoryRouter>
The above components will create browser, hash, and memory history instances. React Router v4 makes the properties
and methods of the history instance associated with your router available through the context in the router object.
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132. What is the purpose of push() and replace() methods of history ?

A history instance has two methods for navigation purpose.
i. push()
ii. replace()
If you think of the history as an array of visited locations, push() will add a new location to the array and replace()
will replace the current location in the array with the new one.
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133. How do you programmatically navigate using React Router v4?

There are three different ways to achieve programmatic routing/navigation within components.
i. Using the withRouter() higher-order function:
The withRouter() higher-order function will inject the history object as a prop of the component. This object
provides push() and replace() methods to avoid the usage of context.
import { withRouter } from 'react-router-dom' // this also works with 'react-router-native'
const Button = withRouter(({ history }) => (

<button
type='button'
onClick={() => { history.push('/new-location') }}
>
{'Click Me!'}
</button>
))
ii. Using <Route> component and render props pattern:
The <Route> component passes the same props as withRouter() , so you will be able to access the history
methods through the history prop.
import { Route } from 'react-router-dom'
const Button = () => (

<Route render={({ history }) => (
<button
type='button'
onClick={() => { history.push('/new-location') }}
>
{'Click Me!'}
</button>
)} />
)
iii. Using context:
This option is not recommended and treated as unstable API.
const Button = (props, context) => (

<button
type='button'
onClick={() => {
context.history.push('/new-location')
}}
>
{'Click Me!'}
</button>
)
Button.contextTypes = {
history: React.PropTypes.shape({
push: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired
})
}
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134. How to get query parameters in React Router v4?

The ability to parse query strings was taken out of React Router v4 because there have been user requests over the years
to support different implementation. So the decision has been given to users to choose the implementation they like.
The recommended approach is to use query strings library.
const queryString = require('query-string');

const parsed = queryString.parse(props.location.search);
You can also use URLSearchParams if you want something native:
const params = new URLSearchParams(props.location.search)

const foo = params.get('name')
You should use a polyfill for IE11.
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135. Why you get "Router may have only one child element" warning?
You have to wrap your Route's in a <Switch> block because <Switch> is unique in that it renders a route exclusively.
At first you need to add Switch to your imports:
import { Switch, Router, Route } from 'react-router'
Then define the routes within <Switch> block:
<Router>
<Switch>
<Route {/* ... */} />
<Route {/* ... */} />
</Switch>
</Router>
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136. How to pass params to history.push method in React Router v4?

While navigating you can pass props to the history object:
this.props.history.push({
pathname: '/template',
search: '?name=sudheer',
state: { detail: response.data }
})
The search property is used to pass query params in push() method.
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137. How to implement default or NotFound page?
A <Switch> renders the first child <Route> that matches. A <Route> with no path always matches. So you just need to
simply drop path attribute as below
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home}/>
<Route path="/user" component={User}/>
<Route component={NotFound} />
</Switch>
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138. How to get history on React Router v4?
i. Create a module that exports a history object and import this module across the project.
For example, create history.js file:
import { createBrowserHistory } from 'history'
export default createBrowserHistory({

/* pass a configuration object here if needed */
})
ii. You should use the <Router> component instead of built-in routers. Imported the above history.js inside
index.js file:
import { Router } from 'react-router-dom'

import history from './history'
import App from './App'
ReactDOM.render((
<Router history={history}>
<App />
</Router>
), holder)
iii. You can also use push method of history object similar to built-in history object:
// some-other-file.js
import history from './history'
history.push('/go-here')
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139. How to perform automatic redirect after login?
The react-router package provides <Redirect> component in React Router. Rendering a <Redirect> will navigate to
a new location. Like server-side redirects, the new location will override the current location in the history stack.
import React, { Component } from 'react'

import { Redirect } from 'react-router'
export default class LoginComponent extends Component {

render() {
if (this.state.isLoggedIn === true) {
return <Redirect to="/your/redirect/page" />
} else {
return <div>{'Login Please'}</div>
}
}
}
React Internationalization
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140. What is React Intl?
The React Intl library makes internalization in React straightforward, with off-the-shelf components and an API that can
handle everything from formatting strings, dates, and numbers, to pluralization. React Intl is part of FormatJS which
provides bindings to React via its components and API.
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141. What are the main features of React Intl?
i. Display numbers with separators.

ii. Display dates and times correctly.
iii. Display dates relative to "now".
iv. Pluralize labels in strings.
v. Support for 150+ languages.
vi. Runs in the browser and Node.
vii. Built on standards.
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142. What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?

The library provides two ways to format strings, numbers, and dates: react components or an API.
<FormattedMessage
id={'account'}
defaultMessage={'The amount is less than minimum balance.'}
/>
const messages = defineMessages({

accountMessage: {
id: 'account',
defaultMessage: 'The amount is less than minimum balance.',
}
})
formatMessage(messages.accountMessage)
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143. How to use <FormattedMessage> as placeholder using React Intl?
The <Formatted... /> components from react-intl return elements, not plain text, so they can't be used for
placeholders, alt text, etc. In that case, you should use lower level API formatMessage() . You can inject the intl object
into your component using injectIntl() higher-order component and then format the message using
formatMessage() available on that object.

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'
const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => {

const placeholder = intl.formatMessage({id: 'messageId'})
return <input placeholder={placeholder} />
}
MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired
}
export default injectIntl(MyComponent)
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144. How to access current locale with React Intl?
You can get the current locale in any component of your application using injectIntl() :
const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

<div>{`The current locale is ${intl.locale}`}</div>
)
}
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145. How to format date using React Intl?

The injectIntl() higher-order component will give you access to the formatDate() method via the props in your
component. The method is used internally by instances of FormattedDate and it returns the string representation of the
formatted date.
const stringDate = this.props.intl.formatDate(date, {

year: 'numeric',
month: 'numeric',
day: 'numeric'
})
const MyComponent = ({intl}) => (

<div>{`The formatted date is ${stringDate}`}</div>
)
}
React Testing
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146. What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?

Shallow rendering is useful for writing unit test cases in React. It lets you render a component one level deep and assert
facts about what its render method returns, without worrying about the behavior of child components, which are not
instantiated or rendered.
For example, if you have the following component:
return (
<div>
<span className={'heading'}>{'Title'}</span>
<span className={'description'}>{'Description'}</span>
</div>
)
}
Then you can assert as follows:
import ShallowRenderer from 'react-test-renderer/shallow'
// in your test
const renderer = new ShallowRenderer()
renderer.render(<MyComponent />)
const result = renderer.getRenderOutput()
expect(result.type).toBe('div')
expect(result.props.children).toEqual([
<span className={'heading'}>{'Title'}</span>,
<span className={'description'}>{'Description'}</span>
])
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147. What is TestRenderer package in React?
This package provides a renderer that can be used to render components to pure JavaScript objects, without depending
on the DOM or a native mobile environment. This package makes it easy to grab a snapshot of the platform view
hierarchy (similar to a DOM tree) rendered by a ReactDOM or React Native without using a browser or jsdom .
import TestRenderer from 'react-test-renderer'
const Link = ({page, children}) => <a href={page}>{children}</a>
const testRenderer = TestRenderer.create(

<Link page={'https://www.facebook.com/'}>{'Facebook'}</Link>
)
console.log(testRenderer.toJSON())
// {
// type: 'a',
// props: { href: 'https://www.facebook.com/' },
// children: [ 'Facebook' ]
// }
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148. What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?
ReactTestUtils are provided in the with-addons package and allow you to perform actions against a simulated DOM for
the purpose of unit testing.
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149. What is Jest?

Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based on Jasmine and provides automated mock
creation and a jsdom environment. It's often used for testing components.
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150. What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

There are couple of advantages compared to Jasmine:
Automatically finds tests to execute in your source code.

Automatically mocks dependencies when running your tests.
Allows you to test asynchronous code synchronously.
Runs your tests with a fake DOM implementation (via jsdom ) so that your tests can be run on the command line.
Runs tests in parallel processes so that they finish sooner.
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151. Give a simple example of Jest test case

Let's write a test for a function that adds two numbers in sum.js file:
const sum = (a, b) => a + b
export default sum
Create a file named sum.test.js which contains actual test:
import sum from './sum'
test('adds 1 + 2 to equal 3', () => {

expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3)
})
And then add the following section to your package.json :
{
"scripts": {
"test": "jest"
}
}
Finally, run yarn test or npm test and Jest will print a result:
$ yarn test
PASS ./sum.test.js
✓ adds 1 + 2 to equal 3 (2ms)
React Redux
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152. What is flux?
Flux is an application design paradigm used as a replacement for the more traditional MVC pattern. It is not a framework
or a library but a new kind of architecture that complements React and the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow.
Facebook uses this pattern internally when working with React.
The workflow between dispatcher, stores and views components with distinct inputs and outputs as follows:
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153. What is Redux?
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps based on the Flux design pattern. Redux can be used together
with React, or with any other view library. It is tiny (about 2kB) and has no dependencies.
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154. What are the core principles of Redux?

Redux follows three fundamental principles:
i. Single source of truth: The state of your whole application is stored in an object tree within a single store. The
single state tree makes it easier to keep track of changes over time and debug or inspect the application.
ii. State is read-only: The only way to change the state is to emit an action, an object describing what happened. This
ensures that neither the views nor the network callbacks will ever write directly to the state.
iii. Changes are made with pure functions: To specify how the state tree is transformed by actions, you write reducers.
Reducers are just pure functions that take the previous state and an action as parameters, and return the next state.
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155. What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?

Instead of saying downsides we can say that there are few compromises of using Redux over Flux. Those are as follows:
i. You will need to learn to avoid mutations: Flux is un-opinionated about mutating data, but Redux doesn't like
mutations and many packages complementary to Redux assume you never mutate the state. You can enforce this
with dev-only packages like redux-immutable-state-invariant , Immutable.js, or instructing your team to write non-
mutating code.
ii. You're going to have to carefully pick your packages: While Flux explicitly doesn't try to solve problems such as
undo/redo, persistence, or forms, Redux has extension points such as middleware and store enhancers, and it has
spawned a rich ecosystem.
iii. There is no nice Flow integration yet: Flux currently lets you do very impressive static type checks which Redux
doesn't support yet.
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156. What is the difference between mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() ?

mapStateToProps() is a utility which helps your component get updated state (which is updated by some other
components):
const mapStateToProps = (state) => {

return {
todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos, state.visibilityFilter)
}
}
mapDispatchToProps() is a utility which will help your component to fire an action event (dispatching action which may
cause change of application state):
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => {

return {
onTodoClick: (id) => {
dispatch(toggleTodo(id))
}
}
}
Recommend always using the “object shorthand” form for the mapDispatchToProps
Redux wrap it in another function that looks like (…args) => dispatch(onTodoClick(…args)), and pass that wrapper
function as a prop to your component.
const mapDispatchToProps = ({
onTodoClick
})
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157. Can I dispatch an action in reducer?
Dispatching an action within a reducer is an anti-pattern. Your reducer should be without side effects, simply digesting
the action payload and returning a new state object. Adding listeners and dispatching actions within the reducer can
lead to chained actions and other side effects.
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158. How to access Redux store outside a component?

You just need to export the store from the module where it created with createStore() . Also, it shouldn't pollute the
global window object.
store = createStore(myReducer)
export default store
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159. What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern?
i. DOM manipulation is very expensive which causes applications to behave slow and inefficient.
ii. Due to circular dependencies, a complicated model was created around models and views.
iii. Lot of data changes happens for collaborative applications(like Google Docs).
iv. No way to do undo (travel back in time) easily without adding so much extra code.
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160. Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?
These libraries are very different for very different purposes, but there are some vague similarities.
Redux is a tool for managing state throughout the application. It is usually used as an architecture for UIs. Think of it as
an alternative to (half of) Angular. RxJS is a reactive programming library. It is usually used as a tool to accomplish
asynchronous tasks in JavaScript. Think of it as an alternative to Promises. Redux uses the Reactive paradigm because
the Store is reactive. The Store observes actions from a distance, and changes itself. RxJS also uses the Reactive
paradigm, but instead of being an architecture, it gives you basic building blocks, Observables, to accomplish this
pattern.
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161. How to dispatch an action on load?
You can dispatch an action in componentDidMount() method and in render() method you can verify the data.

this.props.fetchData()
}
render() {
return this.props.isLoaded
? <div>{'Loaded'}</div>
: <div>{'Not Loaded'}</div>
}
}
const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({

isLoaded: state.isLoaded
})
const mapDispatchToProps = { fetchData }
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(App)
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162. How to use connect() from React Redux?
You need to follow two steps to use your store in your container:
i. Use mapStateToProps() : It maps the state variables from your store to the props that you specify.
ii. Connect the above props to your container: The object returned by the mapStateToProps function is connected to
the container. You can import connect() from react-redux .

import { connect } from 'react-redux'

render() {
return <div>{this.props.containerData}</div>
}
}
function mapStateToProps(state) {
return { containerData: state.data }
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps)(App)
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163. How to reset state in Redux?

You need to write a root reducer in your application which delegate handling the action to the reducer generated by
combineReducers() .
For example, let us take rootReducer() to return the initial state after USER_LOGOUT action. As we know, reducers are
supposed to return the initial state when they are called with undefined as the first argument, no matter the action.
const appReducer = combineReducers({

/* your app's top-level reducers */
})
const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === 'USER_LOGOUT') {
state = undefined
}
return appReducer(state, action)

}
In case of using redux-persist , you may also need to clean your storage. redux-persist keeps a copy of your state in
a storage engine. First, you need to import the appropriate storage engine and then, to parse the state before setting it
to undefined and clean each storage state key.
const appReducer = combineReducers({

/* your app's top-level reducers */
})
const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === 'USER_LOGOUT') {
Object.keys(state).forEach(key => {
storage.removeItem(`persist:${key}`)
})
state = undefined
}
return appReducer(state, action)

}
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164. Whats the purpose of at symbol in the Redux connect decorator?
The @ symbol is in fact a JavaScript expression used to signify decorators. Decorators make it possible to annotate and
modify classes and properties at design time.
Let's take an example setting up Redux without and with a decorator.
Without decorator:

import * as actionCreators from './actionCreators'
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux'
return { todos: state.todos }
}
function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) }
}
class MyApp extends React.Component {

// ...define your main app here
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(MyApp)
With decorator:

import * as actionCreators from './actionCreators'
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux'
return { todos: state.todos }
}
function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) }
}
@connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
export default class MyApp extends React.Component {
// ...define your main app here
}
The above examples are almost similar except the usage of decorator. The decorator syntax isn't built into any JavaScript
runtimes yet, and is still experimental and subject to change. You can use babel for the decorators support.
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165. What is the difference between React context and React Redux?
You can use Context in your application directly and is going to be great for passing down data to deeply nested
components which what it was designed for. Whereas Redux is much more powerful and provides a large number of
features that the Context API doesn't provide. Also, React Redux uses context internally but it doesn't expose this fact in
the public API.
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166. Why are Redux state functions called reducers?
Reducers always return the accumulation of the state (based on all previous and current actions). Therefore, they act as a
reducer of state. Each time a Redux reducer is called, the state and action are passed as parameters. This state is then
reduced (or accumulated) based on the action, and then the next state is returned. You could reduce a collection of
actions and an initial state (of the store) on which to perform these actions to get the resulting final state.
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167. How to make AJAX request in Redux?
You can use redux-thunk middleware which allows you to define async actions.
Let's take an example of fetching specific account as an AJAX call using fetch API:
export function fetchAccount(id) {

return dispatch => {
dispatch(setLoadingAccountState()) // Show a loading spinner
fetch(`/account/${id}`, (response) => {
dispatch(doneFetchingAccount()) // Hide loading spinner
if (response.status === 200) {
dispatch(setAccount(response.json)) // Use a normal function to set the received state
} else {
dispatch(someError)
}
})
}
}
function setAccount(data) {
return { type: 'SET_Account', data: data }
}
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168. Should I keep all component's state in Redux store?
Keep your data in the Redux store, and the UI related state internally in the component.
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169. What is the proper way to access Redux store?

The best way to access your store in a component is to use the connect() function, that creates a new component that
wraps around your existing one. This pattern is called Higher-Order Components, and is generally the preferred way of
extending a component's functionality in React. This allows you to map state and action creators to your component,
and have them passed in automatically as your store updates.
Let's take an example of <FilterLink> component using connect:

import { setVisibilityFilter } from '../actions'
import Link from '../components/Link'
const mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps) => ({

active: ownProps.filter === state.visibilityFilter
})
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => ({

onClick: () => dispatch(setVisibilityFilter(ownProps.filter))
})
const FilterLink = connect(

mapStateToProps,
mapDispatchToProps
)(Link)
export default FilterLink
Due to it having quite a few performance optimizations and generally being less likely to cause bugs, the Redux
developers almost always recommend using connect() over accessing the store directly (using context API).
class MyComponent {
someMethod() {
doSomethingWith(this.context.store)
}
}
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170. What is the difference between component and container in React Redux?
Component is a class or function component that describes the presentational part of your application.
Container is an informal term for a component that is connected to a Redux store. Containers subscribe to Redux state
updates and dispatch actions, and they usually don't render DOM elements; they delegate rendering to presentational
child components.
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171. What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

Constants allows you to easily find all usages of that specific functionality across the project when you use an IDE. It also
prevents you from introducing silly bugs caused by typos – in which case, you will get a ReferenceError immediately.
Normally we will save them in a single file ( constants.js or actionTypes.js ).
export const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO'

export const DELETE_TODO = 'DELETE_TODO'
export const EDIT_TODO = 'EDIT_TODO'
export const COMPLETE_TODO = 'COMPLETE_TODO'
export const COMPLETE_ALL = 'COMPLETE_ALL'
export const CLEAR_COMPLETED = 'CLEAR_COMPLETED'
In Redux you use them in two places:
i. During action creation:
Let's take actions.js :
import { ADD_TODO } from './actionTypes';
export function addTodo(text) {

return { type: ADD_TODO, text }
}
ii. In reducers:
Let's create reducer.js :
import { ADD_TODO } from './actionTypes'
export default (state = [], action) => {

switch (action.type) {
case ADD_TODO:
return [
...state,
{
text: action.text,
completed: false
}
];
default:
return state
}
}
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172. What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps() ?

There are a few ways of binding action creators to dispatch() in mapDispatchToProps() . Below are the possible options:
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: () => dispatch(action())
})
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: bindActionCreators(action, dispatch)
})
const mapDispatchToProps = { action }
The third option is just a shorthand for the first one.
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173. What is the use of the ownProps parameter in mapStateToProps() and

mapDispatchToProps() ?
If the ownProps parameter is specified, React Redux will pass the props that were passed to the component into your
connect functions. So, if you use a connected component:
import ConnectedComponent from './containers/ConnectedComponent';
<ConnectedComponent user={'john'} />
The ownProps inside your mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() functions will be an object:
{ user: 'john' }
You can use this object to decide what to return from those functions.
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174. How to structure Redux top level directories?
Most of the applications has several top-level directories as below:
i. Components: Used for dumb components unaware of Redux.

ii. Containers: Used for smart components connected to Redux.
iii. Actions: Used for all action creators, where file names correspond to part of the app.
iv. Reducers: Used for all reducers, where files name correspond to state key.
v. Store: Used for store initialization.
This structure works well for small and medium size apps.
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175. What is redux-saga?
redux-saga is a library that aims to make side effects (asynchronous things like data fetching and impure things like
accessing the browser cache) in React/Redux applications easier and better.
It is available in NPM:
$ npm install --save redux-saga
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176. What is the mental model of redux-saga?
Saga is like a separate thread in your application, that's solely responsible for side effects. redux-saga is a redux
middleware, which means this thread can be started, paused and cancelled from the main application with normal Redux
actions, it has access to the full Redux application state and it can dispatch Redux actions as well.
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177. What are the differences between call() and put() in redux-saga?
Both call() and put() are effect creator functions. call() function is used to create effect description, which
instructs middleware to call the promise. put() function creates an effect, which instructs middleware to dispatch an
action to the store.
Let's take example of how these effects work for fetching particular user data.
function* fetchUserSaga(action) {
// `call` function accepts rest arguments, which will be passed to àpi.fetchUser` function.
// Instructing middleware to call promise, it resolved value will be assigned to ùserData` variable
const userData = yield call(api.fetchUser, action.userId)
// Instructing middleware to dispatch corresponding action.

yield put({
type: 'FETCH_USER_SUCCESS',
userData
})
}
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178. What is Redux Thunk?
Redux Thunk middleware allows you to write action creators that return a function instead of an action. The thunk can be
used to delay the dispatch of an action, or to dispatch only if a certain condition is met. The inner function receives the
store methods dispatch() and getState() as parameters.
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179. What are the differences between redux-saga and redux-thunk ?
Both Redux Thunk and Redux Saga take care of dealing with side effects. In most of the scenarios, Thunk uses Promises
to deal with them, whereas Saga uses Generators. Thunk is simple to use and Promises are familiar to many developers,
Sagas/Generators are more powerful but you will need to learn them. But both middleware can coexist, so you can start
with Thunks and introduce Sagas when/if you need them.
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180. What is Redux DevTools?
Redux DevTools is a live-editing time travel environment for Redux with hot reloading, action replay, and customizable
UI. If you don't want to bother with installing Redux DevTools and integrating it into your project, consider using Redux
DevTools Extension for Chrome and Firefox.
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181. What are the features of Redux DevTools?

i. Lets you inspect every state and action payload.
ii. Lets you go back in time by cancelling actions.
iii. If you change the reducer code, each staged action will be re-evaluated.
iv. If the reducers throw, you will see during which action this happened, and what the error was.
v. With persistState() store enhancer, you can persist debug sessions across page reloads.
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182. What are Redux selectors and why to use them?
Selectors are functions that take Redux state as an argument and return some data to pass to the component.
For example, to get user details from the state:
const getUserData = state => state.user.data
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183. What is Redux Form?

Redux Form works with React and Redux to enable a form in React to use Redux to store all of its state. Redux Form can
be used with raw HTML5 inputs, but it also works very well with common UI frameworks like Material UI, React Widgets
and React Bootstrap.
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184. What are the main features of Redux Form?
i. Field values persistence via Redux store.

ii. Validation (sync/async) and submission.
iii. Formatting, parsing and normalization of field values.
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185. How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

You can use applyMiddleware() .
For example, you can add redux-thunk and logger passing them as arguments to applyMiddleware() :
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux'

const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(ReduxThunk, logger)(createStore)
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186. How to set initial state in Redux?

You need to pass initial state as second argument to createStore:
const rootReducer = combineReducers({

todos: todos,
visibilityFilter: visibilityFilter
})
const initialState = {
todos: [{ id: 123, name: 'example', completed: false }]
}
const store = createStore(

rootReducer,
initialState
)
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187. How Relay is different from Redux?

Relay is similar to Redux in that they both use a single store. The main difference is that relay only manages state
originated from the server, and all access to the state is used via GraphQL queries (for reading data) and mutations (for
changing data). Relay caches the data for you and optimizes data fetching for you, by fetching only changed data and
nothing more.
React Native
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188. What is the difference between React Native and React?
React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being run on the server, for building user interfaces and
web applications.
React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app components, allowing you to build native mobile
applications (iOS, Android, and Windows) in JavaScript that allows you to use React to build your components, and
implements React under the hood.
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189. How to test React Native apps?

React Native can be tested only in mobile simulators like iOS and Android. You can run the app in your mobile using
expo app (https://expo.io) Where it syncs using QR code, your mobile and computer should be in same wireless
network.
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190. How to do logging in React Native?
You can use console.log , console.warn , etc. As of React Native v0.29 you can simply run the following to see logs in
the console:
$ react-native log-ios
$ react-native log-android
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191. How to debug your React Native?
Follow the below steps to debug React Native app:
i. Run your application in the iOS simulator.

ii. Press Command + D and a webpage should open up at http://localhost:8081/debugger-ui .
iii. Enable Pause On Caught Exceptions for a better debugging experience.
iv. Press Command + Option + I to open the Chrome Developer tools, or open it via View -> Developer -> Developer
Tools .
v. You should now be able to debug as you normally would.
React supported libraries & Integration

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192. What is reselect and how it works?

Reselect is a selector library (for Redux) which uses memoization concept. It was originally written to compute derived
data from Redux-like applications state, but it can't be tied to any architecture or library.
Reselect keeps a copy of the last inputs/outputs of the last call, and recomputes the result only if one of the inputs
changes. If the the same inputs are provided twice in a row, Reselect returns the cached output. It's memoization and
cache are fully customizable.
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193. What is Flow?

Flow is a static type checker designed to find type errors in JavaScript. Flow types can express much more fine-grained
distinctions than traditional type systems. For example, Flow helps you catch errors involving null , unlike most type
systems.
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194. What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?
Flow is a static analysis tool (static checker) which uses a superset of the language, allowing you to add type annotations
to all of your code and catch an entire class of bugs at compile time. PropTypes is a basic type checker (runtime checker)
which has been patched onto React. It can't check anything other than the types of the props being passed to a given
component. If you want more flexible typechecking for your entire project Flow/TypeScript are appropriate choices.
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195. How to use Font Awesome icons in React?
The below steps followed to include Font Awesome in React:
i. Install font-awesome :
$ npm install --save font-awesome
ii. Import font-awesome in your index.js file:
import 'font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css'
iii. Add Font Awesome classes in className :
render() {
return <div><i className={'fa fa-spinner'} /></div>
}
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196. What is React Dev Tools?

React Developer Tools let you inspect the component hierarchy, including component props and state. It exists both as a
browser extension (for Chrome and Firefox), and as a standalone app (works with other environments including Safari, IE,
and React Native).
The official extensions available for different browsers or environments.
i. Chrome extension
ii. Firefox extension
iii. Standalone app (Safari, React Native, etc)
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197. Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?
If you opened a local HTML file in your browser ( file://... ) then you must first open Chrome Extensions and check
Allow access to file URLs .
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198. How to use Polymer in React?
i. Create a Polymer element:
<link rel='import' href='../../bower_components/polymer/polymer.html' />

Polymer({
is: 'calender-element',
ready: function() {
this.textContent = 'I am a calender'
}
})
ii. Create the Polymer component HTML tag by importing it in a HTML document, e.g. import it in the index.html of
your React application:
<link rel='import' href='./src/polymer-components/calender-element.html'>
c. Use that element in the JSX file:

render() {
return (
<calender-element />
)
}
}
export default MyComponent
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199. What are the advantages of React over Vue.js?

React has the following advantages over Vue.js:
i. Gives more flexibility in large apps developing.

ii. Easier to test.
iii. Suitable for mobile apps creating.
iv. More information and solutions available.
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200. What is the difference between React and Angular?
React Angular
React is a library and has only the View layer Angular is a framework and has complete MVC functionality
AngularJS renders only on the client side but Angular 2 and above
React handles rendering on the server side
renders on the server side
React uses JSX that looks like HTML in JS Angular follows the template approach for HTML, which makes
which can be confusing code shorter and easy to understand
React Native, which is a React type to build

Ionic, Angular's mobile native app is relatively less stable and
mobile applications are faster and more
slower
stable
In Angular, data flows both way i.e it has two-way data binding
In React, data flows only in one way and
between children and parent and hence debugging is often
hence debugging is easy
difficult
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201. Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?

When the page loads, React DevTools sets a global named __REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__ , then React communicates
with that hook during initialization. If the website is not using React or if React fails to communicate with DevTools then
it won't show up the tab.
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202. What are Styled Components?
styled-components is a JavaScript library for styling React applications. It removes the mapping between styles and
components, and lets you write actual CSS augmented with JavaScript.
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203. Give an example of Styled Components?
Lets create <Title> and <Wrapper> components with specific styles for each.

import styled from 'styled-components'
// Create a <Title> component that renders an <h1> which is centered, red and sized at 1.5em
const Title = styled.h1`
font-size: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
color: palevioletred;
`
// Create a <Wrapper> component that renders a <section> with some padding and a papayawhip background
const Wrapper = styled.section`
padding: 4em;
background: papayawhip;
`
These two variables, Title and Wrapper , are now components that you can render just like any other react component.
<Wrapper>
<Title>{'Lets start first styled component!'}</Title>
</Wrapper>
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204. What is Relay?
Relay is a JavaScript framework for providing a data layer and client-server communication to web applications using the
React view layer.
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205. How to use TypeScript in create-react-app application?
Starting from [email protected] or higher, there is a built-in support for typescript. You can just pass --typescript
option as below
npx create-react-app my-app --typescript
# or
yarn create react-app my-app --typescript
But for lower versions of react scripts, just supply --scripts-version option as react-scripts-ts while you create a
new project. react-scripts-ts is a set of adjustments to take the standard create-react-app project pipeline and
bring TypeScript into the mix.
Now the project layout should look like the following:
my-app/
├─ .gitignore
├─ images.d.ts
├─ node_modules/
├─ public/
├─ src/
│ └─ ...
├─ package.json
├─ tsconfig.json
├─ tsconfig.prod.json
├─ tsconfig.test.json
└─ tslint.json
Miscellaneous
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206. What are the main features of Reselect library?
i. Selectors can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal possible state.
ii. Selectors are efficient. A selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments changes.
iii. Selectors are composable. They can be used as input to other selectors.
207. Give an example of Reselect usage?
Let's take calculations and different amounts of a shipment order with the simplified usage of Reselect:
import { createSelector } from 'reselect'
const shopItemsSelector = state => state.shop.items

const taxPercentSelector = state => state.shop.taxPercent
const subtotalSelector = createSelector(

shopItemsSelector,
items => items.reduce((acc, item) => acc + item.value, 0)
)
const taxSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxPercentSelector,
(subtotal, taxPercent) => subtotal * (taxPercent / 100)
)
export const totalSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxSelector,
(subtotal, tax) => ({ total: subtotal + tax })
)
let exampleState = {
shop: {
taxPercent: 8,
items: [
{ name: 'apple', value: 1.20 },
{ name: 'orange', value: 0.95 },
]
}
}
console.log(subtotalSelector(exampleState)) // 2.15
console.log(taxSelector(exampleState)) // 0.172
console.log(totalSelector(exampleState)) // { total: 2.322 }
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208. What is an action in Redux?

Actions are plain JavaScript objects or payloads of information that send data from your application to your store. They
are the only source of information for the store. Actions must have a type property that indicates the type of action
being performed.
For example an example action which represents adding a new todo item:
{
type: ADD_TODO,
text: 'Add todo item'
}
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209. Does the statics object work with ES6 classes in React?
No, statics only works with React.createClass() :
someComponent= React.createClass({
statics: {
someMethod: function() {
// ..
}
}
})
But you can write statics inside ES6+ classes or writing them outside class as below,
class Component extends React.Component {

static propTypes = {
// ...
}
static someMethod() {
// ...
}
}
class Component extends React.Component {

....
}
Component.propTypes = {...}
Component.someMethod = function(){....}
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210. Can Redux only be used with React?
Redux can be used as a data store for any UI layer. The most common usage is with React and React Native, but there
are bindings available for Angular, Angular 2, Vue, Mithril, and more. Redux simply provides a subscription mechanism
which can be used by any other code.
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211. Do you need to have a particular build tool to use Redux?

Redux is originally written in ES6 and transpiled for production into ES5 with Webpack and Babel. You should be able to
use it regardless of your JavaScript build process. Redux also offers a UMD build that can be used directly without any
build process at all.
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212. How Redux Form initialValues get updated from state?
You need to add enableReinitialize : true setting.
const InitializeFromStateForm = reduxForm({

form: 'initializeFromState',
enableReinitialize : true
})(UserEdit)
If your initialValues prop gets updated, your form will update too.
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213. How React PropTypes allow different types for one prop?
You can use oneOfType() method of PropTypes .
For example, the height property can be defined with either string or number type as below:
Component.PropTypes = {
size: PropTypes.oneOfType([
PropTypes.string,
PropTypes.number
])
}
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214. Can I import an SVG file as react component?

You can import SVG directly as component instead of loading it as a file. This feature is available with react-
[email protected] and higher.
import { ReactComponent as Logo } from './logo.svg'
const App = () => (

<div>
{/* Logo is an actual react component */}
<Logo />
</div>
)
Note: Don't forget about the curly braces in the import.
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215. Why are inline ref callbacks or functions not recommended?
If the ref callback is defined as an inline function, it will get called twice during updates, first with null and then again
with the DOM element. This is because a new instance of the function is created with each render, so React needs to
clear the old ref and set up the new one.
class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value)
}
render () {
return (
<input
type='text'
ref={(input) => this.input = input} /> // Access DOM input in handle submit
<button type='submit'>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}
}
But our expectation is for the ref callback to get called once, when the component mounts. One quick fix is to use the
ES7 class property syntax to define the function
class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value)
}
setSearchInput = (input) => {

this.input = input
}
render () {
return (
<input
type='text'
ref={this.setSearchInput} /> // Access DOM input in handle submit
<button type='submit'>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}
}
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216. What is render hijacking in react?
The concept of render hijacking is the ability to control what a component will output from another component. It
actually means that you decorate your component by wrapping it into a Higher-Order component. By wrapping you can
inject additional props or make other changes, which can cause changing logic of rendering. It does not actually enables
hijacking, but by using HOC you make your component behave in different way.
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217. What are HOC factory implementations?
There are two main ways of implementing HOCs in React. 1. Props Proxy (PP) and 2. Inheritance Inversion (II). They
follow different approaches for manipulating the WrappedComponent.
Props Proxy
In this approach, the render method of the HOC returns a React Element of the type of the WrappedComponent. We
also pass through the props that the HOC receives, hence the name Props Proxy.
function ppHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class PP extends React.Component {
render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props}/>
}
}
}
Inheritance Inversion
In this approach, the returned HOC class (Enhancer) extends the WrappedComponent. It is called Inheritance Inversion
because instead of the WrappedComponent extending some Enhancer class, it is passively extended by the Enhancer. In
this way the relationship between them seems inverse.
function iiHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Enhancer extends WrappedComponent {
render() {
return super.render()
}
}
}
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218. How to pass numbers to React component?

You should be passing the numbers via curly braces({}) where as strings inn quotes
React.render(<User age={30} department={"IT"} />, document.getElementById('container'));
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219. Do I need to keep all my state into Redux? Should I ever use react internal state?
It is up to developer decision. i.e, It is developer job to determine what kinds of state make up your application, and
where each piece of state should live. Some users prefer to keep every single piece of data in Redux, to maintain a fully
serializable and controlled version of their application at all times. Others prefer to keep non-critical or UI state, such as
“is this dropdown currently open”, inside a component's internal state.
Below are the thumb rules to determine what kind of data should be put into Redux
i. Do other parts of the application care about this data?

ii. Do you need to be able to create further derived data based on this original data?
iii. Is the same data being used to drive multiple components?
iv. Is there value to you in being able to restore this state to a given point in time (ie, time travel debugging)?
v. Do you want to cache the data (ie, use what's in state if it's already there instead of re-requesting it)?
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220. What is the purpose of registerServiceWorker in React?

React creates a service worker for you without any configuration by default. The service worker is a web API that helps
you cache your assets and other files so that when the user is offline or on slow network, he/she can still see results on
the screen, as such, it helps you build a better user experience, that's what you should know about service worker's for
now. It's all about adding offline capabilities to your site.
import React from 'react';

import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import App from './App';
import registerServiceWorker from './registerServiceWorker';
ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

registerServiceWorker();
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221. What is React memo function?
Class components can be restricted from rendering when their input props are the same using PureComponent or
shouldComponentUpdate. Now you can do the same with function components by wrapping them in React.memo.
const MyComponent = React.memo(function MyComponent(props) {

/* only rerenders if props change */
});
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222. What is React lazy function?

The React.lazy function lets you render an dynamic import as a regular component. It will automatically load the bundle
containing the OtherComponent when the component gets rendered. This must return a Promise which resolves to a
module with a default export containing a React component.
const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./OtherComponent'));
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
);
}
Note: React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for server-side rendering. If you want to do code-splitting in a server
rendered app, we still recommend React Loadable.
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223. How to prevent unnecessary updates using setState?
You can compare current value of the state with an existing state value and decide whether to rerender the page or not.
If the values are same then you need to return null to stop rerendering otherwise return the latest state value. For
example, the user profile information is conditionally rendered as follows,
getUserProfile = user => {

const latestAddress = user.address;
this.setState(state => {
if (state.address === latestAddress) {
return null;
} else {
return { title: latestAddress };
}
});
};
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224. How do you render Array, Strings and Numbers in React 16 Version?
Arrays: Unlike older releases, you don't need to make sure render method return a single element in React16. You are
able to return multiple sibling elements without a wrapping element by returning an array. For example, let us take the
below list of developers,
const ReactJSDevs = () => {

return [
<li key="1">John</li>,
<li key="2">Jackie</li>,
<li key="3">Jordan</li>
];
}
You can also merge this array of items in another array component
const JSDevs = () => {

return (
<ul>
<li>Brad</li>
<li>Brodge</li>
<ReactJSDevs/>
<li>Brandon</li>
</ul>
);
}
Strings and Numbers: You can also return string and number type from the render method
render() {
return 'Welcome to ReactJS questions';
}
// Number
render() {
return 2018;
}
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225. How to use class field declarations syntax in React classes?
React Class Components can be made much more concise using the class field declarations. You can initialize local state
without using the constructor and declare class methods by using arrow functions without the extra need to bind them.
Let's take a counter example to demonstrate class field declarations for state without using constructor and methods
without binding,
class Counter extends Component {

state = { value: 0 };
handleIncrement = () => {
value: prevState.value + 1
}));
};
handleDecrement = () => {
value: prevState.value - 1
}));
};
render() {
return (
<div>
{this.state.value}
<button onClick={this.handleIncrement}>+</button>
<button onClick={this.handleDecrement}>-</button>
</div>
)
}
}
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226. What are hooks?
Hooks is a new feature that lets you use state and other React features without writing a class. Let's see an example of
useState hook example,
import { useState } from 'react';
function Example() {
// Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count"
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
return (
<div>
<p>You clicked {count} times</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
Click me
</button>
</div>
);
}
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227. What are the rules needs to follow for hooks?
You need to follow two rules inorder to use hooks
i. Call Hooks only at the top level of your react functions. i.e, You shouldn’t call Hooks inside loops, conditions, or
nested functions. This will ensure that Hooks are called in the same order each time a component renders and it
preserves the state of Hooks between multiple useState and useEffect calls.
ii. Call Hooks from React Functions only. i.e, You shouldn’t call Hooks from regular JavaScript functions.
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228. How to ensure hooks followed the rules in your project?
React team released an ESLint plugin called eslint-plugin-react-hooks that enforces these two rules. You can add this
plugin to your project using the below command,
npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks@next
And apply the below config in your ESLint config file,
// Your ESLint configuration

{
"plugins": [
// ...
"react-hooks"
],
"rules": {
// ...
"react-hooks/rules-of-hooks": "error"
}
}
Note: This plugin is intended to use in Create React App by default.
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229. What are the differences between Flux and Redux?

Below are the major differences between Flux and Redux
Flux Redux
State is mutable State is immutable
The Store contains both state and change logic The Store and change logic are separate
There are multiple stores exist There is only one store exist
All the stores are disconnected and flat Single store with hierarchical reducers
It has a singleton dispatcher There is no concept of dispatcher
Flux Redux
React components subscribe to the store Container components uses connect function
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230. What are the benefits of React Router V4?
Below are the main benefits of React Router V4 module,

i. In React Router v4(version 4), the API is completely about components. A router can be visualized as a single
component() which wraps specific child router components().
ii. You don't need to manually set history. The router module will take care history by wrapping routes with
component.
iii. The application size is reduced by adding only the specific router module(Web, core, or native)
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231. Can you describe about componentDidCatch lifecycle method signature?

The componentDidCatch lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown by a descendant component. The
method receives two parameters,
i. error: - The error object which was thrown

ii. info: - An object with a componentStack key contains the information about which component threw the error.
The method structure would be as follows
componentDidCatch(error, info)
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232. In which scenarios error boundaries do not catch errors?
Below are the cases in which error boundaries doesn't work

i. Inside Event handlers
ii. Asynchronous code using setTimeout or requestAnimationFrame callbacks
iii. During Server side rendering
iv. When errors thrown in the error boundary code itself
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233. Why do not you need error boundaries for event handlers?
Error boundaries do not catch errors inside event handlers. Event handlers don't happened or invoked during rendering
time unlike render method or lifecycle methods. So React knows how to recover these kind of errors in event handlers. If
still you need to catch an error inside event handler, use the regular JavaScript try / catch statement as below

super(props);
this.state = { error: null };
}
try {
// Do something that could throw
} catch (error) {
this.setState({ error });
}
}
render() {
if (this.state.error) {
return <h1>Caught an error.</h1>
}
return <div onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</div>
}
}
The above code is catching the error using vanilla javascript try/catch block instead of error boundaries.
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234. What is the difference between try catch block and error boundaries?
Try catch block works with imperative code whereas error boundaries are meant for declarative code to render on the
screen. For example, the try catch block used for below imperative code
try {
showButton();
} catch (error) {
// ...
}
Whereas error boundaries wrap declarative code as below,
<ErrorBoundary>
<MyComponent />
</ErrorBoundary>
So if an error occurs in a componentDidUpdate method caused by a setState somewhere deep in the tree, it will still
correctly propagate to the closest error boundary.
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235. What is the behavior of uncaught errors in react 16?

In React 16, errors that were not caught by any error boundary will result in unmounting of the whole React component
tree. The reason behind this decision is that it is worse to leave corrupted UI in place than to completely remove it. For
example, it is worse for a payments app to display a wrong amount than to render nothing.
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236. What is the proper placement for error boundaries?
The granularity of error boundaries usage is up to the developer based on project needs. You can follow either of these
approaches,
i. You can wrap top-level route components to display a generic error message for the entire application.
ii. You can also wrap individual components in an error boundary to protect them from crashing the rest of the
application.
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237. What is the benefit of component stack trace from error boundary?
Apart from error messages and javascript stack, React16 will display the component stack trace with file names and line
numbers using error boundary concept. For example, BuggyCounter component displays the component stack trace as
below,
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238. What is the required method to be defined for a class component?

The render() method is the only required method in a class component. i.e, All methods other than render method are
optional for a class component.
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239. What are the possible return types of render method?

Below are the list of following types used and return from render method,
i. React elements: Elements that instruct React to render a DOM node. It includes html elements such as <div/> and
user defined elements.
ii. Arrays and fragments: Return multiple elements to render as Arrays and Fragments to wrap multiple elements
iii. Portals: Render children into a different DOM subtree.
iv. String and numbers: Render both Strings and Numbers as text nodes in the DOM
v. Booleans or null: Doesn't render anything but these types are used to conditionally render content.
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240. What is the main purpose of constructor?

The constructor is mainly used for two purposes,
i. To initialize local state by assigning object to this.state
ii. For binding event handler methods to the instance For example, the below code covers both the above cases,
super(props);
// Don't call this.setState() here!
this.state = { counter: 0 };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}
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241. Is it mandatory to define constructor for React component?
No, it is not mandatory. i.e, If you don’t initialize state and you don’t bind methods, you don’t need to implement a
constructor for your React component.
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242. What are default props?

The defaultProps are defined as a property on the component class to set the default props for the class. This is used for
undefined props, but not for null props. For example, let us create color default prop for the button component,
class MyButton extends React.Component {

// ...
}
MyButton.defaultProps = {
color: 'red'
};
If props.color is not provided then it will set the default value to 'red'. i.e, Whenever you try to access the color prop it
uses default value
render() {
return <MyButton /> ; // props.color will be set to red
}
Note: If you provide null value then it remains null value.
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243. Why should not call setState in componentWillUnmount?
You should not call setState() in componentWillUnmount() because Once a component instance is unmounted, it will
never be mounted again.
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244. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromError?
This lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown by a descendant component. It receives the error that
was thrown as a parameter and should return a value to update state. The signature of the lifecycle method is as follows,
static getDerivedStateFromError(error)
Let us take error boundary use case with the above lifecycle method for demonistration purpose,
class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}
static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}
render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>Something went wrong.</h1>;
}
return this.props.children;
}
}
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245. What is the methods order when component re-rendered?

An update can be caused by changes to props or state. The below methods are called in the following order when a
component is being re-rendered.
i. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
ii. shouldComponentUpdate()
iii. render()
iv. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate()
v. componentDidUpdate()
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246. What are the methods invoked during error handling?

Below methods are called when there is an error during rendering, in a lifecycle method, or in the constructor of any
child component.
i. static getDerivedStateFromError()
ii. componentDidCatch()
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247. What is the purpose of displayName class property?

The displayName string is used in debugging messages. Usually, you don’t need to set it explicitly because it’s inferred
from the name of the function or class that defines the component. You might want to set it explicitly if you want to
display a different name for debugging purposes or when you create a higher-order component. For example, To ease
debugging, choose a display name that communicates that it’s the result of a withSubscription HOC.
function withSubscription(WrappedComponent) {
class WithSubscription extends React.Component {/* ... */}
WithSubscription.displayName = `WithSubscription(${getDisplayName(WrappedComponent)})`;
return WithSubscription;
}
function getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) {
return WrappedComponent.displayName || WrappedComponent.name || 'Component';
}
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248. What is the browser support for react applications?
React supports all popular browsers, including Internet Explorer 9 and above, although some polyfills are required for
older browsers such as IE 9 and IE 10. If you use es5-shim and es5-sham polyfill then it even support old browsers that
doesn't support ES5 methods.
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249. What is the purpose of unmountComponentAtNode method?

This method is available from react-dom package and it removes a mounted React component from the DOM and clean
up its event handlers and state. If no component was mounted in the container, calling this function does nothing.
Returns true if a component was unmounted and false if there was no component to unmount. The method signature
would be as follows,
ReactDOM.unmountComponentAtNode(container)
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250. What is code-splitting?
Code-Splitting is a feature supported by bundlers like Webpack and Browserify which can create multiple bundles that
can be dynamically loaded at runtime. The react project supports code splitting via dynamic import() feature. For
example, in the below code snippets, it will make moduleA.js and all its unique dependencies as a separate chunk that
only loads after the user clicks the 'Load' button. moduleA.js
const moduleA = 'Hello';
export { moduleA };
App.js
import React, { Component } from 'react';

import('./moduleA')
.then(({ moduleA }) => {
// Use moduleA
})
.catch(err => {
// Handle failure
});
};
render() {
return (
<div>
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>Load</button>
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;
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251. What is the benefit of strict mode?
The will be helpful in the below cases
i. Identifying components with unsafe lifecycle methods.

ii. Warning about legacy string ref API usage.
iii. Detecting unexpected side effects.
iv. Detecting legacy context API.
v. Warning about deprecated findDOMNode usage
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252. What are Keyed Fragments?
The Fragments declared with the explicit <React.Fragment> syntax may have keys. The general usecase is mapping a
collection to an array of fragments as below,
function Glossary(props) {
return (
<dl>
{props.items.map(item => (
// Without the `key`, React will fire a key warning
<React.Fragment key={item.id}>
<dt>{item.term}</dt>
<dd>{item.description}</dd>
</React.Fragment>
))}
</dl>
);
}
Note: key is the only attribute that can be passed to Fragment. In the future, there might be a support for additional
attributes, such as event handlers.
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253. Does React support all HTML attributes?
As of React 16, both standard or custom DOM attributes are fully supported. Since React components often take both
custom and DOM-related props, React uses the camelCase convention just like the DOM APIs. Let us take few props
with respect to standard HTML attributes,
<div tabIndex="-1" /> // Just like node.tabIndex DOM API

<div className="Button" /> // Just like node.className DOM API
<input readOnly={true} /> // Just like node.readOnly DOM API
These props work similarly to the corresponding HTML attributes, with the exception of the special cases. It also support
all SVG attributes.
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254. What are the limitations with HOCs?
Higher-order components come with a few caveats apart from its benefits. Below are the few listed in an order
i. Don’t Use HOCs Inside the render Method: It is not recommended to apply a HOC to a component within the
render method of a component.
render() {
// A new version of EnhancedComponent is created on every render
// EnhancedComponent1 !== EnhancedComponent2
const EnhancedComponent = enhance(MyComponent);
// That causes the entire subtree to unmount/remount each time!
return <EnhancedComponent />;
}
The above code impact performance by remounting a component that causes the state of that component and all
of its children to be lost. Instead, apply HOCs outside the component definition so that the resulting component is
created only once
ii. Static Methods Must Be Copied Over: When you apply a HOC to a component the new component does not have
any of the static methods of the original component
// Define a static method

WrappedComponent.staticMethod = function() {/*...*/}
// Now apply a HOC
const EnhancedComponent = enhance(WrappedComponent);
// The enhanced component has no static method

typeof EnhancedComponent.staticMethod === 'undefined' // true
You can overcome this by copying the methods onto the container before returning it
function enhance(WrappedComponent) {
class Enhance extends React.Component {/*...*/}
// Must know exactly which method(s) to copy :(
Enhance.staticMethod = WrappedComponent.staticMethod;
return Enhance;
}
iii. Refs Aren’t Passed Through: For HOCs you need to pass through all props to the wrapped component but this
does not work for refs. This is because ref is not really a prop similar to key. In this case you need to use the
React.forwardRef API
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255. How to debug forwardRefs in DevTools?
React.forwardRef accepts a render function as parameter and DevTools uses this function to determine what to display
for the ref forwarding component. For example, If you don't name the render function or not using displayName
property then it will appear as ”ForwardRef” in the DevTools,
const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});
But If you name the render function then it will appear as ”ForwardRef(myFunction)”
const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef(

function myFunction(props, ref) {
}
);
As an alternative, You can also set displayName property for forwardRef function,
function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
// ...
}
function forwardRef(props, ref) {

}
// Give this component a more helpful display name in DevTools.

// e.g. "ForwardRef(logProps(MyComponent))"
const name = Component.displayName || Component.name;
forwardRef.displayName = `logProps(${name})`;
return React.forwardRef(forwardRef);
}
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256. When component props defaults to true?
If you pass no value for a prop, it defaults to true. This behavior is available so that it matches the behavior of HTML. For
example, below expressions are equivalent,
<MyInput autocomplete />
<MyInput autocomplete={true} />
Note: It is not recommend using this approach because it can be confused with the ES6 object shorthand (example,
{name} which is short for {name: name})
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257. What is NextJS and major features of it?

Next.js is a popular and lightweight framework for static and server‑rendered applications built with React. It also
provides styling and routing solutions. Below are the major features provided by NextJS,
i. Server-rendered by default
ii. Automatic code splitting for faster page loads
iii. Simple client-side routing (page based)
iv. Webpack-based dev environment which supports (HMR)

v. Able to implement with Express or any other Node.js HTTP server
vi. Customizable with your own Babel and Webpack configurations
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258. How do you pass an event handler to a component?
You can pass event handlers and other functions as props to child components. It can be used in child component as
below,
<button onClick={this.handleClick}>
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259. Is it good to use arrow functions in render methods?
Yes, You can use. It is often the easiest way to pass parameters to callback functions. But you need to optimize the
performance while using it.
class Foo extends Component {

handleClick() {
console.log('Click happened');
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.handleClick()}>Click Me</button>;
}
}
Note: Using an arrow function in render method creates a new function each time the component renders, which may
have performance implications
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260. How to prevent a function from being called multiple times?

If you use an event handler such as onClick or onScroll and want to prevent the callback from being fired too quickly,
then you can limit the rate at which callback is executed. This can be achieved in the below possible ways,
i. Throttling: Changes based on a time based frequency. For example, it can be used using _.throttle lodash function
ii. Debouncing: Publish changes after a period of inactivity. For example, it can be used using _.debounce lodash
function
iii. RequestAnimationFrame throttling: Changes based on requestAnimationFrame. For example, it can be used using
raf-schd lodash function
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261. How JSX prevents Injection Attacks?

React DOM escapes any values embedded in JSX before rendering them. Thus it ensures that you can never inject
anything that’s not explicitly written in your application. Everything is converted to a string before being rendered. For
example, you can embed user input as below,
const name = response.potentiallyMaliciousInput;

const element = <h1>{name}</h1>;
This way you can prevent XSS(Cross-site-scripting) attacks in the application.
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262. How do you update rendered elements?

You can update UI(represented by rendered element) by passing the newly created element to ReactDOM's render
method. For example, lets take a ticking clock example, where it updates the time by calling render method multiple
times,
function tick() {
const element = (
<div>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<h2>It is {new Date().toLocaleTimeString()}.</h2>
</div>
);
ReactDOM.render(element, document.getElementById('root'));
}
setInterval(tick, 1000);
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263. How do you say that props are read only?

When you declare a component as a function or a class, it must never modify its own props. Let us take a below capital
function,
function capital(amount, interest) {

return amount + interest;
}
The above function is called “pure” because it does not attempt to change their inputs, and always return the same
result for the same inputs. Hence, React has a single rule saying "All React components must act like pure functions with
respect to their props."
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264. How do you say that state updates are merged?
When you call setState() in the component, React merges the object you provide into the current state. For example, let
us take a facebook user with posts and comments details as state variables,
super(props);
this.state = {
posts: [],
comments: []
};
}
Now you can update them independently with separate setState() calls as below,
fetchPosts().then(response => {
this.setState({
posts: response.posts
});
});
fetchComments().then(response => {
this.setState({
comments: response.comments
});
});
}
As mentioned in the above code snippets, this.setState({comments}) updates only comments variable without modifying
or replacing posts variable.
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265. How do you pass arguments to an event handler?
During iterations or loops, it is common to pass an extra parameter to an event handler. This can be achieved through
arrow functions or bind method. Let us take an example of user details updated in a grid,
<button onClick={(e) => this.updateUser(userId, e)}>Update User details</button>

<button onClick={this.updateUser.bind(this, userId)}>Update User details</button>
In both the approaches, the synthetic argument e is passed as a second argument. You need to pass it explicitly for
arrow functions and it forwarded automatically for bind method.
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266. How to prevent component from rendering?
You can prevent component from rendering by returning null based on specific condition. This way it can conditionally
render component.
function Greeting(props) {
if (!props.loggedIn) {
return null;
}
return (
<div className="greeting">
welcome, {props.name}
</div>
);
}

super(props);
this.state = {loggedIn: false, name: 'John'};
}
render() {
return (
<div>
//Prevent component render if it is not loggedIn
<Greeting loggedIn={this.state.loggedIn} />
<UserDetails name={this.state.name}>
</div>
);
}
In the above example, the greeting component skips its rendering section by applying condition and returning null
value.
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267. What are the conditions to safely use the index as a key?
There are three conditions to make sure, it is safe use the index as a key.
i. The list and items are static– they are not computed and do not change
ii. The items in the list have no ids
iii. The list is never reordered or filtered.
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268. Is it keys should be globally unique?

Keys used within arrays should be unique among their siblings but they don’t need to be globally unique. i.e, You can
use the same keys withtwo different arrays. For example, the below book component uses two arrays with different
arrays,
function Book(props) {
const index = (
<ul>
{props.pages.map((page) =>
<li key={page.id}>
{page.title}
</li>
)}
</ul>
);
const content = props.pages.map((page) =>
<div key={page.id}>
<h3>{page.title}</h3>
<p>{page.content}</p>
<p>{page.pageNumber}</p>
</div>
);
return (
<div>
{index}
<hr />
{content}
</div>
);
}
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269. What is the popular choice for form handling?
Formik is a form library for react which provides solutions such as validation, keeping track of the visited fields, and
handling form submission. In detail, You can categorize them as follows,
i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission
It is used to create a scalable, performant, form helper with a minimal API to solve annoying stuff.
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270. What are the advantages of formik over redux form library?
Below are the main reasons to recommend formik over redux form library
i. The form state is inherently short-term and local, so tracking it in Redux (or any kind of Flux library) is unnecessary.
ii. Redux-Form calls your entire top-level Redux reducer multiple times ON EVERY SINGLE KEYSTROKE. This way it
increases input latency for large apps.
iii. Redux-Form is 22.5 kB minified gzipped whereas Formik is 12.7 kB
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271. Why do you not required to use inheritance?

In React, it is recommend using composition instead of inheritance to reuse code between components. Both Props and
composition give you all the flexibility you need to customize a component’s look and behavior in an explicit and safe
way. Whereas, If you want to reuse non-UI functionality between components, it is suggested to extracting it into a
separate JavaScript module. Later components import it and use that function, object, or a class, without extending it.
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272. Can I use web components in react application?
Yes, you can use web components in a react application. Even though many developers won't use this combination, it
may require especially if you are using third-party UI components that are written using Web Components. For example,
let us use Vaadin date picker web component as below,
import React, { Component } from 'react';

import './App.css';
import '@vaadin/vaadin-date-picker';
render() {
return (
<div className="App">
<vaadin-date-picker label="When were you born?"></vaadin-date-picker>
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;
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273. What is dynamic import?

The dynamic import() syntax is a ECMAScript proposal not currently part of the language standard. It is expected to be
accepted in the near future. You can achieve code-splitting into your app using dynamic import(). Let's take an example
of addition,
i. Normal Import
import { add } from './math';

console.log(add(10, 20));
ii. Dynamic Import
import("./math").then(math => {
console.log(math.add(10, 20));
});
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274. What are loadable components?
If you want to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, it is recommend to use Loadable Components because
React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for server-side rendering. Loadable lets you render a dynamic import as a
regular component. Lets take an example,
import loadable from '@loadable/component'
const OtherComponent = loadable(() => import('./OtherComponent'))
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
)
}
Now OtherComponent will be loaded in a separated bundle
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275. What is suspense component?
If the module containing the dynamic import is not yet loaded by the time parent component renders, you must show
some fallback content while you’re waiting for it to load using a loading indicator. This can be done using Suspense
component. For example, the below code uses suspense component,
const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./OtherComponent'));
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<OtherComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}
As mentioned in the above code, Suspense is wrapped above the lazy component.
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276. What is route based code splitting?
One of the best place to do code splitting is with routes. The entire page is going to re-render at once so users are
unlikely to interact with other elements in the page at the same time. Due to this, the user experience won't be
disturbed. Let us take an example of route based website using libraries like React Router with React.lazy,
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom';

import React, { Suspense, lazy } from 'react';
const Home = lazy(() => import('./routes/Home'));

const About = lazy(() => import('./routes/About'));
const App = () => (

<Router>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home}/>
<Route path="/about" component={About}/>
</Switch>
</Suspense>
</Router>
);
In the above code, the code splitting will happen at each route level.
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277. Give an example on How to use context?
Context is designed to share data that can be considered global for a tree of React components. For example, in the
code below lets manually thread through a “theme” prop in order to style the Button component.
//Lets create a context with a default theme value "luna"

const ThemeContext = React.createContext('luna');
// Create App component where it uses provider to pass theme value in the tree
render() {
return (
<ThemeContext.Provider value="nova">
<Toolbar />
</ThemeContext.Provider>
);
}
}
// A middle component where you don't need to pass theme prop anymore
function Toolbar(props) {
return (
<div>
<ThemedButton />
</div>
);
}
// Lets read theme value in the button component to use
class ThemedButton extends React.Component {
static contextType = ThemeContext;
render() {
return <Button theme={this.context} />;
}
}
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278. What is the purpose of default value in context?
The defaultValue argument is only used when a component does not have a matching Provider above it in the tree. This
can be helpful for testing components in isolation without wrapping them. Below code snippet provides default theme
value as Luna.
const MyContext = React.createContext(defaultValue);
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279. How do you use contextType?
ContextType is used to consume the context object. The contextType property can be used in two ways,
i. contextType as property of class: The contextType property on a class can be assigned a Context object created by
React.createContext(). After that, you can consume the nearest current value of that Context type using this.context
in any of the lifecycle methods and render function. Lets assign contextType property on MyClass as below,
class MyClass extends React.Component {

let value = this.context;
/* perform a side-effect at mount using the value of MyContext */
}
componentDidUpdate() {
/* ... */
}
/* ... */
}
render() {
/* render something based on the value of MyContext */
}
}
MyClass.contextType = MyContext;
ii. Static field You can use a static class field to initialize your contextType using public class field syntax.
class MyClass extends React.Component {

static contextType = MyContext;
render() {
/* render something based on the value */
}
}
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280. What is a consumer?

A Consumer is a React component that subscribes to context changes. It requires a function as a child which receives
current context value as argument and returns a react node. The value argument passed to the function will be equal to
the value prop of the closest Provider for this context above in the tree. Lets take a simple example,
<MyContext.Consumer>
{value => /* render something based on the context value */}
</MyContext.Consumer>
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281. How do you solve performance corner cases while using context?
The context uses reference identity to determine when to re-render, there are some gotchas that could trigger
unintentional renders in consumers when a provider’s parent re-renders. For example, the code below will re-render all
consumers every time the Provider re-renders because a new object is always created for value.

render() {
return (
<Provider value={{something: 'something'}}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
);
}
}
This can be solved by lifting up the value to parent state,

super(props);
this.state = {
value: {something: 'something'},
};
}
render() {
return (
<Provider value={this.state.value}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
);
}
}
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282. What is the purpose of forward ref in HOCs?
Refs will not get passed through because ref is not a prop. It handled differently by React just like key. If you add a ref to
a HOC, the ref will refer to the outermost container component, not the wrapped component. In this case, you can use
Forward Ref API. For example, we can explicitly forward refs to the inner FancyButton component using the
React.forwardRef API. The below HOC logs all props,
function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
componentDidUpdate(prevProps) {
console.log('old props:', prevProps);
console.log('new props:', this.props);
}
render() {
const {forwardedRef, ...rest} = this.props;
// Assign the custom prop "forwardedRef" as a ref

return <Component ref={forwardedRef} {...rest} />;
}
}
return React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

});
}
Let's use this HOC to log all props that get passed to our “fancy button” component,
class FancyButton extends React.Component {

focus() {
// ...
}
// ...
}
export default logProps(FancyButton);
Now lets create a ref and pass it to FancyButton component. In this case, you can set focus to button element.
import FancyButton from './FancyButton';
const ref = React.createRef();

ref.current.focus();
<FancyButton
label="Click Me"
handleClick={handleClick}
ref={ref}
/>;
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283. Is it ref argument available for all functions or class components?

Regular function or class components don’t receive the ref argument, and ref is not available in props either. The second
ref argument only exists when you define a component with React.forwardRef call.
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284. Why do you need additional care for component libraries while using forward refs?
When you start using forwardRef in a component library, you should treat it as a breaking change and release a new
major version of your library. This is because your library likely has a different behavior such as what refs get assigned to,
and what types are exported. These changes can break apps and other libraries that depend on the old behavior.
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285. How to create react class components without ES6?
If you don’t use ES6 then you may need to use the create-react-class module instead. For default props, you need to
define getDefaultProps() as a function on the passed object. Whereas for initial state, you have to provide a separate
getInitialState method that returns the initial state.
var Greeting = createReactClass({

getDefaultProps: function() {
return {
name: 'Jhohn'
};
},
getInitialState: function() {
return {message: this.props.message};
},
handleClick: function() {
console.log(this.state.message);
},
render: function() {
return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
}
});
Note: If you use createReactClass then autobinding is available for all methods. i.e, You don't need to use .bind(this) with
in constructor for event handlers.
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286. Is it possible to use react without JSX?
Yes, JSX is not mandatory for using React. Actually it is convenient when you don’t want to set up compilation in your
build environment. Each JSX element is just syntactic sugar for calling React.createElement(component, props,
...children). For example, let us take a greeting example with JSX,

render() {
return <div>Hello {this.props.message}</div>;
}
}
ReactDOM.render(
<Greeting message="World" />,
document.getElementById('root')
);
You can write the same code without JSX as below,

render() {
return React.createElement('div', null, `Hello ${this.props.message}`);
}
}
ReactDOM.render(
React.createElement(Greeting, {message: 'World'}, null),
document.getElementById('root')
);
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287. What is diffing algorithm?

React needs to use algorithms to find out how to efficiently update the UI to match the most recent tree. The diffing
algorithms is generating the minimum number of operations to transform one tree into another. However, the
algorithms have a complexity in the order of O(n3) where n is the number of elements in the tree. In this case, for
displaying 1000 elements would require in the order of one billion comparisons. This is far too expensive. Instead, React
implements a heuristic O(n) algorithm based on two assumptions:
i. Two elements of different types will produce different trees.
ii. The developer can hint at which child elements may be stable across different renders with a key prop.
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288. What are the rules covered by diffing algorithm?

When diffing two trees, React first compares the two root elements. The behavior is different depending on the types of
the root elements. It covers the below rules during reconciliation algorithm,
i. Elements Of Different Types: Whenever the root elements have different types, React will tear down the old tree
and build the new tree from scratch. For example, elements to , or from to of different types lead a full rebuild.
ii. DOM Elements Of The Same Type: When comparing two React DOM elements of the same type, React looks at the
attributes of both, keeps the same underlying DOM node, and only updates the changed attributes. Lets take an
example with same DOM elements except className attribute,
<div className="show" title="ReactJS" />
<div className="hide" title="ReactJS" />
iii. Component Elements Of The Same Type: When a component updates, the instance stays the same, so that state is
maintained across renders. React updates the props of the underlying component instance to match the new
element, and calls componentWillReceiveProps() and componentWillUpdate() on the underlying instance. After that,
the render() method is called and the diff algorithm recurses on the previous result and the new result.
iv. Recursing On Children: when recursing on the children of a DOM node, React just iterates over both lists of
children at the same time and generates a mutation whenever there’s a difference. For example, when adding an
element at the end of the children, converting between these two trees works well.
<ul>
<li>first</li>
<li>second</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>first</li>
<li>second</li>
<li>third</li>
</ul>
v. Handling keys: React supports a key attribute. When children have keys, React uses the key to match children in the
original tree with children in the subsequent tree. For example, adding a key can make the tree conversion efficient,
<ul>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li key="2014">Connecticut</li>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>
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289. When do you need to use refs?
There are few use cases to go for refs
i. Managing focus, text selection, or media playback.

ii. Triggering imperative animations.
iii. Integrating with third-party DOM libraries.
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290. Is it prop must be named as render for render props?

Even though the pattern named render props, you don’t have to use a prop named render to use this pattern. i.e, Any
prop that is a function that a component uses to know what to render is technically a “render prop”. Lets take an
example with the children prop for render props,
<Mouse children={mouse => (

<p>The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}</p>
)}/>
Actually children prop doesn’t need to be named in the list of “attributes” in JSX element. Instead, you can keep it
directly inside element,
<Mouse>
{mouse => (
<p>The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}</p>
)}
</Mouse>
While using this above technique(without any name), explicitly state that children should be a function in your
propTypes.
Mouse.propTypes = {
children: PropTypes.func.isRequired
};
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291. What are the problems of using render props with pure components?
If you create a function inside a render method, it negates the purpose of pure component. Because the shallow prop
comparison will always return false for new props, and each render in this case will generate a new value for the render
prop. You can solve this issue by defining the render function as instance method.
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292. How do you create HOC using render props?

You can implement most higher-order components (HOC) using a regular component with a render prop. For example,
if you would prefer to have a withMouse HOC instead of a component, you could easily create one using a regular with
a render prop.
function withMouse(Component) {
return class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Mouse render={mouse => (
<Component {...this.props} mouse={mouse} />
)}/>
);
}
}
}
This way render props gives the flexibility of using either pattern.
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293. What is windowing technique?

Windowing is a technique that only renders a small subset of your rows at any given time, and can dramatically reduce
the time it takes to re-render the components as well as the number of DOM nodes created. If your application renders
long lists of data then this technique is recommended. Both react-window and react-virtualized are popular windowing
libraries which provides several reusable components for displaying lists, grids, and tabular data.
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294. How do you print falsy values in JSX?

The falsy values such as false, null, undefined, and true are valid children but they don't render anything. If you still want
to display them then you need to convert it to string. Let's take an example on how to convert to a string,
<div>
My JavaScript variable is {String(myVariable)}.
</div>
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295. What is the typical use case of portals?

React portals are very useful when a parent component has overflow: hidden or has properties that affect the stacking
context(z-index,position,opacity etc styles) and you need to visually “break out” of its container. For example, dialogs,
global message notifications, hovercards, and tooltips.
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296. How do you set default value for uncontrolled component?

In React, the value attribute on form elements will override the value in the DOM. With an uncontrolled component, you
might want React to specify the initial value, but leave subsequent updates uncontrolled. To handle this case, you can
specify a defaultValue attribute instead of value.
render() {
return (
<label>
User Name:
<input
defaultValue="John"
type="text"
ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}
The same applies for select and textArea inputs. But you need to use defaultChecked for checkbox and radio
inputs.
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297. What is your favorite React stack?

Even though the tech stack varies from developer to developer, the most popular stack is used in react boilerplate
project code. It mainly uses Redux and redux-saga for state management and asynchronous side-effects, react-router for
routing purpose, styled-components for styling react components, axios for invoking REST api, and other supported
stack such as webpack, reselect, ESNext, Babel. You can clone the project https://github.com/react-boilerplate/react-
boilerplate and start working on any new react project.
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298. What is the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM?
Below are the main differences between Real DOM and Virtual DOM,
Real DOM Virtual DOM
Updates are slow Updates are fast
DOM manipulation is very expensive. DOM manipulation is very easy
You can update HTML directly. You Can’t directly update HTML
It causes too much of memory wastage There is no memory wastage
Creates a new DOM if element updates It updates the JSX if element update
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299. How to add Bootstrap to a react application?

Bootstrap can be added to your React app in a three possible ways
i. Using the Bootstrap CDN: This is the easiest way to add bootstrap. Add both bootstrap CSS and JS resources in a
head tag.
ii. Bootstrap as Dependency: If you are using a build tool or a module bundler such as Webpack, then this is the
preferred option for adding Bootstrap to your React application
npm install bootstrap

``
iii. React Bootstrap Package: In this case, you can add Bootstrap to our React app is by using a package that has rebuilt
Bootstrap components to work particularly as React components. Below packages are popular in this category,
a. react-bootstrap
b. reactstrap
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300. Can you list down top websites or applications using react as front end framework?
Below are the top 10 websites using React as their front-end framework,
i. Facebook
ii. Uber
iii. Instagram
iv. WhatsApp
v. Khan Academy
vi. Airbnb
vii. Dropbox
viii. Flipboard
ix. Netflix
x. PayPal
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301. Is it recommended to use CSS In JS technique in React?

React does not have any opinion about how styles are defined but if you are a beginner then good starting point is to
define your styles in a separate *.css file as usual and refer to them using className. This functionality is not part of
React but came from third-party libraries. But If you want to try a different approach(CSS-In-JS) then styled-components
library is a good option.
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302. Do I need to rewrite all my class components with hooks?

No. But you can try Hooks in a few components(or new components) without rewriting any existing code. Because there
are no plans to remove classes in ReactJS.
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303. How to fetch data with React Hooks?

The effect hook called useEffect is used to fetch the data with axios from the API and to set the data in the local state
of the component with the state hook’s update function. Let's take an example in which it fetches list of react articles
from the API
import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

import axios from 'axios';
function App() {
const [data, setData] = useState({ hits: [] });
useEffect(async () => {
const result = await axios(
'http://hn.algolia.com/api/v1/search?query=react',
);
setData(result.data);
}, []);
return (
<ul>
{data.hits.map(item => (
<li key={item.objectID}>
<a href={item.url}>{item.title}</a>
</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}
export default App;
Remember we provided an empty array as second argument to the effect hook to avoid activating it on component
updates but only for the mounting of the component. i.e, It fetches only for component mount.
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304. Is Hooks cover all use cases for classes?

Hooks doesn't cover all use cases of classes but there is a plan to add them soon. Currently there are no Hook
equivalents to the uncommon getSnapshotBeforeUpdate and componentDidCatch lifecycles yet.
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305. What is the stable release for hooks support?
React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks in 16.8 release for below packages
i. React DOM
ii. React DOM Server
iii. React Test Renderer
iv. React Shallow Renderer
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306. Why do we use array destructuring (square brackets notation) in useState ?

When we declare a state variable with useState , it returns a pair — an array with two items. The first item is the current
value, and the second is a function that updates the value. Using [0] and [1] to access them is a bit confusing because
they have a specific meaning. This is why we use array destructuring instead. For example, the array index access would
look as follows:
var userStateVariable = useState('userProfile'); // Returns an array pair

var user = userStateVariable[0]; // Access first item
var setUser = userStateVariable[1]; // Access second item
Whereas with array destructuring the variables can be accessed as follows:
const [user, setUser] = useState('userProfile');
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307. What are the sources used for introducing hooks?

Hooks got the ideas from several different sources. Below are some of them,
i. Previous experiments with functional APIs in the react-future repository

ii. Community experiments with render prop APIs such as Reactions Component
iii. State variables and state cells in DisplayScript.
iv. Subscriptions in Rx.
v. Reducer components in ReasonReact.
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308. How do you access imperative API of web components?

Web Components often expose an imperative API to implement its functions. You will need to use a ref to interact with
the DOM node directly if you want to access imperative API of a web component. But if you are using third-party Web
Components, the best solution is to write a React component that behaves as a wrapper for your Web Component.
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309. What is formik?

Formik is a small react form library that helps you with the three major problems,
i. Getting values in and out of form state
ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission
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310. What are typical middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls in Redux?
Some of the popular middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls in Redux eco system are Redux Thunk, Redux
Promise, Redux Saga .
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311. Is browsers understand JSX code?

No, browsers can't understand JSX code. You need a transpiler to convert your JSX to regular Javascript that browsers
can understand. The most widely used transpiler right now is Babel.
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312. Describe about data flow in react?

React implements one-way reactive data flow using props which reduce boilerplate and is easier to understand than
traditional two-way data binding.
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313. What is react scripts?

The react-scripts package is a set of scripts from the create-react-app starter pack which helps you kick off projects
without configuring. The react-scripts start command sets up the development environment and starts a server, as
well as hot module reloading.
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314. What are the features of create react app?

Below are the list of some of the features provided by create react app.
i. React, JSX, ES6, Typescript and Flow syntax support.
ii. Autoprefixed CSS
iii. CSS Reset/Normalize
iv. A live development server
v. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and sourcemaps
vii. An offline-first service worker and a web app manifest, meeting all the Progressive Web App criteria.
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315. What is the purpose of renderToNodeStream method?
The ReactDOMServer#renderToNodeStream method is used to generate HTML on the server and send the markup down
on the initial request for faster page loads. It also helps search engines to crawl your pages easily for SEO purposes.
Note: Remember this method is not available in the browser but only server.
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316. What is MobX?

MobX is a simple, scalable and battle tested state management solution for applying functional reactive programming
(TFRP). For reactJs application, you need to install below packages,
npm install mobx --save

npm install mobx-react --save
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317. What are the differences between Redux and MobX?
Below are the main differences between Redux and MobX,
Topic Redux MobX
It is a javascript library for managing the It is a library for reactively managing the state of
Definition
application state your applications
Programming It is mainly written in ES6 It is written in JavaScript(ES5)
There is only one large store exist for data

Data Store There is more than one store for storage
storage
Mainly used for large and complex

Usage Used for simple applications
applications
Performance Need to be improved Provides better performance
How it stores Uses JS Object to store Uses observable to store the data
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318. Should I learn ES6 before learning ReactJS?

No, you don’t have to learn es2015/es6 to learn react. But you may find many resources or React ecosystem uses ES6
extensively. Let's see some of the frequently used ES6 features,
i. Destructuring: To get props and use them in a component
// in es 5
var someData = this.props.someData
var dispatch = this.props.dispatch
// in es6
const { someData, dispatch } = this.props
ii. Spread operator: Helps in passing props down into a component
// in es 5
<SomeComponent someData={this.props.someData} dispatch={this.props.dispatch} />
// in es6
<SomeComponent {...this.props} />
iii. Arrow functions: Makes compact syntax
// es 5
var users = usersList.map(function (user) {
return <li>{user.name}</li>
})
// es 6
const users = usersList.map(user => <li>{user.name}</li>);
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319. What is Concurrent Rendering?
The Concurrent rendering makes React apps to be more responsive by rendering component trees without blocking the
main UI thread. It allows React to interrupt a long-running render to handle a high-priority event. i.e, When you enabled
concurrent Mode, React will keep an eye on other tasks that need to be done, and if there's something with a higher
priority it will pause what it is currently rendering and let the other task finish first. You can enable this in two ways,
// 1. Part of an app by wrapping with ConcurrentMode

<React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>
<Something />
</React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>
// 2. Whole app using createRoot

ReactDOM.unstable_createRoot(domNode).render(<App />);
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320. What is the difference between async mode and concurrent mode?
Both refers the same thing. Previously concurrent Mode being referred to as "Async Mode" by React team. The name
has been changed to highlight React’s ability to perform work on different priority levels. So it avoids the confusion from
other approaches to Async Rendering.
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321. Can I use javascript urls in react16.9?
Yes, you can use javascript: URLs but it will log a warning in the console. Because URLs starting with javascript: are
dangerous by including unsanitized output in a tag like and create a security hole.
const companyProfile = {
website: "javascript: alert('Your website is hacked')",
};
// It will log a warning
<a href={companyProfile.website}>More details</a>
Remember that the future versions will throw an error for javascript URLs.
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322. What is the purpose of eslint plugin for hooks?

The ESLint plugin enforces rules of Hooks to avoid bugs. It assumes that any function starting with ”use” and a capital
letter right after it is a Hook. In particular, the rule enforces that,
i. Calls to Hooks are either inside a PascalCase function (assumed to be a component) or another useSomething
function (assumed to be a custom Hook).
ii. Hooks are called in the same order on every render.
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323. What is the difference between Imperative and Declarative in React?
Imagine a simple UI component, such as a "Like" button. When you tap it, it turns blue if it was previously grey, and grey if it
was previously blue.
The imperative way of doing this would be:
```javascript
if( user.likes() ) {
if( hasBlue() ) {
removeBlue();
addGrey();
} else {
removeGrey();
addBlue();
}
}```
Basically, you have to check what is currently on the screen and handle all the changes necessary to redraw it with the
current state, including undoing the changes from the previous state. You can imagine how complex this could be in a real-
world scenario.
In contrast, the declarative approach would be:
```javascript
if( this.state.liked ) {
return <blueLike />;
} else {
return <greyLike />;
}```
Because the declarative approach separates concerns, this part of it only needs to handle how the UI should look in a
sepecific state, and is therefore much simpler to understand.
⬆ Back to Top
324. What are the benefits of using typescript with reactjs?

Below are some of the benefits of using typescript with Reactjs,
i. It is possible to use latest JavaScript features
ii. Use of interfaces for complex type definitions
iii. IDEs such as VS Code was made for TypeScript
iv. Avoid bugs with the ease of readability and Validation
27/2/2020 ReactJS Interview Questions for Senior Developers - ITNEXT
ReactJS Interview Questions for Senior Developers

Alex Permiakov Follow
Jul 9, 2019 · 9 min read
If you have a few developers in a room who have been working with React for 3+ years,
there is a very small chance they will ask you questions like “the difference between
props and state”.
Instead, people want to see your knowledge about common ReactJS patterns, well-
known pitfalls, how to refactor and test your components and more.
You can work with React for years and actually have no opinion on some of the less
practical questions and it’s fine. However, if you have an interview, then it’s quite
important to have an opinion. Why? Well, first, it feels good to be able to answer
interviewer’s questions and also shows your interest in the subject.
Q1. Why do we have both controlled and uncontrolled

inputs?
What interviewer wants to see: a solid understanding of a basic React
concept.
Ok, this is more like a warm-up question. Which is even more important to give a full
answer.
A controlled input accepts its current value as a prop, as well as a callback to change
that value. It’s a “React way”:
<input type="text" value={value} onChange={this.handleChange} />
https://itnext.io/reactjs-interview-questions-for-senior-developers-64618f6a0aca 1/13
An uncontrolled input stores its own state internally, using DOM API.
Here don’t provide value and onChange handler, but we use ref():
<input type="text" ref={this.textInput} />
And now you can access your input data as:
this.textInput.current.value
Your interviewer wants to hear more about details: are there any pros to using
uncontrolled components, is there any performance difference?
Personally, I’ve never used uncontrolled inputs, but if you are learning React or you have
to integrate React and non-React code then it might be necessary.
It’s nice to mention what your data (state) and UI (inputs) are always in sync with
controlled input approach and it means you have to update the component’s state which
triggers React reconciliation process.
While with uncontrolled elements there is no need for that — you just keep the value
inside the input DOM element.
Q2. Why do we need a key property? Give an example

when a bad key causes an error.
What interviewer wants to see: some insight on how React works
internally.
The answer is based on the official React reconciliation process doc.
There are classic diffing algorithms with O(n³) time complexity, which might be used for
creating a tree of React elements. But it means for displaying 1000 elements would
require one billion comparisons.
Instead, React implements a heuristic O(n) algorithm with an assumption that the
developer can hint at which child elements may be stable across different renders with a
key prop.
What about a bad key? Well, an index might be a very bad key if you decide to make your
children removable. Check out this demo. Try to type something in the second input and
then remove the first one. But you still can see the value in the second one, why so?
Because your keys are unstable. After removal, your third child with a key equals to 3,
now has a key equals to 2. It’s not the same element for React now. And it will match it to
the wrong DOM element, which previously had a key equals to 2 (which keeps the value
we typed in a second input).
Q3. How React event system is different from DOM events.

Using stopImmediatePropagation().
What interviewer wants to see: general knowledge of different JavaScript
event models and everyday practical experience.
The best way to answer this question is to first shortly explain how DOM event concepts
like bubbling and capturing work.
In short, with bubbling, the event is first captured and handled by the innermost
element and then propagated to outer elements.
With capturing, the event is first captured by the outermost element and propagated to
the inner elements.
Check this article for more info and demos.
After that would be great to mention that React uses the Event Delegation Pattern —
instead of assigning a handler to each of them — we put a single handler on their
common ancestor and can access that element with event.target .
And then it’s quite obvious to explain how stopImmediatePropagation is different from
the tradition stopPropagation method: it prevents other listeners of the same event from
being called which a case for React because of the event delegation pattern.
Q4. How to prevent components from re-rendering?

What interviewer wants to see: more knowledge about React and you
care about performance.
This is one of the most frequently asked questions. It’s worth to mention:
1. shouldComponentUpdate() — returns ‘true’ by default. You can override if you

know which props have to trigger an update.
2. PureComponents — The difference between them is that React.Component doesn’t

implement shouldComponentUpdate method but React.PureComponent implements it
with a shallow prop and state comparison.
3. React.memo — The same as the previous one but it works with functional
components.
And as a follow up: when to use Component instead of PureComponent?
You use PureComponents in 99% of cases in modern React. However, if you are working
with Redux selectors, often you will need to explicitly specify the incoming prop changes
to cancel the impending re-render to prevent UI thrashing. In this case, it’s appropriate
to use a Component.
Check out this deep reading if it’s all vague for you.
Q5. Give an example of HOC.

What interviewer wants to see: you are familiar with a well-known React
pattern.
HOC — a higher-order component is a function that takes a component and returns a
new component. It’s a technique for sharing code between React components.
Let’s say we have a simple Button component:
const Button = props => <button {...props}>Hello</button>;
We want to create a HOC for making a red border for our Button component. Let’s create
it using our definition:
const withRedBorder = Component =>

(props) => (
<Component {...props} style={{ border: "1px solid red" }} />
);
And now we can create a RedButton component:
const RedButton = withRedBorder(Button);
// and use it as:

<RedButton />
Libraries that use HOC pattern: Redux connect, recompose.
Q6. What is the render props?

What interviewer wants to see: you are familiar with a second well-
known React pattern.
Render props — when a component takes a function that returns a React element and
calls it instead of implementing its own render logic.
It’s another technique for sharing code between React components.
An example:
<DataProvider render={data => (

<h1>Hello {data.target}</h1>
)}/>
Libraries that use render props pattern: React Router, Downshift.
A follow up: what about HOC vs render props. Which one is better, when to use? This is
a quite controversial topic, in this article you can find some pros and cons.
Q7. React unit tests vs integration tests for components.

What interviewer wants to see: understanding about different
approaches to testing components.
It’s worth to mention both Enzyme and react-testing-library.
React testing library provides a clean and simple API which focuses on testing
applications “as a user would”. This means an API returns HTML Elements rather than
React Components with shallow rendering in Enzyme. It’s is a nice tool for writing
integrational tests.
Enzyme is still a valid tool, it provides a more sophisticated API which gives you access
to component’s props and internal state. It makes sense to create unit tests for
components.
Check out this neat video about react-testing-library.
Q8. What’s your favorite hook, how to implement it?

What interviewer wants to see: practical usage of hooks and
understanding of how it works.
Despite hooks are still new API, a lot of people already use it in production and they
expect you to know it.
Let’s recreate a useWindowSize — it’s easy-to-read hook and quite straightforward:
import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
const useWindowSize = () => {

const getSize = () => ({
width: window.innerWidth,
height: window.innerHeight
});
const [size, setSize] = useState(getSize);

useEffect(() => {
const handleResize = () => setSize(getSize());
window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize);
return () => window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize);
}, []);
return size;
}
Usage:
const App = () => {

const size = useWindowSize();
return (
<div>
{size.width}px / {size.height}px
</div>
);
}
You might expect some questions like:
1. Is that necessary to call your function useWindowSize , what about just getWindowSize?
Yes, without it, we wouldn’t be able to automatically check for violations of rules of
Hooks because we couldn’t tell if a certain function contains calls to Hooks inside of it.
2. Will it work if we remove [] argument from useEffect ?
Yes, but we’ll call useEffect hook on every render which may cause performance issues.
3. How React knows when to re-render App component if we handle window resizing in
useWindowSize ?
When you call setSize inside the custom hooks, React knows that this hook is used in
App component and will re-render it.
There is some portion of magic with React hooks. Check out Why Do React Hooks Rely
on Call Order? article for more info.
4. How to make this hook ready for Server-Side Rendering?
Something like this:
import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
const useWindowSize = () => {

const isClient = typeof window === 'object';
const getSize = () => ({
width: isClient ? window.innerWidth : undefined,
height: isClient ? window.innerHeight : undefined
});
const [size, setSize] = useState(getSize);
useEffect(() => {
const handleResize = () => setSize(getSize());
window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize);
return () => window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize);
}, []);
return size;
}
Q9. Context API. How much it’s re-render?

What interviewer wants to see: arguably the most important thing in
React - how to manage the data flow.
First of all, it’s worth to mention that unlike Redux, the context doesn’t have its own
state, instead, it’s just a conduit and usually reads data from another component’s state.
Also, with Context API it’s quite easy to re-render much more than you need even if you
use PureComponent or React.memo.
In the example below every time, we click on the button you will see a new message in
the console:
import React, { useState, useContext } from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
const ProfileContext = React.createContext();
const App = () => {

const [val, setIncrement] = useState(0);
return (
<div>
<Profile userInfo={val} />
<button onClick={() => setIncrement(val + 1)}>Click</button>
<p>value: {val}</p>
</div>
);
};
class Profile extends React.PureComponent {

state = {
name: "Alex"
};
setName(name) {
this.setState({ name });
}
render() {
const { name } = this.state;
const { setName } = this;
return (
<ProfileContext.Provider
value={{
name,
setName
}}
>
<Logger />
</ProfileContext.Provider>
);
}
}
const Logger = React.memo(() => {

const { name } = useContext(ProfileContext);
console.log("Logger rerendering");
return null;
});
ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.querySelector("#root"));
In the example above our Logger component is a pure component, but we still re-
render it every time. The reason for that is because we use the context here. Try to
comment out the first line in the Logger component, now it won’t re-render.
This is because the context uses a reference identity to determine when to re-render.
Let’s change our Profile component to make it work:
class Profile extends React.PureComponent {

state = {
name: "Alex",
setName(name) {
this.setState({ name });
}
};
render() {
return (
<ProfileContext.Provider value={this.state}>
<Logger />
</ProfileContext.Provider>
);
}
}
Now it works as expected. Btw, if you know how to make it work with hooks — post it in
the comment section!
Q10. Migration from Class to Function Components.

What interviewer wants to see: you have an idea of how to refactor
ReactJS using hooks and you can demonstrate it.
With function components and hooks you can cover all class components use-cases, such
as:
1. Class component state with useState hook
2. Class component lifecycle methods with useEffect hook
3. Bonus points: better abstraction with custom hooks
Let’s take a look at the example below and refactor it using hooks:

state = {
value: localStorage.getItem("info") || ""
};
componentDidUpdate() {
localStorage.setItem("info", this.state.value);
}
onChange = event => {

this.setState({ value: event.target.value });
};
render() {
const { value } = this.state;
return (
<div>
<input value={value} type="text" onChange={this.onChange} />
<p>{value}</p>
</div>
);
}
}
This is already quite compact, thanks to class fields declaration and class arrow
functions.
The first iteration of refactoring replacing setState and componentDidUpdate might look
like this:
const App = () => {

const val = localStorage.getItem("info") || "";
const [value, setValue] = useState(val);
const onChange = event => setValue(event.target.value);
useEffect(() => localStorage.setItem("info", value), [value]);
return (
<div>
<input value={value} type="text" onChange={onChange} />
<p>{value}</p>
</div>
);
};
Only 13 lines of code instead of 19 with classes with exactly the same functionality. But
we can go one step further: we can easily extract and reuse a custom hook here:
const usePersistentStorage = key => {

const val = localStorage.getItem(key) || "";
const [value, setValue] = useState(val);
useEffect(() => localStorage.setItem(key, value), [key, value]);
return [value, setValue];

};
And now we can use this in our App :
const App = () => {

const [value, setValue] = usePersistentStorage("info");
const onChange = event => setValue(event.target.value);
return (
<div>
<input value={value} type="text" onChange={onChange} />
<p>{value}</p>
</div>
);
};
Only 10 lines of code — twice shorter than before. And in the real app, you have much
more to extract.
Before you nail it.

Remember, an ability to give a clean and capacious answer is crucial.
For example, people won’t ask you to whiteboard a unit-test for your react component,
but a lack of explanation about different react components testing approaches cause
more questions.
Also, feels like more and more interviews focused on hooks. Use this website to practice
it.
That’s it!
If you have any questions or feedback, let me know in the comments down below.
If this was useful, please click the clap 👏 button down below a few
times to show your support! ⬇⬇
JavaScript React Job Hunting Job Interview ES6
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27/2/2020 ReactJS Interview Questions
ReactJS Interview Questions And Answers

Q1: What is React JS?
React is a front end JavaScript library developed by Facebook in 2011. It follows the component-based approach which helps in building
reusable UI components. It is used for developing complex and interactive web and mobile UI. Even though it was open-sourced only in
2015, it has one of the largest communities supporting it.
Q2: What are the features of React?

JSX: JSX is JavaScript syntax extension. Components: React is all about components. One direction ow: React implements one-way data
ow which makes it easy to reason about your app Q: List some of the
Q3: What are the advantages of React JS?

Some of the major advantages of React are:
It increases the application’s performance
It can be used on client and server-side
Code’s readability increases, because of JSX.
It is easy to integrate with other frameworks such as Angular, Meteor etc
Using React, writing UI test cases become extremely easy
React uses virtual DOM which is a JavaScript object.
This will improve apps performance
Component and Data patterns improve readability.
Q4 : What are the limitations of React?

Limitations of React are listed below:
React is just a library, not a full-blown framework
Its library is very large and takes time to understand
It can be a little di cult for novice programmers to understand
Coding gets complex as it uses inline templating and JSX
Q5: What is JSX?

JSX is a shorthand for JavaScript XML. This is a type of le used by React which utilizes the expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML
like template syntax. This makes the HTML le really easy to understand. This le makes applications robust and boosts its performance.
Below is an example of JSX:
Q6: What is Real DOM in ReactJS?

Q7: What is the Virtual DOM in React JS?
Q8: Di erentiate bet ween Real DOM and Virtual DOM.
Real DOM
Virtual DOM
It updates slowly. It updates faster.

Can directly update HTML. Can’t directly update HTML.
Creates a new DOM if element updates. Updates the JSX if element updates.
DOM manipulation is very expensive. DOM manipulation is very easy.

Too much of memory wastage. No memory wastage.
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Q9. Real DOM vs Virtual DOM

Browsers can only read JavaScript objects but JSX in not a regular JavaScript object. Thus to enable a browser to read JSX, rst, we need
to transform JSX le into a JavaScript object using JSX transformers like Babel and then pass it to the browser.
Q10: How is React di erent from Angular?

React vs Angular
TOPIC REACT ANGULAR
ARCHITECTURE Only the View of MVC Complete MVC
RENDERING Server side rendering Client side rendering
DOM Uses virtual DOM Uses real DOM
DATA BINDING One-way data binding Two-way data binding
DEBUGGING Compile time debugging Run time debugging
AUTHOR Facebook Google
Q11: Why can’t browsers read JSX?

Components are the building blocks of a React application’s UI. These components split up the entire UI into small independent and
reusable pieces. Then it renders each of these components independent of each other without a ecting the rest of the UI.
Q12: Explain the purpose of render() in React.

Each React component must have a render() compulsory. If more than one HTML elements needs to be rendered, then they must be
grouped together inside one enclosing tag such as
,,
etc. It returns to the single react element which is the presentation of native DOM Component. This function must be kept pure i.e., it must return the
same result each time it is invoked.
Q13: What are the Props?

Props are shorthand for Properties in React. They are read-only components which must be kept pure i.e. immutable. They are always
passed down from the parent to the child components throughout the application. A child component can never send a prop back to the
parent component. This help in maintaining the unidirectional data ow and are generally used to render the dynamically generated data.
Q14 : What is a state in React and how is it used?

States are the heart of React components. States are the source of data and must be kept as simple as possible. Basically, states are the
objects which determine components rendering and behavior. They are mutable unlike the props and create dynamic and interactive
components. They are accessed via this.state().
React JS Interview Questions And Answers

Q15: Di erentiate states and props.
States vs Props
Conditions State Props
1. Receive initial value from the parent

Yes Yes
component
2. Parent component can change the value No Yes
3. Set default values inside the component Yes Yes
4. Changes inside component Yes No


5. Set the initial value for child components Yes Yes
6. Changes inside child components No Yes
Q16: What is the arrow function in React? How is it

used?
Arrow functions are more of brief syntax for writing the function expression. They are also called ‘fat arrow‘ (=>) the functions. These
functions allow to bind the context of the components properly since in ES6 auto binding is not available by default. Arrow functions are
most useful while working with the higher-order functions.
//General way
render() {
return(
);
}
//With Arrow Function
render() {
return(
this.handleOnChange(e) } />
);
}
Q17: Di erentiate bet ween stateful and stateless

components. Stateful vs Stateless Components React
Stateful Component Stateful Component
Stores info about component’s state change in memory Stores info about component’s state change in memory
Have authority to change state Do not have the authority to change state
Contains the knowledge of past, current and possible Contains no knowledge of past, current and possible
future changes in state future state changes
Stateless components notify them about the requirement
They receive the props from the Stateful components and
of the state change, then they send down the props to
treat them as callback functions.
them.
Q18: What are the di erent phases of React

component’s lifecycle?
There are three di erent phases of React component’s lifecycle: Initial Rendering Phase: This is the phase when the component is about to
start its life journey and make its way to the DOM. Updating Phase: Once the component gets added to the DOM, it can potentially update
and re-render only when a prop or state change occurs. That happens only in this phase. Unmounting Phase: This is the nal phase of a
component’s life cycle in which the component is destroyed and removed from the DOM.
Q19: Explain the lifecycle methods of React

components in detail.
one of the most important lifecycle methods are:
componentWillMount() – Executed just before rendering takes place both on the client as well as server-side.
componentDidMount() – Executed on the client-side only after the rst render.
componentWillReceiveProps() – Invoked as soon as the props are received from the parent class and before another render is called.
shouldComponentUpdate() – Returns true or false value based on certain conditions. If you want your component to update, return
true else return false. By default, it returns false. 
componentWillUpdate() – Called just before rendering takes place in the DOM.
componentDidUpdate() – Called immediately after rendering takes place.
componentWillUnmount() – Called after the component is unmounted from the DOM. It is used to clear up the memory spaces.
Q20: What is an event in React?

In React, events are the triggered reactions to speci c actions like mouse hover, mouse click, keypress, etc. Handling these events are
similar to handling events on DOM elements. But there are some syntactical di erences like:
Events are named using camel case instead of just using the lowercase. Events are passed as functions instead of strings.
The event argument contains a set of properties, which are speci c to an event. Each event type contains its own properties and behaviour
which can be accessed via its event handler only.
Q21: What are synthetic events in React?

Synthetic events are the objects which act as a cross-browser wrapper around the browser’s native event. They combine the behaviour of
di erent browsers into one API. This is done to make sure that the events show consistent properties across di erent browsers.
Q22: List some of the cases when you should use Refs.
Following are the cases when refs should be used: When you need to manage focus, select text or media playback To trigger imperative
animations Integrate with third-party DOM libraries Q: What do you know about controlled and uncontrolled components? Controlled vs
Uncontrolled Components
Controlled Components Uncontrolled Components

They do not maintain their own state They maintain their own state
Data is controlled by the parent component Data is controlled by the DOM
They take in the current values through props
Refs are used to get their current values
and then notify the changes via callbacks.
Q23: What are Higher-Order Components(HOC)?

Higher-Order Component is an advanced way of reusing the component logic. Basically, it’s a pattern that is derived from React’s
compositional nature. HOC are custom components which wrap another component within it. They can accept any dynamically provided
child component but they won’t modify or copy any behavior from their input components. You can say that HOC are ‘pure’ components.
Q: What can you do with HOC? HOC can be used for many tasks like:
Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction
Render High jacking
State abstraction and manipulation
Props manipulation
Q24 : What are Pure Components?

Pure components are the simplest and fastest components which can be written. They can replace any component which only has a
render(). These components enhance the simplicity of the code and performance of the application.
Q25: What is the signi cance of keys in React?
Keys are used for identifying unique Virtual DOM Elements with their corresponding data driving the UI. They help React to optimize the
rendering by recycling all the existing elements in the DOM. These keys must be a unique number or string, using which React JS just
reorders the elements instead of re-rendering them. This leads to increase in application’s performance.
Reactjs Interview Questions For Experienced

Q26: What were the major problems with MVC
framework? Following are some of the major problems
with MVC framework:
DOM manipulation was very expensive
Applications were slow and ine cient


There was huge memory wastage
Because of circular dependencies, complicated model was created around models and views
Q27: What is Redux?

Redux is one of the hottest libraries for front end development in today’s marketplace. It is a predictable state container for JavaScript
applications and is used for the entire applications state management. Applications developed with Redux are easy to test and can run in
di erent environments showing consistent behavior.
Q: What do you understand by “ Single source of

truth” ?
Redux uses ‘Store’ for storing the application’s entire state at one place. So all the component’s state are stored in the Store and they
receive updates from the Store itself. The single state tree makes it easier to keep track of changes over time and debug or inspect the
application.
Q28: List down the components of Redux.

Redux is composed of the following components:
Action – It’s an object that describes what happened.
Reducer – It is a place to determine how the state will change.
Store – State/ Object tree of the entire application is saved in the Store.
View – Simply displays the data provided by the Store.
Q30: How are Actions de ned in Redux?

Actions in React must have a type property that indicates the type of ACTION being performed. They must be de ned as a String constant
and you can add more properties to it as well. In Redux, actions are created using the functions called Action Creators.
Below is an example of Action and Action Creator:
function addTodo(text) {
return {
type: ADD_TODO,
text
}
}
Q31: Explain the role of Reducer?

Reducers are pure functions which specify how the application’s state changes in response to an ACTION. Reducers work by taking in the
previous state and action, and then it returns a new state. It determines what sort of update needs to be done based on the type of action,
and then returns new values. It returns the previous state as it is if no work needs to be done.
Q32: What is the signi cance of Store in Redux?

A store is a JavaScript object which can hold the application’s state and provide a few helper methods to access the state, dispatch actions
and register listeners. The entire state/ object tree of an application is saved in a single store. As a result of this, Redux is very simple and
predictable. We can pass middleware to the store to handle the processing of data as well as to keep a log of various actions that change
the state of stores. All the actions return a new state via reducers.
Q33: How is Redux di erent from Flux?

Flux vs Redux
Flux Redux
The Store contains state and change logic Store and change logic are separate
There are multiple stores There is only one store
All the stores are disconnected and at Single store with hierarchical reducers 
Has singleton dispatcher No concept of dispatcher
React components subscribe to the store Container components utilize connect
State is mutable State is immutable
Q34 : What are the advantages of Redux?

Advantages of Redux are listed below:
Predictability of outcome: Since there is always one source of truth, i.e. the store, there is no confusion about how to sync the current
state with actions and other parts of the application.
Maintainability: It is simple to maintain a strict structure and predictable outcome.
Server-side rendering: To the client-side, You just need to pass the store created on the server. This is helpful for initial render and
provides a high-quality user experience as it optimizes the application performance.
Developer tools: From actions to state changes, developers can track everything going on in the application in real-time.
Community and ecosystem: Redux has a huge community behind it which makes it even more captivating to use. A large community
of talented individuals contribute to the betterment of the library and develop various applications with it.
Ease of testing: Redux’s code is mostly functions which are small, pure and isolated. This makes the code testable and independent.
Organization: Redux is precise about how code should be organized, this makes the code more consistent and easier when a team
works with it.
Q35: What is React Router?

React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React, which helps in adding new screens and ows to the application. This keeps
the URL in sync with data that’s being displayed on the web page. It maintains a standardized structure and behaviour and is used for
developing single-page web applications. React Router has a simple API.
Q36: Why is switch keyword used in React Router v4 ?

Although a
is used to encapsulate multiple routes inside the Router. The ‘switch’ keyword is used when you want to display only a single route to be rendered
amongst the several de ned routes. The tag when in use matches the typed URL with the de ned routes in sequential order. When the rst match is
found, it renders the speci ed route. Thereby bypassing the remaining routes.
Q37: Why do we need a Router to React?

A Router is used to de ne multiple routes and when a user types a speci c URL, if this URL matches the path of any ‘route’ de ned inside
the router, then the user is redirected to that particular route. So basically, we need to add a Router library to our app that allows creating
multiple routes with each leading to us a unique view.
1
2
3
4
5
Q38: List down the advantages of React Router.

Few advantages are:
Just like how React is based on components, in React Router v4, the API is ‘All About Components’. A Router can be visualized as a single
root component () in which we enclose the speci c child routes ().
No need to manually set History value: In React Router v4, all we need to do is wrap our routes within the component.
The packages are split: Three packages one each for Web, Native and Core. This supports the compact size of our application. It’s easy to
switch over based on a similar coding style. 
Q39: How is React Router di erent from conventional

routing?
Topic Conventional Routing React Routing
PAGES
Each view corresponds to a new le The only single HTML page is involved
INVOLVED
URL An HTTP request is sent to the server and
Only the History attribute is changed
CHANGES corresponding HTML page is received
User actually navigates across di erent pages for User is duped thinking he is navigating
FEEL
each view across di erent pages
Q4 0: How React JS di ers from AngularJs?

Both React JS and AngularJS are very potent with a diverse approach from front-end web application. It supports all kind of enterprise
applications from small, medium to large ones. React JS –is SEO friendly, easily understandable and simple application whereas AngularJs
training in Bangalore is easy to develop an application and supports di erent testing forms.
Q4 1: What are the primary reasons to use React JS?

In spite of all front-end frameworks, React JS is gaining massive popularity with SEO friendly applications and easily understandable
methodologies. It was the perfect t for our needs. The primary reasons for its popularity are as follows:
Fast Learning Curve
Reusable Components
Quick render with Virtual DOM
Clean Abstraction
Flux and Redux
Great Developer Tools
React Native
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Top 70 React Interview Questions and Answers

Following are frequently asked React interview questions for freshers as well as experienced
React developers.
1) What is Reactjs?
React is a JavaScript library that makes building user interfaces easy. It was developed by
Facebook.
2) Does React use HTML?
No, It uses JSX, which is similar to HTML.
3) When was React first released?
React was first released on March 2013.
4) Give me two most significant drawbacks of React
Integrating React with the MVC framework like Rails requires complex configuration.
React require the users to have knowledge about the integration of user interface into
MVC framework.
5) State the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM
Real DOM Virtual DOM

It is updated slowly. It updates faster.
It allows a direct update from HTML. It cannot be used to update HTML directly.
It wastes too much memory. Memory consumption is less
1 / 11
6) What is Flux Concept In React?
Facebook widely uses flux architecture concept for developing client-side web applications. It
is not a framework or a library. It is simply a new kind of architecture that complements React
and the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow.
7) Define the term Redux in React
Redux is a library used for front end development. It is a state container for JavaScript
applications which should be used for the applications state management. You can test and run
an application developed with Redux in different environments.
8) What is the 'Store' feature in Redux?
Redux has a feature called 'Store' which allows you to save the application's entire State at one
place. Therefore all it's component's State are stored in the Store so that you will get regular
updates directly from the Store. The single state tree helps you to keep track of changes over
time and debug or inspect the application.
9) What is an action in Redux?
It is a function which returns an action object. The action-type and the action data are always
stored in the action object. Actions can send data between the Store and the software
application. All information retrieved by the Store is produced by the actions.
10) Name the important features of React
Here, are important features of React.
Allows you to use 3rd party libraries

Time-Saving
Faster Development
2 / 11
Simplicity and Composable

Fully supported by Facebook.
Code Stability with One-directional data binding
React Components
11) Explain the term stateless components
Stateless components are pure functions that render DOM-based solely on the properties
provided to them.
12) Explain React Router
React Router is a routing library which allows you to add new screen flows to your application,
and it also keeps URL in sync with what’s being shown on the page.
13) What are the popular animation package in React ecosystem?
Popular animation package in React ecosystem are
React Motion
React Transition Group
14) What is Jest?
Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based on Jasmine. It offers
automated mock creation and a jsdom environment. It is also used as a testing component.
15) What is dispatcher?
A dispatcher is a central hub of app where you will receive actions and broadcast payload to
registered callbacks.
16) What is meant by callback function? What is its purpose?
A callback function should be called when setState has finished, and the component is re-
rendered.
As the setState is asynchronous, which is why it takes in a second callback function.
17) Explain the term high order component
A higher-order component also shortly known as HOC is an advanced technique for reusing
component logic. It is not a part of the React API, but they are a pattern which emerges from
React’s compositional nature.
18) Explain the Presentational segment
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A presentational part is a segment which allows you to renders HTML. The segment’s capacity
is presentational in markup.
19) What are Props in react js?
Props mean properties, which is a way of passing data from parent to child. We can say that
props are just a communication channel between components. It is always moving from parent
to child component.
20) What is the use of a super keyword in React?
The super keyword helps you to access and call functions on an object’s parent.
21) Explain yield catchphrase in JavaScript
The yield catchphrase is utilized to delay and resume a generator work, which is known as yield
catchphrase.
22) Name two types of React component
Two types of react Components are:
Function component
Class component
23) Explain synthetic event in React js
Synthetic event is a kind of object which acts as a cross-browser wrapper around the browser’s
native event. It also helps us to combine the behaviors of various browser into signal API.
24) What is React State?
It is an object which decides how a specific component renders and how it behaves. The state
stores the information which can be changed over the lifetime of a React component.
25) How can you update state in react js?
A state can be updated on the component directly or indirectly.
26) Explain the use of the arrow function in React
The arrow function helps you to predict the behavior of bugs when passed as a callback.
Therefore, it prevents bug caused by this all together.
27) What are the lifecycle steps of React?
4 / 11
Important lifecycle steps of React js are:
Initialization
State/Property updates
Destruction are the lifecycle of React
28) State the main difference between Pros and State
The main difference the two is that the State is mutable and Pros are immutable.
29) Explain pure components in React js
Pure components are the fastest components which can replace any component with only a
render(). It helps you to enhance the simplicity of the code and performance of the application.
30) What kind of information controls a segment in React?
There are mainly two sorts of information that control a segment: State and Props
State: State information that will change, we need to utilize State.

Props: Props are set by the parent and which are settled all through the lifetime of a
part.
31) What is 'create-react-app'?
'create-react-app' is a command-line tool which allows you to create one basic react application.
32) Explain the use of 'key' in react list
Keys allow you to provide each list element with a stable identity. The keys should be unique.
33) What are children prop?
Children props are used to pass component to other components as properties. You can access
it by using
[crayon-5d24b7db7781c245281054/]
34) Explain error boundaries?
Error boundaries help you to catch Javascript error anywhere in the child components. They are
most used to log the error and show a fallback UI.
35) What is the use of empty tags ?
Empty tags are used in React for declaring fragments.
36) Explain strict mode
5 / 11
StrictMode allows you to run checks and warnings for react components. It runs only on
development build. It helps you to highlight the issues without rendering any visible UI.
37) What are reacted portals?
Portal allows you to render children into a DOM node. CreatePortalmethod is used for it.
38) What is Context?
React context helps you to pass data using the tree of react components. It helps you to share
data globally between various react components.
39) What is the use of Webpack?
Webpack in basically is a module builder. It is mainly runs during the development process.
40) What is Babel in React js?
Babel, is a JavaScript compiler that converts latest JavaScript like ES6, ES7 into plain old ES5
JavaScript that most browsers understand.
41) How can a browser read JSX file?
If you want the browser to read JSX, then that JSX file should be replaced using a JSX
transformer like Babel and then send back to the browser.
42) What are the major issues of using MVC architecture in React?
Here are the major challenges you will face while handling MVC architecture:
DOM handling is quite expensive

Most of the time applications were slow and inefficient
Because of circular functions, a complex model has been created around models and
ideas
43) What can be done when there is more than one line of expression?
At that time a multi-line JSX expression is the only option left for you.
44) What is the reduction?
The reduction is an application method of handling State.
45) Explain the term synthetic events
It is actually a cross-browser wrapper around the browser’s native event. These events have
6 / 11
interface stopPropagation() and preventDefault().
46) When should you use the top-class elements for the function element?
If your element does a stage or lifetime cycle, we should use top-class elements.
47) How can you share an element in the parsing?
Using the State, we can share the data.
48) Explain the term reconciliation
When a component's state or props change then rest will compare the rendered element with
previously rendered DOM and will update the actual DOM if it is needed. This process is known
as reconciliation.
49) Ho can you re-render a component without using setState() function?
You can use forceUpdate() function for re-rending any component.
50) Can you update props in react?
You can’t update props in react js because props are read-only. Moreover, you can not modify
props received from parent to child.
51) Explain the term 'Restructuring.'
Restructuring is extraction process of array objects. Once the process is completed, you can
separate each object in a separate variable.
52) Can you update the values of props?
It is not possible to update the value of props as it is immutable.
53) Explain the meaning of Mounting and Demounting
The process of attaching the element to the DCOM is called mounting.

The process of detaching the element from the DCOM is called the demounting process.
54) What is the use of 'prop-types' library?
'Prop-types' library allows you to perform runtime type checking for props and similar object in a
recent application.
55) Explain react hooks
7 / 11
React hooks allows you to use State, and other React features without writing a class.
56) What are Fragments?
You can use fragment keyword to group a list of children components without using any extra
nodes to the DOM.
For example :
[crayon-5d24b7db77823082014955/]
57) What is the main difference between createElement and cloneElment?
createElement is used by react to create react elements.

cloneElement is used to clone an element and pass it new props.
58) What are Controlled Components?
Controlled components are component which controls the input elements.
59) Why do you need to use props.children?
This props.children allow you to pass a component as data to other components.
60) List down some of the methods in a react-dom package
Important methods for react-dom packages are:
render()
hydrate()
createPortal()
unmountComponentAtNode()
findDOMNode()
61) How can we do server-side rendering in React?
We can use reaction serve to do the server-side rendering.
62) State the difference between getIntialState() and constructor()?
If you want to create one component by extending 'React. Component’, the constructor helps
you to initialize the State. But, if you want to create by using 'Reat.createClass.’ then you
should use ‘genInitiaState.'
63) What is refs?
Ref are an attribute of the DOM elements. The primary purpose of the refs is to find the DOM
elements easily.
8 / 11
64) What is ComponentWillMount()
This function is called after the DOM element removes from DOM, and it will swipe the memory,
which helps you to increase the access space.
65) How to dispatch the data in-store?
We can dispatch the data to another component which should be based on the action which
stores the parent component.
66) How will be you able to handle more action using redux?
In order to create the same component in more action flow, we are using the same functionality
in various modules.
67) How can you spill the reducers?
We can spill the rescues based on the event actions. That action should be split in separate
modules.
68) Name any five predefined prototypes used in React
Most important protoype used in React js are:
number
string
array
object
element
69) What is the purpose of using bindActionsCreators?
BindActionCreator helps you to bind the event based on the action dispatcher to the HTML
element.
70) What is REFS in React
Ref is a reference to the element. It should be avoided in most cases. However, sometimes it is
used when you need to access DOM or instance of the component directly.
71) Can JSX element be attached to other JSX components?
Yes, you can use attach JSX element with other JSX components which is very much similar to
nesting HTML elements.
72) What is the Current Stable Version of React?
9 / 11
The current stable version of React is version 17.5
73) Name out an important feature of Redux workflow features
Important features of Redux workflow are:
Reset: Helps you to reset the State of the Store

Revert: Allows you to roll back to the last committed State
Sweep: All disable action that you might fire by mistake will be removed
Commit: Helps you to make the current State the initial State.
74) State the difference between React JS and React Native
React js is a front end open-source JavaScript library used for building UIs.
Rect Native, is an open-source, mobile framework which allows developers to user React on
platforms like Android and iOS.
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and Answers for freshers and experienced professionals. These React interview
questions will help you to crack the React interview easily. Let's get into them.
Top React JS Interview Questions (Updated - 2020)
Here top ReactJS interview questions:
What is React?
Why React is used?
How React works?
What are the features of ReactJS?
What are the Advantages of React JS?

https://mindmajix.com/reactjs-interview-questions 1/21
How is React different from AngularJS?
How ReactJS framework is different as compared to others?
What are the life Cycles of ReactJS?
ReactJS Interview Questions and Answers -For

Beginners
Q1: What is React?
Ans. React is a front-end JavaScript library that mainly follows the component-based
approach for building a user interface (UI) components for a single page application. It is
also used for handling the view layer in both mobile and web apps. Moreover, react plays
a crucial role in developing interactive mobile and web UIs. It was created and developed
by Jordan Walke; it was deployed first on the Facebook newsfeed in 2011.
Q2: Why React is used?
Ans: The following reasons make one to use React for building User Interfaces (UI), and
they are:
Easy to learn nature
Simplicity
High scalability
Increase performance
Also Read: Full Stack Developer Interview Questions
Q3: How React works?
Ans. Below is the sequence of steps which gives an idea about how does react work
Firstly the react runs the diffing algorithm to identify the changes that are made in the
virtual DOM.
Next step is reconciliation, this is used to update the DOM as per the new features.
Now, the virtual DOM, which is lightweight in nature and is detached from the specific
implementation of the browser.
Followingly the ReactElements which are present in virtual DOM are used to build basic
nodes.
Finally, if the ReactComponent changes the state; the diffing algorithm runs faster and
identify the changes. After identification, it automatically updates the DOM with the
change difference.
Q4: What are the features of ReactJS?
Ans: The features of React JS are as follows:
1. React improves SEO performance
React boost the performance of the SEO to higher levels as a search engine faces
the problem while reading JavaScript of high loaded applications.
2. React acts as a standard for mobile app development
It provides a transition process as an ideal solution for both mobile and web
applications for building rich user interfaces.
3. React makes the process of writing components easier
Using React along with JSX will make you write components and code efficiently
and clearly.
4. React increases efficiency
As the React boost the efficiency of components by reusing them. This is the
reason why it is considered as an ideal feature of React. It is considered as the
most reusable system component.
5. React ensures stable code
It ensures the stability of the code of an application by making use of downward

dataflow.
Q5: What are the Advantages of React JS?
Ans: The advantages of React are as follows
Usage of JSX makes easier to read and write code
Improves the performance of applications with the use of virtual DOM
Provides an easier way to integrate with frameworks
It can be shared and rendered both on server and client-side
Writing integration and unit tests can be made smother by using tools
Q6. How is React different from AngularJS?
Ans: The following table shows the major difference between AngularJS and React
Factor React JS AngularJS
Usage of DOM Uses virtual DOM Uses real DOM
Language Uses JavaScript with the Uses TypeScript which is

extended XML syntax the superset of JavaScript
Design It is JavaScript Library Angular is a complete

framework
App Structure It is represented only using Made of Complete MVC

the view of MVC
Developed by Facebook Google
Data Binding One-way binding Two-way binding
Q7: How ReactJS framework is different as compared to

others?
Ans. Basically, ReactJS is a limited library that builds UI parts, it is essentially not quite
the same as a considerable measure of other JavaScript structures. One common
example is AngularJS approaches building an app simply by expanding HTML markup
and infusing different develop such as controller at runtime. Therefore, AngularJS is
exceptionally obstinate about the more noteworthy engineering of your application.
Also Read: React JS Tutorial for Beginners
Q8: Does ReactJS use HTML?
Ans. No, It uses JSX which is similar to HTML.
Q9: What is JSX?
Ans: It is basically a novel dialect of the popular JavaScript that simply integrates the
HTML templates into the code of JavaScript. The browser is not capable to read the code
simply and thus there is a need for this integration. Generally, WebPack or Babel tools
are considered for this task. It has become a very popular approach in the present
scenario among the developers.
Q10: What are the life Cycles of ReactJS?
Ans.
1. Initialization
3. Destruction
Q11: When ReactJS released?
Ans. March 2013
Q12: How is ReactJs different from AngularJS?
The first difference between both of them is their code dependency. ReactJS depends
less on the code whereas AngularJS needs a lot of coding to be done. The packaging on
React is quite strong as compared to the AngularJS. Another difference is React is
equipped with Virtual Dom while the Angular has a Regular DOM. ReactJS is all about
the components whereas AngularJS focus mainly on the Models, View as well as on
Controllers. AngularJS was developed by Google while the ReactJS is the outcome of
facebook. These are some of the common differences between the two.
Q13: What is Redux?
Ans: It is one of the most in-demand libraries for front-end development in today’s
growing world. It is defined as the predictable state container mainly designed for
JavaScript apps and also it is used for managing the entire state of an application. Redux
is very small in size and has no dependencies. It builds applications that are easy to
deploy in different environments and easy to test. Redux is very small in size and has no
dependencies.
----- Related Page: Full Stack Developer Interview Questions -----
Q14: What is Use of Redux thunk?
Ans: Redux thunk acts as middleware which allows an individual to write action creators
that return functions instead of actions. This is also used as a delay function in order to
delay dispatch of an action if a certain condition is met. The two store methods getState()
and dispatch() are provided as parameters to the inner function.
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In order to activate Redux thunk, we must first use applyMiddleware() method as shown
below:
1 import{ createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';

2 import thunk from 'redux-thunk';
3 import rootReducer from './reducers/index';
4
5 //Note: this API requires redux@>=3.1.0
6
7 const store= createStore(
8 rootReducer,
9 applyMiddleware(thunk)
10 );
Q15: What do you know about Flux?

Ans. Basically, Flux is a basic illustration that is helpful in maintaining the unidirectional
data stream. It is meant to control construed data unique fragments to make them
interface with that data without creating issues. Flux configuration is insipid; it's not
specific to React applications, nor is it required to collect a React application. Flux is
basically a straightforward idea, however in you have to exhibit a profound
comprehension of its usage.
Q16: What is the current stable version of ReactJS?
Ans. ******Version: 16.12.0
******Release on: Nov 14, 2019
Q17: What is the Repository URL of ReactJS?
Ans. https://github.com/facebook/react
Q18: What do you know about the component lifecycle in

ReactJS?
Ans. Component lifecycle is an essential part of this platform. Basically, they have
lifecycle events that fall in the three prime categories which are property updates,
Initialization and third are Destruction. They are generally considered as a method of
simply managing the state and properties of every reach component.
Q19: Do you think ReactJS has any limitations? If so, tell a

few?
Ans. Yes, there are a few drawbacks which are associated with this platform. The leading
drawback of the ReactJS is the size of its library. It is very complex and creates a lot of
confusion among the developers. Also, there are lots of developers all over the world
which really don’t like the JSX and inline templating. In addition to this, there is another
major limitation of ReactJS and i.e. only cover one layer of the app and i.e.View. Thus to
manage the development, developers have to depend on several other technologies
which consume time.
Q20: How the parent and child components exchange

information?
Ans. This task is generally performed with the help of functions. Actually, there are
several functions which are provided to both parent and child components. They simply
make use of them through props. Their communication should be accurate and reliable.
The need of same can be there anytime and therefore functions are considered for this
task. They always make sure that information can be exchanged easily and in an efficient
manner among the parent and child components.
Q21: What is a State in React and How is it used?
Ans. In React, State is an object that represents how the component renders and
behaves. States are the sources of data and allow you to create dynamic and interactive
components. They are accessed using this.state(). For changing a value in the state
object, call it using this.setState() method.
Q22: What are the differences between the Class component

and Functional component?
Ans.
Parameter Class Component Functional Component
Syntax This component requests It is just a plain JavaScript

you to extend from React. function that accepts props
Component to create render as their arguments and
function that in turn returns returns the react element.
a react element
Life cycle hooks Lifecycle hooks are created We cannot use lifecycle
from the React Component. hooks in a functional
This class component component.
makes lifecycle hooks
available in it.
Readability They are very difficult to test They are much easier to
and read test and read
Class Component Coding
1 class App extends Component {

2 render () {
3 return (
4 <Text>Hello World!</Text>
5 )
6 }
7 }
Functional Component Coding
1 const PageOne = () => {

2 return (
3 <h1>Page One</h1>
4 );
5 }
Q23. What is props in React?
Ans. Props stand for properties in React and used for passing the information from one
component to another. But the data with the Props are passed in a unidirectional flow,
i.e., one way from parent to child. Further, they are read-only data, which means child
components cannot change data coming from the parent.
Q24. What are the significant differences between state and

props?
Ans. The difference between state and props are as follows:
State Props
The state is completely managed within a Props are directly passed to its parents with
component for internal communication. child component.
State can be modified using setState() A particular component should never modify
method. its own props.
State changes can be asynchronous Props are read-only
Q25. What is the higher-order component?
Ans. In ReactJS high order component can be defined as the function that is mainly used
to collect the component and returns a new component. These components are the
patterns that are extracted from the React’s compositional nature. One important aspect
of this component is that it is used as a reusable component logic in the React. It
provides us with the best way to share behaviour between different React components.
Q26: How to embed two components in One component?
1 import React from 'react';
2 class App extends React.Component{
3 render(){
4 return(
5 <div>
6 <Header/>
7 <Content/>
8 </div>
9 );
10 }
11 }
12 class Header extends React.Component{
13 render(){
14 return(
15 <div>
16 <h1> Header</h1>
17 </div>
18
19 )
20 }
21 }
22 class Content extends React.Component{
23 render(){
24 return(
25 <h2>Content</h2>
26 <p>The Content Text!!!</p>
27 </div>
28 )
29 }
30 }
31 export default App;
Q27. What are Synthetic events in React?
Ans. React implements Synthetic events to improve the consistency and performance of
applications and interfaces. The synthetic event is a cross-browser wrapper around the
browser’s native event. It combines the behaviour of multiple browsers into a single API
to make sure events have the same properties across different browsers and platforms.
ReactJS Interview Questions for Experienced
Q28: Give one basic difference between pros and state?
Pros are immutable while the state is mutable. Both of them can update themselves
easily.
Q29: How do you tell React to build in Production mode and

what will that do?
Ordinarily, you'd utilize Webpack's DefinePlugin strategy to set NODE_ENV to

production. This will strip out things like prototype approval and additional notices. Over
that, it's likewise a smart thought to minify your code in light of the fact that React utilizes
Uglify's dead-code end to strip out advancement just code and remarks, which will
radically diminish the measure of your package.
Q30: What do you understand with the term polling?
The server needs to be monitored to for updates with respect to time. The primary aim in
most of the cases is to check whether novel comments are there or not. This process is
basically considered as pooling. It checks for updates approximately every 5 seconds. It
is possible to change this time period easily. Pooling help keeping an eye on the users
and always make sure that no negative information is present on the servers. Actually, it
can create issues related to several things and thus pooling is considered.
Q31: When would you use a Class Component over a

Functional Component?
If your component has state or a lifecycle method(s), use a Class component. or else,
use a Functional component.
Q32: What do you mean by virtual DOM?
For all the available DOM objects in ReactJS, there is a parallel virtual DOM object. It is
nothing but can be considered as the lighter version of the true copy and is powerful in
eliminating the complex code. It is also used as a Blue Print for performing several basic
experiments. Many developers also use it while practicing this technology.
Q33: Compare MVC with Flux?
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MVC approaches are presently considered as outdated. Although they are capable to
handle data concerns, controllers as well as UI, many developers found that it doesn’t
properly work when applications size increases. However, they are capable to handle
some of the key issues such as eliminating the lack of data integrity as well as managing
the data flow which is not properly defined. On the other side, Flux works perfectly with all
the sizes irrespective of their size.
Q34: What’s the difference between an Element and a

Component in React?
Basically, a React component describes what you need to see on the screen. Not all that
basically, a React element is a protest portrayal of some UI.
A React component is a function or a class which alternatively acknowledges input and

returns a React component (ordinarily by means of JSX which gets transpiled to a
createElement invocation).
Q32: Tell us three reasons behind the success of ReactJS?
ReactJS is a technology that can be trusted for complex tasks. While performing any task
through it, developers need not worry about the bugs. It always ensures error-free
outcomes and the best part is it offers scalable apps. It is a very fast technology and can
simply be trusted for quality outcomes.
Q33: In which lifecycle event do you make AJAX requests

and why?
AJAX solicitations ought to go in the componentDidMount lifecycle event.

There are a couple of reasons behind this,
Fiber, the following usage of React's reconciliation algorithm, will be able to begin and
quit rendering as required for execution benefits. One of the exchange offs of this is
componentWillMount, the other lifecycle event where it may bode well to influence an
AJAX to ask for, will be "non-deterministic". This means React may begin calling
componentWillMount at different circumstances at whenever point it senses that it
needs to. This would clearly be a bad formula for AJAX requests.
You can't ensure the AJAX request won't resolve before the component mounts. In the
event that it did, that would imply that you'd be attempting to setState on an unmounted
component, which won't work, as well as React will holler at you for. Doing AJAX in
componentDidMount will ensure that there's a component to update.
Q34: What is the difference between createElement and

cloneElement?
createElement is the thing that JSX gets transpiled to and is the thing that React uses to
make React Elements (protest representations of some UI). cloneElement is utilized as a
part of request to clone a component and pass it new props. They nailed the naming on
these two.
Q35: What is meant by event handling?
To capture the user’s information and other similar data, the event handling system is
considered. It is generally done through DOM elements which are present in the code.
This task is simple to accomplish. Two-way communication is considered in this
approach.
Q36: What is the second argument that can optionally be

passed to setState and what is its purpose?
A callback work which will be conjured when setState has completed and the part is re-
rendered.
Something that is not talked about a great deal is that setState is asynchronous, which is
the reason it takes in a moment callback function. Ordinarily, it's best to utilize another
lifecycle strategy instead of depending on this callback function, however, it's great to
know it exists.
1 Class Training extends Course

2 {
3 this.state = {
4 sampleItem: 'learn',
5 }
6 handleChange = (event) => {
7 console.log(this.state.sampleItem)
8 this.setState({
9 sampleItem: event.target.value //event.target.value = Welcome
10 }, () => console.log(this.state.sampleItem))
11 };
Output:
Learn
Welcome
Q37: How many outermost elements can be there in a JSX

expression?
It must have one JSX element present so that the task can be accomplished easily.
Having more than one expression is not an issue but probably it will slow down the
process. There are also chances of confusion with more than one expression if you are
new to this technology.
Q38: What are controlled and uncontrolled components?
There are components in the ReactJS that maintain their own internal state. They are
basically considered as uncontrolled components. On the other side, the components
which don’t maintain any internal state are considered as controlled components in
ReactJS. Controlled components can easily be controlled by several methods. Most of

the React components are controlled components.
Q39: Mention the key benefits of Flux?
Applications that are built on Flux have components that can simply be tested. By simply
updating the store, developers are able to manage and test any react component. It cut
down the overall risk of data affection. All the applications are highly scalable and suffer
no compatibility issues.
Q40: What's wrong with the following code?
1 this.setState{(prevState, props)=>
2 {
3 return {
4 streak: prevState.streak+props.count
5 }
6 })
Nothing isn't right with it. It's once in a while utilized and not outstanding, but rather you
can likewise pass a function to setState that gets the past state and props and returns
another state, similarly as we're doing above. Furthermore, is nothing amiss with it, as
well as effectively recommended in case you're setting state in light of the previous state.
Q41: Why browsers cannot read JSX?
Actually, JSX is not considered as a proper JavaScript. Browsers cannot read them
simply. There is always a need to compile the files that contain JavaScript Code. This is
usually done with the help of JSX compiler which performs its task prior to file entering
the browser. Also, compiling is not possible in every case. It depends on a lot of factors
such as the source or nature of file or data.
Q42: What are pure functional Components?
Traditional React Components as we have seen so far are making a class with class
Example extends React.Component or React.createClass(). These make stateful
components on the off chance that we at any point set the state (i.e. this.setState(),
getInitialState(), or this.state = {} inside a constructor()).
In the event that we have no expectation for a Component to require state, or to require
lifecycle methods, we can really compose Components with a pure function,
consequently the expression "pure function Component":
1 function Date(props)
2 {
3 let {msg="The date is:"} = props
4 let now = new Date()
5 return <div>
6 <span> {msg}</span>
7 <time> {now.toLocaleDateString()}</time>
8 </div>
9
10 }
This function that returns a React Element can be used wherever we see fit:
1 DOM.render(<div> <Date msg="Today is"/></div>)
You might notice that also takes a prop – we can still pass information into the
Component.
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Q43. What is the difference between Real DOM and virtual DOM?
Ans.
DOM stands for Document Object Model. It allows scripts and programs to dynamically
access and update the content, structure, and style of a document. DOM is an
abstraction of a structured code called HTML, also described as HTML DOM.
Virtual DOM
is a lightweight Javascript object, which is the copy of the representation of a DOM

object. It is an abstraction of HTML DOM. Virtual is quite faster compared to DOM,
performs its tasks reliably.
Virtual DOM Real DOM
Updates faster Updates slower
No memory wastage Excess memory wastage
Can't update HTML directly Update HTML directly
DOM manipulation is easy DOM manipulation costly
Q44: What happens during the lifecycle of a React

component?
A standout amongst the most valuable parts of React is its segment lifecycle — so seeing
precisely how segments components after some time is instrumental in building a viable
application.
Q45: What exactly you can do if the expression contains

more than one line?
In such a situation, enclosing the multi-line JSX expression is an option. If you are a first
time user, it may seem awkward but later you can understand everything very easily.
Many times it becomes necessary to avoid multi-lines to perform the task reliably and for
getting the results as expected.
Q46: Is it possible to use the word “Class” in JSX. Why or

why not?
No, it is not possible in the JSX. This is because the word “Class” is a reticent (occupied)
word in the JavaScript. However, you can use you are free to use the word “ClassName”.
If you use the word “Class” the JSX will be translated to JavaScript immediately.
a) High-Level Component Lifecycle:
At the highest level, React components have lifecycle events that fall into 3 general
classifications:
1. Initialization
3. Destruction
Each React component defines these events as a system for dealing with its properties,
state, and rendered output. Some of these events just happen once, others happen more
as often as possible; understanding these 3 general classes should help you clearly
visualize when certain logic required to be applied.
For instance, a component may need to add an event audience to the DOM when it
initially mounts. In any case, it ought to likely expel those event listeners when the
component unmounts from the DOM with the goal that not relevant handling that doesn't
occur.
1 class MyComponent extends React.Component{

2 //when the component is added to the DOM...
3 componentDidMount(){
4 window.addEventListener('resize',this.onResizeHandler);
5 }
6 //when the component is removed from the DOM...
7 componentWillmount(){
8 window.addEventListener('resize',this.onResizeHandler);
9 }
10
11 onResizeHandler(){
12 console.log('The window has been resized!');
13 }
14 }
b) Low-Level Component Lifecycle:
Inside these 3 general buckets exist various particular lifecycle hooks — basically unique
techniques - that can be used by any React component to all the more precisely manage
updates. Seeing how and when these hooks fire is vital to building stable components
and will empower you to control the rendering procedure (enhancing execution).
Observe the diagram above. The events under "Initialization" just happen when a
component is first initialized or added to the DOM. Thus, the events under "Devastation"
just happen once (when the component is expelled from the DOM). However, the events
under "Update" happen each time the properties or state of the component change.
For instance, components will naturally re-render themselves whenever their properties
or state change. However, at times a component should not update - so keeping the
component from re-rendering may enhance the execution of our application.
1 class MyComponent extends React.Component{

2 //only re-render if the ID has changed!
3 shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState;
4 }
5 }
Q47: What do you know about React Router?
Rendering the components is an important task in ReactJS. React router is used to

decide which components is to be rendered and which one should not. It also performs
dictation during several activities.
React Interview Questions for Experienced
Q 48: Compare Flux vs MVC
Conventional MVC designs have functioned admirably to separate the worries of data
(Model), UI (View) and logic (Controller) — however many web engineers have found
impediments with that approach as applications develop in measure. In particular, MVC
architectures as often as possible experience 2 primary issues:
Ineffectively defined data flow: The cascading updates which happen crosswise over
perspectives frequently prompt a tangled web of events which is hard to debug.
Lack of data integrity: Model data can be changed from anyplace, yielding erratic
results over the UI.
With the Flux pattern complex, UIs never again experience the ill effects of cascading
updates; any given React component will have the capacity to recreate its state in light of
the information given by the store. The flux pattern likewise upholds data integrity by
limiting direct access to the shared data.
While a technical interview, it is awesome to talk about the contrasts between the Flux
and MVC configuration designs inside the setting of a particular illustration:
For instance, imagine we have a "master/detail" UI in which the client can choose a
record from a rundown (master view) and alter it utilizing an auto-populated form (detail
view).
With a MVC architecture, the data contained inside the Model is shared between both the
master and detail views. Each of these perspectives may have its own particular
Controller assigning updates between the Model and the View. Anytime the information
contained inside the Model may be updated — and it's hard to know where precisely that
change happened. Did it occur in one of the Views sharing that Model, or in one of the
Controllers? Since the Model's information can be transformed by any performing artist in
the application, the danger of information contamination in complex UIs is more
prominent than we'd like.
With a Flux architecture, the Store data is correspondingly shared between different
Views. However this data can't be straightforwardly changed — the greater part of the
solicitations to update the data must go through the Action > Dispatcher chain first,
eliminating the risk of arbitrary data pollution. At the point when refreshes are made to the
data, it's presently significantly less demanding to find the code requesting for those
progressions.
Q49: What are the stateless components?
On the off chance that React components are basically state machines that produce UI
markup, at that point what are stateless segments?
Stateless components (a kind of "reusable" components) are simply pure functions that
render DOM construct exclusively with respect to the properties gave to them.
As you can see, this component has no requirement for any internal state — not to
mention a constructor or lifecycle handlers. The yield of the component is absolutely a
function of the properties gave to it.
Q50: What is one of the core types in React?
ReactNode
Q52: What is redux?
A method os handling the state (or data) of an application.
Q53: Is it possible to display props on a parent component?
Yes, it is possible. The best way to perform this task is by using the spread operator. It
can also be done with listing the properties but this is a complex process.
Q54: In ReactJS, why there is a need to capitalize on the

components?
It is necessary because components are not the DOM element but they are constructors.
If they are not capitalized, they can cause various issues and can confuse developers
with several elements. At the same time, the problem of integration of some elements
and commands can be there.
Q55. What are Synthetic events in React?
Ans. React implements Synthetic events to improve the consistency and performance of
applications and interfaces. The synthetic event is a cross-browser wrapper around the
browser’s native event. It combines the behaviour of multiple browsers into a single API
to make sure events have the same properties across different browsers and platforms.
Q56: Explain DOM diffing?
When the components are rendered twice, Virtual Dom begins checking the modifications
elements have got. They represent the changed element on the page simply. There are
several other elements that don’t go through changes. To cut down the changes to the
DOM as an outcome of user activities, DOM doffing is considered. It is generally done to
boost the performance of the browser. This is the reason for its ability to perform all the
tasks quickly.
Q57: Is it possible to nest JSX elements into other JSX

elements?
It is possible. The process is quite similar to that of nesting the HTML elements. However,
there are certain things that are different in this. You must be familiar with the source and
destination elements to perform this task simply.
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27/2/2020 5 Essential React.

js Interview Questions and Answers

Question #1: What is React? How is it different from other JS

Let’s look at each part of the answer separately.

React is an open-source JavaScript library created by Facebook for building

How is React different?

Because React is a small library focused on building UI components, it is

For example, AngularJS (1.x) approaches building an application by extending

By contrast, React focuses exclusively on the creation of components, and has

I recently migrated an application originally written in AngularJS to React, and

Be prepared to ask some follow-up questions as well, such as:

Question #2: What happens during the lifecycle of a React component?

High-Level Component Lifecycle

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

// when the component is removed from the DOM...

Low-Level Component Lifecycle

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

Find top React developers today.

Question #3: What can you tell me about JSX?

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

Key Talking Points

Developers do not have to use JSX (and ES2015) to write an application in

Adopting JSX allows the developer to simultaneously adopt ES2015 — giving

import AnotherClass from './AnotherClass';

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

The React docs on JSX Gotchas may be good to know/review.

Question #4: Are you familiar with Flux?

Difference with AngularJS (1.x)

Popular Flux Libraries

For example, the candidate might discuss:

Redux: perhaps the most popular Flux library today.

Alt.js: another popular library for managing data in React applications.

Question #5: What are stateless components?

const StatelessCmp = props => {

Bonus Question: Explain this Code

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

<MyComponent headerText="A list of paragraph tags">

Published Jul 14, 2016

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10 React.js interview questions

Published on Apr 10, 2019. 12 minute read.

Interviews can consist of face-to-face contact, online meetings, whiteboarding, telephone

What are fragments in React?

The following is valid;

(The above example requires Babel 7).

What is React.js, and explain why might you use it on a project?

Main reasons for choosing React for new development;

Why is React-DOM a separate package to React?

How do you unit test a React Component?

1. Shallow rendering components using Enzyme

Unit testing React with Enzyme

Take the following example test;