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    Microwave Engineering-Transmission Lines

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    Kobid Karkee
    This document is a chapter about radio frequency and microwave transmission lines. It discusses how transmission lines guide electromagnetic waves from place to place at microwave frequencies. Common types of transmission lines are described including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. The chapter also covers modeling transmission lines as lumped element circuits, the physics of wave propagation on lines, and key transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance and wavelength. It concludes with sections on terminated transmission lines, using Smith charts, and impedance matching techniques.

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    Microwave Engineering-Transmission Lines

    Uploaded by

    Kobid Karkee
    129 views29 pages
    This document is a chapter about radio frequency and microwave transmission lines. It discusses how transmission lines guide electromagnetic waves from place to place at microwave frequencies. Common types of transmission lines are described including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. The chapter also covers modeling transmission lines as lumped element circuits, the physics of wave propagation on lines, and key transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance and wavelength. It concludes with sections on terminated transmission lines, using Smith charts, and impedance matching techniques.

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    This document is a chapter about radio frequency and microwave transmission lines. It discusses how transmission lines guide electromagnetic waves from place to place at microwave frequencies. Common types of transmission lines are described including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. The chapter also covers modeling transmission lines as lumped element circuits, the physics of wave propagation on lines, and key transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance and wavelength. It concludes with sections on terminated transmission lines, using Smith charts, and impedance matching techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    129 views29 pages

    Microwave Engineering-Transmission Lines

    Uploaded by

    Kobid Karkee
    This document is a chapter about radio frequency and microwave transmission lines. It discusses how transmission lines guide electromagnetic waves from place to place at microwave frequencies. Common types of transmission lines are described including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. The chapter also covers modeling transmission lines as lumped element circuits, the physics of wave propagation on lines, and key transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance and wavelength. It concludes with sections on terminated transmission lines, using Smith charts, and impedance matching techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Chapter 2

    RF & M/W
    Transmission Lines
    PRESENTED BY:
    KOBID KARKEE
    KEC, DHAPAKHEL
    Introduction 2

     In an electronic system, the delivery of power requires


    the connection of two wires between the source and
    the load. At low frequencies, power is considered to be
    delivered to the load through the wire.
     In the microwave frequency region, power is
    considered to be in electric and magnetic fields that
    are guided from place to place by some physical
    structure. Any physical structure that will guide an
    electromagnetic wave place to place is called a
    Transmission Line.
    Types of Transmission Lines 3
     Two wire line
     Coaxial cable
     Waveguide
     Rectangular
     Circular
     Planar Transmission Lines
     Strip line
     Microstrip line
     Slot line
     Fin line
     Coplanar Waveguide
     Coplanar slot line
    Lumped Element Model 4

     The transmission line is often represented as a two-wire line


     The transmission line is divided into segments of length ∆z,
    which are modeled by the same lumped element model.
     The units of the circuit parameters are measured per unit
    length and the voltage and current can therefore vary
    along the length of the line.

    R: series resistance (Ω/m) L: series inductance (H/m)


    G: shunt conductance (S/m) C: shunt capacitance (F/m)
    Transmission Line
    5
    Equations
    • Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current law can be applied to the lumped circuit
    model, giving 2 equations involving current and voltage at either end of
    the differential line segment.
    • In the limit as z  0, one obtains a set of partial differential
    equations in the time domain

    These equations can be transformed to the frequency domain to give the


    ordinary differential equations:
    Wave Propagation 6

    • Note that the differential equations on the previous slide are coupled. We
    can therefore eliminate either V(z) or I(z).
    • Doing so yields either of the differential equations:

    where     j   R  j LG  j c
    is known as the propagation constant.

    α is the attenuation constant and represents the rate of decay of the wave
    amplitude with distance.
    β is the phase constant and represents the relative phase shift with
    respect to position along the line.
    Wave Propagation 7

    • The second order differential equations on the previous slide


    should be familiar as the wave equation, which has the well
    known solutions:

    where e−γz represents wave propagation in the +z direction


    and e+γz represents wave propagation in the −z direction.

    • Voltages and currents therefore propagate along the line as


    traveling waves.
    Wave Propagation 8

    Given a transmission line with a propagating wave, we can define:


     The characteristic Impedance:

     The wavelength on the line:

     The phase velocity: The speed at which a constant phase


    point travels down the line, given by:
    Lossless Lines 9

    The preceding general case can be simplified considerably for lossless lines,
    which can be used to approximate practical cases where the loss is often
    very small and can be neglected. In that case, R=G=0, and lossless line
    properties are:
     Propagation Constant:

     Characteristic Impedance:

     Wavelength :

     Phase Velocity:
    Terminated Lines: General Case 10
    Terminated Lines: General Case 11
    Terminated Lines: Short Circuit Case 12
    Terminated Lines: Open Circuit Case 13
    Terminated Lines: Special Line Lengths 14
    Example: Transmission Line Calculations 15
    The Smith Chart
    16
    Reading the Smith Chart
    17
    Example: Using the Smith Chart with
    Impedance Values 1 18
    Example: Using the Smith Chart with
    19
    Impedance Values 2
    20
    Using the Smith Chart with
    Admittance Values
    Example: Using the Smith Chart with
    21
    Admittance Values
    Impedance Matching
    22

    Matching Load
    Z0
    Network ZL
    Quarter Wave Transformer 23
    24
    L-Section
    Single Stub Tuning 25
    Single Stub Tuning 26

    Shunt stub (Y = 1/Z)

    Y0 Y0 YL

    d
    Y0
    l
    Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 1 27
    Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 2
    28
    29

    Follow class notes for rest of the


    chapter

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