DECODER

&
ENCODER

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 DECODER
• A decoder is a combinational circuit.
• A decoder accepts a set of inputs that represents a binary
number and activates only that output corresponding to the
input number. All other outputs remain inactive.
• Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of decoder with ‘N’ inputs
and ‘M’ outputs.
• There are 2N possible input combinations, for each of these
input combination only one output will be HIGH (active) all
other outputs are LOW
• Some decoder have one or more ENABLE (E) inputs that
are used to control the operation of decoder.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DECODER

A0 B0
A1 B1
A2 B2
. DECOD .
. .
. ER .
. .
A B
N-1 M-1
N- Inputs M- Outputs
Only one output is High for
each input

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2 to 4 Line Decoder:
Block diagram of 2 to 4 decoder is shown in fig.
A and B are the inputs. ( No. of inputs =2)
No. of possible input combinations: 22=4
No. of Outputs : 22=4, they are indicated by D0, D1, D2 and D3
From the Truth Table it is clear that each output is “1” for
only specific combination of inputs.

D TRUTH
A 0 TABLE
D INPUTS OUTPUTS
2X4 1
Decoder A B D0 D1 D2 D3
B D2
0 0 1 0 0 0
D3
0 1 0 1 0 0
Inputs Outputs
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

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BOOLEAN EXPRESSION:
From Truth Table
D0 = A B D1 = A B

D2 = A B D3 = AB
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
B
A A B

D0 = A B
D1 = A B

D2 =A B

D3 = A B

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3 to 8 Line Decoder:
Block diagram of 3 to 8 decoder is shown in fig.
A , B and C are the inputs. ( No. of inputs =3)
No. of possible input combinations: 23=8
No. of Outputs : 23=8, they are indicated by D0 to D7
From the Truth Table it is clear that each output is “1” for
only specific combination of inputs.

A
D0
B .
3X8 .
Decoder .
C
.
D7
Inputs
Outputs

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TRUTH TABLE FOR 3 X 8
DECODER:
INPUTS OUTPUTS

A B C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D0 = A'B'C'
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 D1 = A'B'C
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 D2 = A'BC'
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 D3 = A'BC

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 D4 = AB'C'
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 D5 = AB'C

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 D6 = ABC'

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D7 = ABC

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LOGIC DIAGRAM OF 3 X 8 DECODER:
INPUTS
A B
C
A B C

D0 = A B C

D1 = A B C

D2 = A B C
D3 = A B C OUTPUTS
D4 = A B C

D5 = A B C

D6 = A B C

D7 = A B C

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EXPANSION OF DECODERS:

The number of lower order Decoder for implementing higher

No. of lower order required = m2/m1

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3 x 8 Decoder From 2 x 4 Decoder:

D0
X
INPUT

D1
Y 2 x 4 Decoder D2
E D3

OUTPUT
D4
D5
2 x 4 Decoder D6
D7

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 Example: Implement the following multiple output function using a
suitable Decoder.
f1(A, B, C) = ∑m(0,4,7)+ d(2,3)
f2 (A, B, C) =∑m (1,5,6)
f3 (A, B, C) =∑m (0,2,4,6)
Solution: f1 consists of don’t care conditions. So we consider them to be logic 1.
0

1
f1(A, B, C)
A 2
3 x 8 Decoder

3
INPUT

B f2 (A, B, C)
4
S

C
5 f3 (A, B, C)

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EXAMPLE: Implement the following Boolean function using suitable
Decoder. f1 (x,y,z)=∑m(1,5,7)
f2 (x,y,z)=∑m(0,3)
f3 (x,y,z)=∑m(2,4,5)
Solution: 0

1 f1 (x,y,z)

X 2

3 X 8 Decoder
Y 3 f2 (x,y,z)
INPUTS

Z 4

5
E f3 (x,y,z)
6

1
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EXAMPLE: A combinational circuit is defined by the following
Boolean function. Design circuit with a Decoder and external
F1 (x, y,z) = x y z + x z F2
gate.
(x, y,z) = x y z + x z

SOLUTION: STEP 1: Write the given function F1 in SOP form

F2 (x, y,z) = x y z + x z
F2 (x, y,z) = x y z + (y + y ) x z
F2 (x, y,z) = x y z + x y z + x y
z F2 (x, y,z) = Σm (1,3,6)

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Boolean Function using Decoder:

1
X 2 F1
3x8
Decoder 3
Y
4 F2

5
Z
6

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 ENCODER
• An Encoder is a combinational logic circuit.
• It performs the inverse operation of Decoder.
• The opposite process of decoding is known as Encoding.
• An Encoder converts an active input signal into a coded output signal.
• Block diagram of Encoder is shown in Fig. It has ‘M’ inputs and ‘N’ outputs.
• An Encoder has ‘M’ input lines, only one of which is activated at a given
time, and produces an N-bit output code, depending on which input is
activated.
A0 B0
‘M’ Inputs

A1

‘N’ Outputs
B1
B2

-------
-------

A2
Encoder

A B
M-1 N-1

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 • Encoders are used to translate the rotary or linear motion into a digital
signal.
• The difference between Decoder and Encoder is that Decoder has Binary
Code as an input while Encoder has Binary Code as an output.
• Encoder is an Electronics device that converts the analog signal to digital
signal such as BCD Code.
• Types of Encoders
i. Priority Encoder
ii. Decimal to BCD Encoder
iii. Octal to Binary Encoder
iv. Hexadecimal to Binary Encoder

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 ENCODER
M=4
M=22
M=2N
‘M’ is the input
and ‘N’ is the
output

A0
B0
A1
A2 B1
Encoder Decoder B2
A3 4x2 2x4 B3

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 ENCODER
M=4
M=22
M=2N
‘M’ is the input
and ‘N’ is the
output

A0 00
A1 01
A2 10 Encoder Decoder
A3 1 4x2 2x4
1

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 ENCODER
M=4
M=22
M=2N
‘M’ is the input
and ‘N’ is the
output

A0 00
A 01 1
1
A2 10 Encoder Decoder
0
A3 1 4x2 2x4
1

2
0
 ENCODER
M=4
M=22
M=2N
‘M’ is the input
and ‘N’ is the
output

A0 00
A 01 1
1
A2 10 Encoder Decoder
0 10
A3 1 4x2 2x4
1

2
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PRIORITY ENCODER:
• As the name indicates, the priority is given to inputs line.
• If two or more input lines are high at the same time i.e 1 at the same time,
then the input line with high priority shall be considered.
• Block diagram and Truth table of Priority Encoder are shown in fig
Highest Priority
Input TRUTH
TABLE:
D3
Y1 INPUTS OUTPUTS V
D2 D3 D2 D1 D0 Y1 Y0
Priority 0 0 0 0 x x 0
D1 Encoder
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Y0
D0 0 0 1 x 0 1 1
0 1 x x 1 0 1
Lowest Priority Output 1 x x x 1 1 1
Input
Block Diagram of Priority
Encoder
2
2
LOGIC DIAGRAM OF PRIORITY ENCODER:
Y1 = D2 + D3
Y0 = D 3 + D 2 D1
D
D0
D3 D2 1

Y1

Y0

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DECIMAL TO BCD
ENCODER:
• It has ten inputs corresponding to ten decimal digits (from 0 to 9)
and four outputs (A,B,C,D) representing the BCD.
• The block diagram is shown in fig.18 and Truth table in fig.

0
A
1
2 B
---------

ENCODER

9 D
INPUTS OUTPUTS

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Truth table:
INPUTS BCD OUTPUTS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

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• From Truth Table it is clear that the output A is HIGH when input
is 8 OR 9 is HIGH
Therefore A=8+9
• The output B is HIGH when 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 is HIGH
Therefore B=4+5+6+7
• The output C is HIGH when 2 OR 3 OR 6 OR 7 is HIGH
Therefore C=2+3+6+7
• Similarly D=1+3+5+7+9
Logic Diagram is shown in fig.

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DECIMAL TO BCD ENCODER
+5V
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

A B C D

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OCTAL TO BINARY
ENCODER:
• Block Diagram of Octal to Binary Encoder is shown in Fig.
• It has eight inputs and three outputs.
• Only one input has one value at any given time.
• Eachinput correspondsto each octal digit and generates
output
corresponding Binary Code.

D0
D1 X
D2
D3
ENCODER Y
D4
D5
D6
Z
D7
INPUT OUTPUT
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TRUTH
TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 X Y Z

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

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From Truth
table: X = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
Y = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
Z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7

• It is assume that only one input is HIGH at any given time. If two outputs
are HIGH then undefined output will produced. For example D3 and D6
are HIGH, then output of Encoder will be 111. This output neither
equivalent code corresponding to D3 nor to D6.
• To overcome this problem, priorities should be assigned to each input.
• Form the truth table it is clear that the output X becomes 1 if any of the
digit D4 or D5 or D6 or D7 is 1.
• D0 is considered as don’t care because it is not shown in expression.
• If inputs are zero then output will be zero. Similarly if D0 is one, the
output will be zero.

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 X = D 4 + D5 + D6 + D7
Y = D 2 + D3 + D6 + D7
Z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

X = D4 + D 5 + D 6 + D 7

Y = D2 + D 3 + D 6 + D 7

Z = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7

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