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Spatial distribution of mangroves in tidal lake ecosystem

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (2020) 012131 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012131

Spatial distribution of mangroves in tidal lake ecosystem

A Muhtadi1,2, F Yulianda3*, M Boer3 and M Krisanti3

1
Doctoral Program in Aquatic Resources Management, Graduate School of IPB
University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
2
Departemen of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.
3
Departemen of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.

E-mail: *[email protected]

Abstract. Siombak Lake is a tidal lake whose waters are affected by Belawan tidal in the
Malacca Strait. The characteristics of the waters are dynamic, especially its salinity. The
existence of salinity causes the lake and the surrounding area growth by mangrove. This study
aims to map the distribution and condition of mangrove forests in Siombak Lake. This research
was carried out in Siombak Lake, Medan City, North Sumatra Province in August 2019. The
data were collected of mangrove vegetation and density at the study site. The results of research
on Siombak Lake found 14 species of mangrove. There are 2 species of mangrove that is rarely
found before, that is found at the research location, namely the powder-puff tree and looking
glass tree. Nipa palm and mangrove apple are mangrove species that have the highest distribution
and density in the Siombak Lake ecosystem. The condition of mangroves at the Siombak
Lakeside is in damage to good condition, while in the Siombak Lake ecosystem can be said in
good condition.

1. Introduction
Mangrove ecosystem is a buffer ecosystem of life on the coast and has multiple functions. Physically,
mangrove plays an important role in protecting the coast from waves, winds and storms. Ecologically,
mangrove ecosystems serve as life support systems for a variety of aquatic organisms and terrestrial
organisms [1,2], both as feeding ground, nursery ground and spawning ground [2]. Socio-economically,
mangrove ecosystems are a source of livelihood for coastal communities. Mangroves have long been
used as firewood and building materials [1,2], intercropping with silvofishery [2,3] including mangrove
ecotourism [2]. In addition, mangrove ecosystems contribute to global climate control through carbon
sequestration [4].
The existence of mangroves is very important to maintain the survival of both aquatic and terrestrial
fauna resources. The destruction of mangrove ecosystems will have an impact on habitat loss in coastal
areas. This will have a direct impact on the loss of various species of flora and fauna associated with the
mangrove ecosystem. Land conversion activities for cultivation (ponds) and plantations (especially palm
oil) become the main problem causing damage to mangrove ecosystem [5]. In addition, logging activities
for firewood, building materials and other uses are still a major problem causing destruction of mangrove
ecosystems [1,2].

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (2020) 012131 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012131

Mangroves grow and flourish in ecoton whose existence is strongly influenced by land and sea
factors [1,2]. In general, mangroves grow and develop along beaches or river mouths that are affected
by tides. It is very rare for mangroves to grow and develop deep in the lakeside. Siombak Lake is one
of the unique lake ecosystems found in Indonesia, because in some parts of the lake there are mangroves
of various types and thicknesses [6]. This lake is a tidal lake whose waters are affected by tides [7]. Thus
the study of the distribution of mangroves in the Siombak Lake ecosystem needs to be carried out in the
framework of an inventory of flora and fauna for the purposes of sustainable lake ecosystem
management.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Research locations and data collection

The location of study was carried out at Siombak Lake, Medan - Indonesia. Data collection was carried
out in August 2019. The main tool in this study is book guide mangrove from Giessen et al. [1]. Another
tool is the GPS Garmin Oregon 65 for determining the point of location as well as stationery for
documentation.

Figure 1. Sampling location

2.2. Data processing procedures and data analyse

Mangrove spatial information is analysed by ArGis which is then presented in the form a map. While
information is presented descriptive.

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (2020) 012131 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012131

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Mangrove richness

The results of the identification of mangroves in the lake area of the tidal lake was found of 14 mangrove
species consisting of 9 types of primary mangrove and 5 secondary mangroves as well as from 11
families (Table 1 and Figure 2). All mangrove species were found in these study location, namely R.
apiculata, R. mucronata, and R. stylosa. In addition, there are 2 species of mangrove are rarely found in
other places to grow and develop in this location, namely dungun (H. littoralis) and Putat (B. racemose).
Although Giessen et al. [1] state that both types have distribution in Indonesia, but several scientific
reports related to mangrove ecology have not found these two types. At least some of the results of
research on the East Coast of North Sumatra did not find both types [5,8,9,10]. Including several other
regions in Indonesia [11,12,13,14].

Table 1. Species mangroves that were found in Siombak Lake ecosystem

No Family Species Indonesia name Local name Type of mangrove
1 Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius Jeruju Jeruju PrimaryMangrove
2 Arecaceae Nypafruticans Nypah Nipah Primary Mangrove
3 Asteraceae Wedeliabiflora Beluntas Secondary Mangrove
4 Combretaceae Terminalia catappa ketapang Secondary Mangrove
5 Euphorbiaceae Excoecariaagallocha Mata buta/ Garu Buta-buta Primary Mangrove
6 Lecythidaceae Barringtoniaracemosa Putat Primary Mangrove
7 Malvaceae Thespesiapopulnea Waru laut Baru Secondary Mangrove
8 Pteridaceae Acrostichumaureum Paku laut Piayi Secondary Mangrove
9 Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraapiculata Bakau Bako Primary Mangrove
10 Rhizophoramucronata Bakau besar Bako Primary Mangrove
11 Rhizophorastylosa Bakau merah Bako kurap Primary Mangrove
12 Rubiaceae Morindacitrifolia Secondary Mangrove
13 Sonneratiaceae Sonneratiacaseolaris Pedada Berembang Primary Mangrove
14 Sterculiaceae Heritieralittoralis Dungun Primary Mangrove

Mangrove biodiversity in Siombak Lake is much lower than mangrove vegetation in the tidal lake of
Belukar Bay (Nias-Indonesia), which is as many as 20 species of mangroves and 17 types of coastal
vegetation [15]. The high diversity of mangroves in the Belukar Bay due to the distance of the lake
which is closer to the sea. This can be seen from the salinity value that ranges between 29 - 34.5 ppt
[15] so that the mangroves can grow well around the Lake of the Belukar Bay. While mangrove
biodiversity in other tidal lakes was found of 8 species of mangrove in lagoos lagoon (Nigeria) [16],
while in Chilika Lake (India) only of 5 species in mangrove [17] as well as only 2 primary mangrove
species and 12 secondary mangroves in coastal Lagoon Nallavadu village, Puducherry, India [18]. This
shows that mangroves in Indonesia are higher than in Africa and other Asia.
Mangrove biodiversity in Siombak Lake is still higher than other tidal lakes (Including coastal lake),
except in the Laguna of the Teluk Bleukar (Nias-Indonesia). Mangrove in the Teluk Belukar as many
as 20 species of true mangrove and 17 species of scondary mangrove [15]. Mangrove biodiversity in
other coastal lake is only 2 prymary mangrove species and 12 secondary mangrove in the coastla lagoon
Nllavadu Village, Puducherry (India) [16], 5 species mangrove in Chilika Lake (India) [17], and 8
species of mangrove in the Lagoos lagoon (Nigeria) [18].
The diversity of mangrove is high in the Teluk Belukar is caused by the location of the lake wich is
near to the sea. This can be seen from salinity that ranges betwen 29-34.5 ppt, so that mangroves can be
grow well around in Teluk belukar [2], while in Siombak Lake the highest is only 15 ppt [19,20]. Based
on the above mangrove biodiversity shows that mangrove in coastal lake in Indonesia have a high
biodiversity compared to Africa and pther Asia.

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (2020) 012131 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012131

A. ilicifolius N. frutican W. biflora T. catappa

E. agallocha B. racemosa T. populnea A. aureum

R. apiculata R. mucronata R. stylosa M. citrifolia

S. caseolaris H. littoralis
Figure 2. Species mangroves at Siombak Lake

3.2. Spatial distribusion of mangrove

Apple mangrove is the most numerous mangrove and spread almost evenly on the Siombak Lakeside
(stations 1-28) and Nipa palm covers the "forest" vegetation on Siombak Lake (stations 29-40). The
distribution of different mangroves between the lake and the "forest" is thought to be caused by
differences in salinity measured in the two regions. In lakes, the salinity measured values vary greatly
from 2 ppt to 15 ppt, while outside the lake (rivers and creek where Nipah forests grow and develop),
the salinity measured is 2 ppt - 10 ppt. However, broadly speaking, of course Nipa palm dominates
mangrove vegetation in the Siombak Lake ecosystem. The area of "forest" Nipa palm (very dominant)

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (2020) 012131 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012131

in the Siombak Lake reaches more than 40 ha. This is quite reasonable because the salinity range is quite
low in the waters of Lake Siombak that is <15 ppt [6,19,20]. Even in the wet season, it can reach 3-5
ppt [6,19,20]. While mangrove on the Siombak Lakeside (mixed: dominated by Mangrove apple) no
more than 6 ha.
The density of mangroves on the edge of Lake Siombak varies from sparse to dense. Nevertheless,
in general, mangroves on the Siombak Lakeside are rare (Figure 3.). the location of mangrove that is
still in good condition is in the southeast (stations 1-4), while in the north part (point 23-24) categorized
moderate. The rest of the mangroves on the Siombak Lakeside grow "in one row" on the lakeside. In
the forest "Nipa palm in the Siombak Lake ecosystem can be said still in good condition with a very
high density (more than 2000 trees/ha) (see Figure 3).
The difference in the condition of mangroves on the lakeside and outside cannot be separated from
the pressure of human activity. Based on google earth image data in 2001, shows the condition of
mangroves along the lakeside are still commonly found in the north, south, and southeast part of the
like. At present (2019) mangroves are seen only remaining in the southeast and slightly north (see Fig.
4). The main pressure of human activity on mangroves on the lakeside is the cutting down of mangrove
trees for the expansion (opening) of ponds. Unlike the Nipa palm forest in the Siombak Lake ecosystem
which looks still the same between 2001 and 2019 with relatively stable cover and area conditions. This
is further learned that the palm forest is only trimmed of its leaves to be used as a roof and not cutting
down the entire nipa trees. Mangroves logging for expansion of ponds and for oil palm plantations is a
serious threat to the mangrove ecosystem in northern Sumatra [2,5].

Figure 3. Map of mangrove distribution in Siombak Lake

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (2020) 012131 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012131

March 2001 June 2019

Figure 4. Picture of mangrove vegetation condition in 2001 and 2019 (ssource: Google earth 2001;
2019)

4. Conclusions
Nipa palm and manggrove apple are mangrove species that have the highest distribution and density in
the Siombak Lake. The condition of mangroves in the Siombak Lake side is in damage to good
condition, while in the Siombak Lake ecosystem can be said in the good condition.

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International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2019 IOP Publishing
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge that the present research is supported by Ministry of Research and
Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia on the chance of further study and doctoral
scholarship in IPB University, Bogor Indonesia