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    The Concept of Construction Materiales: Ingles Tecnico

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    Mir DJairo
    The document discusses the main types of construction materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It describes the key properties and common examples of each material type. Metals are strong, ductile materials like iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, and nickel. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made from a crystalline structure like concrete, bricks, and glass. Polymers include plastics and rubbers that are less dense but resist corrosion. Composites combine materials like fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and concrete to achieve unique properties.

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    The Concept of Construction Materiales: Ingles Tecnico

    Uploaded by

    Mir DJairo
    36 views12 pages
    The document discusses the main types of construction materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It describes the key properties and common examples of each material type. Metals are strong, ductile materials like iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, and nickel. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made from a crystalline structure like concrete, bricks, and glass. Polymers include plastics and rubbers that are less dense but resist corrosion. Composites combine materials like fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and concrete to achieve unique properties.

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    MATERIALS

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    The document discusses the main types of construction materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It describes the key properties and common examples of each material type. Metals are strong, ductile materials like iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, and nickel. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made from a crystalline structure like concrete, bricks, and glass. Polymers include plastics and rubbers that are less dense but resist corrosion. Composites combine materials like fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and concrete to achieve unique properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views12 pages

    The Concept of Construction Materiales: Ingles Tecnico

    Uploaded by

    Mir DJairo
    The document discusses the main types of construction materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It describes the key properties and common examples of each material type. Metals are strong, ductile materials like iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, and nickel. Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials made from a crystalline structure like concrete, bricks, and glass. Polymers include plastics and rubbers that are less dense but resist corrosion. Composites combine materials like fiberglass, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and concrete to achieve unique properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    THE CONCEPT OF

    CONSTRUCTION MATERIALES
    INGLES TECNICO

    TEACHER:
    ALEXANDRA MASIAS CHACON
    Metals
    • A metal is a substance with high electrical conductivity and
    malleability. Metals account for about two thirds of all the elements
    and for the 24% of the Earth’s mass. Metals have useful properties
    including strength, ductility, high melting points, thermal and
    electrical conductivity, and toughness. Examples of common metallic
    materials:
    • Iron/Steel - Steel alloys are used for critical strength applications
    • Aluminum - Aluminum and its alloys are used because they are easy
    to form, readily available, inexpensive, and recyclable.
    • Copper - Copper and copper alloys have a number of properties that
    make them useful, including high electrical and thermal conductivity,
    high ductility, and good corrosion resistance.
    • Titanium - Titanium alloys are used for strength in higher temperature
    (~1000° F) applications, when component weight is a concern, or
    when good corrosion resistance is required
    • Nickel - Nickel alloys are used for still higher temperatures (~1500-
    2000° F) applications or when good corrosion resistance is required.
    • Refractory materials are used for the highest temperature (> 2000° F)
    applications.
    Ceramics:
    • A ceramic is defined as “an inorganic, nonmetallic solid that is
    prepared from powdered materials, is fabricated into products
    through the application of heat, and displays such characteristic
    properties as hardness, strength, low electrical conductivity, and
    brittleness." They are typically crystalline in nature and are
    compounds formed between metallic and nonmetallic elements such
    as aluminum and oxygen (alumina-Al2O3), calcium and oxygen (calcia
    - CaO), and silicon and nitrogen (silicon nitride-Si3N4).
    • Depending on their method of formation, ceramics can be dense or
    lightweight. Typically, they demonstrate excellent strength and
    hardness properties; however, they are often brittle in nature.
    Ceramics can also be formed to serve as electrically conductive
    materials or insulators. Some ceramics, like superconductors, also
    display magnetic properties. They are also more resistant to high
    temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.
    The broad categories that make up the ceramic industry can be classified as:
    • Structural clay products (brick, sewer pipe, roofing and wall tile, flue
    linings, etc.)
    • Whitewares (dinnerware, floor and wall tile, electrical porcelain, etc.)
    • Refractories (brick and monolithic products used in metal, glass, cements,
    ceramics, energy conversion, petroleum, and chemicals industries)
    • Glasses (flat glass (windows), container glass (bottles), pressed and blown
    glass (dinnerware), glass fibers (home insulation), and advanced/specialty
    glass (optical fibers)
    • Abrasives (natural (garnet, diamond, etc.) and synthetic (silicon carbide,
    diamond, fused alumina,
    etc.) abrasives are used for grinding, cutting, polishing, lapping, or pressure -
    __blasting of materials)
    ❖ Cements (for roads, bridges, buildings, dams, and etc.)
    ❖ Advanced ceramics
    • Structural (wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools, and engine components)
    • Electrical (capacitors, insulators, substrates, integrated circuit packages,
    piezoelectrics, magnets and superconductors)
    • Coatings (engine components, cutting tools, and industrial wear parts)
    • Chemical and environmental (filters, membranes, catalysts, and catalyst
    supports)
    Polymers
    A polymeric solid is a material that contains many chemically bonded parts or units
    which themselves are bonded together to form a solid. The word polymer means
    "many parts." Two industrially important polymeric materials are plastics and
    elastomers. Plastics are a large and varied group of synthetic materials which are
    processed by forming or molding into shape. There are many types of plastics, such
    as polyethylene and nylon. Elastomers or rubbers can be elastically deformed a large
    amount when a force is applied to them and can return to their original shape (or
    almost) when the force is released.
    Polymers have many properties that make them attractive to use in certain conditions. Many
    polymers:
    • are less dense than metals or ceramics,
    • resist atmospheric and other forms of corrosion,
    • offer good compatibility with human tissue, or
    • exhibit excellent resistance to the conduction of electrical current.
    • The polymer plastics can be divided into two classes, thermoplastics and
    thermosetting plastics, depending on how they are structurally and chemically
    bonded. Thermoplastic polymers comprise polyethylene, polypropylene,
    polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride. There are also a number of specialized
    engineering polymers. The term ‘thermoplastic’ indicates that these materials
    melt on heating and may be processed by a variety of molding and extrusion
    techniques. Alternately, ‘thermosetting’ polymers cannot be melted or remelted.
    Thermosetting polymers include alkyds, amino and phenolic resins, epoxies,
    polyurethanes, and unsaturated polyesters.
    • Polymers are primarily produced from petroleum or natural gas raw products but
    the use of organic substances is growing. The super-material known as Kevlar is a
    man-made polymer. Kevlar is used in policemen’s bullet-proof vests,
    strong/lightweight frames, and underwater cables that are 20 times stronger
    than steel.
    Composites

    • A composite is a combination of two or more distinct materials, each


    of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new
    material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the
    components acting alone. A wide range of engineering materials fall
    into this category. For example, concrete is a composite because it is a
    mixture of Portland cement and aggregate. Fiberglass sheet is a
    composite since it is made of glass fibers imbedded in a polymer.
    • Composite materials are said to have two phases. The reinforcing phase is the
    fibers, sheets, or particles that are embedded in the matrix phase. The reinforcing
    material and the matrix material can be metal, ceramic, or polymer. Typically,
    reinforcing materials are strong with low densities while the matrix is usually a
    ductile, or tough, material.
    Some of the common classifications of composites are:

    • Reinforced plastics
    • Metal-matrix composites
    • Ceramic-matrix composites
    • Sandwich structures
    • Concrete
    • Composite materials can be separated into three categories based on the
    strengthening mechanism. These categories are dispersion strengthened, particle
    reinforced and fiber reinforced. Dispersion strengthened composites have a fine
    distribution of secondary particles in the matrix of the material. These particles
    impede the mechanisms that allow a material to deform. Many metal-matrix
    composites are in the dispersion strengthened composite category. Particle
    reinforced composites have a large volume fraction of particle dispersed in the
    matrix and the load is shared by the particles and the matrix. Most commercial
    ceramics and many filled polymers are particle-reinforced composites. In fiber-
    reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component.
    Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced
    composites.

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