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Advent Christian history :a concise narr
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ALBERT C. JOHNSON
Publislicrs' Insert
ADVENT CHRISTIAN
HISTORY
A CONCISE NARRATIVE OF THE ORIGIN
AND PROGRESS. DOCTRINE AND
WORK OF THIS BODY
OF BELIEVERS
BY
REV. ALBERT C. JOHNSON
Six years editor of the; Prophetic Mission Qifarterly and Record,
and author of The Minister's Service Book.
ADVENT CHRISTIAN PUBLICATION SOCIETY

160 WARREN STREET
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.
1918
PREFACE
THIS History has been written under many pressing
cares, laborsand hindrances. The writer could not
give his whole time to the work consecutively or travel
in the different sections of the country, to get facts at first
hand —
^but has corresponded much, ransacked files of old
papers extensively, searched old books, gathered what
facts he could, which have been written up at various
intervals, and are herewith presented. It was requested
that the work be brief, concise, and yet comprehensive.
This of itself involved no small problem. Many important
facts and items of local interest have been omitted and
many worthy and faithful workers, who have well served
the cause, are not mentioned, from lack of knowledge and
space-^but those who give the subject a little careful
thought will see that it could not be otherwise. We have
been deeply interested in the different branches of the
cause and have tried to give as impartial and comprehensive
a history as possible within the limits assigned.
We have endeavored to develop the narrative of events
so far as possible, according to the historical order, and
this has made some divisions needful where otherwise
the record might have been continued without break.
Even thus, some divisions may appear to overlap, or be
irregular, as they could not be altogether arbitrary.
Some things have been recorded chiefly to enable us to
learn wisdom by the past; to show that we must now avoid
narrow and visionary teachings must cultivate a wide love
;
and fellowship, and energetically and wisely push the work

till the very mometit of the Saviour's personal appearing.
iv PREFACE
If we do this, and the Lord tarries, our best history is yet
to be made and recorded.
As to the use of the terms "Elder," or "Rev'd"; since
objections to the latter title have been so often made by
some of the brethren in times past —we have, out of re-
spect to the convictions of the older brethren, mostly used
the former title until the later chapters.
INDEBTEDNESS TO HELPERS
I have been specially aided in the preparation of this

work by the writings of Sylvester Bliss, J. V. and Wm. L.
Himes, D. T. Taylor, I. C. Wellcome, Wm. Sheldon and
by various writings in numerous Adventual publications.
I would also very gratefully acknowledge the kind and
efficient assistance of Miss Lucy Sheldon, Pres; O. R.

Jenks, Dr. Geo. H. Dewing, B. Forester, Geo. E. Coop-
rider, J. D. Carey, W. R. Young, Dr. Wm. Chapman, Mrs.
N. L. McFayden Collins, John A. Cargile, W. A. Atkinson,
G. F. Haines, F. L. Piper, Dr. H. E. Thompson and nu-
merous conference secretaries. I would extend cordial
thanks to all who have in any way assisted in the effort.
It has required much prayer and Divine help to go
through with the task and if any good results to readers or
the cause all the praise should be given to God. This
History is far short of what we would like to make it but —
we have done the best we could with our opportunities and
space. The complete records are on high, no fact, name
or service is missing therefrom, and all faithful servants
will have proper recognition and full reward in due season.
In Christ's love and service,

Albert C. Johnson.
Lynn, Mass., May, tqi8.
INTRODUCTION
By Rev. O. R. Jenks, Pres. Aurora College
ANY
value
Christian group that contributes
to the religious thought of the world,
something of
and that
ministers to the betterment and upbuilding of humanity
is deserving of a permanent record in the Christian history
of mankind.
Eighty or more years ago a remarkable movement stirred
all Christian churches in America. The movement was
not confined to any one communion, but affected prac-
tically every denomination. Like all important religious
upheavals there were some elements connected with it
that were fanciful and harmful, which historians favorable
to the movement have acknowledged- Other writers,
not so friendly, have pictured it as a menace to the cause
of orthodox Christianity. But in spite of unfavorable com-
ment, and persistent prejudice, there are now large groups
of earnest believers organized into Christian denomina-
tions, respected in every section of the country where they
abide and are known, with work extending into almost
every section of the globe—groups that are a direct out-
growth of that movement of nearly a cjsntury ago.
One of the most important of these denominations is
the Advent Christian Church. This body at first rallied
around one great doctrine of the historic church, namely,
the second, pesrsonal and speedy coming of Christ. But
very early in its history it espoused what is known today
in Christian thought as the tenet of conditional immor-
tality. At first this body was very loosely organized,
so far as organized at and worshiped in halls or school-
all,
vi INTRODUCTION
hpuses, remaining for a season without Sunday-schools,
ittission societies and such organizations.
Struggling against the deep-rooted prejudice existing
against the two distinguishing doctrines of this group, the
notable fact stands out in bold relief to-day that these two
doctrines have been accepted by great numbers of minis-
ters, teachers and laymen orthodox churches. The
in all
doctrine of the near return of our Lord to this world is no
longer one peculiar to the bodies known as Adventists, but
it has been accepted so largely that hardly a congregation
exists in the leading Protestant denominations that does

not have in membership a considerable number who
its
cherish this blessed hope. And as to the doctrine of Con-

ditional Immortality, it is now held by so many eminent
preachers and theologians that the genuineness of a man's
Christian faith is no longer questioned if he is known to be
a Conditionalist.
And the people, now at least fairly well organized, are
the champions of every approved method of modern re-
and have extended their activities into India,
ligious service,
China and Japan where their missions are doing work that
appeals to travellers and mission experts. Though at one
period in their history Adventists seemed indifferent to
education they now have well-founded schools and are
i
endeavoring to keep in step with other denominational

groups in educational progress.
For the purpose of tracing the origin, development,
trials and triumphs of this body of Christians, this book,
an Advent Christian History, has been written. Its author,
Rev. Albert C. Johnson, was born of Adventist parentage
and since 1878 has been in the ordained ministry. He is
in full sympathy with the people of his choice, —
their doc-
trines, hopes and activities. He has, therefore, under
direct authorization and appointment of the Advent Chris-
—
INTRODUCTION vii
tian Publication Society endeavored to give an accurate

account of their history. Though greatly handicapped in
the gathering of material relating to some sections and
periods, yet he has done an immense amount of work and
has taken great pains to verify every important statement
in the book. It is believed, therefore, that the History
can be received as an authoritative record of a people who
"
in the face of strong opposition have persisted for nearly a

century, and whoto-day are recognized as a vital religidus
force, earnestly engaged in the service of the church and
the uplift of men. They are a people who can express
their faith in the words of the historic Apostles' Creed as
unitedly and sincerely as any other existing Christian
group. They are living soberly, righteously and godly in
this present age, and are lovers of that blessed hope, even
the appearing of the glory of the great God and His Son,
Jesus Christ a. hope which to them seems very near its
realization, and which means the establishment upon this
now sorrowful and distracted earth of the kingdom of God
which shall be sinless, warless, deathless, and eternal.
Aurora, Illinois, June 22, igi8.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
.Preface iii
Introduction by Rev. O. R. Jenks v

Chapter
I. Preparatory Conditions 11
II. Lifeand Work of William Miller ... 33
III. Notable Leaders and Chief Early Features
of the Movement 66
IV. The Great Advent Awakening .... 86
V. The Independent or Separated Movement
and Its Causes . ... . . . 118
VI. Principal Points of Doctrine and Their
Leading Advocates 139
VII. Principal Points and Leading Advocates
Continued 178
VIII. Church Order and Local Conferences Part
IX.
I,
The General
Part II .....
Societies:
. .
(Association
. .
and
207
Publication) 267
X. Early and Middle Mission History . . 319
XI. Southern and Pacific Coast Work . 354
XII. Publications: Publishers and Editors 387
XIII. More Recent Progress of the General
Societies 408
XIV. Later Progress of the Mission Work . 452.
XV. Sunday-schools and Young Pfeople's So-
cieties 486
XVI. Educational Efforts: The Bible School,
Academy, and College 507
XVII. European Witnesses and Kindred Move-
ments 538
XVIII. The Wide Extension and Salutary Results
of This Teaching 565
XIX. The Present Need and Outlook .... 582
ILLUSTRATIONS
Note—Owing to the greatly increased cost of cuts and paper it
h^s been impossible to procure and present as many illustrations as
were hoijed for, especially of the early and distant workers, buildings
and stations; and it has been necessary to group many of those which
will be found in the following pages.
Page
Albert C. Johnson . , . . . Frontispiece
Joseph Wolff
William Miller
Joshua V. Himes
. .
...... ....
...
. . 26
44
68
Sylvester Bliss ...
Dr. Richard Hutchinson
.... ...... 74
110
Isaac C. Wellcome, Jonas Merriam
George Storrs, Rufus Wendell, W. N.
....
Pile
136
170
C. F. Hudson, D. T. Taylor, J. H. Pettingell . 184
S. G. Mathewson, A. W. Sibley . 234
Dr. O. R. Fassett, D. R. Mansfield, Dr. Moses Chandler, D. D.
Reed ...... 244
H. L. Hastings, Edwin Burnham .• 270
Geo. T. Adams, James Hemenway, Chas. H. Woodman 278
Stanley S. and Lillian A. Harvey 342
Geo. W. Sederquist, Eld. and Mrs. L. C. McKinstry 352
P. G. Bowman, J. A. Cargile .360
Dr. Chapman, B. Forester, J. J. Schaumburg
Miles Grant, John Couch ...
....
...
382
.394
E. A. Stockman, Wm. H. Mitchell 402
Wm. Sheldon, Warren J. Hobbs, N. P. Cook 414
Henry Pollard, Our Hope Office 422
F. L. Piper, World's Crisis Office 438
Geo. H. Wallace, Geo. F. Haines, Fim Murra, L. F. Reynolds 444
Mr E. S. Mansfield, Mrs. Anna E. Smith
. 460
Henry Stone, Geo. E. Tyler, G. H. Malone, Clarence A. Burch,
Z. C. Beals, Chas. A. Powell, M.D . 470
Capt. James Spence, W. Edwards, C. H. Hudson, Mrs. M.
I.
M. Chadsey, Miss Jess M. Saunders 484
Frank Burr, W. B. Herron, W. A. Burch, I. M. Blanchard, L.
J.Carter ........
A. A. Phelps, H. E. Thompson
.494
530
O. R. Jenfe, the College Buildings 534
Dr. John Cummiilg 544
Edward White, Wm. Leask, Sir G. G. Stokes, Comley Page 556
Hon. Wm. E. Gladstone .... ......
J.
560
CHAPTER I
PREPARATORY CONDITIONS
THE
persons or
wehistory are to narrate
localit;es, as
is
that of a
not somuch that of
movement and a
message of great truths, called out, or revived, to meet the
need of the times and of coming days, in the main devel-
opment of which we may plainly trace the gracious workings
of divine Providence. We would therefore note, first of
all, the
PREPARATORY CONDITIONS AS RELATED TO

MILLENNIAL DOCTRINE
The great and precious truths of the personal return of
Christ, His reign on the earth, victorious over all sin and
evil,and the restoration of the curse-subjected Creation,
were freely emphasized by Christ and His apostles, and
entered fully into the faith of the church in its earliest and
purest period of doctrine.
As giving efificient evidence of the Messiahship of Jesus,
and entering fundamentally into all their faith', they rec-
ognized fully the testimony of prophecy a,nd promise. And .
in furtherance of this thought and order, the New Testa-

ment itself, came to have a comprehensive forecast of
prophecy. Therefore any worthy eschatology, whether
of the early, later or latter days, must always be heedful
of and harmonious with the voice of prophecy, and fully
recognize the authority of Holy Scripture.
We note that:
I. The glorious return and reign of Christ was held as
the climax of faith, and the 'goal of hope, beloved *nd

12 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
precious, in the early church for its first three hundred
years.
Prof. AdolfHarnack, says: "There is another feature
of the life which also deserves
of the earliest Christians
notice. They lived in the expectation of Christ's near
. . .
return. This hope supplied them with an extraordinary

strong motive for disregarding earthly things and the joys
and sufferings of this world. ... It was a highly effica-
cious lever for raising them- above the world, and teaching
them to make little of small things and much of great things,
and to distinguish between what is of time and what is of
eternity."*
Prof. H. B. Hackett, remarks: "The coming of
final
Christ, . . .was always near and conscious-
to the feelings
ness of the first believer^. It was the great consummation
on which the strongest desires of their souls were fixed,
to which their thoughts and hopes were habitually turned.
They lived with reference to this event." And he com-
mends this view to the sympathy and faith of modern
Christians.*
"Nothing can be more remarkable than the personal hope
which cheered the first
of the personal return of Christ,
ages of the church below. And so long as men took their
reUgipn straight from the Bible, they retained in all its fresh-
ness that livingand life-giving hope."—Dean Vaughan?
Says Rev. ^fathaniel West, D.D.: "A true Christian
chiliasm was the orthodox faith of the primitive church in
its purest days." "For the Fathers and the Christian
writers of the apostolic age, the Appearing and the King-
dom were the object of their hope, and, next to the cross,
the greatest motive for their work." "Chiliasm was the
'In What is Christianity?

'Quoted more fully in Meyep's Critical Commentary, Acts, page 87.
'The Church of the Early Ages.
PREJPARATORY conditions 13
common inheritance of both Jewish and, Gentile Christians,

and passed from the Jewish Christian to the Gentile Chris-
tian Church precisely in the way the Gospel passed. It
was fragrant at Antioch as at Jerusalem, at Rome as at
Ephesus. History has no consensus more unanimous
for any doctrine than is the consensus of the Apostolic
Fathers for the premillennial advent of Christ." "That
it was the general belief of the orthodox church for three
"hundred years is an assertion not invalidated by any

attempt to impeach the testimony of the fathers."' "The
early church was eminently premillennial in her cherished
expectations of the Lord's advent. His coming and king-
dom were her constant hope, and she deemed it, says
Massillon, 'one step in apostacy not to sigh after His re-
"''
turn.'
II. This faith and doctrine largejy declined after the

days of Constaiitine, when the church became filled with
thoughts of her own victory and power, and was perverted
or denied during the reign of the Papacy. Rev. W. Adams
Brown, after speaking of the decline of the millennial faith,
in the East, because of the pfe-eminence of those who in-
terpreted Scripture according to the allegorical method,

says: "The final defeat of chiliasm in the West was due to
Augustine, who in his City of God identified the millen-
nium with the history of the church on earth. With . . .
the acceptance of this identification by the Roman Church,

the power of chiliasm was permanently broken."' Rev.
D. T. Taylor, in his able and important work. The Reign
of Christ, or Voice of the Church, notes that when the great
apostasy had begun, thistruth came to be deemed a heresy,
^History of Premillennial Doctrine, in. Premillennial Essays, Revelf,

pages 316, 329, 332, 397.
2Rev. D. T. Taylor, Reign of Christ, page 47.
'Hastings' Bible Dictionary, vol. 3, page 373.
and "Paganism was fallen, but the Papacy was
states that
hastening to birth," and he at length cites authorities
its
and narrates facts showing conclusively the exercise of

Papal influence against the early faith.^
THE TRUTH CAME TO PERIL

through a combination of allegorical and Papal interpre-
tation,and the doctrine of the Kingdom was almost wholly
perverted, and has never fully recovered its proper place
in the church at large. Doctor West quotes Auberlen,
commending his statement as words of truth and soberness,
who says, "Chiliasm disappeared in proportion as Roman
Papal Catholicism advanced. The Papacy took to itself
as a robbery that glory which is an object of hope, and can
only be reached by obedience and humility of the cross.
When the church became a harlot, she ceased to be a bride
who goes to meet her Bridegroom, and thus chiliasm dis-
appeared. This is the deep truth that lies at the bottom
of the Protestant anti-papistic interpretation of the Apoc^
alypse.^
The great significance of this change of viewpoint needs
to be carefully noted not only with reference to the past,
but also with reference to present conditions. When the
supremacy of the Popes, the temporal extension, power and
glory of the church is put in place of the advent and the
glory of the Kingddhi, or when the Whitbyan Protestant
view of conversion of the world through the evolution,
the.
extension and conquest of the church becomes the vision
of inspirationand the goal of hope, instead of the judgment
advent and Kingdom glory of Christ on earth, then in
either case an entirely different system of New Testament
interpretation is required (as well as of the Apocalypse),
^Reign of Christ, pages 111-120.

^Premillenniai Essays, page 349.
PREPARATORY CONDITIONS 15
a different goal of hope is set up and the whole trend of

thought is at variance with that of the primitive church
and with any simple and unbiased acceptance of New
Testament teaching. This is a matter of vital importance
•
in itself and in all its tendencies.
HI. The primitive faith, because of Papal influence,

slumbered long,
BUT AT LENGTH WAS REVIVED

through the Reformers and their successors. Though they
were too much occupied with their work to speak at length on
the question, yet their tone rings clear when they do speak.
Luther is quoted as recording these words, "Some say that
before the latter day the whole world shall become Chris-
tians. This is a falsehood forged by, Satan that he might
darken sound doctrine. Beware, therefore, of this de-
lusion." Again, weary with his great tasks, he says, "There
is no more help or counsel upon earth except in the last
day. I hope, too, that it will not be much longer before it

comes I believe that the Gospel will become so despised
;
that the last day cannot be far off. Great darkness will
. . .
come for want of true and faithful ministers of the Wofd.

Then will the whole world run wild, sensual, and live in all
security without reflecting. Then shall the voice come
and sound, 'Behold, the Bridegroom cometh,' for God will
not be able longer to endure it." And John Knox, the noted
Scotch reformer, said, "To reform the whole earth, which
never was, nor yet shall be, 'till that righteous King and
"^
Judge appear for the restoration of all things.'
Doctor Cotton Mather, in 1702, wrote, "So the mystery

of our Lord's appearing in His Kingdom lay buried in
Popish darkness till the light thereof had a fresh dawn,
Êcce Venit (Dr. A. J. Gordon), pages 185, 186.

.
16 ADVENT CHRISTIAN, HISTORY

since the antichrist entered into the latter time of the
period allotted to him; now, within the last few sevens of
years, as things grow nearer to accomplishment, learned
and pious men numbers everywhere, come to re-
in great
ceive, and maintain the old faith about it."^
explain,
Bishop Newton said, "The doctrine sprang up with the
reformation, and will flourish together with the study of
Revelation." Dr. West says, "Among the English re-
formers, true chiliasm made its re-appearance. In the
bloomtime of the Reformation in England, the time of
Cranmer and Hooper, Latimer and Ridley, the time when
Bucer taught at Cambridge, and Peter Martyr at Oxford,
the martyr faith once more lifted its head." Again
he says, "The Protestant interpretation being true, the
premillennial advent of Christ is a necessity, logical,
historical, exegetical, which no 'new-hypothesis' of Whitby,
and no exegesis of 'Parousia,' as a coming at death, or a
spiritual presence, or of 'Anastasis,' as a church establish-
ment, or spiritual revival, or regeneration, or conversion
of the world, or soul-ascension to heaven, can explain away.
And this Protestant interpretation, so thoroughly grounded
in the massive demonstrations of the Reformed Theology,
must ever be held fast.""
Dr. S. M. Jackson concedes that the millennial views
persisted in the church, and were revived by the radical
party among the early Protestants, though he adds, that
the sober sense of the church was against them. He states
that according to the spiritual theory, the millennium is
an indefinite large number, "Figurative of that long period
of spiritual prosperity which the church shall enjoy before
the coming of Christ and the end of time."' This latter
'Quoted by D. T. Taylor, in Early New England Adventism.

'Premillennial Essays, pages 393, 365, 360.
'Johnson's Cyclopedia, Vol. 5, page 769.
is kindred to the Papal view, is. the Whitbyan theory which

all Premillennialists would be altogether at
declare to
variance with the sober sense of the church or a sound
interpretation ofNew Testament teaching; but let his con-
cession regarding the early Protestants be carefully noted
—though we shall show that the revival was not limited
to the early Protestants, but became far more pronounced
and extended later on.
True, indeed, the primitive doctrine regarding the second
coming of Christ began to be revived at the Reformation,
and from that time on
THE TESTIMONY THEREOF IS NOT LACKING
and in many parts the witnesses became more numerous
and notable until the great awakening of the nineteenth
century set in. We take a passing view of a few of those
who loved the Word of prophecy, walked in its light, held
fast to the blessed hope, and bore testimony there unto.
1. Joseph Mede, B.D. (1586-1638), sometime^ called
"the illustrious Mede." He was a fellow of Christ College,
Cambridge, and a reader of the Greek lecture on Sir Walter
May's foundation. He was famous for piety,- learning, and
as an expositor of prophecy, especially the book of Reve-
lation, being considered "as a Aian almost inspired for the
solution of Apocalyptic mysteries." He was conceded to
be one of the profoundest scholars of the English Church,
and his works were greatly fruitful in reviving the study of
prophecy and promoting the premillennial faith.
2. Next we note Thomas Goodwin, D.D. (1600-1679),
a celebrated dissenter, and a member of the Westminster

Assembly he was of great learning, for a season was presi-
;
dent of Magdalen College, Oxford, was a voluminous

writer, an eminent divine, and noted as a "Patriarch and
Atlas of Independency." He was a student of prophecy.
advocated the year-day view, and gave earnest testimony
to the doctrine of the reign of Christ on earth.
Here the famous Milton, Baxter, Samuel Rutherford
and many others should be considered, but we must pass
them by.
In 1660 a Baptist confession of faith was presented to
3.
Charles II, in the city of London, which was signed by
forty-one elders, deacons and brethren, and approved
by more than twenty thousand others, "For which," said
they, "we are not only ,,
RESOLVED TO SUFFER PERSECUTION

to the loss of our goods, but also of life itself, rather than
decline from the same."
In Article 20, they declare their faith in the resurrection
of the body; in Article 21 they speak of the judgment day,
whose issues are eternal, and which is to occur at the ap-
pearing, of Christ,i when every man shall receive his re-
ward. In Article 22, they present an elaborate statement
of their faith in the personal coming again of the Scime
Christ who ascended into heaven, He at His advent to
establish His kingdom, overthrow the wicked, and reign
—
with His people on the earth and they give many Scrip-
ture citations in support of this doctrine.
4. The illustrious Sir Isaac Newton (1642-^1727) was
not only a great philosopher and scientist, but a devout
student of prophecy. It is said that he gave, his powerful
mind two whole years to its study, and avowed his belief
in the premillennial coming of Christ. ^
In his Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel (p. 14),
he says: "The giving ear to the prophets is a fundamental
character of the true church."
'Duffield, Dissertations on the Prophecies, page 258.

He thought it a part of the prophecy of Daniel and

Revelation, that itshould not be understood before the last
age of the world, and wrote, "But if the last age, the age
of opening these things, be now approaching, as by the
great successes of late interpreters it seems to be, we have
more encouragement than ever to look into these things"
(preface, p. 13). The devout faith of this great philosopher
is a striking illustratiori of the remark of Lord Bacon, that,
"A little philosophy will make a man an infidel but .a great

deal will make him a Christian."
His Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel and the
Apocalypse of St. John were issued in 1733, some six years
after his death, and about one hundred years before William
Miller fully entered upon his lecture woi'k in this country.
A new edition of his Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel,
was edited by P. Borthwick, Esquire, of Downing College,
Cambridge, and was published in London, in 1831, the
very year that William Miller began prophetic lecturing
in this country. This edition was dedicated by its editor
to Henry Drummond, Esquire, of Albury Park, in whose
mansion the first Prophetic Conference, the notable gath-
ering of 1826, was held. Here also, William Whiston,
M.A., the learned Bengel, and Dr. Gill should be men-
tioned, but we pass to speak a word of
5. The sainted Wesleys, John (1703-1791) and Charles
(1708-1788). It is a matter of abundant record in ser-
mons. Scripture comments, and hymns that these men,
justly famous in Christian work and history, were ardent
believers in the prfemillennial coming of Christ and His
glorious reign on earth. Charles sang it in many strong,
sweet hymns, and John preached it earnestly. In 1788,
when some objected to the frequent changes of the preach-
ers, John Wesley wrote: "For fifty years God has been
pleased to bless the itinerant plan, the last year most of

all. It must not be altered till I am removed, and I hope
"^
it will remain till our Lord comes to reign on earth.
6. Bishop Thomas Newton, D.D. (1704r-1784), was a
dîgent student of prophecy, and his notable work, Dis.-

sertations on the Prophecies, Which Have Been Remarkably
Fulfilled, surely gave a fresh impetus to its more general
study. was published in three vols, in 1754-'58, a:nd
It
in 1804 its tenth edition was issued in two volumes. The
work is said to have been "very popular;" many students
of prophecy and many Adventists have been greatly aided
by its perusal.
Skeptical critics and those' who disregard the study of
prophecy have had little use for it; nevertheless it confirmed
the faith of multitudes and rendered great service to the
waiting church.
7. Other names might be cited here, but we cannot pass
without referring to Rev. John Fletcher (1729-1785),

who was a "close student of prophecy," and an ardent
lover of the second coming of the Lord Christ.
He wrote, "It is remarkable that more books have been
written upon the prophecies these last hundred years, than
were every known before, and all^those, at least, which
I have read —
agree that these things will, in all probability,
soon come upon the earth."
8. Here also we fain would write of William Cowper,
England's famous "Christian Poet," of Dr. Thom.as Coke

(who was associated with Wesley and of similar premil-
lennial views, a man of learning and great activity, who
crossed the Atlantic Ocean eighteen times, founded several
Wesleyan Missions and was a voluminous writer), and of
Bishop Heber, whose labors and hymns of missions and
the Advent will never be forgotten. His hymns,
^Schaff-Herzog, Ed. 1891, page 2493.
"In sun and moon and stars

Signs and wonders there shall be," ...
"The world is grown old, and judgment is near," . . .
"The Lord will come; the earth shall quake;" , . .
indicate very clearly his earnest love for the primitive hope.
His death occurred suddenly, in the midst of ardent labors,
in 1826.
IV. This faith was prominent in European and American

Christian teaching until the era of the Whitbyan hypothe-
sis, when the doctrine of the conversion of the whole world
before the advent, gradually superseded the ancient faith.
Rev. D. T. Taylor, who made a very careful investigation
of the teachings of the early believers of this country,
says that for a hundred years the large mass of
NEW ENGLAND CHRISTIANS
knew nothing of a postmillennial advent; and he states

that even those who
looked for the triumph of the Gospel
without the personal reign of the Lord, ardently loved the
appearing of Jesus.' In his "Synopsis," the concluding
number in his series of thirty articles, published in the Ad-
vent Herald, entitled "Early New England Adventism,"
Eld. Taylor said, speaking of the men whose works and
faith he had reviewed and quoted, "They constitute the
first Christian writers in America, the cream of the New
England churches—the men who first planted them.

They include ministers, teachers, representatives, govern-
ors, lieutenant governors, poets and presidents of colleges.
. . . The conclusion is that the first Christians in Amer-
ica give far less support to the views of those who are in-
different to our Lord's coming and reign, or who oppose
'See The Reign of Christ, Chapters IX and X.

it, than they do to the Adventists who hold his" coming to
be premillennial and just at the door."
Did space allow, we would gladly cite the testimony of
many of the early New England divines, who were devout
students of the prophetic Word, who fervently lov^d the
personal coming of the Saviour King, and looked for the
triumph of the church only at and by His royal advent.
Strong and able was the witness to the "ancient hope,"
of the beloved Mathers (Increase and Cotton, both D.
D.'s), Governor Burnet, Thomas Prince, "pastor of the
Old South, Boston, from 1718 to 175«," and said to be
"second in learning to none but Cptton Mather in New
England;" also that of Joshua Spaulding; minister of the
Gospel at the Tabernacle, in fealem, Mass., 1796, and whose
prophetic lectures were republished by Elds. Himes and
Litch in 1841.
The tardiness with which the Whitbyan doctrine of k
temporal millennium was received is fitly shown in the
testimony of Mr. Spaulding who wrote, "It does not appear
that what we call modern millennialism gained much ground
until after the middle of the last century. Since that time,
it has found many advocates. Dr. Whitby and Mr. Low-
man being among its distinguished supporters. ... It

did not generally prevail, especially among the common
people, till the present century. Even as late as the great
earthquake in New England, many Christians were looking
not for the modern millennium, but itxc the second coming
of Christ, and with this expectation, they rose, and trimmed
their lamps. ... have had the testimony of plderly Chris-
I
New England, that within

tian people, in several parts of
their remembrance, this doctrine was first advanced in
the places where they lived, and have heard them name
the ministers who first preached it in their churches. No
doctrines can be more indisputably proved to have bpen
the doctrines of the primitive church, than those we call

millennarian and, beyond all dispute, the same were favorite
;
doctrines with the fathers of New England."'

Again, the Rev. Dr. West says, ".In New England, as
in Old England, the martyr faith was preached. Daven-
port and Walley, Eliot and Whiting, the three Mathers,
Prince and Spaulding were only a few of the niultitudes
in whom the impulse of the Reformation and Westminster
Assembly, lived as a power in behalf of the martyr doctrine."^
Dr. A. J. Gordon testifies on this wise: "Among the fa-
thers of Congregationalism, especially thosewho planted
the Gospel in America, the ancient doctrine was strongly
held, and ardently preached. New England theology was,
in the beginning, as
DEEPLY COLORED WITH MILLENNARIAN HOPES

as primitive Christianity itself."' And this author charges
the teaching of Jonathan Edwards as having great influence
in turning the thoughts of the people, especially those of his
own order, toward the Whitbyan theory and a perverted
eschatology.
It should be noted, as stated by the late Bishop Hen-
shaw, that, "The opinion of a spiritual millennium consist-
ing in the universal triumph of the Gospel and conversion
of all nations for a thousand years before the coming of
Christ, is a novel doctrine, unknown to the church for the
space of sixteen hundred years. So far as we have been
its history, it was first- advanced by the
able to investigate
Rev. Dr. Whitby, the commentator, and afterwards ad-
vocated by Haimnond, Hopkins, Scott, Dwight, Bougue,
and others, and has been received without careful exami-
^Spaulding's Lectures, Himes Edition, 1841, page 221.
'Dr. West, Premillennial Essays, page 376.
'Ecce Venit, page 188. ',
-
nation by the majority of evangelical divines in the present
day. But we may safely challenge its advocates to pro-
duce one distinguished writer in its favor,, who lived before
the commencement of the eighteenth century."^
There had been some leanings toward the view of a wide
triumph of the Gospel and coming of the Kingdom of Christ
without the advent of the King, but the bold and full an-
nouncement of the theory of the world's conversion, and
one thousand years of universal righteousness and peace
before the advent of Christ, waited as stated above, for
the advocacy of Dc. Whitby; who was born in 1638 and
died in 1726. Beginning with the eighteenth century, his
theory came to be widely accepted, and in spite of many
strong protests, it has largely pervaded the general church,
at least, in many quarters, and seems now, under the in-
fluence of criticism and philosophy, to be coming to more
general acceptance than ever. But, in the providence of
God, it has been energetically withstood by careful students
and great teachers.
CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE OF THE WHITBYAN TEACHING
An able author has most aptly described it as "A spirit-
ualizing system whose ultimate tendency has been to ob-
scure the, doctrine oi a Uteral advent, a literal resurrection,
,
and a Uteral kingdom, and to put far off the day of the Lord.
Just as Judaizing conceptions brought the doctrine of the
millennium into disrepute in the early ages by carnalizing
it, so this interpretation has tended to discount it in our
times by spiritualizing it^"^

Under the influence of this theory, the study of prophecy
was neglected. The thought of the near coming of Christ
was very largely abandoned and the pulpit and the pew
^Reign of Christ, page 229.
''Dr. Gordon, Ecce Venit, page 191.
drifted widely from apostolic faith, and the command of

Christ to His disciples and all His church, to watch for His
coming, lost its meaning and was utterly neglected, as it
always will be when and where this teaching prevails.
Voices were needed to qall the church back to the old paths
of Adventual truth; especially in America it was time for
a new voice to sound from the wilderness, "Prepare ye the
way of the Lofd."
V. In due time in the providence of God and by several
steps of notable progress, the attention of the church was
called back to the prophetic Word and the apostolic faith.
We Germany, later in
will trace this call briefly, first in
England, and at length in this country. A noted writer
says, "It was ordained that the very century which gave
the Whitbyan theory to the church should provide a vig-
orous protest against it;" and he narrates how "Germany
came forward to redeem for herself the promise of the
Reformation," through the rise and teaching of Bengel,
"who rejected the Augustinian teaching of the Apocalypse
and also the Whitbyan idea." After referring to a number
of noted scholars he says, "Tired of the idealistic method
of interpretation, they embraced the Biblical realism that
restored to them the kingdom of God on earth in connection
ivith the resurrection of the body and the renovation of
the planet. Since Bengel's day, evangelical Germany
. . .
has become premillennarian."' This author also cites

Isaac Watts, Charles Wesley, Cowper, Montgomery, and
Heber, as weaving in their poetry "a fresh wreath around
the martyr faith."
A marked characteristic of those who love and look for
the coming of the Lord is the love and habit of prophetic
study and a revival of the latter is sure to qqicken faith
'Dr. West, Premillennial Essays, pages 384, 385.

26 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY.
and give utterance to the message of the Advent. Early
in the nineteenth century, signs began to occur in England,
the like of which had probably never before been witnessed,
the holding of conferences and meetings for the study
of the prophetic Word, the signs ,of the times, and the
coming of the Lord Christ.
A NOTABLE PROPHETIC CONFEREpTCE

was held in 1826 at "Albury Park," the princely residence
of Henry Drummond, Esq., who afterwards became a
member of the British Parliament, and who seems to have
been the active spirit in proposing and calling the Confer-
ence.
Ministers and laynien of different denominations were
invited, and though the attendance was not large it was
very representative. Rev. Hugh McNeile was chairman
of the conference, which continued its sessions for eight
days of serious and earnest study of the prophecies. Rev.
Edward Irving and Rev. Joseph Wolff were among the
attendants. This remarkable meeting was followed by a
widespread interest and much preaching on the questions
of prophecy and the second advent. A fuller account of
this conference and of prophetic testimony following it
will be found in the chapter on European Witnesses and
Kindred Movements. ,
But in America, this prophetic awakening, this revival

of primitive faith, waited for the labors of William Miller,
— his co-workers and successors, Himes, Litch, Ward,
Fitch, Taylor, Burnham, Hastings, etc. During the time
covered by this EngUsh awakening, Mr. Miller Wcis in
devout study and preparation for his great work. It will,
thus be seen, by unprejudiced minds, that the Miller
movement came at the right time and place, greatly served
the cause of true millennial faith, and. reveals the provi-
JCSKPII WOLFF, D.D., LL.D.
See r'tiê 541

dence of God still working on behalf of His truth. In 1840,

came the great Adventual Conference in Boston, a dig- —
nified and able session —
results of which abide to this day.
Of this and other conferences, we shall write more fully
•in aftother chapter.
An able writer summing up the general millennial awak-
ening says: "Once more, however, has come a reaction
towards the ancient teaching, for, in our own generation,
has been witnessed such a flaming-up of the torch of prim-
itive Adventism, as has not been, known since the first
century. The
learned exegete, and the humble Bible
reader —the
one searching with the critical eye of schol-
arship, and the other with the single eye of faith, have —
reached the same conclusion, and joined to sound out to-
gether the cry, "Behold, He cometh!"' We will next
consider the
PREPARATORY CONDITIONS AS RELATED TO THE. TIMES

AND THE NEED OF THE CHURCH
1. The opening of the nineteenth century was a time of
prevailing skepticism in America; deism, which was so
wide-spread in the latter part of the eighteenth century,
was still prevalent and infidelity was general and openly
confessed. The influence of the noted skeptics, D'Alem-
bert, Voltaire, Thos. Paine, and others was wide-spread.
recorded that in 1795, of the students of Yale College,
It. is
only four or five were members of the church. The same

was the case with the college of New Jersey (Princeton).
This large ratio of unbelief was said to be true of other
colleges and universities. At Bowdpin College, in the
early part of the century, only one student was willing
to be known as a Christian. It is recorded that Chan-
cellor Kent, who died in 1847, remarked that, in his younger
Êcce Venit, page 191.

days, there were but few professional men who were not
unbelievers. So wide-spread was this infidelity that
believers were discouraged, and some Christian bishops
almost despaired of the survival of the Christian religion.'
In 1798, the Presbyterian General Assembly, said, in a.
statement describing the condition of the country, "We
perceive, with pain and a general
fearful apprehension,
dereliction of religious principlesand practices among our
fellow citizens; a visible and prevailing impiety and con-
tempt for the laws and institutions of religion and an
abounding infidelity, which, in many instances, tends to
atheism itself."''
Another writer says: "If we may credit the best au-

thorities, the unbelief of the last half of the eighteenth
century was . . . wide-spread and paralyzing in Christian
countries;"' and this unbeliefwas very extensive in the
early part of the nineteenth century.
One of our Lord's chief antidotes for unbelief is that
strong evidence of the inspiration of the Holy Scriptures,
which is established by the cumulative fulfillment of proph-
ecy, and testimony on this line was exceedingly opportune
when the Advent movement began. It was also very
effective, as will be shown in later pages.
2. Alongside and following this epidemic of unbelief,
came a period of great religious awakening. In Germany,

England, and some of the smaller states of Europe,* Protest-
antism had wrought signal reforms, and even in France,
the reaction from the terrible Revolution and the revolting
extremes of infidelity, had caused the Assembly, in 1797,
"to grant the free right to circulate the Bible throughout
the country." "The triumph of Napoleon I, over Rome
'See American Church History, vol. 12, page 2.
Âmerican Church History, vol. 13, page 231.
'Dr. Gordon, Prophetic Studies, page 63.
PREPARATORY CONDITIpNS 29
and Papal arrogance in 1801, the action of the Holy Al-

liance in 1815, which restricted the civil power of the Papacy
to the ten states of Italy, all conspired to set an 'open door'
before the church. ... In 1804 the British and Foreign
Bible Society was incorporated, and between that year and
1830, fifty-three other Bible Societies were instituted in
various parts of the world. "^
Various missionary societies were formed. Dr. Bliss,
in Appendix A, of his Concise History of Missions, gives a
list of twelve missionary societies organized from 1649
up to 1799, while in the first forty years of the nineteenth

century, twenty-eight' societies were organized. In the
decade of the forties, nineteen were organized. Early
in the century came the religious movements which re-
sulted in the organization of that body known as Christians
or Christian Connection, and also of that called Disciples
of Christ, and a little later, the great revivals wlîch ac-
companied the preaching of the famous evangelist, Rev.
Charles G. Finney. Great success is said to have attended
these various wide-spread movements, and thousands were
converted to Christ.
3. Under the influence of current popular teaching of
the Whitbyan brand, these events were deemed by many
as auspicious evidence of the approaching conversion of
the world, and thus the ancient faith and hope were per-
verted, obscured, forgotten.
*
That these movements
MIGHT .NOT BE MISINTERPRETED
that they might be sanctified and deepened, and that the
church might be sobered and saved from the perils of
prosperity, the apostolic teachings needed to be revived.
That the church might nobly measure up to the enlarged
opportunity of these opening doors on mission lines, and
'Wellcome, History of the Advent Message, page 37.

^0 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
the widening call, she needed to be freshly awakened, to
separation, self-denial, and service.,
4. Prophetic study was being revived among the de-
vout, and this was designed, not only to furnish enlarged

Christian evidence, but also to lead the church back to
the true hope. Bible societies bieing widely organized,
and the Bible extensively circulated, the world was to be
called to consider its message of the coming Kingdom, and
the last judgment, and its good news of salvation would
be thus more clearly emphasized, and its need be more
deeply felt.
5. Further, the Advent message came to the church
at such time that it seemed designed of God to prevent

what a noted divine has called the "Protestant Apostacy,"
to sanctify and re-commission the church, to call her anew
to a sacred and mighty ministry. Rejecting this great
truth —the substance of
the message—-she fell into ways of
worldliness and folly. The church edifice was changed
from a house of prayer to a house of play, and congrega-
tions vied with one another, each striving to provide the
most winsome entertainment, the finest money-raising
scheme and the biggest frolic. Had the church heeded the
voice of God, and regarded the favor of His providence,
she could not thus have turned to folly. The solemn truth,
with its spiritual grace, would have been her safeguard
and keeper.
6. The sign period had begun in history (Matt. 24:
14, 29-33; Luke 21: 25-28). The prophet's "Time of

the end" (Dan. 12: 4) had set in, and its proper counterpart
was a
PROPHETIC MOVEMENT AMONG GOD's PEOPLE
calling them to carefully note the fulfillment of latter-day

prophecies, to hasten the accomplishment of the delayed
a
work of the church, and to watch with girded loins and

burning lamps for His coming, who is the Light of the world,
and the hope of the nations.
It is evident to us that God intended to have four things
go hand in hand, or work together, in the latter times,
or during the sign period; (1) the message of the Kingdom
and the coining judgment, (2) Bible society and extension
work; (3) revived Scriptural teaching on immortality and
destiny, (4) missions and evangelism; We note that the
message of missions is normally "the Gospel of the King-
dom" (Matt. 24: 14), and the supreme appeals for repen-
tance in the New Testament are references to the Kingdom
at hand, and the final judgment day. And there is reason
to believe that modern evangelism would be far more ef-
fective if these appeals were more clearly understood and
more frequently -put to the front.
7. As God has given to empires, men and nations a time
to fill their place, run their course, and. do their work

(as the appointed times of Israel and the four empires of
Dan. 2 and 7 or the "times of the Gentiles"), so has He given
to the world its time and day, its probationary limits, and
some one is to warn the world of its approaching close and
its certain issues. We may be sure that, as the end of the
world was drawing nigh, some one would be raised up,
and there would be a wide-spread movement a warning —
voice would go forth everywhere, burdened with the mes-
sage of the approaching end, as it is written (Amos 3:7),
"Surely the Lord Jehovah will do nothing, except He re-
veal His secret unto His seryants the prophets."
8. In view of these things, and also of the fact that-
goodly number of God's devout servants in various parts
of the world felt called to the study of the last things, were
convinced that the end was approaching, and that they
were in the period of tlê last days, it was surely timely
that there be a great awakening on the question of prophecy
and the signs of the times, a revival of the primitive faith
regarding the coming of Christ, and to this end God used
those who were responsive to His leading on this line.
"One great feature in God's dealing towards His people

is that He them according to the age
revealeth Himself to
in which they live, and according to their need in their day
and generation, that they, knowing His will and purpose
concerning them, might worship Him truly and serve Him
acceptably, and so be prepared for greater manifestations
of His glory, and to dwell forever in His presence."^
'Rev. John Hooper, Wellcome, page 14.

CHAPTER II
LIFE AND WORK OF WILLIAM MILLER
HAVING seen in our survey of the progress of millennial
faith, the character of the times, and the leading of
divine Providence, that the season was opportune for, and
also that the church and the people of the world, especially
in America, heeded a revival of Adventual teaching and
prophetic testimony, we will proceed with the record of
the early events of an important awakening on these lines.
As the inception of this movement was directly connected
with the life and labors of William Miller, a brief sketch
of his notable career will here be given.
William Miller'was born in Pittsfield, Mass., on Febru-
ary 15th, 1782; just at the close of the great Revolution-
ary War, in which his father served as a captkin, and a
little removed from the notable dark day of 1780. A few
years after his birth, the family removed to Low Hampton,
N. Y. He was a son of most worthy ancestors, who were
noted for their patriotism and piety. His father respected
the church, though not a professor of religion. His mother
was a devout Christian of the Baptist faith. They knew
the hardships of pioneer life and felt the stress of poverty,
but were courageous, frugal and thrifty. William was the
—
eldest in a family of old-time character five sons and
—
eleven daughters and early developed very studious
habits. The means he used and the diligence of his efforts
to acquire knowledge are of thrilling interest, but we have
not space to narrate his earliest endeavors.
HIS GENERAL STUDIES
It is a matter of record that a number of gentlemen

living in the vicinity of his father's residence, on learning
of his most ardent love of reading, kindly offered him the
privilege of their libraries, which he accepted with much
gratitude. For several years he was a most diligent
student of ancient and modern history, and stored his
mind with a vast collection of historical facts which were
afterwards of great service to him in the illustration of the
fulfillment of the prophecies. It is fitting to give the'
names of these liberal and worthy who thus so
citizens
greatly helped young Miller. They were Hdn. Matthew
Lyon, Representative to Congress from Vermont, from 1794
to 1798; Judge James Witherell, afterwards judge of Mich-
igan Territory, and Alexander Cruikshanks, Esq., of
Whitehall, N. Y., formerly of Scotland.
After his marriage to Miss Lucy Smith in 1803, he lived
for some years in Poultney, Vt., where he made liberal
use of the large village library. Before leaving Low
Hampton, he had been promoted to the office of ser-
geant in the militia, and in' Poultney, he was called to fill
the civil offices of constable, sheriff, and justice of the peace,
in which he sustained an irreproachable character, and gave
high satisfaction. His, reputation for knowledge and his
favor with public men was such that he was invited- to give
essays and addresses before various societies, and to
furnish poetic effusions for public occasions. Some of the
men with whom he was "closely associated were skeptics
and deists, under the influence of the writings of Voltaire,
Hume, Volney, Payne, and others, and at length Mr.
Miller announced himself a deist, and held this view for
twelve years, but not without some misgivings. Though,
under the influence of these views, he often made sport
LIFE AND WORK OF WM. MILLER 35
of religion, or the current forms of theological teaching,

still he never wholly lost his respect for prayer, or the
Bible, and some of his praying friends were impressed that
he yet had a work to do for God and His truth.
HIS ARMY SERVICE'
A year or more before the war with England, of 1812,
while omens of its approach, were appearing, he resigned
his civil offices and entered upon the hardships and perils of
military life. The Governor of Vermont, Jonas Galusha,
gave him a lieutenant's commission- in 1810, and when the
declaration of war was formally made, Mr. Miller, with
hundreds of his Green Mountain neighbor-patriots, was
ready to enter the conflict, and he was appointed captain
of a company of State volunteers, and was soon transferred
to the regular army of the United States. For some time
he served as a recruiting officer for the regular army, and
then was made captain in the same. He proved to be a
competent master of men, and tendered fearless and ex-
cellent service. He continued in army life until 1815, when
he returned to the far more congenial scenes of peace and
industry.
In the language of one of Mr. Miller's biographers, "It
to say, what all who have any knowledge of the
is sufficient
question will confirm, that his personal integrity and official

honor were such, throughout his connection with the army,
as to command, an almost unexampled degree, the re-
in
spect and affection of all who were under him as an officer,
and the hearty confidence and esteem of his official asso-

ciatesi For years after the war closed, it was a common
thing for his brethren-in-arms to turn aside from the great
route of travel five or six miles, only to enjoy a short inter-
view with one to whom they were so strongly attached."'
^Brief History of Wm. Miller, pages 62, 63. '

HIS CONVICTION AND CONVERSION
After retiring from the army, Mr. Miller removed his

residence from Poultney, Vt., to Low Hampton, N. Y.,
where he purchased a farm and built for his home a neat
and commodious house. His uncle, Elisha Miller, was the
settled preacher in this community, and he became an hab-
itual attendant. Later, in the absence of the preacher, he
would read the sermons wJiich had been selected by the
deacons, though he had not yet renounced his deistical
sentiments. He soon came under conviction, and began
to weigh the thoughts of death and eternity, and to mourn
for his sins, but without hope.
After continuing in this condition of mind for some
months, suddenly, he says, "The character of a Saviour
was vividly impressed upon my mind. It seemed that
there might be a Being so good and compassionate as to
atone for our transgressions and thereby save us from
suffering the penalty of sin. I immediately felt how lovely
such a Being must be, and imagined that I could cast my-
self into the arms of, and trust the mercy of such an One.
But the question arose, 'How can it be proved that such a
Being does exist?'
"Aside from the Bible, I found that I could get no evi-
dence of the existence of such a Saviour, or even of a future
state. I felt that to believe in such a Saviour* without
evidence, would be visionary in the extreme. I saw that
the Bible did bring to view just such a Saviour as I needed,

and I was perplexed to find how an uninspired book could
develop principles so perfectly adapted to the wants of a
fallen world. I was constrained to admit that the Scrip-
tures must be a revelation from God. They became my

delight: and in Jesus I found a Friend. The Saviour
became to me the chiefest among ten thousand, and the
Scriptures, which before were dark and contradictory, now

became a lamp to my feet and a light to my path. The
Bible now became my chief study, and I can truly say, I
searched it with great delight. I Wondered why I had not
seen its beauty and glory before, and marvelled that I
should ever have rejected it. I found everything revealed
that my heart could desire, and a remedy foir every disease
of the soul. I lost all taste for other reading, and applied
my heart to get wisdom from God."'

He at once set up the family altar, united with the church,
became an exemplary Christian and was a help to both
pastor and people.
SOLVING DOUBTS AND DIFFICULTIES

His skeptical friends deeply felt his loss from their ranks,
and some of the them sought to overthrow
most talented of
his new faith by the very arguments he had formerly used
against the Bible, and sometimes he was puzzled by their
attacks, especially when taunted about the contradictions
and mysticisms, which he had claimed characterized the'
Bible. At length he said, "Give me time and I will har-
monize all these apparent contradictions to my own satis-
faction, or I be a deist still."
will
He then devoted himself to the very careful and prayer-
ful searching of the Word, and being convinced that he
must allow the Bible to be its own interpreter, he laid
aside Commentaries, and used the marginal references and
his Concordance as his only frusted helps. For him the
Bible mu,st correct and thus its own
all interpretations,
pure light would from

shine out, freethe mists of tradi-
tional belief; He sought to free himself from all prejudice
and prepossessions of mind, and to study the Scriptures

in a regular and methodical manner, going on verse by verse
^Brief History, pSige 12.
from the first of Genesis, and proceeding no faster than the
meaning of each section seemed to be so unfolded as to
harmonize with all relative Scripture, to be free from mysti-
cism and contradiction and to yield an assuring sense of
correct understanding.
In this study, he says: "I have found the following rules
to be of great service to myself, and now give them to the
public by special request. Every rule should be well
studied, in connection with the 'Scripture references, if the
Bible student would be at all benefited by them." We
cite them here as an important matter of record, that they
may give light to others who may wish to study them and
to show the thoroughness, sobriety, and comprehensiveness
with which he studied the Scriptures.
RULES OF INTERPRETATION
1. Every word must haveits proper bearing on the
subject presented in the Bible. Proof: Matt. 5: 18.
2. All Scripture is necessary, and may be understood
by a diligent application and study. Proofs: 2 Tim. 3:
15-17.
;
3. Nothing revealed in the Scripture can or will be hid

from those who ask in faith, not wavering. Proofs: Deut.
29: 29; Matt. 10: 26, 27; 1 Cor. 2: 10; Phil. 3: 15; Isa. 45:
11; Matt. 21: 22; John 14: 13, 14; 15: 7; James 1: 5, 6; 1
John 5: 13-15.
4. To understand doctrine, bring all the Scriptures
together on the subject you wish to know; then let every
word have its proper influence, and if you can forpi your
theory without a contradiction, you cannot be in error.
Proofs: Isa. 28: 7-29; 35: 8; Prov. 19: 27; Luke 24: 27,
44, 45; Rom. 16: 26; James 5: 19; 2 Peter 1: 19, 20.
5. Scripture myst be its own expositor, since it is a rule
of itself. If I depend on a teacher to expound it to me, and
he should guess at its meaning, or desire to have it so on
account of his sectarian creed, or to be thought wise, then
his guessing, desire, creed or wisdom is my rule, not the
. ;

Bible. Proofs Psa. 19 7-1 1 1 19 97-105 Matt. 23 8-10
: : ; : ; :
1 Cor. 2: 12-16; Ezek. 34: 18, 19;Lukell: 52; Matt.2: 7,8.

6. God has revealed things to come, by visions, in
figures and parables, and in this way the same things are
of ten time revealed again and again, by different visions,
or in different figures and parables. If you wish to under-
stand them, you must combine them all in one. Proofs
Psa. 89:19;Hoseal2:10; Hab. 2: 2; Acts 2: 17; 1 Cor. 10
6; Heb. 9: 9, 24; Psa. 78: 2; Ma:tt. 13: 13, 34; Gen. 41: 1-32
Dan. 2: 7, 8; Acts 10: 9-16.
7. Visions are always mentioned as such. Proof: 2
Cor. 12: 1.
8. Figures always have a figurative meaning, and are
used much in prophecy, to represent future things, times and
events; such as mountains, meaning governments; beasts,
meaning kingdoms. Proof: Dan. 2: 35, 44; 7:, 8, 17.
Lamp, meaning Word of God. Proof: Psa. 119: 105.
Waters, meaning people. PrOof: Rev. 17: 1, 15. Day,
meaning. year. Proof: Ezek. 4: 5, 6.
9. Parables are used as comparisons to illustrate sub-
jects, and must be explained in, the same way as figures by
the subject and Bible. Mark 4: 13.
10. Figures sometimes have two or more different sig-
nifications as day is used in a figurative sense to represent
;
three different periods of time. 1. Indefinite. Proof:

Eccl. 7: 14. 2. Definite, a day for a year. Proof: Ezek.
4: 6. 3. A
day for a thousand years. Proof: 2 Peter 3:
8. If you put on the right construction it will harmonize
with the Bible and make good sense, otherwise, it will not.
11 How to know when a word 'is used figuratively. If
itmakes good sense as. it stands, and does no violence to
the simple laws of nature, then it must be understood liter-
ally, if not, figuratively. Proof: Rev. 12: 1, 2; 17: 3-7.
12. To learn the true meaning of figures, trace your
figurative word through your Bible, and where you find it
explained, put it on your figure, and if it makes good sense,
you need look no further; if not, look again.
13. To know whether we have a true historical event for
the fulfillment of a prophecy. If you find every word of
the prophecy after the figures are understood, is literally
; '

fulfilled, may know that your history is the true
then you
event. one word lacks a fulfillment, then you must
But if
look for another event or wait its future development.
For God takes care that history and prophecy doth agree,
so that the true believing children of God may never be
ashamed. Proofs: Psa. 22: 5; Isa. 45: 17-19; 1 Peter 2:
6; Rev. 17: 17; Acts 3: 18.
14. The most important rule of all is, that you must have
faith. It must be faith that requires a sacrifice, and, if
tried, would give up the dearest object on earth, the world
—
and its desires, character, living, occupation, friends,
home, comforts and worldly honors. If any of these .
should hinder our believing any part of God's Word, it

would show our faith to be vain.*
LIKE A NEW BOOK—CLEAR LIGHT
His first period of general Bible study pursued in harmony

with these principles, occupied about two years, and of its
' happy results, he ^speaks in part thus: "The Bible was now
to me a new book. It, was indeed a feast of reason; all
that was dark, mystical or obscure to me in its teachings
had been dissipated from my mind before the clear light
that now dawned from its pages; and oh, how bright and
glorious the truth appeared! All the contradictions and
inconsistencies Ihad before found in the Word were gone
and although there were many portions of which I was
not satisfied I had full understanding, yet so much light
had emanated from it to the illumination of my before
darkened mind, that I felt a delight in studying the Scrip-
tures which I had not beforeûpposed could be derived from
its teaching."*
much light on the prophecies, and feeling
After gaining
assured that the end of the world was drawing near, he was
convicted that the light which he had received placed him
^Brief History, pages 78r81.

^History of Advent Message, page 51.
LIFE AND WORK OF WM. MILLER '
41
under obligations to his fellowmen and that he must give

them the message of warning. While resisting this con-
viction, so far as pubUc labors were concerned, he spent
some five years in further careful study of the Scriptures,
—^more especially weighing the objections which occurred
to him that might be raised from the Bible or other sources,
against the views he felt compelled to accept. From this
, further study, he became more settled and confirmed in the
conclusions reached, and still more impressed with his duty
to bear witness to the same. He then began to speak more
freely to neighbors, ministers, and friends, and was much
concerned for the salvation of relatives and friends, but
resisted the thought of public labors, doing all he could to
avoid the .conviction that anything further was required
of him.
Thus he struggled on for eight or nine years more, mean-
while continuing the diligent study of the Bible, and it is
impressive to note the conclusion he reached regarding the
unity of the Bible, and its simplicity, as opposed to his
fomier theory of contradictions and mysticisms. He says
in his introduction to his lectures :' "There was never a book
written that has a better connection and harmony than the
Bible, and yet it has the appearance of a great storehouse
full of all the precious commodities heart could desire
thrown promiscuously; therefore, the Biblical student
in
must select and bring together every part of the subject
he wishes to investigate, from every part of the Bible;
then every word have its own Scripture meaning, every
let
sentence its proper bearing; and have no contradiction,
and your theory will and must of necessity be correct."

Later he said; "I found by comparison of Scripture with
history, that all the prophecies, as far as they had been
'Edition 1840, page 4.

'

fulfilled,had been fulfilled literally; that all the various
figures,metaphors, parables, similitudes, etc., of the Bible,
were either explained in their immediate connection, or
the terms in which they were expressed were defined in
other portions of the Word, and when thus explained, are
to be literally understood in accordance with such explana-
tion. I was thus satisfied that the Bible is a system of
revealed truths, so clearly and simply given, that the way-

faring man need not err therein. "^
BEGINNING PUBLIC WORK

At length, the conviction that he must go and tell the
world the faith which he had accepted, became so pungent
and agonizing, and the voice of God called him- so plainly,
—
that he was led to* consent in a covenant of prayer to go,—
if the way was plainly opened for him. In less than an
hour after this, a messenger arrived from Dresden, a town
sixteen miles distant, asking him to come and talk to the
people on the subject of the Lord's coming. He was angry
with himself for making the agreement, and tried to resist,
until he was so convicted of the sinfulness of his rebellion
that he surrendered again to God, and accepted the re-
quest. At the close of the Sabbath services, he was invited
to remain and lecture through the week. He did so, and
large numbers came to hear, and a very gracious revival
ensued.
Thus began his public labors in the year 1831 or '32.
Invitations immediately followed to speak in other towns,
which were accepted and similar results followed. In
almost every place where he labored, backsliders were re-
claimed and sinners were converted. He was usually in-
vited by the ministers of the various congregations whom
\
'Advent Tracts, Vol. 2, page 6.

he visited, and he never lectured in any place to which

he was not previously invited. Most pressing invitations
from the ministers and the leading churches poured in
continually from that tirrte, and during the whole period
of his pubUc labors, more than one-half of which he was
unable to accept. Churches were thrown open everjnvhere,
especially among the Baptists, Congregationalists and
Methodists. He lectured to crowded houses through
the western part of Vermont, northern part of New York,
and in Canada East, and extensive reforms resulted from
his labors.
Being urged to publish his views, he wrote a series of
sixteen articles which appeared in the pajier called the
Vermont Telegraph, in 1832. In February, 1833, he wrote,
in a letter to Eld^r Hendryx, a Baptist minister: "The Lord
is scattering the seed. I can now reckon eight ministers
who preach this doctrine, more or less, besides yourself;"
and appears that the first of the number to adopt the
it
faith was Elder Fuller of Poultney, Vt. .About this time,

Mr. Miller's views were published in a pamphlet of sixty-
four pages and this was widely circulated.
A LICENSE TO PREACH
This same year he was given a license to preach, as

follows:
"Let brotherly love continue: the Baptist Church of

Christ, in Hampton and Whitehall, do certify that Bro.
William Miller is a member in regular standing in this
church. Bro. Miller has been improving his gifts with us
,
in expounding the words of Divine Truth, in pubUc for

some time past, to the approbation and edification of the
church. We
are satisfied that Bro. Miller has a gift to
improve in public and are willing he should improve the
;
same, wherever his lot may be cast, among the Zion of

God,—that the name of the Lord' may be glorified, and
His followers edified.
"Done in church meeting Saturday, September 14th,
1833, by the order of the church.
"(Signed) Byron S. Harlow,
"Clerk pro tem."^
WIDE-OPEN DOORS
In 1835, Mr. Miller reports that the Lord was opening
doors faster than he could enter them, and names nine-
teen places where he had engagements or calls, and speaks
of others too numerous to mention. Thus he went on from
year to year, traveling far and near with the great message
of the Lord's near coming. In 1839, closing a tour of Mass-
achusetts, he records that between October 1st, 1834 and
—
June 9th, 1839 some days over four years and six months,
—he had delivered eight hundred lectures. He concluded
this Massachusetts tour in Lynn, and the editor of the
Record of that city comments on his
CHARACTER, MANNER AND PREACHING

as follows: "We took a prejudice against this good man
when he first came among us on account of what we sup-
posed a glaring error in interpreting the Scripture prophe-
cies so that theworld would come to an end in 1843. We
are still inclined to believe this an error or miscalcu-
lation. At the same time we have overcome our prejudices
against him by attending his lectures, and learning more
of the excellent character of the man, and of the great good
he has done and is doing. ... No one can hear him five
minutes without being convinced of his sincerity and in-
structed by his reasoning and information. All acknowl-
^ge his lectures to be replete with useful and interesting
^Brief History, page 127.
WILLIAM MILLER
matter. His knowledge of Scripture is very extensive and

minute; that of the prophecies, especially, surprisingly
familiar. His application of the prophecies to the great
events which have taken place in the natural and moral
world is such, generally, as to produce conviction of their
truth, and âin the ready assent of his hearers. We have
reason to believe that the preaching or lecturing of Mr.
Miller has been productive of great and extensive good.
Revivals have followed in his train. He has been heard
with attention wherever he has been. ... There is nothing
very peculiar in the manner or appearance of Mr. Miller.
Both equal to the style and appearance of
are, at least,
ministers in general.His gestures are easy and expressive;
and his personal appearance every way decorous. His
Scripture explanations and illustrations are strikingly
simple, natural and forcible; and the great eagerness of
the people to hear him has been manifested wherever he
has preached."*
MR. miller's public INFLUENCE
Many clergymen and large numbers of the laity, who

had never heard Mr. Miller, were prejudiced against him
and judged unfavorably and unfairly regarding his influ-
ence upon the people. It is recorded that one Boston
minister said to his hearers he considered it as great a
sin for a church member to attend his lectures as to visit
the theater. A clergjonan in Lynn thought the lectures
were more demoralizing than the theater. Some, from
mere rumor concluded the people were frightened, or
fearfully excited by the vivid portrayals of the fiery end of
the world.
But what said the fair-minded who heard him for them-
'Cited in Memoirs, page 137.

selves? Rev. Mr. Springer of the M. E. Church, and editor
of the Maine Wesleyan Journal thus wrote of Mr. Miller
and his lectures in Portland, Me., in 1840: "Mr. Miller
has been in Portland, lecturing to crowded congregations
in the Casco Street Church, on his favorite theme, the end
of the world, or literal reign of Christ for one thousand years.
As faithful chroniclers of passing events, it will be expected
of us that we say something of the man and his peculiar
views.
"Mr. Miller is about sixty years of age a plain farmer from ;
Hampton, in the State of New York. He is a member of

the Baptist Church in that place, from which he brings
satisfactory testimonials of good standing and a license
to improve publicly. He has, we understand,' numerous
testimonials also from clergymen of different denomina-
tions favorable to his general character. ... In his public
discourses he is self-possessed and ready; distinct in his
utterance, and frequently quaint in his expressions. He
succeeds in chaining the attention of his auditory for an
hour and a half to two hours; and in the management of
his subject discovers much tact, holding frequent collo-
quies with the objector and inquirer, supplying the questions
and answers himself in a very natural manner and although ;
grave himself sometimes producing a smile from a portion

,
of his auditors. . . . He doubtless believes, most unwaver-

he teaches to others. His lectures are interspersed,
ingly, all
with powerful admonitions to the wicked, and he handles
Universalism with gloves of steel. Judging from what-
. . .
we see and hear, we should think his lectures are making a

decided impression on many minds, favorable to his
theory."
The following extracts from letters from Elder L. D.
Fleming,.the pastor o^ the Christian Church in Casco St.,
where Mr. Miller delivered his lectures, will show the
legitimate effects of his labors. Immediately after the

lectures were Mr. Fleming wrote: "Things here
closed,
ate moving powerfully. Last evening about two hundred
requested prayers, and the interest seems constantly in-
creasing. The whole city seems agitated. Bro. Miller's
lectures have not the least effect to affright; they are far
from it. The great alarm is among those who did not
come near. Many who stayed away and opposed seemed
excited and perhaps alarmed. But those who candidly
hear are far from excitement and alarm.
"The interest awakened by his lectures is of the most
deliberate and dispassionate kind, and though it is the
greatest revival I ever saw, yet there is the least passionate
excitement. Itseems to take the greatest hold on the
male part of the community. What pro'duces the effect
is this: Bro. Miller simply takes the sword of the Spirit,
unsheathed, and lays its sharp edge on the naked heart,

and it cuts; that is all. Before the edge of this mighty
weapon, infidelity falls, and Universalism withers. False
foundations vanish, and Babel's merchants wonder. It
seems to me that this must be a little the nearest like
apostolic revivals of anything modern times have wit-
,
nessed."
A short time after. Eld. Fleming wrote again, as follows:
"At some of our meetings since Bro. Miller left, as many as
two hundred and fifty, it has been estimated, have expressed
a desire for religion, by coming forward for prayers; and
probably between one and two hundred have professed •
conversion at our meeting; and now the fire is being kindled

through this whol? city, and all the adjacent country. A
number of rumsellers have turned their shops into meeting-
rooms, and those places that were once devoted to intem-
perance and revelry are jiow dievoted to prayer and praise.'
Others have abandoned the traffic entirely, and are con-
:

verted to God. One or two gambling establishments, I
am informed, are entirely broken up/ Infidels, deists,

Universalists, and the most a,bandoned profligates, have
been converted; some who have not been to the house of
worship for years. Prayer-meetings have been established
in every part of the city by different denominations, or by
individuals, and at almost every hour. Being down in
the business part of our city, I was conducted into a room
over one of the banks, where I found about thirty or forty
men, of different denominations, engaged with one accord
in prayer, at about eleven o'clock in the daytime! In
short it would be almost impossible to give an adequate
idea of the interest now felt in this city. There is nothing
like extravagant excitement, but an almost universal
solemnity on the minds of all the people."
The same gracious effects followed Mr. Miller's labors in
Portsmouth, N. H., as in Portland. We -give the testi-
mony of the Unitarian minister of that town. Rev. A. P.
Peabody, relating to the character of the revival. He said
"If I am rightly informed, the present season of re-
Ugious excitement has been to a great degree free from what,
r confess, has always made me dread such times, I mean
those excesses and extravagances, which wound religion
in the house of its friends, and cause its enemies to blas-
pheme. I most cheerfully express my opinion, that there
willbe in the fruits of the present excitement far less to
regret, and much more for the friends of God to rejoice in,
much more to be recorded in the book of eternal life, than
in any similar series of religious exercises, which I have
ever had the opportunity of watching."'^
Mr. Miller was a well-read, highly intellectual and sober-
minded man he did not appeal to the emotions or incite
;
^Miller's Life and Views, Rev. J. V. Himes, 1842, pages 15-19.

fanatical manifestations; he appealed to the reason and

conscience of the people, advised careful research and sober,
deliberate decision and action'. He was careful to conduct
himself in a worthy and dignified manner, and often ad-
vised others that such was the only course consistent with
wisdom and worthy of the cause.
In his study, he had become deeply impressed with the
prophetic portions of Scripture, especially with the later
fulfillments of prophecy, the signs of the times, and the
doctrine of the near coming of Christ. And these great
truths were the motive power of his untiring labors. His
preaching was full of practical appeals and exhortations,
but the underlying and the quenchless inspiration of it all
was the solemn conviction that the prophetic periods were
approaching their close, and that the day of Jehovah was
impending.
OPPOSED AND PERSECUTED
From those in the church who knew little of their Bibles,
and had no faith in the personal coming of Christ, and from,
unbelievers and scoffers in the world, he met with a great
deal of opposition and ridicule. He was called by such
opponents many disagreeable names, and his intelligence,
character, and sincerity were sometimes called in question
by the victims of prejudice, as well as by the vulgar, and
the wicked. The public press often misrepresented and
ridiculed his teaching, and sometimes the religious papers
were given to the same unwise course; while some opposed
his teaching in a sober and respectable manner. In the
early issues of the Signs of the Times, a column was opened
under the title of the "Scoffers' Refuge," in which various
statements of the opposers, and erroneous statements from
the public press were-printed, and occasionally replies were
made to the false charges. On the other hand, Mr. Miller
was -sometimes
DEFENDED AND COMMENDED
by notable men and by editors in their papers.
When he was concluding a series of lectures which had
been held in the Presbyterian Church at Sandy Hill, N. Y.,
a conference of believers was held in the church for several
days and the closing service was held in the Court House.
On that occasion about one hundred persons arose for
prayers, and a revival coinmenced, which continued for
weeks. On the evening named, the impression of the hear-
ers was greatly increased by the testimony of a prominent
lawyer of that county who arose and remarked: "that he
had attended these lectures and had done it with a mind
strongly predisposed to reject the doctrine, and exceed-
ingly skeptical. He had attended with a determination,
if possible, to overthrow the theory, and to exult with a
feeling of triumph if he succeeded. He had watched every

word and sentence, and made an effort at every point where
he thought there was a possibility of making a breach, but
had been unable to do it. And now, after making himself
acquainted with history, sacred and profane, with prophe-
cies and prophetic periods, so far as his circumstances would
permit, he would frankly confess that he had never found
any theory that would compare with this for strength of
evidence. . . The effect of his statement is said to
."^
have been such as could be better imagined than described,

the audience being greatly moved by what he said.
As a further illustration of this, we cite a portion of an
article from the Sandy Hill Herald, of Feburary 7th, 1843,
a paper which was published in Mr. Miller's own county,
in which the editor says, "While we are not prepared to
subscribe to the doctrine promulgated by this gentleman,
we have been surprised at the means made use of by its
^Memoirs, page 159.
opponents to put it down. Certainly all who have ever

heard him lecture, or have read his works, must acknowl-
edge that he is a sound reasoner, and as such, is entitled
to fair arguments from those who differ with him . . .
Mr. Miller is now, and has been for many years, a resident
of this county, and as a citizen, a man, and a Christian,
stands high in the estimation of all who know him; and we
have been pained to hear a gray-headed old man denounced
as a 'speculating knave.' We are not prepared to say
. . .
how far the old man may be from correct, but one thing,
we doubt not that he is sincere; and we do hope that some one
of his many opponents will take the pains to investigate the
subject, and if it be in their power, drive the old man from
his position. . Mr. Miller certainly goes to the fountain
. .
of knowledge, revelation and history, for proof, and should

not be answered with low, vulgar, and blasphemous witti-
cisms. "^ Other papers also reproved his defamers and
vouched for his honor and sincerity in the Scime spirit of
manly fairness.
It is surely interesting to note, and an important part of
this history to record, the faith of this able-minded man,
after such diligent and protracted study of the Bible.
We here give a
SYNOPSIS OF HIS VIEWS
as written by himself, at the request of friends, and pub-
lished in 1842.
"I believeall men, coming to years of discretion, do and
willdisobey God, and this is, in some measure, owing to

corrupted nature by the sin of our parent. I believe God
will not condemn uS for any pollution in our father, but the.
soul that sinheth shall die. which we may
All pollution of
be partakers from the sins of our ancestors, in which we could
^Memoirs, pages 181, 182.

have no agency, can and will be washed away in the blood
and sacrifice of Jesus Christ, without our agency. But
all sins committed by us as rational, intelligent agents,
can only be cleansed by the blood of Jesus Christ, through

our repentance and faith. I believe in the salvation of all
men who receive the grace of God by repentance and faith
in the mediation of Jesus Christ. I believe in the condem-
nation of all men who reject the Gospel and mediation of

Christ, and thereby lose the efficacy of the blood and
righteousness of our Redeemer, as proffered to us in the
'
Gospel.
"I believe in practical godliness as commanded us in the
Scriptures (which are our only rule of faith and practice),
and that they only will be entitled to heaven and future
blessedness, who obey and keep the commandments of
God as given us in the Bible, which is the Word of God.
"I believe in God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ,
who is a Spirit, omnipresent, omniscient, having all power.
—
Creator, Preserver, &nd self-existent as being holy, just
and beneficent. I believe in Jesus Christ, the Son of God,
having a body in fashion and form like man, divine in His
nature, human in His person, godlike in His character and
power. He is a Saviour for sinners, a Priest to God, a
Mediator between God and man, and King in Zion. He
will be all to His people, God Nvith us forever. The Spirit
of the Most High Him, the power of the Most High is
is in
given Him, the people of the Most High, are purchased by

Him, the glory of the Most High shall be with Him, and
the kingdom of the Most High is His on earth.
"I believe the Bible is the revealed will of God to man,
and all therein is necessary to be understood by Christians
in the several ages arid circumstances to which they may
refer; for instance, what may be understood' to-day might
not have been necessary to have been understood one
LIFE AND WORK OF WM, MILLER 53
thousand years ago. For its object' is to reveal things new

and old, that the man of God may be thoroughly furnished
for, and perfected every good word and work, for the
in,
age in which he I believe it is revealed in the best
lives.
possiljle manner for all people in every age and under every
circumstance to understand, and that it is to be under-
stood as literal as it can be and make good sense; and
that in every case where the language is figurative, we must
let the Bible explain its own figures. We are in no case
allowed to speculate on the Scriptures, and suppose things
which are not clearly expressed, nor reject things which are
plainly taught. I believe all of the prophecies are revealed
to try our faith, and to give us hope, without which we could
have no reasonable hope.
"I believe that the Scriptures do reveal unto us, in plain
language, that Jesus Christ will appear again on this earth,
that he will come in the glory of God, in the clouds of
heaven, with all His saints and angels; that He will raise
the dead bodies of all His saints who have slept, change the
bodies of all that are alive on the earth that are His, and
both these living and raised saints will be caught up to
meet the Lord in the air. There the saints will be judged
and presented to the Father, without spot or wrinkle.
Then the Gospel kingdom will be given up to' God the
Father. Then will the Father give the bride to the Son
Jesus Christ; and when the marriage takes place, the
church will become the 'New Jerusalem,' the 'beloved
city.' And while this is being done in the air,, the earth
.will be cleansed by fire, the elements will melt with fervent
heat, the works of men will be destroyed, the bodies of the

wicked will be burned to ashes, the devil and all evil spirits,
with the souls and spirits of those who have rejected the
Gospel, will be banished from the earth, shut up in the
pit or place prepared for the devil and his angels, and will
not be permitted to vid.t the earth again until one thousand
years. This is the first resurrection and first judgment.
Then Christ and His people will come down from the
heavens, or middle air, and live with His saints on the new
earth in a new heaven, or dispensation, forever, even for-
eVer and ever. This will .be the .restitution of the right
owners to the earth.
"Then will. the promise of God, to His Son, be accom-
plished: 'I wiU give Him the heathen for His inheritance,
and the utmost parts of the earth for His possession.'
Then 'the whole earth shall be full of His glory.' And
then, will the holy people take possession of their joint
heirship with Christ, and His promise be verified, 'the
meek and the kingdom of God will
shall inherit the earth,'
have come, and 'His will be done on earth as in heaven.'
After one thousand years shall have passed away, the saints
will all be gathered and encamped in the beloved city. The
sea, death and hell will give up their dead, which will rise up
on the breadths of the earth, out of the city, a great com-
pany like the sand of the seashore. The devil will be let
loose, to go out and deceive this wicked host. He will
tell them of a battle around the saints, the beloved city;
he will gather them in the battle around the camp of the

saints. But there is no battle; the devil has deceived them.
The saints will judge them, the justice of God will drive
them from the earth into the lake of and brimstone,
fire
where they will be tormented day and night, forever and
ever. 'This is the second death.' After the secorid resur-
rection, second judgment, the righteous will then posses?
the earth forever.
"I understand that the judgment day will be a thousand
The righteous are raised and judged
years long. in the
commencement of that day, the wicked in the end of that
day. I believe that the saints will be raised and judged
. — ;
about the year 1843: according to Moses' prophecy, Lev.

26, Ezek. 39, Dan. 2, 7, 8-12, Hos. 5:1-3; Revelation the
whole book; and many other prophets have spoken of these
things. Time will soon tell if I am right, and soon he that
is righteous will be righteous still, and he that is filthy
will be filthy still. I do most solemnly entreat mankind
to make their peace with God, to be ready for these things.

'The end of all things is at hand.' I do ask my brethren
in the Gospel ministry to consider well what they say
before they oppose these things. Say not in your hearts,
'My Lord delayeth His coming.' Let all do as they would
wish they had if it does come, and none will say, they have
not done right if it does not come. I believe it will come;
but if it should not come, then I will wait and look until
it does come. Yet I must pray, 'Come, Lord Jesus, come
quickly.'
"This is my views. I give it as a matter
a synopsis of
of faith. I know
no Scripture to contradict any view
of
given in the above sketch. Men's theories may oppose.
The ancients believed in a temporal and personal reign of
Christ on earth. The moderns believe in a temporal,
spiritual reign as a millennium. Both views are wrong
both are too gross and carnal. I believe in a glorious,
immortal and personal reign of Jesus Christ with all His
people on the purified earth forevfer. I believe the millen-
nium is between the two resurrections and two judgments
the righteous and the wicked, the just and the unjust. I
hope the dear friends of Christ will lay .by all prejudice,
and look at and examine these three views by the only
rule and standard, the Bible."'
In 1843, Dr. Abel Stevens, editor of Zion's Herald,
made an attack on Mr. Miller's teaching and influence.
^Miller's Life and Views, page 32f

—

•
charging that it had become a cause of religious indiffer-

ence, and also referring to it as one of those recent novelties
which become an obstacle to the success of the church.
To ,this article, Elder ApoUos Hale, himself an acceptable
and efficient minister of the M. E. Church, wrote a candid
and able reply, asserting his loyalty tO' the church of
his choice, and defending Mr. Miller and his teaching
from the accusations made; against him. This reply was
later published in the Signs of the Times, occupying some
thirteen columns. Aside from the able argument set forth,
he claimed that the religious indifference complained of,
was caused by the hostility of the churches to the doctrine
of Christ's coming, and their consequent loss of its quick-
ening and sanctifying influence.
This year Mr. Miller suffered a serious and protracted .
sickness which, with its weakening results, interrupted his

labors from the middle of March until September, when he
resumed his lecture tours, but found it needful to rest
between them for some weeks at home. In November he
lectured extensively in Western New York, and later in
Boston, New York City, Philadelphia (February, 1844),
and Washington, D. C, accompanied by Elders Himes and
Litch. Returning he lecjtured in Baltimore, and again
in Philadelphia.
HIS ATTITUDE AND SPIRIT UNDER DISAPPOINTMENT

In 1844, after the time in which he had so much expected
to see the Lord,, had passed, he wrote to Elder Himes in
this manner:
"I am still looking for the dear Saviour, the Son of God,
from heaven; and for the fulfillment of the promise made to
our fathers, and confirmed to' t'hem that heard Him,
that He would come again, and would receive us unto Him-
self; gathering together in one body all the family of the
firstborn in heaven and earth, even in Him. . . . Whether

God designs for me to warn the people of this earth any
more, or not, I am at a loss to know. ... I mean to be
governfed by the providence of Him who will never err, in
whom I think I have trusted, and have been supported by,
during my twelve years of arduous labors, in endeavoring
to awaken the churches of God and the Christian com-
munity, and to warn my fellowmen of the necessity of an
immediate preparation to meet our Judge, in the day of
His appearing. ...
"My faith and confidence in God's Word are as strong
as ever, although Christ has not come in the time I ex-
pected. ... -
"Were I to live my life over again, ivith the same evi-

dence that I then had, to be honest with God and man I
should have to do as I have done. Although opposers said
it would not come, they produced no weighty arguments.
It was evidently guess work with them; and I then thought,
and do now, that their denial was based more on an un-
willingness for the Lord to come than on any arguments
leading to such a conclusion.
"I confess my error and acknowledge my disappointment;
yet I still believe that the day of the Lord is near, even at
the door; and I exhort my brethren to be watchful, and not
let that day come upon you unawares. The wicked, the
proud, and the bigot, will exult over us. I will try to be
patient. . Do not, I pray you, neglect the Scriptures.
. .
They are able to make you wise unto eternal life. Let us
be careful not to be drawn away from the manner and-
object of Christ's coming; for the next attack of the ad-
versary will be to induce unbelief respecting these."^
How true this latter word of his has proven. But the
spirit of the true soldier was in him and he could not be
idle. In the summer of 1844, he (with his son George and
Elder Himes) went on a lecture tour into Western New
York, and Canada, and to several places in Ohio, later re-
turning home through Pennsylvania and New York
^Memeirs, pages 254, 256.
City. He was much exhausted by this long trip, and his
bodily infirmities were so great that he feared he would not
be able to continue his public labors as heretofore. ,
When the season during which he had expected the Lord

to come had further passed, and feeling yet more his ob-
ligation tp the public as a religious teacher and leader, he
prepared a review of his faith and labors, bearing date of
August 1, 1845, which was issued under the title of:
"WILLIAM miller's APOLOGY AND DEFENSE"
It is addressed: "To all who Love the Lord Jesus Christ

in Sincerity." The first paragraph is as follows: "As all
men are responsible to the community for the sentiments
they promulgate, the public has a right to expect from me
a candid statement in reference to my disappointmetjt in
not realizing the Advent of Christ in A.D. 1843-4, which.
I had confidently believed. I have, therefore, considered
it not presumptuous'in me to lay before the Christian public
a retrospective view of the whole question, the motives that

actuated me, and the reasons by which I was guided."
He then gives a brief account of his early deistical opin-
ions, his first religious impressions, hisconnection with the
army, his acceptance of the Christ as his Saviour and Friend,
his determination to study the Scriptures, his method of
doing so and the results thereof. He states how he became
interested in prophecy and in the chronology of Scripture,
and says: "I therefore felt, that, in endeavoring to compre-
hend what God had in His mercy seen fit to reveal to us,
I had no right to pass over the prophetic periods." He
explains the coijclusions to which he was led regarding the
termination of the prophetic periods, and the joy of his
heart when he was convinced that the Saviour's coming
was, indeed, near.
When he began the study of Scripture he had no expec-
tation of finding the time of the Lord's coming, and could

for some time hardly believe the evidence that seemed to
lead him to that conclusion. He speaks of the many years
that he resisted the sense of duty to tell the world the faith
which he had received, revievvs his early efforts, the results
of his larger labors, and the various publications of his
views; points out the errors of some of his co-laborers;
emphasizes the fact that he was never so definite on the
time question as some were, always using the words, "about
—
the year 1843," or stating, "If there were no mistakes in
my calculation," and he frankly acknowledged his dis-
appointment that the Lord did not come at the time he
expected, but maintained that this did not seriously affect
the general argument and faith. He conceded that there
were later dates at which the prophetic periods might
terminate, but still believed that they had come "into the
neighborhood of the event."
In speaking of "Erroneous Views Connected with the
Doctrine," he said:
"I have no confidence in any of the new theories that

have grown out of that movement, viz., that Christ then
Came as the Bridegroom, that the door of mercy was closed,
that there is no salvation for sinners, that the seventh
trumpet then sounded, or that it was a fulfillment of proph-
ecy in any sense. The spirit of fanatifcisnl which has re-
sulted from it, in some places, leading to extravagance and
excess, I regard as of the same nature as those which
retarded the reformation in, Germany and the same as
;
have been connected with every religious movenient since

the first advent. The truth is not responsible for such
devices of Satan to destroy it. I have never taught a
rieglect of any of the duties of life, which make us good
parents, children, neighbors, or citizens. I have ever
inculcated a faithful performance of all those duties, en-
joining gobd works with faith and repentance. Those
who have taught the neglect of these, instead of acting with
me or being my followers, as they are 'called, have departed
from my
counsels, and acted in opposition to my
uniform
teachings."^
He closes the Apology and Defense, with mOst excellent

exhortations to both opponents and friends. The spirit
of the man is indicated in these words addressed to Chris-
tians: my brethren, who are called by the name of
"You,
Christ, willyou not examine the Scriptures respecting the
nearness of the advent? The great and good of all ages
have had their minds directed to about this period of time;
and a multitude are impressed with the solemn conviction
that these are emphatically the last days. Is not a ques-
tion of such moment worthy of your consideration? I do
not ask you to emibrace an opinion of mine but I ask you ;
to weigh well the evidence contained in the Bible. If I

am in any error, I desire to see it; arid I should certainly
renounce it; but do look at the question, and. in view of
the teaching of the inspired Word, decide for eternity."
HIS DELIBERATION AND CANDOR
That Mr. Miller was no hair-brained, hasty fanatic, is

shown by the careful study and great deliberation
clearly
with which he began his work. For five years, after
reaching his early 'conclusion regarding the near coining
of Christ, he reviewed his studies and canvassed all objec-
tions that came to his notice, and he states that more
objections came to his mind during, that time than were
afterwards advanced by his opponents, and they presented
none which had not previously occurred to his mind; but
none of them, seemed to him conclusive after examination.'
For some eight or nine years after this he resisted a strong
'Advent Tracts, Vol. II, pages 2-36.

sense of duty to publicly proclaim the message to the

world, all the while continuing his Bible study.
^
The Apology and Defense is an able treatise, showing his

entire sincerity, his absolutely unselfish devotion; it is.
concise and cogent; shows breadth of mind and a humble

it
and gracious spirit; it deals in sober and weighty reasons

for the course he had taken, and its exhorations and coun-
sels are those of candor and wisdom. In every paragraph
it indicates the measure of a manly man, an instructed and
worthy servant of Jehovah ajid a true friend of all mankind.
To the end of his life he pursued a frank, nranly, straight-
forward course and was always opposed to fanatical acts
and notions. It is not strange that a man of such mind,
character, conviction and sincerity should have a notable
public influence. If those who have mocked and scoffed
at William Miller, of earlier or later dates, had been char-

by equal candor, careful research, sobriety of
acterized
mind and depth of conviction, the bitter, foolish and evil
things they have said would never have entered their minds,
'
much have been suffered to pass from lip or pen.

less
In the of 1845 he lectured some in Vermont and
fall
Connecticut. In the spring and early summer of 1846,

in spite of his infirmities, which made it necessary for him
to have one or more of his brethren attend him on his
journeys, he visited several places in New York State,
attended Conference in New York City, taking part in
the debates and preaching of the Conference. After this
he went to Philadelphia, and from thence to Providence
and North Scituate, R. I., and North Attleboro, Mass., in
which places altogether he gave ten discourses. He went
to Boston; the Annual Conference in New York having
been adjourned to meet in this city, and he took part in
the discussions of the same; soon after which he returned
• home, very weary but in good cheer.
Now feeling that his work was well-nigh done, he gave
out through the Advent Herald in September, 1846, an
ADDRESS TO THE PUBLIC
which also showed much candor of spirit and clearness of

mind, and a steadfast faith, a faith which was not dependent
on the time question.
We quote a few lines: "I readily confess I was misled in
my calculations; not by the Word of God, nor by the es-
tablished principles of interpretation I adopted, but by
the authorities which I followed in history and chronology,
and which have been generally considered worthy of the
fullest confidence. . . . The testimony of historians, as to
the dates of events, cannot affect the testimony of the
Word of God, that, at certain periods from these events.
His promises shall be fulfilled. They may fail, but His
Word cannot fail."^
DECLINE AND DEATH
After this his labors were few, though he made one tour
into Northern Vermont, and Canada, and attended the
Conference in Boston in May, 1847, where he preached
several times and took part in the discussions—but this
was his last visit to Massachusetts. In 1848 he became
blind, but continued to desire and enjoy communications
from his friends, though unable to reply. He dictated
some letters, which told of his abiding faith, his great love
for the brethren and the cause, and of blessed communion
with God.
In 1849 his health greatly declined, yet his mind was
clear, he richly enjoyed the songs of Zion, and experienced
the very triumphs of faith at the last, on December 20th,
;
in the afternoon, he fell asleep in Jesus, very peacefully,
'Memoirs, page 350.

:
surrounded by his wife, children (six sons and two daugh-

ters) and friends, Elder Himes also being present. He
had fought a good fight, finished the course and kept the
faiths With his mistakes humbly confessed, his message
faithfully given, he awaits the resurrection morning, the
Master's "Well done," and a crown of many stars.
Mr. Miller had requested that his funeral services be
held in the Advent Chapel, near by his home, but such
a large number of his fellow-citizens desired to attend
that it was found necessary to make other arrangements.
A preliminary service was held at his house, the burial
followed in the near-by cemetery, and from thence they
went to Fair Haven, where the general public service was
held in the' large and commodious Congregational Church,
the use of which had been kindly oifered by the pastor,
Rev. Mr. Shaw. This church was densely crowded, and
a long and attentive service was conducted by Rev. J. V.
Himes of Boston, assisted by the pastor. This shows the
respect in which he was held by those who knew him well.
TRIBUTE OF THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE
As a further token of appreciation and love, we cite the

following communication, which was drafted by a com-
mittee appointed for the purpose, and was passed by a
unanimous vote of the Annual Conference, held in New
York City, in May, 1850, and was addressed to Mrs.
Miller and her children <
"Since our last meeting, you have been called to mourn

the death of a beloved husband, a tender parent, and an
aflfectionate friend. In your bereavement we truly sym-
pathize. In your loss we also have lost a friend and
brother. But we mourn our loss in view of higher con-
siderations; We regard him as a man called of God to a
most important work; and as a man greatly blessed in the
successful performance of that work. The unsullied in-
tegrity of his life was crowned by a peaceful and hopeful
death. The deep sense of gratitude we feel to God for the
benefits conferred on us, through his instrumentality^ we
trust will find a response in many Christian hearts. Through
the divine blessing on his teaching, our attention has been
directed to a more faithful study of the Scriptures, to clearer,
more harmonious and correct views of divine truth. We
have thus been led to rejoice in hope of the glory to be re-
vealed at the appearing of Christ. . . . May
we remember
that our obligations are increased by the truth which he
taught. May we be prepared for a reunion with him and
all tiie redeemed in that day. Our sincere and united prayer
is, that the grace which sustained him under his severe
trials, and in the closing scene, may support you in your
bereavement, and in all the afflictions of the present statej
and secure to you the enjoyment of the glorious future.
Tendering, to your acceptance this expression of our sym-
pathy and condolence, we remain your affectionate brethren
in th% faith once delivered to the saints.
"(Signed) N. N. Whitinq, President.
"O. R. Fassett, S. Bliss, Secretaries."
APPRECIATION OF A CONTEMPORARY
"Thousands there are who can say, in truth, that after

years of study of the most learned commentators, from a .'
perusal of Mr. Miller's course of lectures on the Second

Coming of Christ, they have obtained a clearer view of
the Gospel plan, and have discovered more beauty and
harmony in ±he Bible, than from all the books they ever
read beside. ê was a man of powerful native intel-
. . .
lect; capable of achieving the greatest objects; —

of the most
undoubted probity in his moral and Christian character,
so that among all the foolish and wicked things said, both
by and profane, yet not one spot has been found

professor
on his reputation, by which the cause of God could be re-
proached. . .The writer cannot do justice to his own
.
—
sentiments and feelings on this subject without saying, that

for the last six years it has been his' highest earthly pleasure
to suffer reproach, with such a man in such a cause."
Josiah Litch.
TESTIMONY OF A NOTED ADVENTUAL WRITER

"William Miller lived and studied and spoke and "wrote.
All honor to the man. He was as good a prophetic expositor
as any before him, as good as any who spoke at New York,
1878. He was never tainted with fanaticism. He pos-
sessed the grace of candor, fairness, and honesty, He Ijiad
:
a mission to perform. Nobly and faithfully he perfornied

it and fell asleep. His work may be ignored, his ability
underrated, and his honesty impeached by those who to-
day owe the light and success that crowns them to the
earnest agitation he wrought in all our churches. But
those who knew him best loved and prized him most.
Though sneered at by some so-called prophetic students
who only enter in to reap where he sowed, he waits his
reward at the 'last advent long desired.'
"Rev. D. T. Taylor, 1878."
CHAPTER III
NOTABLE LEADERS AND CHIEF EARLY FEATURES

OF THE MOVEMENT
MANY
Mr.
ministers of various
Miller to give his lectures in
denominations invited
their churches,
and an increasing number of pastors accepted the main
points of his teaching, some of whom became effective
leaders in the work. Of these distinguished workers, we
would first speak of
'
ELDER JOSIAH LITCH
who was a member of the New England M. E. Conference.

A copy of Mr. Miller's lectures having come to his hand,
early in 1838, he examined it, expecting to be able to
refute its teachings in a few minutes. As he read, the
argument appeared weighty. Prejudice gave way, he was
led to a devout study of the whole question, and finally to
an acceptance of the faith, feeling compelled to this as an
honest believer of the Bible. He was then convicted of
the duty to proclaim the truth, which he had accepted,
to humbly reconsecrate himself to God, and in contrition
of soul, he resolved, atany cost, to advocate the truth and
willingly bear reproach for Christ.
Elder Litch was highly esteemed by his associates. He
was of studious habits, was considered a man o£ able
thought, and gave great promise of future effective labors.
He was an able writer and soon placed pamphlets and small"
books before the public, and early became one of the edi-
.
NOTABLE LEADERS 67
tors of that leading pioneer Advent paper, The Signs of

the Times. He and preached earnestly
travelled extensively
the great prophetic message, as a strong co-laborer with
Mr. Miller and others. In later years, he. was associated
with the American Millennial Adventists. He was a
stanch defender of the faith. Among his various writings,
was a book, entitled Christ Yet to Come, which was a strong
reply to Rev. Dr. Warren's book, The Parousia, in which
the future personal coming of Christ was denied, and the
progressive spiritual advent was advocated;
Late in 1839, Mr. Miller began his first course of lectures
in Boston, in Chardon St. Church, of which
ELDER JOSHUA V. HIMES

was pastor and at his invitation. Two lectures were given
each day, and the audiences were large, the interest being
so great that many had to go away, unable to gain ad-
mittance. At the close of these lectureSi, Mr. Himes says:
"I found myself in a new position. I could not believe or.
preach as I had done. Light on this subject was blazing
on my conscience, day and night." He questioned Mr.
Miller on his plans and what he was doing to spread the
doctrine. In closing his reply to these, questions, Mr.
Miller said, "I have bfeen looking for help. I want help."
In response to this appeal, Mr. Himes laid himself, his

family, all his interests upon the altar of God> and hence-
forth became an earnest helper and soen a leader in the

great work.
In 1827 Mr. Himes left his secular calling, and entered
upon the work of the ministry. He was soon appointed :
evangelist by the Massachusetts Christian Conference.

A he located in Fall River, Mass., and there
little later,
had an extensive revival. A church of one hundred,

twenty-five members was organized. In 1830, Mr. Himes
was requested to take the pastoral care of the First Chris-
tian Church in Boston. In 1837 he organized the Second
Christian Church on Hanover Street and the next year, a
• chapel was built on Chardon Street. The new church
prospered, their new place of worship was filled. In 1839,
Mr. Himes examined and embraced the views of Mr.
Miller, with the result named above. For many years,
his name was connected with almost every department" of
the work, and his publications were abundant. Elder
Josiah Litch speaks of him as "the unwearied friend who
nobly stood in front of the hosts and the hottest of the fire,
and who, on the twentieth of March, 1840, without any
patrons, or scarcely friends, issued the number of
first
The Signs of the Times. . . . From the commencement

of his course asan advocate of this cause, the writer has
been on terms of intimacy with him, and has known his
whole course, and feels it to be a" great pleasure to say that
a more noble-hearted, generous and self-denying man never
, engaged in any enterprise. .No man can be fpund whose
. .
labors have been more abundant and arduous than his."

-ElderHimes published and circulated many papers,
and books, circulating many of them gratuitously.
tracts
He was supplied with liberal donations for this work, and
in addition, used the earnings of his own labors, to spread
abroad the truth. It was estimated by Mr. Bliss, his
agent and editor, "That he had issued over ten millions
of publications frem the Boston office alone, prior to 1854,
besides immense numbers from other offices." He was
considered by some the most effective laborer on the con-
tinent. He visited England, Scotland and Ireland, as a
missionary, travelled and labored in nearly all the States
of theUnion and adjoining Provinces. He was said to be
open, frank, independent, courteous, liberal, sympathetic
and aggressive, having a great faculty to enlist the atten-
JOSHUA v. HIMES
NOTABLE LEADERS 69,
tion and hearts During a ministry of over

of the people.
forty years, he organized over three hundred churches,
assisted in organizing fourteen State and sectional Con-
ferences, and immersed over fifteen hundred souls. He
travelled some twenty thousand miles a year, a portion of
the time, and during forty years, held about five thousand
meetings. It will be necessary to make frequent refer-
ence to Eld. riimes' work in subsequent chapters.
In 1838,
ELDER CHARLES FITCH
who was pastor of the Marlboro Street Congregational

Church, in Boston, wrote to Mr. Miller, stating the in-
terest with which he had studied his book of lectures, on
the second coming of Christ and asking some questions
for further light. Mr. Fitch had preached two discourses
to his people on the subject and a deep interest had been
awakened among them, but he met with so much
opposition from various sources to this new faith, that,
for a time, he ceased to advocate it. He tried to satisfy
himself that the popular view of the world's conversion was
correct. He had held pastorates at Abington, Conn.,
Warren, Mass., at the Fourth Church in Hartford, Conn.,
previous to his location at Boston, and after this for a brief
season he served at Newark, N. J., and Haverhill, Mass.
In 1841 and 1842, he entered again upon the examination
and while laboring at the latter place came
of the doctrine,
out a devout believer and fearless advocate of the same.
He at once entered the field as a travelling lecturer and
became a most efficient laborer. He was deeply pious,
well educated, a great lover of truth, and exerted an ex-
tensive influence in the Master's cause.
In Mr. Fitch visited Oberlin Institute, Ohio,
1842,
proclaiming the message of the Lord's coming to the
students, and the faculty of that notable institution, and
did the same in various other parts of the State. While
on this tour, he was greatly blessed, and the Lord gave him
much favor in the eyes of the people. He was requested
to move into that region and labor in Cleveland and vi-
cinity. He did so, and was very fruitful in his labors.
In writing from Ohio early in 1843i he speaks of haviiig
labored in Cleveland, Painesville, Norwalk, and Elyria,
which were the county seats of as many counties and all
of them important places for exerting influence on the
surrounding region. He also speaks of having labored at
Willoughby, Dover, Olmsted, and Ridgeville, and says,
"This week I am preaching daily in Cleveland and sinners
are daily seeking the Lord, indeed the revival here, which
has been in progress for a good many weeks seems to be
continually increasing in interest." He further adds,
"Calls for lectures are far more numerous than I can meet.
Wherever I go the people crowd together as long as room
can be found to receive them, coming in some cases five,

ten and even as far as fifteen miles to listen to the Word
of the Lord."
He wrote some books, and contributed much to the
columns of The Signs of the Times and other papers. But
he was suddenly cut down, and fell asleep in Jesus inj
October, 1844. If he could have lived, he, doubtless, would
have been one of the greatest workers in the Advent cause.
ELDER HENRY DANA WARD

First a Congregational layman, but latfer an Episcopal
minister of New York City, was an able leader. He
also
was chairman of the first General Conference (Boston,
1840) and his address to tha:t Assembly on the History and
Doctrine of the Millennium, was considered very able and
comprehensive, was published with the report of the Con-
NOTABLE LEADERS . 71
ference, widely circulated and is of value to this day.

He was a leading member and adviser in subsequent gath-
erings. He was a graduate of Harvard College, possess-
ing brilliant talent, much experience, and deep piety. He
wrote largely for the Signs of the Times, and The Midnight
Cry. He is said to have written one of the most accurate
and interesting accounts of the Shower of Stars of Novem-
ber 13th, 1833, he being an eye-witness of the event. He
recognized the s£ime as a fulfillment of Christ's words,
Matt. 24: 29, and a sign of His near coming. He wrote a
work entitled Glad Tidings, which was published at the
ofifice of the Signs of the Times, which was soon followed by
several others. One was entitled Telescope of Faith.
Later he traveled, and lectured on the subject of Christ's
coming, the promises to Abraham, the Kingdom of God,
and the restitution of the earth, in America and in Europe.
Early in the seventies, he published two important books,
one entitled The Gospel of the Kingdom, and the other, .
The Faith of Abraham, which showed that' he held as a life

conviction and bore faithful testimony to, the great mes-
sage of the Advent and the Restitution. While associating
freely with the early Adventists, he never accepted the
definite time view, but wrote an earnest protest against
believing and teaching a
set time, which was published in
the Signs of the Times, in December, 1841, and it was not
many years before almost the entire Adventist ministry
accepted this view, the later definite time theories being
accepted by only a fraction of the people.
ELDER HENRY JONES

A Congregationalist of New York City, having heard
the message of the near coming of Christ, gave it much
prayerful study, and embraced it with a whole heart. He
was a man of brilliant talents, and an active worker in the
cause. He wrote many valuable conununications on the
coining of Christ, a tract entitled, "The Scripture
Searcher," and later, published a paper, in addition to
writing and preaching the message, giving many evidences
of the end near at hand. Yet, he rejected the definite time
conclusions as being uncertain, and, therefore, unsafe to
teach. He was considered a very successful laborer, and
did muclj to extend the message and establish the cause.
He was secretary of the first general conference, and served
some other gatherings in the same capacity. His writings
on the question of the restoration of the Jews were dble,
sound and influential and are still worthy of careful peru-
sal.
Among the leaders,
SYLVESTER BLISS
should also be named. He was a lay member of the Con-

gregational Church of Hartford, Conn., who soon became
known as a young man of more than ordinary ability, and
having become awakened to the subject of Christ's coming,
he investigated it thoroughly. He was fully convinced
of the great truths underlying the message which was beirig
preached. He was liberally educated, with fine ability
for critical examination of theological questions. He gave
special attention to the books, sermons, and papers which,
contained the writings of the chief opposers and zealously
reviewed the works of several of these writers, such £is the
lectures of Dr. N. Colver, written against the views of
Miller, the sermon of Rev. O. E. Daggett, the works of
Dr. Weeks, and Dr. Jarvis, and also that of Prof. Sanborn,
who denied the personal advent of Christ.
In writing a few articles for the columns of the Signs
of the Times, his gifts and qualifications were so manifest
to the managers of the paper, that his services were secured
NOTABLE LEADERS *
73
as an jissistant editor and he entered on that relation in

November, 1842, continuing for several years, and then
became editor of the paper, and also, business agent of
the publisher, and sustained this relation until his death
in 1863, making an editorial service of twenty years.
Meanwhile, the name of the paper was changed to the
Advent Herald.
In 1845 George Bush, professor of Hebrew and Oriental
Literature, in the University of New York, issued his
notable work, Ahastasis; or the Doctrine of the Resurrection
of the Body Rationally and Scripturally Considered, and
Mr. Bliss at once reviewed the work. It was thought
that Prof. Bush set forth all the objections that could
reasonably be urged against the resurrection of the body,'
and the review was a very able vindication of this doctrine
from the Bible and reason. It was considered so able,
that forty-five years afterward the most of it was reprinted
in the Messiah's Herald, which was earlier called the Advent
Herald, for the edification of its readers. It was said that
Prof. Bush gave Mr. Bliss great credit for his effort. In
addition to this work, which was entitled, The Doctrine of
he wrote some twenty-six books,
the Resurrection Vindicated,
large and which were considered of per-
small, several of
manent value, such as the one above named, Analysis of
Sacred Chronology, A Brief Commentary on the Apocalypse,
Memoirs of William Miller (426 pp.) and The Time of the
End (408 pp.).
He was not only an able supporter of the premillennial
cause, but also a member of the Historical and Genealogical
Societies of Boston, and for many years an occasional con-
tributor to the columns of the Hartford and Boston papers.
Mr. Blisswas considered, a devout, conscientious Chris-
tian, an able theologian, good logician, and very reliable in
his references to authors and history. He was widely
loved for his Christian integrity, faithful labors, and
brotherly fellowship in the work of the Gospel.
Another of the chief early leaders was
ELDER APOLLOS HALE
of the Methodist connection and a very acceptable minis-

ter of that body. Having become much interested in the
Advent teaching, he decided in 1842 to fully engage in
preaching the message. He was a scholar, a deep thinker,
a careful, critical and able writer, being noted for logic and
clearness of point, and these traits also characterized his
preaching. Beside his work in New England, he assisted
Elder J. Litch in the meetings held in Philadelphia, and
labored with much blessing in Harrisburg, Penn., and vi-
cinity,where a work was wrought which was long remem-
bered. He was secretary of the first Advent Campmeeting
held in the States and was connected in an ofScial way
with other such meetirigs, with Conferences and other
pubUc efforts to extend work. For several years he was
associate editor of the Signs of the Times, later called the
Advent Herald, arid contributed many valuable articles
arid reviews on the most with the
vital subjects connected
Advent teaching. he designed several of
It is said that
the symbolic charts that were used by those who were
lecturing on the prophecies. He also wrote a number
of pamphlets, and in various ways was an effective worker.
ELDER NATHANIEL SOUTHARD
.was another able helper in the early cause. He was a

native of New Hampshire, was converted in early life and
soon became devoted to reform-Kwork. In 1830 he located
in Boston and became deeply interested in and an active
supporter of educational, temperance and anti-slavery
SYLVESTER BLISS
NOTABLE LEADERS 75
efforts. He wasconnected as editor with a weekly paper

called Youth's Cabinet, which greatly aided the education
of children, and for a tirne was acting editor of the Eman-
cipator. Becoming impressed with the duty to preach the
Gospel, he consecrated himself to that work, and a little
later, hearing the message of the Advent, he examined the
subject, and becoming convinced that the teaching was
Scriptural, he began preaching the same. In 1842, he
became assistant editor of The Midnight Cry, which was
published in New York City, and later was editor in full,
serving until 1845, when failing health caused him to
return to the hills of New Hampshire, where he engaged
in school teaching until his health was so recovered that
he could resume preaching.
After this he removed to Providence, R. I., and took
the pastoral charge of the Second Advent Church in that
city. In 1850 his health failed beyOnd successful recovery,
and two years later he fell asle6p in the joyful hope of an
early rising in the last day, at the coming of our Lord
Jesus. In paying tribute to his memory, Sylvester Bliss
said of him: "His intelligence and the judicious arrangement
of his literary acquirements made his services very valuable.
He was ever a firm believer in the Advent near, and adorned
the doctrine by his life and Christian deportment. . . .
We always regarded him as the best adapted to fill the

editorial chair of any man entertaining our faith."
And yet another who should be specially mentioned
among the early leaders was
t
PROFESSOR N. N. WHITING
of Williamsburg, N. Y., a Baptist minister, who received

and taught in 1842 and onward, the doctrine of the im-
minent coming of Christ. He was a man of thorough edu-
cation, and of extensive reading in various languages.
had translated what was considered a superior version of
the New Testament, and was a man of large experience.
Though never accepting the definite time view, yet he be-
came a most efficient helper to the general cause, being a
regular contributor to the Midnight Cry, The Advent
Herald, and later served as editor of the Morning Watch,
which was the successor of the former paper, being also
published in New York City.
Wehave mentioned above only those who were noted
for public work, or as being the most efficient leaders, in
the light of what we have gleaned from the records of the
early history of the movement, but there were many others
who did valiant service in the cause, such as Elders Timothy
Cole of Lowell, Henry Plummer of Haverhill, David Mil-
lard of Portsmouth, and L. D. Fleming of Portland, Me.,
all of whom were pastors of the Christian connection. The
latter brotherwas for a time editor of The Glad Tidings, a
paper which was published in Rochester, N. Y., and also
wrote extensively in press and pamphlet for the promotion
of the faith. Elder D. I. Robinson (pastor M. E. Church,
Portsmouth, N. H.), was prominent in the work. Thomas
F. Barry, formerly of the Christian Baptists, a very effi-
cient worker though he died at an early age

; it was said that
he had baptized a thousand persons at Rochester, N. Y.,
besides a large number in other places. Elder Elon Gal-
usha (Lockport, N. Y.) and E. R. Pinney (Seneca Falls,
N. Y.), both able Baptist ministers, who greatly aided the
spread of the faith in Western New York, the former having
been a founder of schools, a leader of missionary enter-
prises and identified with all the measures highly prized by
his people; the later being a frequent contributor to the
Advent papers and also a writer of books said to be valuable.
As coming from the same ranks we would also neime Elders
J. B. Cook, and F. G. Brown. Many others soon rallied
NOTABLE LEADERS 77
to the faith, of whom we will speak later on, but we now

pass to note
SOME EARLY FEATURES OF THE WORK

L The interest aroused, the desire to hear, and the
spreading Revivals were not confined to any one class of
—
people, or a single locality there was an inquiry and an
interest to hear among the more devout members of all
the Protestant religious bodies. There were open doors
in all directions, especially among the Christians, Baptists,
Congregatipnalists and Mr. Miller writes:
Methodists.
"I have never labored in any place to which I was not
previously invited. Thg most pressing invitations from
the ministry, and the leading members of the churches,
poured during the whole period of my public
in continually
labprs, and with more than one-half of which I was unable
to comply."' And what was true of Mr. Miller, was also
true of the leading preachers of this faith for several years.
The whole work was undenominational, and there was an
ear to hear in all branches of the church, while of course
in various directions they met with criticism, unbelief, and
opposition.
2. At first and for a number of years there was no
thought of a new and independent church, or denornina-

tional body. Those iyho accepted the message were
"members of all the various branClies of the Christian
Church," and had no thought that the more Scriptural
faith they had received would cost them the sacrifice of
their chosen church relations, or that they would, be called
upon to meet the reproaches and trials which later followed.
This fact explains why some of the leaders in, the early
undenominational movement, were not later closely con-
nected with the organized work of this body. Their ability
.• Âdvent Tracts, Vol. II, pagfe 19. : •.
and standing gave them such a hearing and influence that
they retained their church connection, or soon returned
thereto, and were permitted, more or less freely, to bear
witness to the truth they believed.
the church in general had been willing to receive the
If
doctrine of the near coming of Christ, minus the definite
time view, and later on had given the message and its
related truths a fair hearing,and those who believed it
courteous and brotherly treatment, there probably never
would have been a separate body of Adventists. The
opponents of the doctrine later furnished a candlestick for
the light that they sought to put out.
3. The new movement was characterized by very earn-
est Bible searching. As Bro. Miller lectured here and there,

and other ministers began to co-operate with him and
preach on the prophecies, the people turned to their Bibles,
and "each man, woman, and youth," who received with
favor the message began to search the Bible diligently, as
for "hidden treasure," to learn what was revealed regarding
this doctrine. One of the principal booksellers in Portland,
Me., stated that, "he had sold more Bibles in one month,"
during Mr. Miller's labors there, "than he had in any four
months previous." The people became noted for many
years as the most
CAREFUL AND EARNEST BIBLE SEARCHERS
in all the land.

4. It was a though very earnest movement.
sober, deep,
When we consider how churches had become on
silent the
the coming of the Lord, how new this old truth seemed to
them, how striking the message "was that the great event
was so near, we may wonder that there was not more ex-
citement and wild sensational outbreaks. But Mr. Miller
and his early co-laborers were men of sober mind, of
NOTABLE LEADERS 79
deliberate judgment, and utterly dpposed to fanaticism.

The counsels of restraint and caution, often given, es-
pecially by Mr- Miller,were most commendable, and had
they, in later days, been more carefully heeded by some
turbulent spirits and ill-balanced minds, the cause would
have suffered far less reproach.
5. The definite time feature. It shotild be remembered
that when Mr. Miller began the study of prophecy he had
no thought of naming a date for the advent. But as he
searched the Bible, the chronology of the Scriptures deeply
impressed his mind. He says: "I found various chronolog-
ical periods extending, according to my understanding
of them, to the coming of the Saviour. I found that pre-
dicted events which had been fulfilled in the past, often
occurred within a given time." He cites eleven instances
of predicted periods and remarks: "The events limited by
these times, were all once only a matter of prophecy, and
were fulfilled- in accordance with the predictions. When,
therefore I found the 2300 prophetic days which were to
mark the length of the vision from the Persian to the end
of the fourth kingdom, the seven times continuance of
the dispersion of God's people, and the 1335 prophetic
days to the standing qi Daniel in his lot, all evidently
extending to the advent, with other prophetical periods,
I could but regard them as "the times before appointed,"
which God had revealed unto "his servants the prophets."

He came thus to look upon the chronological prophecies
as being as much a portion of the Word of God, and as
much entitled to our serious consideration, asany other
part of the Bible, and he says: "I therefore felt, that in
endeavoring to comprehend what God had in His mercy
seen fit to reveal to us, I had no right to pass over the
prophetic periods."
After citing the Scriptural and historical evidence that
in symbolical prophecy a day stands for a year, he con-
tinues :
"From a further study of the Scriptures, I concluded that

the seven times of Gentile supremacy must conMnence
when the Jews ceased to be an independent nation at the
captivity of Manasseh, which the best chronologers assigned
to B.C. 677 that the 2300 days commenced with the seventy
;
weeks, which the best chronologers dated from B.C. 457;

and that the 1335 days,>commencing with the taking away
of the daily and the setting up of the abomination that
maketh desolate (Dan. 12: 11) were to be dated from the
setting up of the Papal supremacy, after the taking away
of pagan abominations, and which, according to the best
historians I could consult, should be dated from about
A.D. 508. Reckoning all these prophetic periods from the
several dates assigned from which they should evidently
. . .
be reckoned, they all would terminate together, about

A.D. 1843. I was thus brought, in 1818, at the close of
my two years' study of the Scriptures, to the solemn con-
clusion, that in about twenty-five years from that time
all the affairs of our present state would be wound up;
that all its pride and power, pomp and vanity, wickedness
and oppression would come to an end; and that in place
of the kingdoms of this world, the' peaceful and long-de-
sired kingdom of the Messiah would be established under
the whole heaven."'
Great joy filled his heart in view of this pleasing pros-

pect, and his soul thrilled with longings for a part in the
joys of the redeemed, and we note that it is ever the mark
of a true disciple to rejoice in the coming of his Master.
His further studies confirmed his faith in this conclusion,
and he was unable to see his mistake until the time passed,
after which he frankly confessed his error on this point,
while holding fast to- the doctrine of the Advent near.
The same was true of. many of the leading workers.
lApdlogy and Defense, Advent Tracts, Vol. II, pages 10-12.

:
NOTABLE LEADERS 81
NOT THE FIRST OR ONLY ONE TO SET THE TIME

In 1880, Rev. D. T. Taylor, was asked, "whether others
besides the Adventists have set the time for the Lord's
coming?" In answering he referred to some thirty-two
different, writerswho had set the time, ranging from St.
Augustine to the noted Dr. Win. Hales of London, and
speaks of these as a "few of the testimonies on this matter."
We quote briefly from his article
"St. Augustine, in the fourth century advanced the view
that in one thousand years from the period of the first
advent, Christ would come again. Mosheim says that as
the tenth century drew on, all Europe believed that Christ
was to come in the year 1000, and the terror and excite-
ment was great and universal. . . .
"In 1787 Hans Wood, Esq., of Rosemead, Ire., in a

published commentary, began the seventy weeks and
'
•
2300 days of Daniel in the year before. Christ 457, ending
them in 1843. His chronology was reprinted in the
Orthodox Churchman in 1809 by Dr. Wm. Hales. Wm.,
Cunningham, of Scotland, author of more than a score of
books (1810-1834), also Matthew Habershaw, of England,
in 1834, endorsed Wood's system of the numbers, and fixed
the time in 1843. Rev. R. Mason, in two essays on Daniel's
2300 days, published at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1820, began
this grand number in 457 B.C., ending it in 1843. Wm.
Miller came to his conclusion before he> had seen these
volumes, and independently of previous writers. . . .
Rev. W. A. Holmes, chancellor of Cashed in Lectures pub-

lished at London in 1833, endeavored to show by an appeal
to five different prophetical lines, that Christ would come
in 1836."
Mr. Taylor also says that many fixed upon 1847, and
names Rev. Jos. Wolff, and Rev. Frederick Sanders of
,
Stuttgard; as having looked for the Lord on that date.

He says they who set the year 1866 for the end, were not a
few. Others looked to the year 1868 as the time when the
82 ADVENT CriRISTIAN HISTORY
sixthousand years woul4 end and the Lord would come; he
names Rev. Bickersteth and Dr. John Cununing of Eng-
land, and Rev. R. C. Shimeall of New York as holding this
view. "The learned Wm. Hales, D.D., in his great work
on Chronology, London, 1809, fixed upon the year 1880,
for the end and advent. Sylvester Bliss, a Congregational-
ist, and afterwards associated with the early Adventists,
in his fine volume on Chronology, published at Boston in

1850, looked to the same year for the end. Hundreds of
writers have and do fix, the time of the Jews' return, the
destruction of the antichrist, and the commencement of'
the millennium. Very few ever got scoffed at and ridiculed
for setting the time of the temporal millennium. The world
loves to hear about that fable." In another place Mr. •
Taylor speaks of. this inclination to set the time, as a "mis-

take often allied to the grace of loving Christ's appearing."
To the candid mind, that gives the question serious
thought, it will not seem strange that those who deeply love
the coming of Christ should "search what or what manner
of time the Spirit of Christ," which was in the prophets,
"did point unto, when it testified beforehand, the suffer-
ings of Christ and the glories that should follow them"
(1 Peter 1: 11). The early disciples, interested m the
Master's predictions, asked, "When shall these thing be?"
Experience alone could teach the sanguine mind' and
yearning heart, how true was the Master's word: "Watch,
for ye know not when the time is."
THE EARLY PROTEST

There were those in the first general movement, who,
feeling thathuman chronology was uncertain and that great
caution should be exercised on the time question, entered
a strong protest against this phase of the great message.
This position was taken by H. Dana Ward, Rev. Henry
NOTABLE LEADERS 83
Jones, and Prof. N. N. Whiting, and was practically ac-

cepted by. Mr. Miller and all his leading co-workers, after
the '43-' 44 time had passed. Each succeeding efifort to
set the time met with a less following and a larger protest
until this feature of the teaching disappeared altogether,
and that many years ago.
6. One most impressive feature of the early movement
was
THE SENSE OF DUTY
that stirred the hearts of those

. who accepted the /aith.
We have already seen how this conviction swept over the
soul of William Miller and changed the whole course of
his life, constraining him, so much against his own will,
to open and continued labor in public service for the ex-
tension of the faith.
Elder Josiah Litch, when convinced of the truth of the"
main message, was confronted with the question of duty
on this wise: "If this doctrine is true, ought not you, as a
ministe;- of the Gospel, to understand and proclaim it?"
, He answered, "Yes, certainly I had." Questions of policy,
reputation and results arose, and he says: "Thus I reasoned,
until the Lord showed me my own vileness, and made me
willing to bear reproach for Christ, when I resolvied, at
any cost, to present the truth on this subject." Hundreds
of others made the same noble, heroic decision. It will
be remenibered that Martin Luther was greatly tested on
the question of duty and unfaltering, undeviating defense
of the whole truth as God gave him to see it. Even some
of his close friends and co-workers counseled concessions
and silence that would have, if heeded, led to failure.
We, to-day, have such light, truth and liberty as we pos-
sess because some have, in other days, been loyal to light
and conviction at very great cost. Has the great message
lost its claims? Is duty to truth any less now? Can we
truly serve the will of God and the highest needs of His
cause unless we are faithful to the truth as God gives us
to see it? Let these examples, and others which they sug-
gest, inspire us to act the same noble part and not to think
lightly of the claims of present .truth.
7. In view of such self-sacrifice and loyalty to convic-
tion not strange that the power of God was greatly
it is
manifested in the work. In a sober and quiet way men were

stricken through with conviction of sin, a sense of the per-
versity of unbelief, and were led by scores and thousands
to seek God and to believe His Word. Revivals were very
numerous and fruitful, and a large proportion of those
converted were so saved and assured that they stood the
tempter's trials, and the test of disappointment as to the
time, and held fast to the Christ and the doctrine of

the advent near.
The evident mighty working of the Spirit accompanying
the movement convinced some, who were inclined to doubt
the time argument, that God was indeed in the effort, and
many professed Christians had a new experience of saving
grace from the day they heard this message, an experience
so clear and definite that many spoke of it as a "new
conversion."
8. Some of the methods adopted in the early movement
inay here be briefly mentioned. Large Conferences were

held in the chief cities, such. as Boston, Lowell, Albany,
New York and elsewhere, in which
City, Portland, Me.,
ministers of various denominations, who were interested
in the message of the Advent near, took part, and the ad-
dresses given were published and widely disseminated.
Campmeetings were appointed in various places; a very
large tent, that would seat nearly four thousand people,
was purchased; and pitched in several cities, and by these
NOTABLE LEADERS ,
85
means vast assemblies were gathered to hear the Word.

The printing press was also most energetically used, and
tracts, pamphlets, books, weekly and daily papers were
issued in large numbers and widely scattered; further ac-
counts of all of which will be given in subsequent pages.
CHAPTER IV
THE GREAT ADVENT AWAKENING
1]^ the same year that the first English Pirophetic Con-
ference was held (1826), William Miller, in America,
by independent study of Holy Scripture had been led to
the conclusion that the end was drawing near, and that he
ought to give the message of light and warning to his fellow
men, and this he began to do within a few years.
THE NEED AND TIMELINESS OF THIS AWAKENING

Both country and beyond the sea, is emphasized
in this
by reference to the riseand spread of "Whitbyanism,"
the theory that the whole world is to be converted through
the church and that there will be a thousand years of uni-
versal peace and righteousness before the second coming of
Christ. This theory (as before referred to in Chapter I)
came into prominence about the middle of the eighteenth
century, and by had been
the. early part of the nineteenth
received, without due regard to sober interpretation of
by a majority
Scripture or the historical faith of the church,
of evangelical divines, and as a study and preach-
result the
ing of prophecy had been largely neglected, and the Gospel
of the second coming of Christ, that message which is so
prominent in all the New Testament, and is repeated' three
times within the compass of twenty verses in the last chap-
ter of the Apocalypse, had fallen into almost utter silence.
With this apostasy from the primitive faith in religious
circles, and the wide prevalence of skepticism in the land.
;
THE GREAT ADVENT AWAKENING 87
the church was in a state of peril at this time of need came

;
the greai: Advent Awakening in this country, the call back

to the apostolic faith and to the voice of prophecy. In
this great movement it was fully shown that the Bible 'only
needed to be freed from the veil of tradition and perversion,
to stand forth in its own wondrous light and harmony, to
command the faith of even the skeptic and the infidel.
We have alreiady briefly narrated the principal points in
Mr. Miller's life and teaching, gnd have given some hints
of his work, and that of his early co-laborers for a period
of some ten years, from about 1832 to 1842, or later, but no
adequate description of the wide extent, the spiritual power,
principal methods, the notable and abiding results of the
movement, has been given, hence we here attempt a larger
statement.
The chief factor in Mr. Miller's work was his
NUMEROUS AND EXTENSIVE LECTURE TOURS

.His engagements on this wise often kept him from home
for several months at a time, and not only required arduous
labor but extensive travel. Early in his public labors his
calls were many and often importunate. Writing to Rev.
T. Hendryx, a friendly Baptist minister, in 1835, he said:
"The Lord opens doors faster than I can Jill them," then
in the month of February, he speaks oi having a week's
engagement in each of five towns, and citing fourteen othSr
places from which he had calls for lectures, he added, "And
others too nunieroqs to mention."
As far as we can learn, Mr. Miller lectured in the follow-
ing cities: Burlington, Montpelier, and Rutland, Vt.
Concord, Keene, Nashua, and Portsmouth, N. H.; Boston,
Cambridge, Haverhill, Lowell, Lynn, New Bedford, Pitts-
field, and Worcester, Mass.; Portland, Me.; Providence,
R. I.; Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, New York City, Roches-

ter, Lansingburg, Lockport, and Troy, N. Y. Newark and
; ,
Trenton, N. J.; Philadelphia and Pittsburg, Pa.; Balti-

more, Md.; Akron, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, Ohio;
Washington City, Toronto, Canada; and in hundreds of
towns, far and near. It will thus be seen that the circuit
of his labors covered a wide and populous territory. In
many had were required
places the largest buildings to be
to accommodate the audiences which wished to hear him.
As an illustration of the interest to hear, we note that
when attending a conference held in Franklin Hall, New
York City in February; 1844, and giving two lectures on
the 7th, the place proved too small, and they adjourned
to the Broadway Tabernacle, and he there lectured on the
afternoon and evening of the 8th and 9th, and it was esti-
mated that not less than five thousand persons were
present, and they gave a solemn and attentive hearing.
Again in Washington, D.C., Mr. Miller began a course of
lectures, the same year and on the 20th of the same month,
in the Baptist Church, near the Navy Yard, artdôn the
26th the audience had become so large that they had to
remove to Apollo Hall, near the President's mansion, where
they continued till the 2nd of March. Mr. Miller gave
nineteen lectures in this city, and Elds. Himes and Litch
gave fifteen.
Writing from Washington, on the 28th in the midst of
the meetings, Mr. Miller said: "They throng us constantly
for papers, books and tracts, which Bro. Himes is scattering
gratuitously by thousands, containing information on the
subject. They send in from this vicinity and from old
Virginia for papers and lectures; but the one-hundredth
part of their requests can never be complied with. Never
have I been listened to with so deep a feeling and with such
intense interest, for hours." There were present at Mr.
Miller's lectures, a goodly number of persons belonging to
each House of Congress. And it should be noted, that it

was not alone from towns and country hamlets, that ur-
gent invitations came for his lectures, but multitudes in all
our principal cities were anxiolis to hear him, and in many
places he. was called back again and again to repeat his
message, as in Boston, where he gave his regular course of
lectures the seventh time.
Mr. Miller, writing in 1845, and referring to the Signs
of the Times, which was first issued in Februaryand March,
1840, says:
"From the commencement of that publication, I was

overwhelmed with invitations to labor in various places,
with which I complied, so far as my health and time would
allow. I labored extensively in all the New England and
Middle States, in Ohio, Michigan, Maryland, the District
of Columbia, and in Canada, East and West, giving about
four thousand lectures in something like five hundred dif-
ferent towns."
He estimated that about two hundred ministers embraced

hisviews in different parts of the United States and Canada,
and about five hundred workers wereengaged in giving public
lectures.Wherever Mr. Miller lectured, some embraced
his teaching,and in many places, large numbers did so.
Another remarkable factor in the Great Awakening was
THE NOTABLE REFORMATIONS
or extensive revivals, connected with and following his

courses of lectures, and those of many of his co-laborers, as
well. That so many were converted under his labors was
the one thing that made him willing to engage and continue
in his public efiforts. He said: "My whole object was a
desire to convert souls to God, to notify the world of a
coming judgment, and to induce my fellowmen to make
that preparation of heart which will enable them to meet
•
their God in peace." We cite a few cases as illustrative
of many more.
(1) In Lansingburg, and West Troy, N. Y.
In the former place Mr. Miller lectured for eight days
in succession in June, 1836, but was urgently requested
by the Baptist Church £ind pastor to give another course,
which he delivered in January, 1838, and the results of
these efforts were most remarkable, scores upon scores
being converted from darkness and infidelity to faith in
Christ and the Bible. In March following he gave his
lectures in West Troy, N. Y., and there a revival interest
was awakened which continued for more than a year,
during which time "old, young and middle-aged were alike
made the hi^ppy irecifjients of grace," and three churches,
the Dutch Reformed, Methodist and Baptist, were very
.
much alive with interest and zeal.
(2) In 1839 he labored extensively in Massachusetts,
lecturing, among other places, in Lowell, Lynn, Groton,
Haverhill and Boston. In all these places large audiences
sought to hear him, and gracious revivals resulted. It is
recorded that "a glorious revival followed" his labors in
Lowell, forty were baptized and sixty received into the
church of which -Eld. Timothy Cole was pastor and he
himself became a co-worker with Mr. Miller. Rev. Silas
Hawley, Congregational minister, writing from. Groton,
said, "Mr. Miller has leqtured in this and adjoining, towns
with marked success. His lectures have been succeeded
by precious revivals of religion in all those places. A,
class of minds are reached by him not within the influence
of other men."^
^Memoirs, page 138.

His first course of lectures in Boston, was given in

Chardon Street Church, which had room for a large au-
dience, and the interest was such that very many had to be
turned away, as the auditorium was crowded to the limit.
Some of his subsequent lectures in this city were given in,
Boylston Hall, and even there large numbers went away
unable to gain admittance, also, "many were hopefully
converted from sin to holiness." In order to accommodate
the multitudes who wanted to hear Mr. Miller and others.
Eld. Himes and the Boston friends promoted and perfected
the building of the Howard Street Tabernacle, that was
capable of seating five thousand, people, which was, so far
as we know, the first great Tabernacle erected for evangel-
istic purposes in this country, and^when Mr. Miller made his
ninth- visit to Boston, and gave his seventh regular course
of lectures there, this great auditorium was crowded.
"On the Sabbath, Jan. 28, 1844, ali day and evening, the
seats and aisles were filled with as many as could find a place
to sit or stand. Many of the young, with the middle-aged,
and even men with gray hairs, stood and listened to the
story of the Coming One, with the evidencies of His near
approach. Had the Tabernacle been twice its size,
it would hardly have held the multitude who sought

admittance. The interest continued during his entire
course of Lectures."^
(3) In Portsmouth, N. H., early in 1840, Mr. Miller held
a nine-days', meeting, which was attended by crowds and
large numbers went forward foi^ prayers. The services
were continued for weeks after he left and frequently there
would be sixty to eighty seekers at the altar. The interest
spread to every church that was favorable to revivals, and
daily meetings were held, till it was estimated that from
Âdvent Tracts, Vol. II, page 22.

five to seven hundred souls had been converted. On
another page we have given important testimony regarding
this work, its worthy character being well vouched for.
In many revival efforts these days, the special interest
mostly departs when the evangelist leaves town, but it
was not thus under Mr. Miller's labors.
(4) A little later the same year as above, by request of
Eld. L. D. Fleming, of the Christian Church, he made his
first visit to Portland, Me., and there also a very gracious,
work was wrought. Between one and two hundred pro-

fessed conversion in the meetings, in the above church, and
later the fire was kindled through the whole city and all the
adjacent country. Universalists, deists, infidels, gamblers,
and rum-sellers were converted, and the latter turned their
shops into meeting rooms; yet it was testified that there
was no extravagant excitement, but on the other hand
sobriety, prayer, solemnity and Bible searching character-
ized the people. Prayer-meetings were established in
various parts of the city, by the different denominations
or by individuals, and a men's meeting for prayer was held
about midday in the business section.
Mr. Miller was urgently invited to give another course
of lectures by the officers of the First Baptist Society, but
he felt obliged to decline the invitation, as he had been
absent from home nearly six months and had delivered
three hundred and twenty-seven lectures.
In the latter part of November, 1842, he gave his lectures
in the First. M. E. Church in New Haven, Conn., assisted
by Eld. J. V. Himes. It was estimated that not less than
three thousand persons were present at the church on each
evening for a week, and a powerful revival followed, which
"continued for some two months with almost unabated in-
terest." And thi}s we might go on, but space forbids
further narrative on this line.
Another' remarkable feature of the Awakening, was the

large number of
SKEPTICS AND INFIDELS CONVERTED
We have not learned of any other movement in this

country so fruitful in this regard. Mr. Miller) giving a
survey of his work, and. estimating, from his memoranda,
the number of those converted to Christ, says: "Of this
number I can recall to mind about seven hundred who were,
previous to attending my lectures, infidels, and their
number may have been twice as great."' Mr.' Miller was
very modest and careful in his estimates and it is likely
that the larger number is nearest to the facts.
A notable effect of this character occurred in connection
with the course of lectures which he gave at Lansingburg,
N. Y., in January, 1838. The lectures continued nine
days and were listened to by crowded and attentive audi-
ences. Infidelity had several strongholds in that neigh-
borhood, and many of these people attended the lectures,
and were greatly affected by them. A gentleman of the
place, writing to Mr. Miller regarding the results, said: "I
have never witnessed so powerful an effect in any place, as
in this, on all who heard. I am of the opinion that not less
than one hundred persons who held infidel sentiments,

were brought to believe the Bible." Several years later,
a doubt haying been expressed by the editor of the Boston
Investigator, an infidel paper, as to the report that hundreds
of infidels were being converted under the preaching o^
Mr. Miller, a resident of Lansingburg wrote to the editor
and gave his personal testimony, confessing that he,
himself, had formerly held infidel views, and was personally
acquainted with nearly one hundred others, of like per-
^Memoirs, page 248.

suasion, who were converted 'under the preaching of Mr.
Miller, though they did not yield the point without a
struggle, or without due consideration. He says: "Each
and every prop and refuge of infidelity and unbelief were
taken away from us, and our sandy foundation was swept
by the truth of the Almighty as chaff is driven by the wind."'
Prophetic preaching has very often proved effective in
leading unbelievers to the acceptance of the Bible as the
Wprd of God, and it seems a serious fault that this effec-
tive weapon of Christian evidence is so seldom employed
in the pulpits of our day. As used by Mr. Miller and his

co-laborers proved a most effective "dike" set against the
it
tide of skepticism which was then prevalent in the land and

a peril to the church, and which has never since so widely
prevailed. For this work, if for nothing else, the church
at large owes a debt of gratitude to th,e Advent movement,
among other agencies, that have been used of God for its
blessing, defense, and enlargement. "Mr. Miller was a
humble man, who did not seek for notoriety, never boasted
of his work and was not careful to. keep a detailed account
of the results of his public efforts, but toward their close
he estimated that in nearly a thousand places,' Advent
,
congregations were raised up, numbering about fifty thou-

sand believers. Surveying his labors, he says, "I can
reckon up about six thousand instances of conversion from
nature's darkness to God's marvelous light, the result
. . .
of my personal labors,.alone, and I should judge the number

ô be much greater."*
This appears to be the latest summary of his labors
that he recorded, though he lectured frequently in the
later months of 1845, and some in 1846, but was hindered
considerably by increasing physical infirmities.
^Memoirs, page 127-8.
Âdvent Tracts, Vol. II, page 22.
THE GREATj AD.VENT AWAKENING 95
Another important agency in the Advent Awakening

was
THE GENERAL CONFERENCES
which were held at various times and places, mostly in the

large cities. The first Prophetic
Conference held "in
America, was convened in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1840,
and continued two days. The sessions were held in the
Chardon Street Church and were crowded each day, and
there were present some twenty or thirty interested min-
isters, and many able laymen, representing nearly all the
evangelical denominations.
The following is the "Call of the Conference," as
published September 15, 1840, with the names of the sign-
ets :
'
"The undersigned, believers in the Second Coming and

Kingdom of the .Messiah 'at hand,' cordially unite in the
call; of a general Conference of our brethren of the United
States, and elsewhere^ who are also looking for the advent
near, to meet at Boston, Mass., Wednesday, Oct, 14, 1840,
at ten o'clock a.m., to continue two days, or as long as
may then be found best.
,
. of the Conference will not be to form a new

"The object
organization in the faith of Christ; nor to assail others of
our brethren' who differ from us in regard to the period and
manner of the advent; but to discuss the whole subject
faithfully and fairly, in the exercise of that spirit of Christ
in which it will be safe imrnediately to meet him at the
judgment seat.
; "By? so. doing, we may accompHsh much in the rapid,
general, and powerful spread of 'The everlasting Gospel of
the kingdom at hand,' that the way of the Lord may be
speedily prepared, whatever may be the precise period of
His coming."
:
96 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY •
William Miller David Millard

Henry Dana Ward L. D. Fleming
Henry Jones Joseph Bates
Henry Plumer Charles F. Stevens
John Truair P. R. Russell
Josiah Litch Isaiah Seavey
Joshua P. Atwood Timothy Cole
Daniel Merrill J. V. Himes
*
When the Confeirence assembled according to appoint-

ment, after the reading of the call, and prayer, Henry
Dana Ward, was chosen chairman pro tempore, and gave a
short address regarding the object of the meeting. We
quote a couple of paragraphs
"My —
Brethren and Friends: ^We have convened on a
great and solemn consideration, the near coming of our
Lord in His kingdom. It becomes us to understand^ and
to let others know, that ours is not a new doctrine. Sound
Christians in every age have cherished it it was the univer-
;
sal faith of the primitive church it is the plain doctrine of

;
the New Testament. The novelty which seems to char-

acterize our views, takes its color from the errors of a fallen
church, and will be entirely removed by the inspection of
the Gospel, and of the records of the ages of the martyr-
church."
After citing briefly #ie voice of Scripture and the testi-

mony of the Christian fathers, he further remarked:
"We come here, my brethren and friends, to revive

this apostolic doctrine, and to renew the faith of the Gospel
after the image of primitive Christianity. We
assemble
here to awaken our own sympathies, together with the
slumbering faculties of our fellow-Christians, to the doctrine
of the Lord's coming, as it was held by the great reformers
of the sixteenth century: not to contend with opposers:
not to dispute among ourselves, not to raise the banner of
a new sect; but out of every sect to come into the unity of
,'
THE GREAT ADVENT AWAKENING 97.
the faith as it is in Jesus, with charity toward, all, ourselves,

in the exercise of Christian liberty, and not afraid of obloquy
''
for the sake of our coming Lord."
The Committee on Nominations reported in the after--

noon, and the following officers and committees of the'
Conference were chosen: '
Henry Dana Ward, Chairman; David MillcU-d, Jpsi^hi

Seavey, J. Lord, R. W. Reed, Assistants. Henry Jones,
P. R. Russell, Secretaries.
Committee of Arrangements: J. V. Himes, J. Litch,
Joseph Bates, Charles F. Stevens, Stephen Gobdhtte:
Committee of Finance and the Roll: Daniel Merrill,
William Clark, Calvin French, Nathaniel Billings.
The Conference sent forth a Circular Address, signed by

the chairman and the secretaries, which was an able and,
broad spirited appeal to all Christians to consider the great >
question of the last things. Our readers will appreciate

these selections therefrom: ,
"Though in some of the less important views of this

momentous subject we are not ourselves agreed, particu-
larly in regard to fixing the year of Christ's second advent, ,
yet we and established in this all-

are unanimously agreed
absorbing point, that the coming of the Lord to judge
the world is now specially 'nigh at hand.'
"We are also agreed and firmly persuaded, that the pop-
ular theory of a thousand years, or more, of the spiritual
and invisible reign of Christ 'in this present eyil worjd,'
where death reigns unto the coming of the Lord in His ,
glory, is altogether unscriptural, and naturally tending to

comfort sinners in their evil ways, and to dishearten the
faithful; inasmuch as it takes away heavenly and eterpal ,
promises from the latter, only to convert them to, the tem-
poral use of the former, should they live, as they hope, to
witness and enjoy millennial bliss in the conversion of
themselves and of the world.
"We commencement of
are also agreed, that at the very
the millennium the Lord will come in the glory of His Fa-
ther, and all the saints with Him, and that the sinners then
remaining alive and ungodly will be slain by the sword of
the Lord, or 'taken' and 'cast alive, with the beast and the
false prophet, into a lake of fire burning with brimstone,'
instead of being allconverted to the obedience of the
Gospel.
"Again, we are agreed and harmonize with the published
creed of the Episcopal, Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian, and
Methodist Churches, together with the Cambridge Plat-
form of the Congregational Church, and the Lutheran and
the Roman Catholic Churches, in maintaining that Christ's
second and only corning now will be to,'judge the world at
the last day.' The graqious Lord has opened to us won-
. . .
drous things in His Word, whereof we are glad, and in view

of which we rejoice with trembling. We reverently bless
His name, and we offer these things, with the right hand of
our Christian fellowship and union, to all disciples of our
common Lord, of every sect and denomination, praying
them, by the love of the crucified Jesus, to regard 'the
promise of His coming,' and to cultivate 'the love of His
appearing,' and to sanctify themselves in view of His
approaching with power and great glory. . . .
"We appeal to the sectarian standards, to histbry, and

to the primitive churches before 'the falling away;' but we
rely mainly on the holy oracles of divine revelation for the
support of our views, convinced that the Old Testament
alone also is able to make us wise through faith unto
salvation. We deeply feel that the success of the Gospel
of the kingdom at hand depends on our faithful use of the
Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; and that the
THE GREAT ADVENT AWAKENING 99-
secular interpretation of the Old Testament is fearfully

heretical which considers it as being silent on the subject
of Christ's coming to judgment, to raise the dead, and to
dispense everlasting rewards."
The circular closed with earnest exhortations to instant
and careful preparation for the great day, and J:o diligently
labor for the awakening of the "millions of our fellow nior-
tals," who "slumber over these tremendous considera-
tions, because they regard them not as very near."
A report of this Conference is before us in a volume of
one hundred and seventy-five pages, published in Boston,
1842, under title. The First Report ofJhe General Confer-
ence of Christians Expecting the Advent of the Lord Jesus
Christ. It was first issued in January, 1841 . Various parts
were published in tract form under titles of the separate
addresses, and doubtless widely circulated, but regarding
the combinded issue, we are told: "So great was the in-
terest in the question, that in a short time, ten thousand
copies of this work were issued and scattered." It was
published with the purpose of supplying the Theological
seminaries of the land; the ministers of the Gospel who
were willing to examine the subject; the members of the
church at large, and the world, as far as means at hand
would allow; the friends in Great Britain, who were ex-
pected to assist in circulating the same, and the mission-
aries of the Cross in all the world, so far as access to them
could be gained. A brief report was published in the
Signs of the Times, of Nov. 1, 1840, and three thousand extra
copies of this paper were issued.
The contents of the combined First Report above referred
to, were:
1. Remarks
of the Publishing Committee.
Proceedings of the Conference: including the Call,
2.
opening Address of the Chairman, election of officers and
cominittees, brief address by Henry Jones, Resolutions,
and th,e Circwjar Address, in full.
,3. Tyfo Dissertations by Josiah Litch: (a) The Second
Advent and Kingdom of Christ; (b) The Chronology of
Prophecy.
^Restoration of Israel, by Henry Jones.
4.
Two Dissertations by William Miller: (a) Prophtecic
5.
Chronology; (b) The Judgment. (These were presented
by Eld. Himes, as Mr. Miller was prevented from at-
tending by sickness.)
6. History and Doctrine of the Millennium, by Henry
Dana Ward, in three pairts.
Eld. J. Litch, in later years writing of the Conference of

1840 says:
"Nocontroversial note was sounded to my

knowledge.
It was a seasonof great interest and exerted a widespread
influence all through New England, arid more or less in other
parts of the country. Several thousand copies of the
Report of the Conference were published and scattered
broadcast over the country, and converted multitudes to
the faith of the premillennial advent."
'As the first Prophetic Conference ever held in America,

truly interdenominational in character, and liberal and
united in spirit; as awiakenihg widespread interest, and
its literature to the ends of the earth, it was
sending forth
an epoch making event, a notable milestone in premillen-
nial history.
This Conference was so much of a success, and
first
aroused so much
interest, that a committee was appointed
to arrange for another of like character, and thus
TftE SECOND GENERAL CONFERENCE
was held in the city of Lowell, in the Christian Church,

June 15, 16, 17, 1841. Eld. D. I,, Robinson, Methodist
pastor of Portsmouth, was chosen chairman, and we note
among the names of the Business Committee, that of Edwin

Burriham who later became an effective and notable ad-
vocate of the kingdom at hand. The attendance was very
large, both local and general; Aside from Lowell, at-
tendants were present from thirty towns in Massachusetts,
twenty-two in New Hampshire, seven in Maine, and four
in Vermont.
From the reports given at this Conference, it was shown
that the way was open for the rapid promulgation of the
Advent message through New England, that there was a
most earnest desire for light on the fulfillment of prophecy
and the second coming of the Saviour.., In view of thi^
they resolved, as ministers and individuals, by the help of
God and by the consecration of their all to the work, to
exert what influence they could to spread far and wide the
great Scriptural doctrine of Christ's coming and kingdom.
At the Boston Conference it was proposed to raise $500 for
this work, and at this session they aimed to secure $1000,
over $600 of which was pledged ere the convention closed.
The third general Conference, was held.in Portland, Me.,
Oct. 12, 13, 14, 1841, and was the first convention of this
faith held in that Sate; it was largely attended and pro-
moted an extensive a:nd abiding interest in all that sectioii.
The fourth general Conference was held in the Lecture
Room Broadway Tabernacle, New York City, Oct. 25,
of
26, 1841. The closing evening session was heliin the main
auditorium. The formal call of this Conference was pub-
lished entire in the Christian Advocate and Journal, in Zion's
Watchman, and also in the New York Herald; the latter
giving a report of the doings of the Conference each day,
in its manner. The Tribune also kindly
characteristic
noticed the Conference at some length. A copy of the
"Call" with an explanatory note was sent to the clergymerl
of the city and vicinity, many of whom, it was reported,
read the same to their congregations. Each session was
preceded by a devotional servicie led by different brethren,
among whom we note the names of Rev. P. T. Kenney of
Willimantic, Conn., and Rev. Mr. Wait, of Newark, N. J.
On Wednesday evening, the closing session, a notably large
audience was present, ahd Rev. John Lindsey, of the M. E.
Church, a well-known and highly respected pastor of the
city, presided. After appropriate remarks, he announced
the sentiment to be presented by the speakers, in these
words: "The Kingdom of heaven preached in the Gospel
is a future dispensation near to come." A kind of sym-
posium was given, for three speakers were, in turn, pre-
sented, first Eld. Josiah Litch, of Boston, who spoke on the
nature and glory of the kingdom second Henry Dana Ward,
;
of New York City, who showed that the kingdom is a fu-

ture dispensation, and thirdly Eld. J. V. Himes, of Boston,
who spoke of the nearness of the kingdom.
The New York Tribune, speaking of this session, also of
the Convention as a whole, said:
"The meeting was profoundly attentive, and the re-

marks of the speakers were received with unequivocal
approbation, save only the fixing a time, which failed . . .
to convince and satisfy the audience. But, as far as the

awakening of public attention goes, the Convention has
been attended with the happiest results. The pastors of
churches direct their studies toward the interesting theme,
in many cases, with new emotions; and mkny Christians
read the Bible with an inquiring mind, to learn whether
these things are so, and some are becoming daily more and
more convinced of the truth and importance of the senti-
ment expressed by the chairman and made the theme of
the evenings' discourses."
The fifth general Conference was held in the Baptist

Church, Low Hampton, N. Y., Nov. 2-5, and it was there
resolved to hold at least four such gatherings during the
ensuing winter, one in each of four States, Massachusetts,

Vermont, New Hampshire and New York. This was the
first general Conference that William Miller had been able
to attend he was elected chairman of the Convention, and

;
the large number that assembled, "from East, West, North

and South, from Canada, as well as the States, raised up to
proclaim this truth, by the blessing of God on his labors,
was to him most refreshing and encouraging. "'
The sixth General Conference was held in Boston, at
Chardon St. Chiirch and Bolyston Hall, the seventh at
Dover, N. H., the eighth at Pomfret, Conn., commenc-
ing Jan. 18, 1842, the first like session of the New Year.
The ninth session was held at Sandy Hill, now Hudson Falls,
N. Y., and the tenth at Colchester, Vt. Besides these
there were calls for such assemblies at Providence, R. I.,
Worcester, Mass., Hartford, Conn., and Nashua, N. H.

These, and others later called for, were held as time and
opportunity would permit. Indeed the great movement
regarding the Second Advent was going on with unexampled
interest and calls for Conferences and lectures were coming
in from all parts of the country, and to assist in meeting
the interest many local conferences were held by the in-
creasing number of laborers who were taking up the rivival
and lecture work.
Another important factor of the Great Awakening wasi
the
ITINERANT, UNCEASING LABORS
of a large and ever-increasing number of ministers who had

accepted the general Advent faith; these were confronted
with so many open doors that, "one-half the calls for light
could not be met and supplied." "Not only in places
. . .
Âdvent Shield, page 66.

where it had gained a foothold, but in new places where it
had never been proclaimed, the greatest anxiety to hear
was manifested."^ "During 1842 and 1843, about thirty
ministers in the Maine M. E. Conference became interested
in the faith and began preaching it, and extensive reforma-
tidris followed wherever they labored; the ministers of
several other denominations in Maine were ialso preaching
it and the same results followed their efforts. It was a
time of general revival, East and West; God's Spirit seemed
to be poured out upon the people afresh, prayer-meetings
were numerous, sinners were everywhere inquiring what
they must do to be saved, and wanderers were returning
to God."2
The Editor of the Signs of the Times, in notes regarding
the close of the second volume of that paper, in March,
1842, wrote:
"Within the last two years the advances made by this

doctrine are incalculable far exceeding the most sanguine
;
expectations of its friends. From three to four hundred

. . .
ministers of the Gospel are now engaged in giving the mid-

night cry; some distinctly with regard. to the time, others
in doubt on that point, yet, teaching that it i§ near, even
at the door. These ministers are from all the evangelical
denominations in the land."
In addition to these there were several lecturers who

were going from place to place spreading the message, also
another class were acting as colporteurs, circulating the pub-
lications and conversing with the people from house to house.
Yet it is recorded that the call for preachers and lec-
turers could not be compiled with in but few of the places
where (desired. Calls were coming in from Maine and Can-
Âdvent Shield, page 76.

Wellcome's History, page 293.
ada, from several of the Southern States to Florifd*, and

westerly from Missouri, Indiana and Ohio, and also across
the sea from England. "The interest was awakened in
the hearts of millions to hear the arguments on this thrilling
theme, who could not enjoy the privilege."'
In addition to those already named among the chief
early leaders, or referred to in connection with the General
Conferences, all of whom were engaged in strenuous efforts
to advance the cause, we would mention Elds. G. F. Cox,
Edwin Burnham, Richard Reed, L. C. Collins, S. S. Brewer,
L. F. Stockman, Matthew King Hastings, L.
Batchelor,
Boutelle, Wilder B. Start, D. R. and M. S. Mansfield, P.
W. Hough, George Storrs, Thomas Smith, Dr. N. Field,
Dr. O. R. Fassett, R. Hutchinson, R. E. Ladd, Hiram
Munger, C. P. Dow, Dr. Nicholas Smith, T. M. Preble,
John Couch, Jonas Merriam, and a little later, Albion
Ross, D. T. Taylor, H. L. Hastings, I. C. Wellcome, Miles
Grant, J. M. Orrock, James Hemenway, and William
Sheldon.
There were hundreds of others, whose names owing to
the scanty historical writings of this movement, are not
on the records. The evidence indicates that there was a
multitude of those who received and preached the fajth
quietly in their own churches, but never came into public
notoriety, or into direct affiliation with the subsequently
organized body of Advent believers. It was acknowledged
by an able opponent of this faith, that it had "affected the
whole public mind of New England." It had aroused the
same interest far beyond the limits of New England, as
already indicated.
One who was in the midst of the awakening, gives his
testimony thys: "The tide of Millerism, as theyccÛed it,
'Wellcome's History, page 304.

rose higher and higher, until, like the rushing of many waters,
it swept over the land. There seemed little else talked of.
It was the theme of ministers, deacons, class-leaders and

praying bands; some opposing, but the most impressed
deeply with the subject."*
A further feature of the Awakening was
THE VIGOROUS USE OF THE PRESS
and the wide distribution of publications.
The publishing the faith was made by Mr.
first effort in
Miller himself near the beginning of his work, in a series

of articles which he wrote on the Second Coming of Christ,
and which were published in the Vermont Telegraph, a
Baptist paper, issued in Brandon, Vt.
In 1833 a synopsis of his views was published in pamphlet
form, an?d it is recorded by Eld. J. Litch, that Mr. Miller
spread it over the country and sent it to different parts
of the world among the missionary stations.
In the winter months of 1836 Mr. Miller prepared his
course of sixteen lectures for the press, and they were
published in the spring of that year by Eld. Wescott, in
Troy, N. Y., but such was the arrangement that whatever
copies Mr. Miller secured for distribution or sale, he bought
at the regular prices. These lectures in book form placed
in the hands, of inquirers did much to promote the faith
and to make permanent the results of his oral labors.
Several copies of this book found their way into Massa-
chusetts and "awakened quite a sensation." A copy of
the book having fallen into the hands of the editor of the
Boston Daily Times, the most of the series of lectures were
published in the paper, and thus gained an extensive read-
ing and produced a notable effect. It was a copy of this
•Lt/e and Experience of Eld. Luther Boutelle, page 40.

book, put into the hands of Eld. J. Litch, with the request
that he should read and give his opinion of it, that led him
to accept the most of its teachings. He expected to upset
the argument in a few minutes, but found it so weighty
and convincing that he soon accepted and became a most
effective advocate of the message.
Eld. Litch himself soon published two works, one a
pamphet Mr.
of forty-eight pages, giving a synopsis of
Miller's views, and the other, a book of two hundred and
four pages, giving his own views and argunient.
In 1839-40, Mr. B. B. Mussey, Esq., a prominent pub-
lisher of Boston, issued a new and revised edition of Mr.
Miller's work, which included nineteen lectures and of
which five thousand copies were printed and sold. After
this the work continued to be published and distributed
by Eld. Hdmes, who about that time became Father Miller's
"helper," and proved a most zealous and efficient publisher
and preacher.
On the twenty-eighth of February, 1840, Eld. Himes is-
sued, through Dow & Jackson, Publishers, the first edition

of the Signs of the Times
paper of eight pages, three col-
(a
umns and one-fourth by twelve
to the page, size of sheet nine
inches). This was received with so much interest and
favor- that a second edition was issued on March 20, 1840,
and the paper continued to be published twice a month for
two years, when it was made a weekly, and in due time was
enlarged, and was continued, under different names.
Advent Herald, Messiah's Herald and Herald of the Coming
One, for many years.
In closing the second volume the editor said: "Our paper
. . . has not less than fifty thousand readers, being read by
whole neighborhoods, in many instances, and then sent
to some distant place." In reviewing the work for the two
years, he said further: "More than sixty thousand copies
108' ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
of various books and tracts have bpen issued from our es-
tablishment, and spread through; the world in the four

quarters of the globe, and the islands of the sea. These
have been read by hundreds of thousands with interest
and profit."
Agencies had been or were soon opened in many places,
especially in the larger cities, as headquarters for the pub-
lications; every lecturer on the Advent was expected tO'
circulate literature on the question; others were engaged
as agents and colporteurs, to circulate the publications,,
and converse with the people from house to house.
On Thursday, Nov. 17, 1842, Eld. Himes began in New
York City the publication of a paper, called The Midnight
Cry, which was issued as a daily for twenty-six successive
numbers, and then became a weekly, being enlarged froni
four to eight pages, and Elds. L. D. Fleming and N. South-;
ard were associated with Mr. Himes in the effort. Later
Eld. Southard became editor, and the paper was con-
tinued under the above name until the end of 1844, when
the title was changed to The Morning Watch, and was thus
issued until July 24, 1845, when it was combined with The
Advent Herald, formerly named Signs of the Times, of Boston.
During the latter months of The Watch, Prof. N. N. Whit-
ing served as its editor. It is recorded that an edition of
ten thousEmd copies of the daily Cry was issued each day,
and these were widely circulated, by agents and through
the post offices, in all parts of the surrounding country, >
and a new office for the circulation of books was also opened
in the city.
In addition to these more permanent and widely circu-
lated papers, numerous others of a more local character
were issued from time to time, in connection with lecture
campaigns or the large tent meetings, such as the Trumpet
of Alarm, published by Eld. J. Litch in Philadelphia; The
THE GREAT ADVENT A^yAKEN^NG 109
Second Advent, issued in Cleveland, Ohio,, in connection

with the labors of Eld. Chas. Y'ltA; The Glad Tidings, m
Rochester, N- Y., TKe Southern Midnight Cry, a few hym-
bers of which were published in Washington, D. C, and Bal-
timore, during Mr. Miller's lectures in those cities; in the
former city an issue of ten thousand copies is. spoken of;
The Western Midnight Cry, issued in Cincinnati, Ohio, of
which three volumes were published, and The Voice of
Elijah, published in Montreal, Canada, by Eld. R. Hutch-
inson.
It is the testimony of Eld. J. Litch, that,
"In connection with each of the tent meetings, an

Advent paper was published, in which the main points of
the Advent doctrine were given to the people with great
effect."
And he, writing in 1844, further says:
"Within the last six years, publications, treating on the

subject,have been sent to nearly every English aild American
missionary station on the globe; to all, at least, to which
we have liad access."
In addition to the books already named there were the
works of Ward, Hale, Bliss, Fitch, Storrs, Brown, Hervey,
Cook, Whiting, Hawley, Fleming, Cox, Sabine, etc., which
made up the Second- Advent Library, and which were widely
circulated, besides pamphlets and tracts which were scat-
tered like autumn leaves. Also the public press, both
secular and religious, contributed in no small degree to the
awakening, for while in many cases there were notes and
articles opposing, scofifing and slurring the preachers and
their message, other writers were candid and fair, and in
each case public interest was increased. In some instances
the religious papers opened their pages to articles written
by the friends of theAdvent faith, or to a free discussion
of the question. Frequently the opponents of the cause.
no ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
while intending to destroy it, did much to advance it, be-
cause the arguments they presented were so weak that
people were led to say, "If this is the strongest evidence
which exists against this faith, there must be something
in it."
THE AWAKENING EXTENDS TO ENGLAND
The publication work proved a vital agency in promoting

the cause as it aided in spreading the interest across the seas.
Large quantities of Eld. Hutchinson's paper. The Voice
of Elijah, which was published in Canada, were sent to
England for free distribution, also books and papers to a
large amount were sent from the Boston office by Eld.
Himes and were scattered abroad.
In 1842 Eld. Robert Winter, an Englishman by birth,
a Free Methodist, who had accepted the faith, returned to
his native country to proclaim the coming of the Lord.
His work w'as fruitful and many joined with him to spread
the light through the Islands. In 1844, he in company with
Eld. J. W. Bonham, published the Advent Harbinger in
Bristol, Eng. Elds. William Burgess, E. Micklewood,
William Barker, C. Dealtry and others assisted in evan-
gelistic efforts. They gave the message in London, Hull,
Knottingby, Leeds, Bradford, Wakefield, Nottingharnj
Sheffield, Manchester, Carlisle, New Castle, Stockport,
Liverpool and other places, in halls, chapels, commons;
squares and in the public streets, also in most of the large
towns in the south of England, in the Isle of Wight, and
likewise in Norfolk and Suffolk, and were often greeted
by large and attentive assemblies. Two thousand copies
of Lectures on the Prophecies of Daniel, also many copies
of the publications above referred to were widely distributed
among the people.
In 1844 Eld. Himes had proposed a European mission,
DR. RICHARD HUTCHINSON
in which he would be accompanied by Elds. Litch and Hutch-

inson, but this effort was delayed for a season as the work
in America was not fully past the last point in the "time"
crisis, and still required careful attention. But in 1846,
as a result of the interest awakened by the brethren above
referred to and others, there was a loud call from England,
for the fulfillment of the proposed mission, hence the ques-
tion was brought up in the General Conference held in
New York City, May 12-15, and Elds. J. Litch, L. Kimball,
A. Hale, T. M. Preble, I. E. Jones were appointed a com-
mittee to consider and report on the need and feasibility
of the effort. The committee reported a vigorous resolu-
tion strongly favoring the mission, naming Elds. Himes, R.
Hutchinson and F. G. Brown as the men who could best
attend to and accomplish the work, also'calling for financial
aid from all interested in the mission to support the effort.
This Conference was adjourned to Boston, and the assembly
there heartily approved of the action. An "Address to
Believers in the Lord Jesus Christ in England, Scotland,
Ireland and Elsewhere," was prepared and ordered by the
Conference to be printed as an expression of the views and
objects of American Adventists, and an, appeal to jthe
Christian church to awake and labor and watch for the
return of the Nobleman.* The address was considered
valuable and worthy of wide circulation in the States as
well.
On June first the three brethren named sailed for England,
and arrived in Liverpool on the 13th, where they "were
welcomed by glad hearts who had waited for them." So
far as they could they visited various parts of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, lectured on various Advent themes
and distributed a large quantity of books and tracts. Eld.
•Wellcome's History, page 543.

Himes fiiiblished for a year the European Advent Hemidt
which was widely circulated.
These: missionaries were also appointed as delegates
to "The World's Temperance Convention," and "The
World's Evangelicial Alliance," both of which were held in
London, in August of 1846, and they attended and took
part ill these great meetings, and thus an opportunity was
aifforded them to scatter their literature in "very desirable
and extensive directions," as they were frequently inquired
of in these assemblies concerning their faith and work.
Though many testimonials were received showing that
this mission Was productive of much good, and many be-
lievers in England were united in this effort, yet from lack
of sufficient leaders and means to insure an efficient organ-
isation, a separate and independent movement was not
undertaken, and the mission was closed in 1847. But
many able voices kept the message of the Coming One
before the people of Great Britaih for many years.
This mission to England was cordially commended by
Rev. S. R. L., Gaussen, of Geneva, Switzerland, who was
for over twenty-five years professor of Theology in the
Evangelical Society's Seminary, a most devout believer in
the full inspiration of the Bible, a student of prophecy
dnd an earnest premillennialist. He received with ap-
preciation and interest the Advent Herald, and the various
books sent to him by Eld. Himes. Prof. Gaussen's Lecture,
"The German Rebuke of American Neology," which was
delivered to the theological students in 1843, was here
translated intoEngHsh by Adventist friends, and was
published as No. 46 of the Second Advent Library.
THE CAMP AND TENT-MEETING AGENCY

Yet another effective feature in the Awakening was the
large tentand campmeetings, which were held in various
parts of the country.Early in the year 1842, at some large

anniversary meetings held in the Melodeon, in Boston, the
proposal to hold a campmeeting, one or more, during the
summer, was discussed. Many thought it too great an
effort for afew Advent believers, to undertake, but it was
decided to "try" the plan. Eld. J. Litch made a visit
to Canada East, and the interest was so general that he
was asked to hold a campmeeting at Hadley, and this was
so successful that another was called for at Bolton. This
was held, closing July 3rd, and completed a month's labor
in that section during which it was estimated that five or
six hundred jpeople were converted.
About the same time the first Advent campmeeting
held in the States,, was convened at East Kingston, N. H.,
and was attended not only by large numbers from local
sections, but by believers from all parts of New England.
The attendance was estimated at from seven to ten thousand
people, and the meeting was made famous by newspaper
reports, and the visit of that loved and honor.ed poetj J. G.
Whit'tier, who later wrote an impressive description of the
meeting. Thus, three successful campmeetings were held,
to the surprise of the doubters, within a short tipie after it
was decided to "try" the effort. Besides these campmeet-
ings, many large assemblies of the people were convened in
various parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.
Also, within the compass of New England, some six or
eight campmeetings were held during the summer and falL
The effect of these various great gatherings is described
as "a movement which shook the nation."
In the midst of these efforts, it was proposed to construct
a large tent capable of seating four thousand people, to
be used in the larger cities where adequate places of assem-
bly could not be secured, and the project was at once carried
out. The tent was twenty-five rods in circumference.
—

with a center pole fifty-five feet high, and carefully seated,
would accommodate nearly four thousand people. Dur-
ing this season it was pitched in Concord, N. H., Albany,
N. Y., at Chicopee Falls and Salem, Mass., Benson, Vt.,
and Newark, N. J. In 1843 the tent was used in Rochester
and Buffalo, N. Y., and in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1844 at
Louisville, Kentucky ,---in fact it was conveyed from place
to place in cars, steamships or teams, until it was finally
worn out in Gospel work.
The campmeeting at Chicopee Falls (where the great
tent was pitched), was a notable event. It was held on the
same ground and closely followed the M. E. Campmeeting,
which was one of the best and most successful yet held
but the Advent meeting so far exceeded the Methodist in
attendance and results that many were astonished and
confessed it the work of God, indeed. As a result of this
and a subsequent meeting at Plainville, Conn., Hiram
Munger, that unique, eccentric character among early
Adventists aqd famous as a campmeeting manager, who
later became one of the active elders in the body, with many
others came into the faith, and large numbers were con-
verted to Christ.
By the great success of these and subsequent tent and
campmeeting efforts, this agency became an abiding fea-
ture of the Advent cause, and later spread to the West
and to the Far West. In the early 40's, there was much of
novelty and contagious attraction in these methods, and
with the earnest preaching of the great Advent message,
the stirring singing, the thrilling
—
social —then
services
something of a new feature ^vast multitudes thronged
the camps, and the interest spread, like a mighty tide
from State to Stat^. By these and other means before
cited, this great Awakening prevailed more and more.
AGREEING VOICES
That we may have an adequate idea of the extent of

that premillennial revival the testimony of some who
advocated the main truth, but who were not afifiliated with
the Advent behevers, should be recorded. John Thomas,
M.D., in 1834 published a Journal, in which he taught the
near, personal, premillennial coming of Christ. It is
stated that the Journal was firstThe Apostolic

called
Advocate and was later issued under the title The Herald
of the Kingdom. His works are said to have ably upheld
the doctrine of our Lord's soon-coming and his personal
reign.
In 1837, Rev. Wm. W. Pym, A.M., Vicar of William
Hurts, England, published in this country at Philadelphia
a pamphlet, which had been issued in England two years
previously entitled A Voice of Warning in the Last Days.
He said, "Impressed with a most firm belief in the very
near approach of Christ, and alike impressed with the
prevailing unbelief of this present truth, my spirit is stirred
within me warn every man whom I have to do with, that
to
the Lord must shortly be revealed."
In 1840, the Rockingham Christian Conference, as-
sembled at Newton, N. H., passed a resolution regarding
the Second Coming of Christ, referring to it as "very
generally found in the Bible," "of great importance to be
taught," advising all to give the subject "a ready and faith-
ful examination," commending the Signs of the Times,
published at Boston, as "a useful help on the subject;"
also approving the action of the council appointed to con-
duct their own paper The Christian Herald, published at
Exeter, N. H., in "opening its columns for a fai,r and ju-
dicious discussion of the subject of Christ's Coming King-
dom at hand."
In 1841, Rev. William Ramsey, pastor of the Cedar
Street Presbyterian Church of Philadephia, published in
t)Ook form a lengthy discourse on the Second Coming
of our Lord, and Saviour Jesus Christ in Power and Great
Glory Before the Millennium. This was the tenth in a
series of lectures on unfulfilled prophecy which he had
previously delivered to his congregation and which aroused
a wide interest in the city. In response to the interest and
to still further increase interest, the last discourse was en-
larged and published. The copy before us has this in-
scription on the flyleaf in Mr. Ramsey's own writing:
Rev. Wm. Miller: —

With the kind and Christian regards of his
Brother in Christ.
William Ramsey.
Philad'a, Feb. 4th, 1843.
Later, in 1856, Dr. Ramsey issued his able work. Spirit-

ualism, A Satanic Delusion and a Sign of the Times, which
was published by H. L. Hastings in 1864, and widely cir-
culated for many years.
Rev. George Duffield, D.D., pastor of the First Presby-
terian Church, Detroit, Mich, (who had previously been
pastor in Philadelphia and New York City), issued in 1842
his book 'Dissertations on the Prophecies Relative to the
Second Coming of Jesus Christ, an able work of over, four
hundred pages which was written in a very candid spirit,
and strongly advocated the personal, premillennial coming
of Christ. In chapter thirteen, of thirty-eight pages,
entitled, "The Season and the Signs of Christ's Coming,"
he sets forth some general prophecies, the character of the
time of the end, and some of the physical signs (Matt. 24)
as indicating the nearness of His coming. In closing the
chapter, he said, "Verily, we must be blind, indeed, if we

cannot discern the signs of the times. . The Lord's coming
. .
in the clouds of heaven is fore-signified by all these things,

and is even at the door" (p. 406).
In November, 1840, Dr. Dufifield wrote an extended
article to Eld. Himes, which was published in the Signs
of the Times (March 1, 1841), of which paper he was a pay-
ing subscriber. In this article he states the diligence with
which he had studied prophecy and the principles of its
interpretation for many years, strongly argues against the
postmillennial view, and while taking exception to Advent
teaching regarding the time and the Jews, he cordially
commended the paper. "The publication," he wrote,
"has given me pleasure. I bid God-speed to every judicious
effort to awaken attention, and to spread, before a Num-
bering church and world, the tokens of our blessed Saviour's
approaching return to earth.""
And thus we might go on, but our limited space will not
allow us to trace the echoes of agreeing voices further;
sufficient has been recorded here, that may be associated
with references in the chapter on "Preparatory Conditions,"
and that on "European Witnesses," etc., to indicate a
generalmoving of the divine Spirit to ketep alive the primi-
tive faith,and that the decades of the 30's and 40.'s in
the nineteenth century witnessed a great prophetic and
Adventual awakening, a very notable revival of the Ancient
Hope. The fact that some of the leaders were men of
humble station, not famous; in scholastic circles, will not
be a stumbling blotk to the thoughtful, nor an occasion
of reproach from those who remember the lowly rank of
our Lord's first disciples, and the humble walks from which
some of our foremost statesmen have arisen. The "earthen
vessels" through which the mighty work was wrought,
clearly reveal the power to be of God and not of man.
CHAPTER V
THE INDEPENDENT OR SEPARATED MOVEMENT AND
ITS CAUSES
THE early leaders in the

thought of establishing a
Advent Awakening had no
new and separate religious
body, there was no sect-building intent in their minds.
Again and again in conference session and in press issues
they disavowed any such purpose and rejoiced in the gen-
eral character arid wide fellowship of the movement.
Clergymen and members of all the leading Protestant
churches came together in free, happy union for the pro-
motion of the primitive faith and thus labored for some
years, while maintaining a loyal interest in and liberal
still
support of their churches. For a time many ministers

own
and churches offered free and open doors to Mr. Miller
and his co-laborers.
But with the passing of the time period in 1843-4, and
the great crisis, which it brought upon the work, press and
preaching effort being temporarily suspended, or nearly
—
so it seems that the leaders of these churches generally
concluded that the time had come to fully oppose the "Mil-
leriie teaching" —
to require their ministers and members
to refrain from further agitation of the queston, to effec-
tively silence it in their meetings and communities, thus
seeking to prevent the continuance of the interest and Work.
The opposition of the past now became more general and
ripened into many repressive measures. It soon became
a question in many places of silence or excommunication
—a state of trying disfellowship. But this faith was far
THE INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT 119
more than a time theory, its essential features were strong

and abiding and its adherents mostly proved of like char-
acter. They had come to so deeply love the doctrine of
the Saviour's return and related truths that they could not
be silenced, or cease to cherish the Communion of those
of like faith.
In 1844, Eld. F. G. Brown of the Baptist Church wrote:
"I have a sorrowful exhibition of the position which some
churches are resolved on pursuing in relation to the Advent.;
many of them will not have it touched upon in their pulpits,
however remotely. Others are determined on .excluding
those who imbibe the sentiments of Adventists, when the
least pretext offers itself."' In line with this Eld. R. E.
Ladd of Springfield, Mass., of the M. E. Church, was, with
about forty others, expelled from the church, and without
any charge of misconduct. Of course such a precedure as
this led to the organization of an Adventist St^ciety, which
in time became large and prosperous —
and abides to this
—
day a strong and active church.
The Methodist Episcopal Conference of Maine, passed
resolutions in 1843, declaring that the teachings of "Mil-
lerism," together with all its modifications, are contrary
to the standards of our church," and requiring all their
members "to refrain entirely from disseminating them in
the future." About thirty of the ministers of this con-
ference became -interested and were preaching these
truths, with extensive reformations following where they
labored.
It is evident that later on these requirements were more
fully enforced and was considered factious and heretical
it
to teach the near coming of Christ: —

some were expelled
for so doing, some ceased preaching what they believed to
'Wellcome, page 343.

be the truth and lost their power, others left church and
conference that they
MIGHT HAVE LIBERTY TO PREACH ,
according to the light they had received, and abundant

blessings followed their labors.
Eld. J. Litch, writing in 1844, said:
"It has not been our wish in presenting these truths,

to build up a sect, but to me^t as Christians, with all sects,
and if God in mercy bless our labors, leave those converted
to God to unite and live in peace and love with the church
with which they might be connected. But this could not
be. Very few churches have been found which were suf-
ficiently alive to God to be willing to he^r of the coming of
the Lord. A spirit of opposition to the introduction of the
Christian's hope in social meetings, has almost everywhere^
been exhibited. The doors of churches have been closed
against lectures, and every. possible means used to prevent
the spread of light on the subjects. Under these circum-
stances, those who wished to hear were under the necessity
of opening separate meetings for the Ifectures, or not have
them at all. The same has been the fact with respect to
social meetings. When forbidden to speak of their hope
of seeing the King in his beauty, in the social meetings of
the church, those who have been interested in the question
could only go by themselves and enjoy the privilege."^
William Miller testified in like manner:
"I wish here to say, that, in proclaiming the coming of

Christ to the world, nothing was further from my thoughts
than to form a separate, distinct body of Christians. It
never came into my heart; I thought to benefit all. But,
by a combination of circumstances within and without,
over which we had no control, we find ourselves as we are.
We have been called out of the churches, and thrust out
^The Rise and Progress of Adventism, Advent Shield, Vol. I.page 81.
of the churches. The churches have refused to fellowship

us; arid what shall we do? Wecannot go back, and give
up our blessed hope. And all we can do is to find what the
Gospel teaches, arid act accordingly."*
At this time they suffered many persecutions from the

worldly and wicked, such as false reports, slanders, occa-
sional disturbance of meetings and attacks of mobs, much
of scoffingand reproach-—and sometimes these things came
from, or were incited by those from whom better things
were expected. They knew well what it was to be "re-
jected" in person and doctrine.
THE REJECTION OF THE MESSAGE

and people was not simply because of the time feiature,
for many of the most pious, able and worthy ministers and
members were refused the privilege of preaching, speaking
or singing about the coming of, Christ in church riieetings
who —
never accepted the time theory ^were as fully rejected
as those who taught it. Eld. I. C. Wellcome records a
testimony that he personally knew many such cases.
Many beKevers were "rudely assailed, taunted, ridiculed,
shunned, tried for heresy, or dropped from church records
without trial," hence it became very trying and in many
cases impracticable, if not impossible to remain in the
.
churches of their earlier choice. Therefore hundreds of

the most devoted, self-sacrificing Christians and teores of
ministers, many with great reluctance, were obliged to
come out from their former church associations and form
new ones.
"They could not be frightened, frowned, flattered, or

boughtoff from the work of declaring constantly and un-
mistakably, 'Behold, thy salvation cometh.' They^^could
^Memoirs, page 319-20.

not suppress the great cardinal truths which they found
to underlie the whole system of human redemption, or hide
their convictions that the grand consummation of the Chris-
tian's hope was about to be realized. They, with (in many
cases) their faithful and believing wives and children, chose
rather to sacrifice their church relations, salaries, comfort-
able homes, and delightful situations, worldly reputation,
and fashionable society, than to sacrifice these sanctifying
truths. Theyallowed themselves to be expelled, or quietly
withdrew, that they might publish to all the truths they
believed due the people of this generation, and of great im-
portance that they should hear. Their love for the truth
and for the professed people of God who bore fruits of right-
eousness, even though repelled and greatly misused by many
of them, led them to endure great toil and privation to do
them good,, and bring them to the enjoyment of that hope
which had been the source of great joy to themselves."^
All this was

MUCH LIKE THE EXPERIENCE OF JOHN WESLEY
and his early co-laborers —the beginning of the great Meth-
odist movement. recorded that in 1738 Wesley
It is
preached but little because most of the parish churches

were closed to him. Whitefield, the noted evangelist, on
his return from America was likewise refused access to the
churches of Bristol. The latter resorted to open-air preach-
ing—ând soon Wesley, though with great reluctance,
adopted the same method and iollowed it for more than
fifty years, entering churches when invited, but laboring
in the fields, in halls, cottages and chapels when the churches
were closed to him. And so, having fallen out with the
Moravians, he was led, without previous intent or plan to
organize his followers into a separate society and most —
remarkable are the results that have followed.^
'Wellcome, page 352.

^Schaff-Herzog Encyc. Ed., 1891, page 2492.
THE INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT 123-
In the Advent Awakening the majority of some churches

accepted the faith, the minority retiring and leaving the
church ready organized as in Chardon Street Church,
Boston, and several other places. In the midst of this
exodus from the churches and before the leaders had gotten
the new situation, or movement of separation, well in
hand, a state of disorder and fanaticism set in to a consid-
erable extent— ^which was a cause of no small trial to Mr.
Miller and his co-laborers, and furnished further occasion
for opposition and repressive action by the churches.
Some of these unfortunate and divisive teachings had
existed under cover, or were obscured by the great central
interest atnd work, but during and follow:ing the temporary
suspension of effort that came with the great disappoint-
ment, they assumed new prominence, and fresh varieties
appeared. Fanatical notions and strange manifestations
of the "power" and the "gifts" were set forth by some
would-be leaders; the fancy that the Protestant churches
were the daughters of Babylon, associated with a "Come-
out" cry, was taken up by Some and aroused needless preju-
dice and opposition in the churches; the "Shut-Door" theory
was advanced by others, gKppbrted by so-called visions
and revelations of the Lord, a notion which was never
adopted by the sober-minded leaders of the great Advent
message; some advocated and practised feet washing and
kissing as religious ordinances, some claimed the gift of
miracles and the discerning of spirits, others, also magnified
various visions and dreams; this particular feature led to or
promoted the "Shut-Door" theory, and later was the in-
spiration and chief authority of the Seventh Day Sabbath
advocacy and separation. Papers and tracts were issued
by the leaders of these factions and a state bf general
controversy and confusion ensued.
But it is a matter of abundant record that Mr. Miller,
•124 APVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
and all who were by him as co-workers, were
recognized
entirely opposed to these' and all fanaticar notions and
practices which appeared, and he not only was pained by
these thiags and the reproach they brought but urgently
counseled against them repeatedly.
,!l<in' :
CONSTRUCTIVE WORK BEGUN

In view of the large numbers that were disfellowshipped
or excbmmunicated by the churches, and this state of con-
fusion and faction that prevailed, and feeling that the main
lines of teaching were the very truth of God, to be given
to the church and world in its time of need it was felt—
by Mr. Miller and the rightful leaders in the movement
that ^teiething' must be done to unite the people upon
strong and sober lines of faith and for efilcient work. To
this end a Mutual Conference! was dalled to convene at
thfe Hbuse of Prayer, Albany, N. Y..bn April29, 1845. The
object was thus stated in The Co/Z—which was published
in the Adilent Herald, March 26, 1845:
."In view, of the present state of the Advent cause, and

the vast responsibility resting upon us all at this crisis,
it has been thought advisable, by Bren. Miller, Litch,
Whiting, Jones, Cole, Hutchiiison, and other^, to call a
Conference of the Second Advent lecturers and brethren
who still adhere to the original Advent faith, as proclaimed
by us to the world, for the last few years.
"The object of this meeting will not be for controversy
on points of doctrine or on questions of doubtful disputatioil,
but to strengtheh one another in the faith of the Advent
at the door, and to consult on the best mode of unitedly
carrying forward our work, in comforting and preparing
the Advent congregations among us fo^ the speedy coming
of the Lord and also to unite our efforts for the conversion
;
arid salvation of sinners. Our time is precious, and should

be employed to the best advatitage, so that we may give
actount to our Judge, at His appearing."
:
The conference assembled at the appointed time, and as

temporary officers Mr; Millei" was chosen chairman and
Eld. Himes, secretary. After the membei-ship 6i the
Conference was ascertained, it was fully organized by
choice of Rev. Elon Galusha, of Lockport, N. Y., as
president, and Sylvester Bliss and O. R. Fassett, Secre-
taries. A committee Oi twelve was appbin ted aS follows:
William Miller, Josiah Litch, N. N. Whiting, J. V. Himes,
Sylvester Bliss, L. D. Fleming, Erastus Parker, H; Caswell,
I. R. Gates, I. H. Shipman, Prosper Powell; and Elon
Galusha, to arrange matters for the consideration of the
Conference, which remained in session for thred days.
The first two paragraphs of the committee's report were
as follows:
"Your committee, appointed for the purpose; of taking

into consideration thg great principles upon which we can
unite and act in advancing the cause of truth, for the edi-
fication of the body of Christ, the salvation of souls, and
the preparation of man for the near Advent of the Saviour,
submit the following report
"In view of the many. conflicting opinions, unscriptural
views, leading to unseemly, practices,, and the, s^d diyisipns
which have been thereby caused by some professing to be
Adventists, we deem it incumbent on us to declare to the
world our belief that thfe Scriptureis teach, among others,
the following :
i
"important truths"i
Then they stated the main points bf faith regarding,

(1) The inheritance and kingdom On earth; (2) The first and
the second Advent of Christ, both to be personal and visible;
(3) That the second' coming is indicated to be now nigh,
even at the doors, and that this truth should be preached
^Memoirs, page 301.

both to saints and sinners; (4) The conditions of salva-
tion, repentance, faith, sober, righteous,and godly living;
(5) The and time of the resurrection;
character, order,
(6) Concerning the millennium; (7) Regarding the promise
to Abraham, or the true and only restoration of Israel;
(8) That there is no promise of this world's conversion but
the children of the kingdom and those of the wicked one
will continue together until the end of the world; (9) The
duty of the ministers to continue to preach the Gospel to
every creature even unto the end; (10) That the departed
saints do not enter their inheritance or receive their crowns
at death, but only at the Advent and resurrection.
Each article of faith was ably set forth, citations of Scrip-
ture being given to sustain the same. Then the committee
considered those things which would promote associated
and orderly action, suggesting sqmething of
A "plan of operations"
inwhich the duty of continued effort, the plan of itinerant
preaching and lecturing, and the wider circulation of books
and periodicals were advocated.
In closing the report several resolutions were presented
referring to the theory of the world's conversion and the
restoration of the natural J^ws, showing the unscriptural
character* of these teachings, also dissenting from and re-
proving the various forms of error and fanaticism to which
we have before referred.
This report was carefully examined, fully discussed and
unanimously adopted. In addition to this a written ad-
dress by William Miller, was presented in which he kindly
urged, brotherly love, patience and prayer, caution and
sobriety in the exposition of Scripture and careful adherence
to its plain teachings, as against fanciful and sectarian,
interpretations advanced by place seekers and would-be
leaders, and he plead for a renewed study of Scripture, for

watchfulness against division, and for increased diligence
in the work, that all the world might "know there is such a
grace as Christian perseverance.','
This was not a mass convention but each Advent con-
gregation had been invited to send one or two brethren to
unite with the leaders in its deliberations. The report
shows that sixty-one attendants were recognized as mem-
bers of the Conference. Nine States and Toronto, Canada,
were represented. "The members had come together
representing an extent of country from beyond Buffalo
on the west, to the eastern section of New Hampshire,
and from Maryland on the south, to Canada on the north.'.'
The brethren gathered with some anxiety as to the result
of the Conference in view of the many differences of opin-
ion which seemed to prevail and fully sensible as to the dis-
tracted state of the cause.
At the close they were rejoiced at the unity that had
prevailed and that the statement of important truths and
counsels and resolutions presented had been unanimously
adopted. The president in his closing remarks dwelt
upon the importance of securing as far as practicable pas-
toral services for the different congregations, not with a
view to restricting the brethren to isolated fields, but al-
lowing them also as circumstances might demand to act
as evangelists.
THE DOINGS OF THIS CONFERENCE
gave great pleasure "to all of the consistent Adventists,"

but seriously offended the erratic and factious elements.
Some of these spread their objections to such an extent that
Mr. Miller wrote a defence of the Conference and its doings,
which was published in the Advent Herald of June 4, 1845
— a most able, and conclusive article, showing the reasons
,

for calling the Conference, the ample notice given, the
representative character of the gathering, the deliberation-
and unity of its actions, the need and wisdom of its doings,
Mr. Miller said that so far as he knew nine-tenths of the
—
Adventists approved the Conference actions rthat' this
was the mind of the people as a body.
This was assured by the fact that, the General Con-
ferences subsequently held in New York, Boston, Phila-
delphia, and Baltimore that year unanimously ratified its
doiftgs and re-affirmed its declaration of "Important,
Truths," and similar action was taken in other representa-
tive gatherings so that these views became known as the
settled principles of the Adventist people. Following these
General' Conferences, similar local gatherings were held in
many places in several Statest outbreaks of fanaticism and
disorder were repiroved, and the sober-minded friends ef the
cause were called to the* front to labor in a united and or-
derly way for the extension of the faith and the salvation of
sinners. >
In many where there were believers of a number

places,
sufficient to maintain public worship, churches were set
in order in a simple New Testament way, by appointing
elders and deacons to maintain order, worship and the
Gospel ordinances. As the number of congregations and
churches increased they were frequently visited by the
leading preachers and encouraged in the faith and work.
Some who had been thrown out of the churches without
'
due proc.ess, and others who imbibed the unfortunate no-

tion regarding Babylon and her daughters, were opposed
to all church organization and order, and they and their;
successors were a persistent hindering cause, which did
much to promote disorder and retard a general and healthy
growth, but this influence was opposed by Mr. Miller and
his chief co-laborers, and by subsequent leaders and was
gradually displaced by wiser counsels and by the efforts

of constructive workers.
Following up the encouragement and inspiration of the
various Conferences, and their
COUNSELS OF UNITY AND PERSEVERENCE
Bren. Miller (to the extent of his 'declining strength),

Himes, Galusha, Litch, Fleming, Hale, Jones, Fassett,
Burnham, and many others traveled and preach6d' in
various parts of the country. It is said that the "big tent"
was used to some extent, and many thousands were glad
to hear the Gospel of the kingdom and the signs of the
times.
Many in the popular ministry and churches were greatly
disappointed that the whole advent cause did not die with
—
the passing of the '43-' 44 crisis especially since it had been
so often "confuted," "refuted," "used up,"
"exposed,"
—
"overthrown," and "demolished," and its insistent and
enlarging continuance was resisted with much and often
bitter persecution.
'But soon it became a matter of record that a large
number of ministers were holding conferences, camp and pro-
tracted meetings, to the extent of time and ability, through-
out the Eastern, Middle and Western States, Canada,
East and West, and the Provinces of New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia. The Southern States were for a time closed
to this work, but soon, in spite of the hindrances, the South
was calling for the- message: The preaching continued to
awaken interest, to gain the faith of candid hearers, and
GRACIOUS REFORMATIONS FOLLOWED
in which sinners were truly converted, and worldly profes-

sors were convicted of a lack of real piety and led to a deeper
consecration to God and His service, while to many the
Christian hope becanie far more real and sure.
New ôors were continually opening where previously
the message had been refused a hearing, new converts to
the faith added interest and strength to the cause, eminent
ministers who had, through the influence of tradition,
prejudice, or false report, refrained from examining the
question, were led to consider and accept the doctrine;
scholars of various grades, as well as men of common
rank, became united in the premillennial faith and the
doctrine of the restitution — ând this came to pass not by
any easy but through the untiring and self-sacri-
efforts,
ficing labors of diligent and faithful workers, who believed
these truths and gave themselves and their all to the
promotion of the cause, God adding His blesssing and the
power of the Spirit in giving gracious results.*
Thus the independent Advent movement was caused
by the fact that the church at large had from various
sources received doctrines that displaced the primitive
faith of the personal Advent as the great hope of believers,
and its kindred truths, and therefore they rejected this
message and its advocates, and generally church and pulpit
were closed. This state of things was somewhat accented
by the time feature, and some unfortunate doings of
untrained and ill-balcmced persons, but had not these ele-
ments entered iil the result could hardly have been dif-
ferent, as there was not then or later on, "room in the inn"
for hearty, earnest Adventual teaching and faith.
SILENCE OF THE CHURCHES ON THE COMING OF CHRIST
. This state of things is well illustrated by the statement

of Rev. James H. Brooks, D.D., as to his early experience
'See Wellcome's History, page 574, 5.

and views. He says, "No sermon had ever been preached in

my hearing about the coming of the Lord, no allusion was
ever made to it in the course of my theological training, no
book concerning it had ever been read." In his boyhood,
rumors of the Miller movement reached that distant and
obscure part of the South, where his mother lived, awakening
considerable exitement, but was looked upon with prejudice
and by some with contempt. He was a reader of that
noted premillennial publication, the Theological and Lit-
erary Journal, which was edited by Prof. D. N. Lord, but
the "articles on eschatology were skipped in reading. In
fact, the entire theme was utterly distasteful and even
offensive. My eyes were closed and my heart sealed to the
plain testimony of God's Word, and the plain references
to the second coming were either passed over or at least
they made no impression whatever." Being forced by.
his convictions, against' his will, to the study of the book
of Revelation, he was by this led to general prpphetic study
and became a life-long believer and advocate of the personal
imminent coming of the Lord.
Dr. L. W. Munhall, called by one writer, "a learned and
efficient evangelist of the M. E. Church, whose Gospel
labors are everywhere known," put forth some years ago,
a book on The Lord's Return. Referring to the fact that
preachers in this country do not teach it as they are com-
manded to, he said: "I have been a member of the church
my parents belonged to from their childhood, for more
than twenty-five years, and have heard as many sermons
as almost any man of my age, and I have yet to hear the
first sermon on the subject, one way or another, from a
minister of my own denomination."

Many other testimonies might ,b? adcjed to show the
prevalent neglect of and repugnance to Adventual teach-
ing. ' ^-
—

REASONS FOR INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE
Those who became known as the EvangeUcal Adventists

gave the following reasons as their "justification for the
maintenance of a distinctive denominational existence;"
and as they were considered applicable to those of the
Advent Christian Churches, we cite an abstract of the
same, which though brief represents what was a deep Con-
viction of truth and duty. They found said justification
in:
1. In the real value placed upon the great event of

Christ's return to the world.
2. In the rejection of all theories which' inculcate the
notion of a millennium prior to the second coming of
Christ, or that puts in the far distance the time of the ad-
vent. And
3. In tenets not now found embodied in any of the
prevailing systems of Christian belief.
As the principal object of all prophecy was to prepare,
the world for two comings of the Messiah; and as there is
more said, in the New Testament Scriptures, concerning
Christ's coming the second time than of any other doctrine,
this event should be regarded, especially by the professed
people of God, as one of stupendous and overwhelming
importance. . . .
The popular notion of the world's conversion has become

. a veil before the vision of many, and faith in the coming
again of the Lord has become greatly obscured. ... A
system of spiritual or mystic interpretation is being ac-
cepted by the church, which questions the ancient faith of
a personal and visible advent of the Son of man, hence we
now hear much about a spiritual coming a. merely "provi-
dential coming" —
that is, a "figurative event" that—
"Christ comes at death." The same principle of interpre-
tation that denies the personality and visibility of Christ's
second, advent will surely undermine faith in the literality
of the resurrection of the dead,—and we may add, 'of the
inheritance and kingdom as well.
These Evangelical brethren state that their doctrine of

the Advent, coupled with that of the restoration and per-
fection of the earth, in which Christ would personally reign
—
with His ransomed millions thus constituting the kingdom
—
of Christ "are doctrines which were held by the primitive
church, and by the Reformers as
"cardinal in the christian system"
"and which are cherished by this people as being essential

to the integrity of the divine plan of human redemption."
"And believing that the visible church has discarded
some of the most blessed doctrines of the Gospel . . . that
the present period pregnant with indications of the
is
speedy coming of the Lord to inaugurate the new and

endless dispensation of righteousness and peace," they felt
it justifiable and necessary to maintain "a distinctive
denominational interest in order to the more effective de-
fense and propagation" of this faith, and they had the
conviction that the providence of God, which had watched
over and preserved entire the Holy Scriptures; and the
doctrines of His Word, had now called them "to defend
and keep alive the truth imperiled," by the prevalent de-
parture from the primitive faith.
Soon after the Independent movement, on these special
Adventlial lines, was well under way, the doctrine of human
mortality, as against the current teaching of the immor-
tality of the soul, and the destruction of sin and sinners
as against the prevalent teaching of eternal misery, came
well to the front among a portion of the Adventists, and
this awakened a new tide of opposition to Adventist be-
lievers, bringirig upon them such a general disfelldwship
that the independent or separated character of the work
became a practical necessity. But it was felt by its ad-
vocates that this revived doctrine on human nature and
—

destiny was not only the ,very plain teaching of Scripture,
but came
'
AS A PROVIDENTIAL MESSAGE
to counteract a rising prejudice and unbelief which was

by the doctrine of eternal suffering, and to prepare
incited
the way for a more reasonable arid harmonious theology.
But the leaders of this teaching as well as all connected
with it —even such a noted scholar, profound thinker, and
blameless character as Prof. C. F. Hudson—suffered ex-
tensive disfellowship and often bitter persecution. It
was therefore a question generally of silence in testimony
and the cessation of activity, or the establishmeiit and
maintenance of separate and independent work with the
necessary organizations for advancement.
its
Believing these things and that God had given them the
light that they might walk therein,, and had revealed His
truth that it should be advocated and supported, what else
could they rightly, loyally and consistently do but gather
together those of this faith into an orderly body, whose
combined strength would inake possible an effective ad-
—
vocacy ^would furnish a suitable candle-stick for the light
given.
Being constrained and convicted that God and His
truth thus called them they proceeded, in due course, to
organize churches, then conferences, and later the general
associations.
The need of the testimony and work of this people, the
importance and timeliness of their teaching on human na-
ture and the penalty of sin, is further seen in view of the
rise and progress of Universalism a natural outgrowth
of immortal-soulism and a reaction from the doctrine of
endless misery. This teaching dates its modern effective
development in America along the period from 1803 to
1846, and following. Hosea Ballou (b. 1771, d. 1852)

is said to have been "justly called the father of Univer-
salism in its While many men, noble and
present form."
true, have labored promotion of this view, we can
for the
but record in kindly protest that its influence has been
unfortunate and perilous in weakening the moral sense of
men, both religious and worldly, regarding the serious
guilt of sin and the magnitude of its just penalty. The
same may be said of the kindred teaching of the Unitari-
ans, which body arose about the same time. The doctrine
of eternal suffering, and that of the universal salvation of
men, are each extreme views, neither of which is sustained
by any sober, well-balinced exposition of Scripture; there
was urgent need of a teaching that should have the
STRENGTH OF THE MIDDLE GROUND
At opportune season Conditional Immortality appeared
this
as the pre-eminently Biblical doctrine and at once "the
likeliest belief." It has emphasized the love of God, given
a preachable doctrine of penalty, quicTkened moral sense
regarding the guilt of sirt and its just desert, and brought
back multitudes of the skeptical and rebellious to faith and
reconciliation.
Let it also be carefully noted that the faith of the Advent
Christian people, regarding the nature of man and the
question of immortality, with its consistent and suggestive
teaching of the sleep of the dead, arose at the right time to
counteract and withstand the rising tide and evil influence
of Spiritualism, which had its modern inception in the
"rappings," produced to the wonder of many witnesses,
by the "Fox girls," in 1848 and following. Soon "they be-
gan to draw together -believers and doubters into 'circles'
and 'seances,' and to organize permanent associations.
At the end of ten years the Spiritual Register for 1859,'
boasting great things, estimated the actual Spiritualists
in America at one million five hundred thousand, besides
four million more partly converted. The latest census
(1891) gives the total membership of their associations as
forty-five thousand, and thirty. But this moderate figure
should not be taken as the measure of the influence of
their leading tenet."'
The current theology unwittingly, in its loose, unscrip-
tural teaching regarding undying souls or spirits and their
migration at death, had laid a foundation for this error
that greatly aided its influx and made possible its wide and
rapid extension, while it robbed the general church of an
effective weapon against its deceptive claims and inroads.
On the other hand the Advent Christian teachers, with
their view of man's nature and condition in death, were
well-prepared to meet the Spiritualist agitators, to effec-
tively controvert their claims and resist their influence, to
expose their signs and wonders, and drive them to the sink-
ing sand. Debates were held with Spiritualist lecturers,
much anti-Spiritualist literature was published, and press
and pulpit were so active against this delusion that at least
many were safeguarded from its wiles.
AN ERRONEOUS CLAIM
has been said in the past, and is yet sometimes said by
It
the very few who still have a leaning toward "time" views,
that "it was the definite time movement that made us a
people." An impartial survey of the earlier days and the
effects of the passing of the time set —
the disappointments
— will show this claim to be a mistake. None to-day can
realize, at least without very careful, sympathetic and ex-
tensive reading, anything of the real disappointment fol-
Âmerican Church History, Vol. 13, page 338.

I. C. WELLCOME
Sec- pages .iM and 396

JOXAS MERRIAM
lowing the passing of the first, and only really great and
general, time expectation in 1843-4, or the difficulties with
which the work was resumed.
Their disappointment was so real and deep they could
not recover from it at once; also various explanations had
to be made, mistakes as to the time confessed, unnumbered
tauntings and persecutions had to be endured, and public
coniidence had to be in some measure, at least, reclaimed.
Then in this state of confusion and dismay, false views
and fanaticism appeared, as elsewhere narrated, and the
whole cause was greatly embarrassed.
But in due time it was saved by the rallying call of the
General Conferences, in 1845 and onward, and the ef-
fective work of evangelism and publication that was pro-
secuted on the lines, of the main doctrines wholly inde-
pendent of any time question. These and subsequent
enegetic,
CONSTRUCTIVE LABORS WROUGHT OUT iN FAITH
patience arid at great sacrifice were what saved and made

the general Advent cause in its abiding forms and work.
In 1854 there was another time movement among a
comparatively small, but quite active number Eld. I. C.—
Wellcome estimated that, "Perhaps one in fifty of the body
of believers became interested in this." The desire for
its advocacy, which was not permitted without counter
—
review/in the Advent Herald ^was one of the reasons for
starting the World's Crisis, there being a desire for a "free
paper," in which this andother questions could be presented
with larger liberty, and which might be freely distributed.
Two books, at least, were published in its advocacy.
But while this time view was not generally accepted, its
influence was sufficiently extensive to incur, following the
disappointment, an unfortunate reaction. A few shifted
138 adve;nt christian history
their expectations to 1857. It was a matter of frequent
reference, by writers in different parts of the country, that
the cause suffered serious decline after the passing of these
periods of "time" expectation, and fervent exhortations
,
were given, earnest appeals were sent forth calling the people
to awaken and renew their efforts and zeal in the work.
The cause was again saved by vigorous entrance upon
constructive lines of labor, the more earnest promotion
of church order and organization, the further institution
of regular State and local conferences, and the adoption of
a more systematic plan of mission and evangelistic work.
It was this new awakening on cumulative, constructive
lines of effort as promoted by sagacious and self-sacrificing
leaders and helpers, and which in the early sixties developed
into the Christian Association and Publication Society of
the East, and the Western A. C. Association, with their
widely circulated tracts and publications, that again saved
the cause and resulted in the permanent establishment of
the Advent Christian body.
These sober, earnest and effective efforts were made by
men of able mind, profound conviction, of loyal adherence
to the truth as it was given them to see it^ and the service
that has been thus rendered to the cause of God in the re-
vival of the primitive doctrines of the church regarding
the personal, imminent advent of the Christ and immor-
tality as the gift of the Redeemer, and the continued sup-
port of these truths, has long since vindicated the course
taken, and gives promise, by the character of current events,
and the need in the church generally, of a more Biblical
and effective message, of being far more appreciated in the
near futuf-e.
CHAPTER VI
THE PRINCIPAL POINTS OF DOCTRINE AND THEIR
LEADING ADVOCATES
to any adequate
INof order understanding of the merits
the Adventist agitation and the chief characteristics
of this teaching as distinguished from the general religious
literature and preaching of the times, we need to consider
furthier the chief points of doctrine, and to narrate a few
added facts relative to the leading advocates of the same.
First, The Fundamental, and all Pervasive Appeal was'
to the Plain Word of Scripture, iEspecially the Voice
of Prophecy.
The of the divine Word were very care-
foretellings
fully set forthand the records of history relating to these
events were laid side by side with the Scripture prophecies,
thus showing clear and definite fulfillment of these pre-
dictions. This survey of prophecy was quite compre--
hensive relating to the history of Israel, of cfncient nations
and empires, as well as to the prophecies of latter day times
and conditions, although special emphasis was given to
the prophecies of the second advent and the period of final
judgment. This method of laying side by side the pre-
dictions of the sacred Scriptures and the facts of standard
histories showing their clear and definite fulfillment proved
a most effectual means of confuting the arguments of pro-
,
fessed atheists and infidels, as well as enlightening the

minds and confirming the faith of many believers who could
with difficulty give a reason for the faith that was in them.
"

When we recognize the prevalence of infidelity in those
days and the failure of the ordinary preaching to meet it
effectually, and note the very large number of skeptics and
infidels that were led to Christian faith by the preaching
of William Miller and his co-laborers, and the success which
their successors have had with the same method of teaching,
this plan is abundantly shown to have been one of wisdom
and worthy of hearty commendation and general emu-
lation.
Mr. Miller in his third lecture commenting upon the
prophecies of Daniel and speaking of Nebuchadnezzar's
dream, remarked, "This was the dream, and the inter-
pretation was clear as given by Daniel; and the history
of the world proves it to be true, a large share having
already been fulfilled." Then taking up this dream
and the later visions of Daniel, comparing them with each
other and with history, and tracing the prophecy down to
the coming of Christ, he earnestly exhorted his hearers
as follows:
"Let this subject sink into your hearts; let it follow you
to your bed chambers, to your fields, or to your shops.
Not one jot or tittle of the Word of God shall fail. For
he has spoken, it will come, however inconsistent it may
look to us. ê admonished, then, and see to it that you
are prepared.
COMPARE THE VISION WITH THE HISTORY

of the kingdoms and where can you find a failure? Not
one. Then,. surely, here is evidence strong that the re-
mainder will be accomplished in its time."
In concluding another lecture, he remarked,
"Here, then, was the accomplishment of two important

prophecies . How exactly has the Word of God been
. .
accomplished! How just and true are all the ways of the
PRINCIPAL POINTS OF DOCTRINE 141
God of heaven! And how blind are mortals that they

cannot see their own destiny, in the rise and fall of others!
I am astonished sometimes when I reflect on the simple
truths of the Word of God, the exact fulfillment of the
prophecies, that more do not believe, repent, and turn
to God."
Though he dealt largely with the number periods of

prophecy and its chronological phases and his arguments
were made in part to lead up to certain conclusions re-
garding the time of the Advent, yet this feature may be
distinguished from the more fundamental exposition
of the prophecy and the historical evidence introduced,
and later this distinction was made by Mr. Miller and
his co-laborers. They explained and acknowledged that
while the inferences regarding the termination of the time
periods had proven incorrect, yet the main substance
of the teaching, the historical fulfillment of prophecy, and
the development of the later stages of prophetic fulfill-
ment, furnished the strongest evidence of the inspiration

of Scripture and of the approximate nearness of the Advent.
Second, The Crowning and Central Teaching of Those
Days was the Personal, Glorious, and Impending Advent
of Christ.
This message was the burden of their hearts, the grand
They showed that the
focal point of all their teaching.
hope of the church was not in the coming of a temporal
millennium, was not in the. rapture of saints at death,
but it was
THE GLORIOUS COMING OF CHRIST
to judge the world and bring ill' the times of iêstitutjoh.

They dealt master strokes against the Universalist teach-
ing, that the Second Advent of Christ took place at the
destruction of Jerusalem, or. that it was a spiritual event
in the history of the church, such as the progress of the
Gospel or the prevalence of civilization. They ably,
earnestly and unitedly called the attention of the world
and of the church back to the primitive doctrine of the
personal and visible coming of the Christ in power and
great glory. Earnestly and persistently they preached
that this coming was near, that everybody should at once
prepare to meet God. The prevalent teaching of a thou-
sand years of peace and righteousness to intervene before
the Advent, had to the mind of the popular church put
His coming far into the, future, and the world was forgetting
that there was ever to be such an Advent. The coming
of death was put in the place of the coming of the Lord.
The event of death was made the time of reward, the hope of
the resurrection was discounted, even denied by some, and
the love of His appearing had largely failed especially in
this land of the Pilgrim Fathers. Forth into this dark-
ness went these vigorous heroes of the faith of the early
church, crying anew, "Behold He cometh!"
Said the late Dr. A. J. Gordon:
"It is the denial or the neglect of the doctrine of Christ's

personal advent that has tended powerfully to bring in
this perversion; and it is only the strong and emphatic
reassertion of this doctrine that can destroy it. Put the
central truth of eschatology in the place which it held for
the first three centuries of the church's history, and in the
place which it held in the days of the Reformation, and it
would lift the whole system of eschatological doctrine into
harmony and order."'
This is what the Adventist leaders did for those who

accepted their teaching —a service of large and permanent
value,to humble, unprejudiced truth seekers.
'Seminary Address, Recurrence of Doctrine.

The Denial of a Temporal Millennium.

Third,
Strongly and unitedly they labored to counteract the
popular teaching of the conversion of the world and a
thousand years of millennial grace before the second Ad-
vent. They pointed out with telling effect that there
was no place for such a millennium, before the judgment
day, in the prophecies of Daniel or the Book of Revela-
tion; that the opposing kingdoms, the false chijrch (Rev.
17), the beast, the dragon, and the false prophet, are only
overthrown at the glorious apocalypse of Christ. That
further, according to the prophecies of Christ as narrated
in the Gospels, also His parabolic teaching, especially that
of the tares and the wheat, and likewise the prophecies of
Saint Paul, Saint Peter, and Saint James — their descrip-
tion of last day conditions —not only did not teach mil-
lennial grace in the last times, but foretold abounding
iniquity, continued apostacy and —the
perils perils of
civilization —as characteristic of the latest period before
the Advent and the judgment day.
THIS EMINENTLY SCRIPTURAL TEACHING
was most impressive and effective, it cleared the field for

the arguments of the Advent near and for a solemn appeal
to men to flee from the wrath to come and to make ready
for His coming, who promised to appear in the clouds of
heaven, in power and great glory, to the dismay of the
world and the rapture of His church.
This ablie and wide spread attack on the world-con-
version theory, with the aid of other premillennial and
evangelistic testimony, well-nigh silenced for a time that
unscriptural view —but in later years through lapse of
time and delay of the Advent, and the prevalence of
evoFution philosophy, that theory has revived arid has
been very popular —a somewhat revised form, teaching
(in
social and through moral and educa-

religious progress
tional evolution and world peace to issue in a millennial
—
consummation) though this view has now been greatly
rebuked and embarrassed by the world war, prevalent
social corruption and crime. In view of this self-pleasing
seductive error the Advent teaching is as urgently needed
now as in the time of its early special revival and will give
greatly needed light on the true character of the times
and of present world movements. Its advocates might
well seize the present opportunity for a great forward
movement.
Fourth, They Denied the Restoration of Unbelieving
Israel.
A strong ally of the temporal millennium doctrine was
the teaching of the national return of the Jews, or the
restoration of Israel according to the flesh. This' teaching
was searched through and through and shown to be con-
trary to the doctrine and spirit of the New Testament.
Prominent among the addresses at General Conferences and
also in statements of faith were the arguments against
this Judaizing teaching set forth. It was shown that the
ministry of Christ and the order of the New Testament was
designed to exceed and supercede all national Jewish
limitations, to break down once for all the middle wall

of partition between Jew and Gentile, to unite all believers
of every race and nation, in a new order of spiritual brother-
hood in which there should be "neither Jew nor Greek,"
but all of every nation, class, sex, or condition should be
one in Jesus Christ. The doctrine of the return of the
Jews to a separate, elect nationalism is logically antagonis-
tic to this great truth that was so clearly taught by Christ
and Saint Paul and was so manifestly involved in the v.ery
polity and commission of the church.
:
William Miller, H. Dana Ward, Elders Henry Jones, J.

Litch, and later D. T. Taylor, and many, others, were
very clear and strong in their exposition of Scripture re-
—
garding this question all being careful to interpret
the Old Testament in the light of the New in this regard,
and not the reverse order, that is generally followed by
Judaistic teachers.
From Mr. Miller's writings as published in 1840-42, we
quote
"Now if the Jew be restored because he is a Jew, then

Peter needed another conversion; for he said he perceived
that God was no respecter of persons (Acts 10: 34, 35).
... If then the Jew, as a Jew in the flesh, must have
another day, God must have respect of persons, without
any reference to the work of righteousness; or God must
give the Gentile another day, after the Jew."
Then referring to Rom. 1: 16, 17 and 2: 7-11, 28, 29, he

says:
"These passages show plainly, that the Jews have had

their day, and have been visited with the indignation and
wrath of God, of which they are a sample unto us who
afterwards should live ungodly, and now the Gentile has
his day. . The Gospel promise, which before the law,
. .
was made to Abraham, was in Christ Jesus unto all them

which believe, both Jew and Gentile. This is certainly the
apostle's reasoning in the third and fourth chapters of Ro-
mans, and he says not one word about the Jew's return,
when he sums up the advantage the Jew had over the
Gentile. 'What advantage then hath the Jew? Or what
profit is thereof circumcision? What then? Are we better
than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved
both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin' (Roim.
3: 1, 9). Not a word about this return, and inheritance of
Judea again. Yet, if so, their restoration would be a great
advantage over the Gentile."
Again he writes:
"How would our dear Saviour explain John 10: 16:

'And other sheep I have which are not of this fold: them
also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there
shall be
ONE FOLD AND ONE SHEPHERD*?
How is this explained, the Jews are to be a separate

if
people again? When break down the partition
will Christ
wall? When will he unite Jew and Gentile in one body?"
" 'But,' say these Judaizing teachers, 'What shall we do

with all those passages in the prophets that speak of the
Jews' return to their own land?' I answer, 'Sirs, will you
be so good as to notice that all the passages which you dare
quote to prove your doctrine were written or prophesied
before the Jews were restored from Babylon, and had their
literal fulfillment in that event.' "i
Mr. Miller also, in quoting several passages, shows

that the promises given to Israel in the Old Testament,
often refer to, or anticipate, and are to be fulfilled in and
to, the church under the new covenant, and he quotes
showing plain new covenant references. Since the true
Israel were then the people of God, it was natural and
necessary that this term should be used of his true people
under the new covenant, and if none of these promises relate
to the church, then there are no promises to the church
in the Old Testament. Surely the true Israel of the Old
Testament corresponds with the true church under the
New Testamerit-^many quotations of Saint Paul involve
this conclusion.
We also quote from Rev. Henry Jones of New York
City, who addressing the Boston Conference of 1840, after
^Miller's Life and Views, pp. 226-229.

referring to the view held by some regarding the restora-

tion of natural Israel, said:
"But others of us, in looking out also for the now im-
mediate coming of our Blessed Lord to redeem and finally
deliver all his people, consider that the literal and unbe-
lieving Jews have nothing to do with these restoration and
returning promises. We
consider, rather, that the Israel
to whom all such promises are made, are God's true saints
or Israel only by faith in Jesus Christ, that the land
. .
'.
of promise is a 'heavenly country,' or this earth new-

created, so as to become the promised, 'new heaven .and
new earth,' for their eternal abode; and that the promised
restoration, or return of God's Israel, is the
FINAL GATHERING OF GOd's SAINTS

also called Israel, from all nations of the whole world, into
this glorious 'heavenly Jerusalem,' at the resurrection of
the dead, and second appearing of Christ, in which 'Jeru-
salem' they will dwell and reign with him in their promised
everlasting life, or forever and ever. Thus, we consider
. .that these restoration, gathering and returning prom-
.
ises all belong to God's beUeving Israel or saints, who,

at the now soon coming of Christ, are to return and come
to 'Mount Zion,' 'with songs and everlasting joyupontheir
"
heads,' where 'sorrow and sighing shall flee away:'
Another writer, whose communication concerning The

True Israel, was issued in Advent Tracts, Vol. 1, after
quoting Rom. 11: 16-18, says:
"From this, it appears that the whole Jewish nation was

not cut off from this mystical tree, but that the remnant
according to the election of grace was still reserved; and
that the Gentiles,' who were grafted in by faith, were for-
merly as a wild olive tree, being aliens from the common-
wealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of
promise; but now in Christ Jesus were brought nigh, and,
with the believing Jews, partook of the same promises and
privileges, even the root and fatness of the olive tree. The
148 ' ADVENT^ CHRISTIAN HISTORY
casting away, thten, and the fall, were the casting away and
fall of the unfruitful branches. And as the whole Gentile
world was not grafted in, but only such as believed the
Gospel and stood by faith; so they, with the believing Jews,
made up the one good olive tree, and became one in Christ
Jesus. . They are the true Israel of God, the seed of
. .
Abraham, and in Christ are heirs of prorhises exceeding

great and precious. ... In all the New Testament there
is not one promise to be found of earthly greatness made
to any nation under heaven. There are promises of in-
finite value; but they are made to the household of faith,
to them that are in Christ Jesus; and they are spiritual,
heavenly, and glorious, and not one of them shall fail.
They are sure to all the seed. The seed shall obtain their
inheritance, their kingdom and their crown, but not until
their Lord shall come" (p. 135-6).
The teaching on this question was briefly summed up

and clearly stated in the
DECLARATION OF IMPORTANT TRUTHS
as set forth by the Albany Conference in 1845, as follows:
"7th. That the promise that Abraham should be the heir

of the world was not to him, or to his seed through the law,
but through the righteousness of faith (Rom. 4: 13).
That they are not all Israel which are of Israel (Rom. 9:
6). That there is no difference under the Gospel dispensa-
tion between Jew and Gentile (Rom. 10: 12). That the
middle wall of partition that was between them is broken
down, no more to be rebuilt (Eph. 2: 14, 15). That God
will render to every man according to his deeds (Rom. 2:
6). That if we are Christ's, then are we Abraham's seed,
and heirs according to the promise (Gal. 3: 29). And that
the only restoration of Israel, yet future, is the restoration
of the saints to the earth, created anew, when God shall
open the graves of those descendants of Alwaham who died
in faith, without receiving the promise, with the believing
Gentiles, who have been grafted in with them into the same
—
olive tree ând shall cause them to come up out of their
graves, and bring them, with the living who are changed,
into- the land of Israel (Ezek. 37: 12; Heb. 11: 12, 13; Rom.
11: 17; John 5: 28, 29)."
Rev. H; Dana Ward, A.M., who was among the early

leaders of this faith, and who traveled in England a for
time and studied carefully this Jewish question, published
in 1871-2 a volume of 237 pages entitled Faith of Abraham
and of Christ, from which we quote:
"If their covenant promises relate to this world, those
promises have utterly failed with respect to the fathers,
and to their carnal seed, so far as concerns the possession
of the land. All have been cut off individually from the
inheritance and now they have been excluded nationally
for eighteen hundred years. It is not the manner of our
—
Lord to promise and not to perform to promise an estate
of personal possession for an inheritance forever, and to
give only a burying place for a possession; to promise a
man of a hundred years 'that he should be the heir of the
world' (Rom. 4: 13) and turn him off with a grave in it
for his possession. No, no; this is not after thie manner
of Abraham's God. He is better in performance than in
promise. These promises ^cannot fail; they will be paid
in full measure. The everlasting covenants were never
.•
. .
made to secure temporal possession; were neither made

with the fathers, nor with the generation of bondmen
brought out of Egypt, nor with the generation that crossed
over Jordan under Joshua, nor with any mortal since,
to secure an impossible estate of inheritance in this perish-
ing world. But they are made with Abraham and his
seed, which is Christ, on the part of every child of faith,
that each obedient believer may through free grace come
in- 'the restitution of all things which God hath spoken
by the mouth of all his holy prophets, into the possession
of the glorious liberty of the children of God,' with eternal
life in the promised earth, where Jesus Christ our Lord
shall forever reign on the throne of His glory.''^
^Faith of Abraham and of Christ, pp. 48, 63.

From the above, and other discussions it is evident that
this question was carefully considered, searched through
and through, made prominent in press and convention by
able and sober expositors and preachers and was -considered
a vital point in their teaching. Both the Evangelical
and Christian Adventists
GAVE A UNITED TESTIMONY
on this question. They have also unitedly held the general
Protestant view regarding the Man of sin, the head of
the Apostacy, the Antichrist, so called, of 2 Thess. 2: 3-12,
and justly related passages, that this prophecy was ful-
filled in the Popes of Rome, and rejected the visionary and
extra-Scriptural view of a personal, future, infidel Antichrist

and would-be world king. They have failed to find any
prophecy, which fairly and soberly interpreted, requires
any such future program of doings as this latter teaching
calls for.
Many have long felt that the large place given to tem-
poral Jewish restoration,and the extreme views set forth
of a future tribulationand a t>ersonal Antichrist, in the
premillennial teaching of some noted preachers of other
denominations, in conference and literature, has been a
serious stumbling block to the candid hearing of the
message of the Second Coming on the part of many in all
the Church. The Adventist teaching from Miller to this
day, has witnessed to a
CLEARER AND MORE SCRIPTURAL VIEW

and had other teachers New Testament doc-
of this great
trine avoided excessive Judaism and futurism, the faith
might have had much larger acceptance and success.
As relating to the subject of the millennium before
considered and bearing on this question we note that Rev.
;
D. T. Taylor) referring to the New York Conference of

was held in 1878, wrote:
premillennialists, that
'"The opponents of the conference said the future reign

was made too Mosaic, legal, and Judaic; far too sensual.
. . . The
real trouble with many who reject the advent as
premillennial arises from the character affixed to that age
by excessive Judaism. It is the fly in the pot of ointment
that makes all of bad odor. And we call to mind the faCt
that David Brown's able volume was written almost
entirely in disproof of the Judaic and too carnal view of the
thousand years, held by so many of the English Literalists
but few of his objections could be made to bear against
the character which we give to the millennial era. We hold
it to be unworldly, holy a vestibule of eternity."
;
Messiah's Herald always insisted upon a pure, unmixed,

non-Judaic, non-Satanic millennial age; a fixed Christo-
cratic period of rest, reign and judgment, lying between
the two resurrections of the just and unjust.
Taylor quotes Prof. Chas. A. Briggs, from an

Eld.
article The Independent, entitled "The Test of the
in
Apostles' Creed," as saying:
"The seventh article ('from thence He shall come to judge

the quick and the dead') sets forth the doctrine of the
second advent of our Lord in judgment. This doctrine
has been greatly neglected by modern divines. The doctrine
of a private judgment at death, which has no support in
the Scripture or the creeds, has been set up as a barrier
at the gate of death to frighten the people of God and to
destroy the comforts of the dying. The dogmatic divines
have misled the ministry and the people to look forward
to death as the great crisis, and to overlook the crisis at
the second advent of our Lord.
"In modern preaching the millennium has been made
the great event to be expected on earth in the future, both
by those who believe in a premillennial Advent, and those
who postpone the Advent until after the millennium. The
millennium thus obscures the second advent of our Lord
in judgment, which was looked forward to as imminent by
the Christian Church until the eighteenth century, when
British Protes.tantism began to change its faith by looking
for the millennium, instead of the ultimate judgment,
A silent but steady revolution has taken place in Christian
theology at this point. Great efforts will be necessary to
bring Protestant Christianity in Great Britain and America
back to the simple doctrine of the Second Advent set forth
in the Apostles' Creed."
Eld. Taylor also cites Dr. Asa Mahan, in the Methodist,

Jan. 4, 1879, as throwing the apocalyptic thousand years
aside contemptuously, and putting the advent and judg-
ment right before the church as only proper to be looked
for. The Presbyterian, likewise, while considering the
views of the extreme literalists as mere "speculations" refers
with respect to the "great fact that the Lord will come,"
and speaks of it as the great "hope which has been nour-
ished in the heart," of the Church, "since the day that the
Lord departed." And it thought that
THIS TRUTH PROPERLY EMPHASIZED
apart from these millennial speculations, "Would have

an interest for a much larger company of people, and would
have a wider influence," than it possibly could have in
such affiliations. If this be true, as we think, then the
Advent Christian people should have some credit for
avoiding such speculations, for giving a more sober view
and for earnestly laboring to restore to the church the
"simple doctrine of the Second Advent. "^
Fifth, The Time of Rewards.
The early Adventists (often called Millerites) while hold-
ing to the immortality of the soul and the eternal
suffering
of the wicked, yet rejected the teaching of rewards at
death and emphasized the final judgment day and the
'For further statement of Millennial Views see Appendix I.
giving of rewards at that time and not before. They held

to a conscious, pr sub-conscious intermediate state in
which the righteous were moderately happy, having a
clear assurance of coming salvation and rewards, and the
unsaved were in some misery, having forebodings of coming
—
wrath, with its sore and eternal sufTerihg ^but for neither
class was there any full, definite and final retribution until
the Second Advent of Christ. The declaration of the
Albany Conference (1845) section ten, agrees with the above
statement, though only the case of believers is therein
considered.
This strong teaching against rewards at death, was
needful to give place and emphasis to the doctrine of the
Lord's personal coming, which because of the contrary
view had been ignored. Eld. Amasa Morse, an aged
and beloved veteran of the Adventist cause, a most worthy
and gracious man, who heard William Miller in 1842
(having been previously converted and associated with
the Methodists) says: "We heard nothing on the coming
of the Lord; it was all going to heaven or hell at death.
The message of the coming of the Lord was like a thunder
clap out of a clear sky." This popular theory has in
many- churches since Miller's day, as well as before, utterly
displaced the doctrine of the second coming of Christ
—
and the resurrection this is its natural tendency. It
had therefore to be opposed in order to restore the doctrine
of Christ's second coming to its rightful and Scriptural
place, and this was valiantly done by the Evangelical
Adventists," so called.
But when the immortality question came to the front
itwas more clearly and consistently opposed. It is also
the testimony of Eld. Morse that after the great time
movement failed, people said: "It makes no difference
about the Lord's coming; we are all going to heaven when
we die anyway-r-and then those who looked for the Lord
to come
BEGAN TO SEARCH THE BIBLE
on this question, and from this searching came the

acceptance of the doctrine of life in Those
Christ only."
who accepted this teaching uttei-ly denied any judgment
or giving of rewards at death, and the majority of them
accepted and taught the view that death was a state of
—
complete suspension an unconscious sleep. Many asked,
"If those who die go at once to heaven or hell ^what need —
of the coming of the Lord or a future judgment day?"
But they acknowledged that if men are not rewarded or
punished till they are judged, and they are not judged until
—
the second Coming of Christ if 'the dead sleep till the
resurrection at the Lord's advent, then there is evident
need of the coming of Christ to raise the dead, to judge
and give rewards (Rev. 11: 18). This view easily explains
why Christ and his apostles gave no teaching regarding
the intermediate state, and so much concerning the Advent,
—
resurrection and a final judgment day a day of rewards,
—
crowns and punishment âlso why the departed are uni-
formily spoken of as having fallen asleep, and the death
'state is spoken of as a sleep.
If the reader would like to refer to some of the Scriptures

which led these teachers to this view, the following may be
noted: Job 3: 11-19; 10: 1, 18-22; Job 14: 12, 13; Psa. 6
4, 5; 146: 1-5; Eccl. 9: 5, 6, 10; 12: 7; Isa. 26: 19; Isa. 38
10, 11, 17-19; Dan. 12: 2; John 11: 11-14; Acts 2: 29-31
13: 34-39, 48; 1 Cor. 15: 3-6, 20, 21, 51; 1 Thess. 4: 13, 14
Heb. 11: 39, 40; Rev. 11: 18; 14: 13.
ADVENTISTS WERE NOT ALONE

in being led to this conclusion. John Milton, a noted
scholar and the famous author of Paradise Lost and
Paradise Regained, advocated this view in his volume on

Christian Doctrine, published in 1825, a section of which,
entitled"The State of the Dead," in three chapters, was
included in H. L. Hastings' volume. Future Punishment,
published in 1861, and re-issued later. It was also widely
circulated in form being on sale at six different
tract
tract headquarters. We quote one point of his argument:
"Inasmuch then as the whole man is uniformily said to
consist of body, spirit, and soul (whatever may be the
distinct provinces severally assigned to these divisions), I
willshow that, in death, first the whole man, and secondly

each component part suffers privation of life. It is to be
observed, first ot all, that God denounced the punishment
of death against the whole man that sinned without ex-
cepting any part. For, what could be more just, than
that he who had sinned in his whole person, should die
in his whole person? Or on the other hand, what could be
more absurd, than that the mind, which is the part princi-
pally offending, should escape the threatened death: and
that the body alone should pay the penalty of sin by under-
going death, though not implicated in the transgression?"
Then came the very able work of that great scholar and
divine. Archbishop Whately (issued in 1829) entitled
View of the Scripture Revelations Concerning a Future
State, in which he showed, after a most candid review of
'
the subject, that the
WEIGHT OF SCRIPTURE AND REASON

pointed taward the sleep of the dead in the intermediate
state, and the final destruction of the wicked.
This was the conclusion reached and advocated -by
Rev. Henry Constable, A.M., late Prebendary of Cork,
Ireland, in his work Hades, or the Intermediate State of Man,
the second edition of which was published in London
—

in 1875. Also the same view was held and advocated by
Dr. William Leask, editor of The Rainbow, a monthly re-
ligious magazine, and later by Sir G. G. Stokes, president of
the Royal Society, Professor of Mathematics in the
University of Cambridge, and Member of Parliament for
the University, and by many others.
To many thought this teaching has seemed
at first
repugnant, but to those who, having given it unprejudiced
consideration, have accepted it, have found it both reason-
able and helpful; yea, it has been felt to have decided
advantages on thiswise: 1. It harmonizes with much plain
Scripture on the place and state of the dead. 2. It agrees
with the strong Scripture doctrine of the judgment and

rewards only at the last day or the second coming of
Christ. 3. It gives a clear reason why our Lord has re-
quired all men to watch and be ready for His coming

that is the first conscious moment after death for all the
generations of men, and has therefore, in one sense, been
near to all. 4. It is harmonious with the emphasis given
to the resurrection in the Old and especially in the New
Testament. S. It gives relief to those who have lost
unsaved friends, as they need not think of them as "in
the pains of hell"; yea, it prevents the fear that departed
saved ones are made unhappy by our sorrows and hardships
or the tragedies and troubles of the world. 6. It forbids
and settles all claims of purgatory, and priest craft result-
ing therefrom — all suspense regarding departed spirits
and claims of spiritualism, all the fancies and notions of
ghostology. 7. It gives peace and comfort to the be-
liever inheathen lands, for it removes all fear of spirits, and
notions of migration and transmigration of souls or spirits,
thus also aiding the missionary to meet these errors.
8. It leaves death in its Scripture setting as a calamity, and
result of sin, and requires no vain effort to change it into

—
a "gate of endless joy." 9. It prepares the way for, and

naturally leads to an earnest love of and a real looking
for the second coming of Christ and that "blessed hope"
which is to be consummated at His glorious appearing,
and, this is in close accord with New Testament thought
and teaching. Hence, for these and other reasons, many
unbiased Bible students have been led into and do de-
voutly cherish this view.
Very lucid and sensible was the statement given by
Rev. A. A. Phelps, when defending himself before, and
withdrawing from the Free, Methodist Annual Confer-
ence in 1868, of which he had been an official member
since its organization; which reads thus: "1. Men will be
judged before they are rewarded or punished. 2. Jesus
Christ will come the second time before men are judged.
3. The wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal
life through Jesus Christ obr Lord."
This doctrine of no rewards until the judgment day

and no judgment day until the appointed judgment (Acts
17: 31) at the second coming of Christ—was a long step
toward harmonizing theology with Holy Scripture (Rev.
22: 12), and brought light to many who thus saw new
consistency and harmony in Bible teaching.
Sixth, the Doctrine of Restitution and the Kingdom
of God on Earth.
Eld. J. Litch, in an address given at the second General
Conference, Lowell, Mass., in 1841, concerning the "Glori-
fied Kingdom of God on Earth," And speaking first of
its nature, said:
"The strange and perverted views which prevail at the

present day on this point make it exceedingly important
that the Scriptural view of the' subject should be coiistantly
and clearly set before the church, until the darkness is
dispelled and the true light shines."
—

The popular teaching of the time was that the kingdom
was the Gospel dispensation and that it came with the
first Advent of Christ. The Adventist teachers main-
tained that it belonged to and would follow the period of
His second coming, and would coine in through the great
restitution. William Miller in a discourse on "The King-
dom of God" which was published in 1842, after referring
to various" fallacious teachings on the question, proceeded
to show —"What it is; it is; When it is; and Where
Whose
it is." Under the head he declared that it would be
first
heavenly, everlasting, a glorified and immortal kingdom

not temporal or possible to man's natural, mortal state. As
to "when it is"
—"not in this piresent world," for here the
people of God suffer persecution and are strangers and
—
pilgrims ând like the worthies die in faith not having re-
ceived the promises (Heb. 11: 13, 14), but it is "at the
coming of Chrigt with power and great glory, when He
shall come in His kingdom" .and, "after the resur-
. .
rection; for when Christ comes He will reward His saints

with His kingdom."
—
As to "where" he showed it would be "under the
whole heaven" (Dan. 7: 27), on this earth in the new —
—
heaven and new earth and he cited for this and his other
points many passages of Scripture. This teaching re-
garding the restitution (Acts 3: 21; 2 Peter 3: 13; Rev.
5: 10; 21: 1, 5, 7; 22: 5) and the kingdom of God,
GLORIOUS,, ETERNAL AND ON EARTH

was set forth in preaching, press and pamphlet and scattered
as widely as that of the second —
coming and this was in
accord with the doctrine of the early church, the teach-
ing of the Wesleys, and that of many of the most careful
and candid scholars and teachers through the centuries.
After the first leaders had given their able testimony
others continued in' the same line among whom we name

Eld. H" L. Hastings who, in his tract, "The Three Worlds;
or Elarth's Past, Present, and Future" (which was also
included in his book entitled The Great Controversy and
Tracts, the fourth edition of which was published in 1864),
sounded out the restitution note in words of such burn-
ing eloquence that we cite them here:
"A glorious future is yfet in reserve for this curse-bur-

dened, groaning world. Yes, notwithstanding iniquity
must come, and judgment must come, and fire must come,
and ruin must come, yet that God who rolled back the
surging waters of the deluge, and smiled benignly on the
emerging earth, shall call forth 'from the conflagrant mass,
purged and refined,' a fairer world; shall clothe it with a
deeper verdure, shall beautify it with the trees of God,
shall garland it with Sharon's roses, shall roll crystal rivers
through its wastes, and call forth sparkling fountains in
its deserts, shall hang a brighter bow of promise in its
heavens than Noah ever saw, shall bless it as he never
blessed Eden of old; shall plant Jerusalem from above as
a gem of unfading beauty upon its verdant bosom, and shall
welcome His people to it as their resting place, the Paradise
of God." . .'"The palms wave on high^ the harpings
. —
—
swell amid the golden^ arches the song of Moses rolls
its rapturous melody around —
and mingling with it, and
rolling full and free its thunder notes as high as heaven,
"
is heard the song, 'Worthy the Lamb that was slain!'
. . "It is an uncursed, a sorrowless, a tearless world.
. It
is a world where righteousness dwells. Sin and pollution
are eternally exiled from its holy borders, and naught
shall mar the peace of the blessed or cast gloom upon its
beauteous face."
Also in his able large tract, "Plain Truths," which was

early published, and also included in the larger book
—
above named he states this doctrine in several sections:
Sec. y. This World is Destined to be Melted and Puri-
fied by Fire which shall Consume the Works of Man.
160 ADVENT CHRISTIAN- HISTORY
VI. This Globe is to be Restored, Renewed, or Re-
generated, and Made Glorious by the Power of God.
VII. The Promise of the Heavenly Country Made
to Abraham and His Seed has never been Fulfilled, nor will
it be until the Restoration of the Earth and the Resurrec-
tion of the Just.
VIII. The God of Heaven shall Establish an Everlast-
ing Kingdom on the Earth; in which Christ shall Reign
forever with His Saints.
IX. The Everlasting Inheritance and Eternal Home
of the Saints is not to be in Heaven but on the Renewed
Earth.
X. Therefore the Saints do not Obtain their Rewards,
Crowns and Glory in Heaven at Death, but at the Coming
and Kingdom of the Redeemer.
XI. The coming of Christ in Glory and the Resurrection
is therefore
THE HOPE OF THE CHURCH
and should ever be looked for and Desired by the People
of God.
of these section headings was followed by "Proof"

Each
— from and in the very words of holy Scripture and
cited —
also "Proof from the faith of the church" —
thus making a
masterful presentation of the doctrine of the Restitution
and Kingdom, proving it to have been indeed the true
hope of the church.
Later Rev. D. T. Taylor issued through the A. C. Pub-
Hanover Street, Boston, his tract,
lishing Society at 167
—
"The New Ifeavens and New Earth" in which he cited
the testimony of "nearly one hundred eminent divines
who for eighteen centuries believed and taught this doc-
trine" —a collection of testimony secured only by ex-
tensive and laborious searching through Christian literature,,
and the knowledge of which is needful if we would have
a rightful appreciation of the faith and value given to this
doctrine by those—many of whom were in the first rank
of scholarship —^who cared more for the plain teachings of

Holy Scripture than for the visionary philosophies of
men.
In 1873 Prof. H. Lummis, delivered an address before
the Boston Methodist Preachers' Meeting on the subject:
"Will Earth Regenerated be the Home of the Saints?"
in which he cited the testimony of the early church fathers,
that of many able divines, some of modern times, and gave
a most careful interpretation of Scripture regarding this
—
subject his address being very clear, able, and convincing.
But it remained for the American Millennial* Association,
the Evangelical Advehtists (so-called) to publish, circulate
and preserve this valuable treatise upon a much-deserted
and neglected doctrine. A knowledge of
THIS TRUTH GIVES GREAT LIGHT
on the final purpose of God in the creation and as to what

its outcome will be —
a truth that is vifel to a sober, clari-
fied. Scriptural understanding of that purpose. Early in
the eighties. Rev. Geo. R. Kramer, formerly a Methodist
Episcopal pastor, having accepted the Adventist teaching
and while serving as pastor of the Household of Faith, in
Wilmington, Del., issued an able sermon-tract, entitled the
—
"New Man and the New Earth," in which he gave strong
and eloquent testimony regarding God's purpose in the
redemption of our world-
Again the beloved and elpquent Eld. E. A. Stockman, in
chapters IX, X, and XV of his book, Our Hope, or Why
Are We Adventists,vf\\ich. was issued in 1884 and has run
through several editions, gives detailed argument. Scrip-
ture citations, and most charming description of the resti-
—
tution the endless inheritance and glorious kingdom on
earth.
In united faith and testimony this people have borne
witness to that "Gospel of the Kingdom," as so much em-
phasized by the prophets and the Christ, a kingdom to
—
have all the essential elements of reality king, territoiry,
subjects, and laws—pf any earthly kingdom. The King,
Jesus Christ; the territory, the earth made new the subjects,
;
the saints, the saved of all ages, who have no successors

but reign eternally; and the laws, the very principles
of the Gospel of Jesus Christ — ^love, universal brother-
—
hood, justice, holiness and eternal peace a real construc-
tive, literal, eternal kingdom, God its Author and Founder,
heaven its source, the holy, eternal Christ its perpetual
Ruler. Do you wonder that the doctrine of such a kingdom
for this world is called a "Gospel" and that those who have
had the vision and have given the testiiiiony, felt the stress
of a great message and have had unspeakable heart thrills
of hope?
Seventh, The Immortality Question.
Regarding this subject a more general sketch of its rise

and progress should be given, because of its vital relation to
general Christian doctrine and to the origin, faith, and
work of the Advent Christian people. The careful study of
the Bible on the foregoing questions quite naturally led
to a renewed consideration of the nature of man, to an in-
vestigation of the subject of immortality and destiny.
Hence in 1842 and onward, some of the Adventist teachers
began to discuss this subject, and soon quite an interest
on this line developed. Though all the Adventists at first
believed in soul immortality and in eternal njisery as the
punishment of the wicked, yet after careful study numbers
received what to them seemed new and clearer light.
We will therefore to some extent sketch the history of
the latter-day revival of Apostolic faith concerning im-
mortality. It is the claim of those who support this view
that immortality is not a natural possession of the human

soul, but is a gift of God in redemption through Christ
alone, and that this is not only the plain doctrine of the
New Testament, but has strong support in the teaching
of the early fathers of the church who opposed the influence
of platonic thought. Many through the centuries have op-
posed this heathen speculation of soul-immortality, as is
shown by the writings of Hastings, Hudson, White, Petavel,
and especially by Rev. D. T. Taylor, in his collection of
testimony, entitled, "The Immortality of the Soul Not a
Doctrine Universally Believed," an important pamphlet,
long since out of print.
It seems that this tenet of doubtful philosophy could
hardly have secured general acceptance without the aid
of Papal influence. It came into the church from the dis-
ciples of Plato and was fostered by the Papacy till at length
Pope Leo X, by the Lateran Council of 1513, declared the
human soul immortal, and this belief to be an article of
Christian faith. The same influence and power that dis-
placed and silenced the doctrine of the premillennial ad-
vent of Christ, corrupted the apostolic faith concerning
immortality by the adoption of pagan notions regarding
the soul, and also concerning hell, and thus became god-
father on the one hand to the fearful doctrine of eternal
misery, and on the other, through its scheme of purgatory,
to the teaching of restorationism.
It was therefore quite in order that some
PROTEST AGAINST NATIVE SOUL-IMMORTALITY
should appear at the Reformation (in the writings of Lu-
ther, Tyndale and others) though overshadowed by other

issues of the great battle. In the seventeenth century
there was a growing protest as seen in the testimony of
the noted philosopher, John Locke, Rev. John Whitefoot,
and the famous John Milton, in his Treatise on Chris-
poet,
and several other writers
tian Doctrine, before referred to,
are noted in the same century as doubting or openly op-
posing either the doctrine of soul-immortality or eternal
suffering.
In the eighteenth ceintury, especially in England, the
protest waxed much stronger^ —^Taylor in his booklet, above
mentioned, citing fifteen authors nearly all of whom not
only doubted the immortality of the soul, but also advo-
cated the destruction of the wicked. Of these writings
one was issued at Leipzig, one in New York City, all the
others in England. In a few cases the works referred to
relate chiefly to other subjects, yet several were issued for
the express purpose of bearing testimony on the question.
But a vigorous and general revival of this ancient faith
waited for the nineteenth century, and in this country so
far as we know, it began with the
EARNEST, EFFICIENT TESTlJlONY
of Eld. Elias Smith, of Portsmouth; N. H., Elds. D. T.

Taylor, Amasa Morse and V. P. Simmons connect to some
extent the rise of Adventist faith —especially that regard-
ing immortality, with the teaching and influence of this
notable character, as some of the earliest believers were
familiar with the same. We therefore give a brief sketch
of his career and teaching.
In 1802 Eld. Smith was a Baptist paistor in the above
city,but accepting the views of those, who, rejecting sec-
tarian names and standards and aiming to unite all believ-
ers in common fellowship, called themselves Christians,
he first led his own church into the same views and became
one of the leaders of the movement, one of the chief found-
ers of that denomination. He was an able and energetic
man, preached widely throughout New England, was the
means of converting many sinpers and of enlightening many

believers and ministers, who henceforth saw new beauties
in the Gospel of Christ. He is said to have begun, in 1805,
the publication of the Christian Magazine, Reviewer and
Religious Intelligencer, which continued two years. In
1808, acting on the suggestion of a member of Congress
from Rhode Island, he issued the first number of the
Herald of Gospel Liberty,
THE FIRST RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPER

published in the United States, if not in the world. In
Boston in 1819 he began the publication of The Herald of
Life and Immortality, which we think was a quarterly, and
was continued only to -October, 1820. He also published
many sermons and several books. He was a student of
prophecy and a believer in the premillennial, personal ad-
vent of our Lord, and that the signs of His coming were
being fulfilled.
In his Autobiography,^ Eld. Smith says:
"This year' my
attention was called to think of the real
state of the wicked, after the last judgment. Before this
time, I had taken for truth the old pagan doctrine of eternal
misery for the wicked. In June, 1804, being in Mr. Holmes'
book store, asked him if he had any new
in Boston, I
publications. He handed me
RvaiCs Sketch. Oh opening
the book my eyes first fixed on the word, 'destructionists.'
I read one page, and concluded people who held that the
wicked should be destroyed were in a strange error, as no
such thing ever before entered my mind. I bought the
book. Often after that the destruction of the wicked would
pass through my mind, though I supposed eternal misery
was recorded in the Bible. In April, 1805, I concluded one
day to take my Bible and Concordance, and find eternal
misery, and not have my mind any longer troubled about
'Pp. 347, ,348.

destruction. I examined the words, misery, miserable,
miserably; and found that there was not one place in the
Bible where the word was used to describe the state of man
beyond death. ... I then looked at the words destroy,
destruction, death, second death, perish, consumed, per-
dition, burnt lip, etc., I examined the similitudes used to
describe the end of the wicked, such as chaff and stubble ,
burnt up; dry trees cast into the fire, and tares burnt;
the fat of lambs consumed, whirlwinds, a dream, and a
noise. All these things proved to me that at the last judg-
ment, the wicked would be punished with everlasting de-
struction, which would be their end."
His mind was settled upon the subject, but he decided to

keep ^his truth to himself, lest people become distracted
by so many new things as were being set forth at the time.
He says:
"I kept it back as long as duty would suffer me, and was
constrained at last to make it known, or preach no more.
It made some stir, but people bore it as well as could be
expected. Soon after preaching it, I wrote and published
FIVE SERMONS UPON THE SUBJECT

which have never been answered to this day. Though the
doctrine was then new, yet it has since spread, into almost
every part of the United States, and in Vermont it has
been the means of bringing many from Universalism and
deism to Christ for life."^
In hisfirst sermon Eld. Smith showed what the wicked
will —
be punished for not because they are reprobated or
non-elect; not because of "original sin;" not because they
fail to keep the law of Moses, but because they reject Christ
and the light of the Gospel, or the gracious salvation which

is freely offered to all through his death and ransom.
'The five sermons referred to are to be found in Pamphlets, Vol

143, No. 138, American Antiquarian Library, Worcester, Mass.
In his second sermon he discussed, "What is that death

which the disobedient will experience at the last day?"
He says the punishment will be at the day of judgment,
not before; that it will be one of three things: either, 1.
A state of miserable existence without end; 2. A state of
misery for awhile, and then to be made happy forever, or
3. A final end of their existence after they are raised out of
their graves at the last day and judged according to their

works. The last of these three I believe is the truth which
Christ and the apostles preached, and to which the testi-
mony of the prophets agree." After considering freely
twelve words by which the Bible states and describes the
punishment of the lost, he thus concludes: "The end of the
righteous is life, the end of the wicked is death, which
cannot mean e:^stence in any sense whatever." His
third sermon related to "Some of the different expressions
used in Scripture to describe the final state of the wicked,"
and he considered both those for, and those thought to op-
pose the view he advocated. Near the close he says, "If
the wicked exist eternally, they will exist sinners, and if
they do, then there is no meaning to this, that Christ will
make an end of sin, and destroy his enemies, and cause
them to perish forever."
In sermon four he describes, "What is called hell among
men, and what the Bible calls it." There are five de-
scriptions of hell: "1. The Pagan's hell. 2. The Mahome-
tan's hell. 3. The Papist's hell. 4. The Protestant's

hell. 5. The Scripture hell." This is a unique, brief and
very interesting chapter. He closes thus:
"The idea of the wicked being roasted in hell to all

eternity, always dying and never dead, dead and yet always
alive, is an old wives' fable, an invention of priests to keep
the people in subjection to them, depending on them to
deliver souls from that misery, and is contrary to the whole
:

tenor of theWord of God. The notion which the Univer-
salistshave that the wicked will be burnt puVe, and then
come out, is an invention of the devil, believed by all the
pagans, and is an exact explanation of this text, 'Ye shall
"
not surely die.'
Sermon five is devoted to the errors of Calvinism and

Unversalism. In closing he says
"I am sensible in some measure what this publication will

expose me to: but ,
BELIEVING THAT THIS IS THE TRUTH

concerning the end of the wicked, and that it was the
Spirit of God which led me
to search the Scriptures for it,
I offer it to the public, hoping that every reader will be so
candid as to search the Scriptures daily, whether these
things are so."
He adds a supplement, in which hfe gives some further

arguments on this question from the expressions regarding
the book of life, and the blotting out of names therefrom,
and the blotting out bf the wicked, and also explains his
view of the atonement. He was certainly an able, clear
writer," of wide knowledge and research, a very close ad-
herent to Bible teaching as he saw it; sometimes eccentric,
and over careful about small matters, sometimes caustic
in his reproof of priestcraft and "law-religion," but on the
whole of sober mind and clear vision, a noble patriot, an
ardent believer in free grace and free religion.
Though many of his denomination either never held his
views or have departed from them, as the Methodists have
departed from the doctrines of the Wesleys, yet they have
no reason to be ashamed of him or his noble work, and we
are glad to honor his memory. He was a kind of "John
the Baptist" to the later Adventist and Condi tionalist
movement in this country.
THE SPIRIT LEADING TO THIS TRUTH ELSEWHfiRE

We are informed that in 1805, Bishop Timothy Kendrick,
in two volumes of sermons issued at London, devoted three
sermons to. proving that the soul of man dies with the body,
and is restored to life at the resurrection and second ad-
vent of the Lord. The same year Robert Forsyth, of Edin-
•
burg, in a work on Moral Science, advocated no future

. immortality except for the good alone, who render them-
selves worthy of it. >
In 1817 a "Member of the Church of England" published

at London, a work of two hundred and forty pages, entitled
Eternal Punishment Proved, to Be Not Suffering, but Priva-
tion; and Immortality Dependent on Spiritual Regeneration.
This seems to have been the book which was written by
Mr. James Fontaine, and which in 1838 fell into the hands
of Rev. Edward White, and proved to be the turning point
of his life.
In 1829 Rev. Richard Whately, who was made an arch-

bishop in 1831, issued his Scripture Revelations' of a Future
State, in which he argued strongly for the destruction of
the wicked. He ordained Henry Constable to the ministry,
and this is quite suggestive, as the latter became a noted
champion of this faith, whose able works, well-known in
England, have been widely circulated in this country by
Adventist people.
A NOTABLE EPOCH IN THIS REVIVAL

Eld. George Storrs, for some fifteen years a beloved
preacher among
the Me;thodists, according to one writer,
was for a time a presiding elder, also a candidate for the
bishop's office, and he is spoken of by another venerdble
clergyman, as among the ablest preachers of the Method-
ists, and as giving, on a certain occasion, "as able a sermon
as I ever heard before or since." In 1837 his attention
was called to the subject of the final destiny of the wicked,
as being possibly an entire extinction of being and not
endless preservation in sin and suffering, by an anonymous
pamphlet, written, as he afterwards learned by Eld. Henry
Grew of Philadelphia. The thought was all new to him,
but .after several years' careful investigation he became con-
vinced that man had no immortality by his creation or birth,
and that the finally impenitent would be utterly destroyed.
Though happy in his conference relations, and enjoying
a high place in the affections of his fellow ministers, yet
after counting the cost of the step, he decided to follow his
convictions and to take his stand in defence of the doctrines
he had accepted. His first step was to write three letters
to a prominent and able minister of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, with whom he had been intimate. In reply
this minister acknowledged that he could not answer the
arguments, and they soon had an interview and examined
the subject together, whereupon this brother minister
advised the publication of the letters. Accordingly, in
the year 1841, two thousand copies of the "Three Letters,"
were issued from the press and sent abroad. Early in
1842, feeling that he musf give further public testimony, he
prepared one discourse, with much prayer and greast sense
of the divine blessing, and gave the same on Sunday evening
to a full house, in Albany, N. Y., where he was preaching.
This was only the beginning, the subject opened up so freely
that he prepared another discourse, and another, until he
had given what became well and widely known as his
^
"six sermons"
By request these sermons were soon published, and were

widely sought for and read. In December, 1842, feeling
deeply that he must give a yet wider testimony, he revised
GEORGE STORES
the sermons and published an edition of five thousand copies

in newspaper form in the city of New York, where he was
then preaching, and scattered them over the United States,
at his own expense. A few weeks later he issued another
edition of ten thousand and scattered them in the same
manner. In the spring oi 18'43 he' was invited to Phila-
delphia to preach on the coming of Christ, and thousands
came out to hear him. Here he had the sermons stereo-
typed in the quarto form, and printed and distributed
two thousand copies. In the fall of this year he went to
Cincinnati, Ohio, and spent several months, and there and
in Indiana also some five or six thousand copies were
scattered, and were hopefully fruitful. In the same year
be began the issue of his paper, Bible Examiner, first as-an
occasional issue, then as a monthly, and later semi-monthly.
He labored in Philadelphia for about eight years, and in
1852 and 1853 traveled thousands of miles, east and west,
preaching to multitudes on the immortality question.
In 1843 the "Six Sermons" were published in England,
and circulated in* various parts of that country, and were
referred to by several writers. In 1844, he was joined in
this testimony by the Rev. Charles Fitch, a Congregational
minister, a man of learning, deep piety and a powerful
preacher, whose influence did much to extend the doctrines
of Conditionalism and the nearing advent, whose work is
more fully stated in Chapter III. About the same time
many other ministers in various parts of the United States,
came into this faith, and the number continued to increase.
Nor was the movement confined to this country. To
show the
PROGRESSIVE, ORDERLY REVIVAL
of this truth we further note regarding Rev. Edward White,

that the first edition of his notable work, Life in Christ,
was and that Dr. Emmanuel
issued in England in 1846,
Petavel, of Switzerland, saw the light, to the great relief
of his mind, in 1854, and in due time came to be a mighty
—
chanipion of this faith ^but the narrative of these men and
their gracious labors belongs in another chapter.
In this country in 1853 Eld. H. L. Hastings published his
pamphlet, "Pauline Theology," and in 1855 his booklet,
"The Old Paths, or the Primitive Doctrine of a Future
Life," both of which were, a little \ater, combined with his
larger work. Retribution, or the Doom of the Ungodly, and
were published with a few other related contributions, in a
volume of about four hundred pages, that made a very
strong and effective book.
Eld. Edwin Burnham's able argument entitled "Anti-
Eternal Torment," was a kind of gattling-gun turned on
the advocates of eternal misery, was widely circulated and
is still doing service. Eld. Burnham was a man of great
power in pulpit address.
In the later
fifties Elds. D. T. Taylor, Jqnas Merriam,
Jacob Blain, William Sheldon and Miles Grant were vigor-

ous advocates of life only in Christ, the latter soon sending
forth his tracts, "What is Man?" "What is Soul?" "The
Spirit, What is It?" and also extensively preaching the
faith.
THE SEPARATION IT CAUSED

As late as 1856 strenuous efforts were made to preserve
the unity of the Advent body and to prevent a general
separation over the immortality question. To this end a
general convention was called and the same assembled in
Providence, R. I., November 12, and following. Of this
convention S. Bliss was chosen president and the secre-
taries were Elds. F. Gunner of New York, Pearson, Jr., J.
of Newburyport, Mass., O. R. Fassett of Boston. While
itseemed that the larger numbef of delegates represented

the views generally held by the Adventists; yet we note
the presence of at least a half dozen of those who were
then or subsequently corinected with and were advocates
of Conditional Immortality. This convention was re-
ported at length in the columns of the World's Crisis,
being continued in five successive issues. A business com-
whose office it was to present such items
mittee, so-called,
as in theirjudgment seemed best for the consideration of
the convention, was appointed, consisting of Elds. Josiah
Litch of Philadelphia, T. M. Preble, of New Hampshire,
J. M. Orrock, of Canada East, John Pearson, Jr., of New-
buryport, Mass., E. Crowell, of Hartford, Conn., Miles
Grant of Boston, Mass., J. S. White of Wrentham, Mass.,
L. Osier' and S. S. Brewer of Providence, and S. Bliss of
Boston, Mass.
The committee presented a preamble and resolution
concerning the general Advent movement which they be-
lieved had been brought about by the providence of God
and was therefore sanctioned by him, and in view of this
they "Resolved, That we will endeavor by divine aid
more fiilly to understand the duties growing out of this
position and apply ourselves to their faithful performance."
After some discussion these sentiments were unanimously
approved. •
At another session of the convention the committee

reported the following: ,
"Whereas, Unity of labor, and as far as may be, unity

of faith are necessary to the successful prosecution of the
work of God and as there is a diversity of sentiment among
;
us as a people; producing to 'some extent dis-similar in-

terests; and as we believe, that a candid Christian inter-
change of view would remove in a great measure the
conflicting interests, if not harmonize discordant views:
therefore,
174 ADVENT CHRIStlAN HISTORY
"Resolved, That as labqrers in the promulgation of the
doctrines immediately connected wit;h the near coming of
Christ, they hereafter avoid preaching on the sMbjects
relating to the state of the dead, the final destiny of the
wicked, in a manner calculated to give offense to those hold-
ing opposing sentiments and that they as far as practicable,
:
express themselves in the language of Scripture."
This is said to have given rise to an exceedingly lively

debate on the true Christian and brotherly policy of holding
and proclaiming these doctrines, upon which there is a di-
versity of opinion. This discussion continued through two
or three sessions of the convention and while the question
was approached with "considerable caution" yet its con-
tinued consideration developed a feeling of
BROTHERLY FELLOWSHIP AND MUTUAL CONFIDENCE
and called forth a strong desire for "future union of spirit

and labor" and the resolution was adopted with great unan-
nimity of feeling.
Following this the question of the divinity of Christ was
freely considered, whea other resolutions were introduced
as follows:
"Resolved, That we recommend to ministers and churches

of the Advent faith, the cultivation of mutual Christian love,
and that ministers occupy the position as in former times,
of friendly interchange in their official capacity ^ making
Christian character the test of fellowship.
"Resolved, That as two distinct parties recognized as
Adventists are sustained in various places, we will do all
in our power to unite these bodies, or at least to induce them
to act in harmony.
"Resolved, That we recommend the Advent Herald and
the World's Crisis to use their influence to effect these
objects."
Elders G.. Phelps, Fassett, Grant, Smith, Bosworth,

White, Brewer, G. W. Burnham, Dr. Huntington, Elds.
Osier, Crowell, I. R. Gates', Preble and others spoke heartily
in favor of the resolution. It was further considered in a
later session of the convention and after nearly all the
members had spoken regarding it, it was unanimously
adopted. The convention considered some other matters
at length, also the more practical questions of definite lines
of work which should be adopted; how, to get more of the
ministers who held the faith but were not actively engaged
into fields of effective service; and they adopted a state-
ment of "important truths" similar to that adopted at the
Albany Conference. Some twenty-six ministers attended
the convention.
Following this convention Eld. Grant, then editor of the
World's Crisis, published therein a series of articles on
Christian Union, advocating Christian character as the
only test of fellowship, but also emphasizing the love of
the truth as an important element of Christian character.
The earnest and fraternal desire, of those who promoted
this conference, for the unity and strength of the Advent
—
body was most worthy and commendable if some others
who had promoted small schisms and factions on non-
essential issues had exercised the same spirit,, the cause at
large would have suffered far less embarrassment and hin-
drance.
But, nevertheless, the immortality question had become
SUCH A SERIOUS CONVICTION
in the minds of large numbers who were represented by

the World's Crisis as a paper, and by a goodly number of
able advocates, and so many felt, that it was the vital truth,
and, as related to future punishment so necessary to clear

the character of God from the charge of cruelty and in-
justice, to remove skeptical objections, to counteract the
rising tide of Universalism, to eftiphasize man's need of a
Life-Giver, that the movement overcame all restraints
and spread more and more among unprejudiced Bible
students.
The year 1857 witnessed the publication of that most
learned and able work, Debt and Grace, As Related to the
Doctrine of Future Life, by Prof. C. F. Hudson, which was
widely noticed by the religious press and was recognized
even by its critics, as a scholarly and profound work.
This book gave fresh impetus and higher character to the
immortality interest and discussion, and was received as a
new and important publication. It contained thirteen
chapters and four hundred and eighty pages.
In 1859 a series of copyrighted articles entitled "DJs-
cussion of Human Destiny," appeared in the World's
Crisis, by Prof. Hudson as an affirmative argument on the
question, "Do Reason and the Scriptures Teach the Utter
Extinction of an Unregenerate Portion of Human Beings,
Instead of the Final Salvation of All?" These articles
were the result of Prof. Hudson having engaged in a public
discussion through the columns of the Christian Freeman
with Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, the editor of said paper. The
above articles were published in a book in 1862 under the
title of Human Destiny: A Critique on Universalism, and
Tracts. These tracts being entitled: 1. The Doctrine of

Endless .Misery an Occasion of Scepticism. 2. The Silence
of the Scriptures Respecting the Immortality of the Soul,
or of the Race, or of the Lost. 3. Eternal Death in the
Literal Sense is Eternal Punishment. 4. The Parable of
the Rich Man and Lazarus —Does it Imply Eternal Future
Suffering? 5. The Rights of Wrong, or is Evil Eternal?

6. Immortality Through Christ Alone:
THE DOCTRINE SAFE AND SALUTARY

7. Reviewers Reviewed. In 1861-2 Prof. Hudson trav-
eled widely in the West visiting many ministers and after
the end of his trip, of nearly or quite two years, he reported
a list of clergymen in orthodox connections who accepted his
view of immortality as having reached the number of fifty.
About 1859 the Advent Herald, as the organ of the
American Millennial Association, began to be quite pro-
nounced as the advocate of eternal torment. Against this
Eld. D. T. Taylor wrote a frank, strong, though friendly
protest, in an article addressed to the Committee on
Publication of the A. M. Association, which contained
twenty points of appeal urging that on the question of soul
—
and punishment the Herald ^which he had so much loved
— should remain neutral and continue to wholly devote its
columns to the great message of the Advent and Restitu-
tion. He said" there was nothing in the constitution of the
American Millennial Association, or in that of the con-
ference which gave it birth, or in the Albany platform on
which the whole was based, to warrant the claim that the
view of unending sin and pain was "one of "our religious
sentiments." He estimated that about twenty-five of the
sixty so called Adventist ministers, and one-half the laymen,
who Têre regular readers of the Herald solemnly felt that
they
HELD A BETTER VIEW
of the sinners' destiny, and regarded the Herald's error as
—
grave and important and that among the four hundred
Adventist ministers in the country about eighty per cent,
were against the view in question. If this estimate be correct
there was a very strong leaning toward immortality only in
Christ at that time, and this movement soon developed into
the organization and work of the Advent Christian body.
—
CHAPTER VII
THE PRINCIPAL POINTS OF DOCTRINE AND THElfe
LEADING ADVOCATES
{Continued)
THE Adventual teaching was considered

revival of
those engaged be a
therein to
by
TIMELY DEVELOPMENT OF NEGLECTED TRUTHS
Devout Protestants do not question the Providential

character of the work and teaching of Martin Luther and
his faithful coadjutors. How illustriously that light
shines on the background of Papal darkness! God then
wrought mightily to set back the tide of the great apostasy.
Again when the church was cold and formal, when extreme
Calvinism had robbed the Gospel of its "whosoever"
message and by its exclusive doctrine of election had prac-
tically closed the door to the masses, came the work of
Whitefield, the, Wesleys, and their successors, with the
teaching of free grace and free will a. dispensation of mercy
for the succor of the church and the winning of multitudes
from the world to the Christ.
Thus, when Whitbyism had robbed the Protestant
Church of the ancient hope, as the Papacy had beguiled
and displaced it in the earlier Catholic faith, God raised
up men of illumined vision, prophetic faith and zeal to
restore the primitive teaching and chief among these for
devotion, perseverance and effective service have been the
—
Adventists both Millennial and Christian.
Sceptics and critics inside the church and out may cavil
at some and weaknesses, deride the ec-
of Luther's notions
centricities of the early Methodists, as men of the same
—
sort have scoffed at the mistakes of Adventists and some
even after the lapse of years, are not wise enough to change
their minds or practice in this regard — yet it seemed plain
to the vision of those who were engaged in this movement
that the call, as to substance of doctrine, was a divine call
and that those who were obedient thereto were serving the
church and the needs of men in the highest measure, as all
: who have received this faith have found a new harmony in
and a clearer assurance of the truth of Holy Scripture.
Thus again, when the teaching of soul immortality and
eternal misery of the lost had made multitudes of infidels
on one hand and many Uniyersalists on the other, and
another gap was growing between the church and the masses
— God called men like Storrs, Fitch, Hastings, Hudson,
Blain, Himes, Sheldon, Taylor, Grant, Whately, White,
Constable, Minton, Petavel, Whitmore, Phelps, Pettingell
and hosts of others to bring to the front the
FIRST DOCTRINE OF THE CHURCH
on life and immortality in Christ only.
Horace L. Hastings was one of the early and strongest

advocates of this question. Eld. V. P. Simmons, himself
an able writer on the subject, says: "In my opinion H. L.
Hastings and C. F. Hudson were the ablest of all the writ-
ers on Conditional Immortality." Eld. Hastings felt
prevalent opposition so much that when the burden of
the work for Christian Evidence and his Anti-Infidel Cam-
paign came fully upon him, he, in order to gain a wider
hearing, relinquished his vigorous efforts for Conditional
Immortality, leaving others to support this faith, though
he loved and cherished it till his death, and always kept in
close touch with his Adventist friends.
Prof. C. F. Hudson, in putting forth his very able works,
though pointing the path for larger success and efificency
for the evangelical churches (in view of the reaction against
eternal misery .and the rising tide of Unitarian and Uni-
versalist teaching), met with a storm of criticism and
opposition, found many doors of churchly favor closed, suf-
fered greatly for the truth's sake, but found loyal helpers
and appreciative friends and supporters among those active
in the Adventual movement. Later came Rev. J. H. .
Pettingell who wrote several able works and rendered very

valuable service to the cause of life in Christ, but was again
and again refused access to. the columns of the papers of his
own denomination, for friendly articles or reviews on the
question, and turned to the publishers of this faith for the
issue of his later works and affliliated closely with Advent-
ists in his last days. Hence this eminently Scriptural
doctrine, in spite of the professed liberality of the times, and
.the numbers in various connections who quietly concede
its truth, has been dependent for an open discussion and
advocacy and the active circulation of literature (in Amer-

ica at least) on the Adventist work and workers.
It may be noted that the early method of teaching this
faith was largely negative and this because of the general
prevalence of the view of soul-immortality and the open
teaching of eternal misery. In later years the teaching has
in general become more positive, it being more largely set
forth as a great provision and promise of immortality,
the very essence of the eternal redemption that is in Christ
Jesus,
A BLESSED HOPE, A VERITABLE GOSPEL
It has been felt that those who seek to find in the Bible,
Old Testament or New, a testimony of the immortality
of the soul are sure to be disappointed and to think that its

teaching of a. future life is weak, and doubtful. But
those who look for a plain, simple doctrine of resurrection,
and of immortal life through the grace of Jesus Christ, will
find scores upon scores of the most definite and positive
promises of life eternal, a veritable covenant of immbr-
tality, certified and unimpeachably confirmed by the
resurrection of Jesus Christ. Those who have given this
testimony have, therefore, believed that they
SERVED THE CAUSE OP CHRISTIAN FAITH

in the overthrow of error and doubt and in clarifying the
witness and hope of redemption, yea that these truths
were urgently needed to aid the church to meet some of
the great perils of the latter days; to meet doubt and prej-
udice, and the fallacies of spiritualistic teaching; to give
clearer reasonand more cogent force to evangelistic appeal,
a preachable doctrine of retribution, a harmonious and
masterful message of eschatology and to clear the path of
the missionary in the foreign field.
Who that knows the. sacrifices of the pioneers of this
latter day can but admire their heroism and self-
revival,
sacrifice, their loyalty to truth at all costs, and covet to
follow in their steps. What shall be said of those who
weary of. the light cross of these later days, and wish to
put this great light under a bushel?
When we think of the hardships and persecution endured
by the early Adventists, the opposition they met, we do
well to remember that many of the other denominations
in their early days, fespecially the Methodists and Baptists,
also suffered severely. ^
In the early efforts of the Baptists
in Boston some of their preachers were arraigned before
the courts and forbidden to hold public services, and to
build' meeting-houses. They were censured as heretics
and as those whose influence and teaching were injurious
to the church of Christ, and dangerous to the best welfare
of the community. "In 1672 a revised edition of the Law
Book of Massachusetts was ordered by the Assembly.
The views of the Baptists were therein classed with 'damna-
ble heresies' and 'notorious impieties.' "^ Nevertheless we
are to "Buy the truth and sell it not," it is worth its price,
and faithful service for the same will at last find its full
reward.
LIFE AND WORK OF PR,OF. HXJDSON
It seems at once just and needful to make special note

of the career of one who served this cause so ably and
faithfully, though his work was sadly cut short in the
.
midst of his plans for further service. We give extracts

of a tribute written shortly after his death, by one of his
friends and co-workers, in whose home, in Worcester,
Mass., his book Debt and Grace found birth Rev. D. T. —
Taylor:
Charles Frederick Hudson had his birth at Wadsworth,

Medina County, Ohio, May 18th, 1821. He graduated
with honor at the Western Reserve College, and finished
his theological studies in preparation for the ministry at
.
Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills, O., his certificate of merit

and fitness being given by Lyman Beecher and others.
He shortly after this had his attention drawn -to the doc-
trine of eternal death, and was not long in substituting the
better view, as an article of Christian faith, in the place of
his previous notion of endless misery. This change of
opinion respecting the end of evil beings led to the disso-
lution of his connection with the Congregational Church
at Sycamore, Illinois, where he was for some years an
acceptable pastor.
Freer in liberty of thought, and stirred to fresh exertions
in defense of his new and cherished views, now regarded
•See American Church History, Vol. II, Baptists, pp. 186, 188.
by him as the only true solution of the conflict of ages and

just vindication of the ways of God, some ten years of his
life were spent in extensive and critical study of the Scrip-
tures and the history of opinions regarding the nature of
man. . . .
The
result was the production of his master work, Debt
and Grace, as Related to the Doctrine of Future Life, which
in due time was followed by Christ Our Life; the Scripture
Argument for ImmortaUty Through Christ Alone, and
Human Destiny: a Critique on Unversalism; also, six valuable
tracts. The crowning labor of his life was that scholarly
production, The Critical Greek Concordance, prepared for
and under the direction of Rev. H. L. Hastings a work of —
much value to the whole church of Christ. It exists as
an enduring monument to his fame. . . .
Charles F. Hudson had no peer in his day in his favorite

line of thought, no superior at any time in eschatological
researches and masterful ability. His powerful mark
abides on giant minds; no one yet fills his vacant place or
wears his lustrous robes. Driven from his pulpit and dis-
carded by earlier denominational associates' for holding
what was deemed a hfersey, his name yet towers up before
all Christ's churches, as that of one who was every whit
a man, 'unapproachable in his sphere of lofty thought,
spotless and without stain of reproach in the meek grandeur
of his Christian character.
Of his chief theological work, Mr. Taylor says, "No book
equal in importance to Debt and Grace ha^ issued from the
press for the last quarter of a century. It challenged ad-
mi'ration while invoking hostility.. It was at once stamped
as the production of a
RIPE SCHOLAR AND PROFOUND THINKER
and received the highest encomiums from the most learned

critics. We all became overwhelmingly indebted to him
for his timely aid. Like a giant refreshed with new wine
he entered the arena of debate. The crowd of derisive
tongues who had shouted in our ears, 'Ignorant Unlearned
!'
!
stood still and listened to the newcomer. To this armed

champion they gave attention as never to another. Where
other arms had proved too weak and short, his, stretched
forth in strength, wielded the sword of truth with telling
effect. He became the skillful and earnest advocate of an
immortal theodicy, and wherever he is candidly read, the
mind becomes luminous with the light of a higher and
better knowledge of eternal things."
Prof. Hudson was .elected secretary of the Christian

Association when it was first organized, July, 1860, but at
its meeting in October when the Christian Publication
Society was organized within the Association, he became

its secretary and was for some years active in both the
Society and the Association, also in conference work. Mr.

Hudson died in the home of Dr. R. Willard, Haddonfield,
N. J., on the 26th of May, 1867, aged forty-six years. He
was for a time Professor of Languages in Central College,
N. Y. During the three latter years of his life he resided
at Cambridge, Mass., where he diligently labored in pre-
paring his last work, the Critical Gj'eek and English Con-
cordance, before referred to.
An appreciative resolution. In Memoriam; was intro-
duced by Eld. J. V. Himes, at the annual meeting of the A.
C. Association in 1867, which was most heartily accepted
and iinanimously adopted. His early death and loss to
the cause was greatly mourned.
So effective were the writings of Elds. Storrs, Blain,
Hastings, and especially those of Prof. Hudson, proving
to be, and so difficult was it to secure weighty and effective
replies, or efficient means to stop the spread of what the,
leaders of so-called Orthodox teaching considered heresy,
that Dr. S. C. Bartlett, president of Dartmouth College,
was prevailed upon to write his book. Life and Death
Eternal, in 1866, which was issued and copyrighted by the
American Tract Society. Dr. Bartlett did his best to
utterly demolish the whole teaching of Conditional Im-
D. T. TAYLOR
CHARLES F, Hl-DSOX
J. H. PETTINGELL
mortality, and his work has been recognized as probably

the ablest written against that view, but it was so radical
and caustic in its spirit, and based
in its attitude, so severe
itsargument so fully on a spiritual or mystical interpreta-
tion of Holy Scripture, that it very largely failed of its
purpose; at least the teaching thus assailed survived the
attack, the number of believers increased, and in due time
OTHER ABLE ADVOCATES APPEARED

in its behalf.
The Bible Doctrine of the Soul, came forth as a new work
early in 1873 —
it was then a pamphlet of one hundred and
twenty pages, written by Chas. L. Ives, M. D., Professor

of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in Yale College,
and it was prepared as a result of an interesting discussion
in his Bible class. Though brief, it was a sober, interesting
and able work, calculated, as the author believed, to "Hdnor
God, exalt the Bible, insure the pi-eaching of future punish-
ment, subvert Universalism, encourage the rightful
. . .
valuation of the body, personal holiness and as opening

the way to Christian unity." It was received with pleasure
by many, had an extensive circulation in this country and
in England. A second edition was issued in the fall of
'76, and the -call for this stimulated Prof. Ives to rewrite
and enlarge the work, and it thus developed into a book

of three, hundred and thirty-four pages which was published
by E. Claxton & Co., Philadelphia, in 1877. Though Dr.
Ives' view of the soul, as meaning chiefly the body his —
leaning on this point being perhaps induced by his medical
—
study and practice has not been accepted by many of
our leading writers, yet his main deductions were very
conclusive and his writings led many into the Condition-
alist faith.
In 1878 the first work of Rev. J. H. Pettingell, The The-
ologicalTrilemma, appeared, and the influence of these
two books and the progress of the doctrine they advocated,
moved Prof. Chas. M. Mead,
Andover Theological Semi-
of
nary, to write his able work. The Soul Here and Hereafter,
which was issued by the Congregational Publishing So-
ciety in 1879, in an effort to stay the spread of the above
teaching. This book was written in a more gracious spirit
than that of Dr. Barlett's. Prof.Mead —evidently rec-
ognizing the mistake that had been made —undertook a

different treatment of the question, saying: "It has been
my aim to avoid acrimony and needless severity in the
polemical part of the work," though sometimes he had
used "plain and emphatic language."
We refer to these works, considering that perhaps one of
the best evidences of the spread of the Conditional faith
was these distinguished efforts to defend and maintain the
traditional view.
BRIEF SKETCH OF MR. PETTINGELL
This brother, who is above and elsewhere referred to,

gave such able and whole-hearted service to this truth,
that we present here some facts of his life and work.
John Hancock Pettingell was born in Manchester, Vt.,

May, 1815, son of Rev. Amos Pettingell, of the Congrega-
tionalists. After graduating from Yale, in 1837, he was
at once appointed professor in the Deaf and Dumb Insti-
tute, New York City, and while there studied in Union
Theological Seniinary, after which he served in several
Congregational pastorates, and then was appointed District
Secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions, and
also served as Assistant Recording Secretary for said Board
for many years. During this time he visited the missions
of this Board in Asia Minor, Syria and Greece. He was
appointed American Seaman's Chaplain, under the Ameri-
can Seaman's Friend Society, ^t Antwerp, Belgium, in
.
1866, and went abroad with bis family for six years. Dur-
ing this time he became interested in Conditional Immor-
tality and wrote the manuscript of his first work on the
subject. Coming back to America in 1872, he knew only
of Dr. Ives who' shared his views. He looked in vain for a
publisher who would issue that book till 1878, when through
the influence of Rev. H. A. King, he succeeded in finding
one. The pulpits of his denomination being closed to his
"peaceable settlement" as a pastor, he turned to his former
profession of teaching, in New York and Philadelphia, for
a support. In addition to his exhausting labors of daily
teaching he wrote extensively, but being largely excluded
from the organs of various (so called) evangelical religious
bodies he turned to the Bible Banner, the World's Crisis
and the Scriptural Publication Society for an open door.
After 1878 he published a half dozen bound .volumes and
a large number of essays, reviews, tracts, letters, etc., yet
gave away so many of these that instead of profiting by
the publishing, he' suffered a severe loss, but thus proved his
deep love and devotion to the truth he so ably advocated.
It was the privilege of several Advent Christian ministers
to visit him during his last sickness and he found great
peace and comfort in Christ. He wrote considerable during
his weakness and suffering, was deeply interested in the
progress of the truth and was full of hope and prayer to
the last. He died in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 27, 1887.
He was "conceded to have been an author of distinction,
having written on theological subjects many works that
have reached large editions." His principal volumes were
recognized as The Theologial Trilemma, The Life Ever-
lasting, and The Unspeakable Gift. His funeral was con-
'
ducted in New Haven by the pastor of the A. C. Church

in that city, and the burial was at Falmouth, Mass.,
where Rev. Mr. Craig of the Congregational Church
copducted services assisted by Eld. Frank Burr represent-
ing the World's Crisis office and Mr. Pettingell's many
Conditionalist friends.
Elds. Wm. Sheldon, John Couch, Miles Grant and E. P.

Woodward were also able promoters of this truth but each
will be further mentioned under the chapter on Publica-
tions. Rev. Rufus Wendell was an able and gifted advo-
cate of this faith, a strong and interesting preacher. He
loved discussion and friendly debate and was always cour-
teous and kindly, though plain and fearless in the same.
Another worker who should have mention here was Rev.
Wm. N. Pile, for some years editor of the Herald of Life,
and later the efficient pastor of the Church of the Second
Advent, Green Ave., Brooklyn, New York. He was a
strong preacher, and a resourceful advocate of life only in
Christ. He was often sought for and cordially welcomed
to our general conventions and campmeetings.
In recent ye^rs Rev. F. L. Piper rendered the cause ef-
fective service, in editing and sending forth in all parts of
this and foreign countries, one or more special Conditional
Immortality editions of the Prophetic Mission Quarterly.
Later he wrote an excellent, though brief, volume, entitled
Conditionalism: Its Place in Eschatology, History and
Currerit Thought, a concise and valuable survey, entirely
undenominational in spirit and scope. For a further and
fuller narrative of general Conditional Immortality thought
and advocacy see the above work, and in this volume the
chapter on European Witnesses, also various references
in chapters on the General Societies and Publications.
EIGHTH, THE DOCTRINE OF THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES
In the early days and all through the progress of this

movement a conspicuous feature in the preaching and
literature has been, the teaching that the closing days of
the Gospel age and the approach of Christ's glorious Ad-
vent, were to be indicated and certified by the occurrence
of certain signs and tokens which were clearly foretold in
Holy Scripture. This teaching may be summarized briefly
in this way:
1. The Gospel dispensation in general is called "the last

days" (Acts 2: 17;Heb. 1:2).
2. This being the case, then surely the major portion
of human history had already transpired, the middle of its

course was already passed, and the latter times were on
the way.
3. Another portion of the dispensation, its latter sec-
tion- the period nearing and ending in the "last day" and
the Advent of Christ, is called the "last days" (2 Tim. 3:
1-5 2 Peter 3:3), and the characteristics of this period are
;
especially foretold.
4. This latter period was understood to be similar to
or parallel with the "time of the end," named in the book
of Daniel (chap. 12: 4, 9) and that time referred, to by our
Lord, as following the tribulation and running up to His
glorious appearing,namely the sign period (Matt. 24: 29-
31; Mark 13: 21-27; Luke 21: 25-28).
5. This season when reached was to be known by the
occurrence of the events predicted by our Lord, by the ful-
fillment of the latter portion of the prophecies of Joel,
Daniel and Revelation, of Peter, James and Paul, and by
comparing the word of prophecy with the record of history.
6. It was the plain Word of our Lord that His people
ought to discern the signs of the times, and this not only
regarding His first advent (Matt. 16: 1^3,) but also as
related to His second coming, for after replying to .the
question of the disciples regarding signs (Matt. 24: 5;
Luke 21: 7) He said there should be sigris (Luke 21: 25)
and
HE COMMANDED US TO TAKE HEED
to these signsand to watch for His corning, and this was

one of His most urgent commands. Moreover, by these
signs He told us to know, as clearly as people know from
the budding trees of the springtime that summer is near,
when His glorious and awful advent is approaching (Matt.
24: 32, 33; Mark 13: 28-37).
7. Careful attention and study was given by many of
the leaders to the time periods of prophecy, numbers of
,them at first concluding that by this means they could
"
determine very nearly the definite time of the Advent, but

later on all whose opinion was generally considered worthy
of weight, concluded that these periods were given for a
purpose kindred to that of the signs, to indicate the general
or approximate season, not the definite time of the end.
So far as we know they all accepted the year-day theory
regarding the prophetic periods, and interpreted the Book
of Reyelation according to the historical method.
8. While different writers differed on some lines of
prophecy, or its details, yet there has been a substantial
unity in general interpretation the Word of prophecy has
;
been duly recognized and honored; its great converging

lines of last day prediction have been emphasized, and a
strong, wide-spread warning has been given to the church
and the world through a succession of decades. A notable
feature of this prophetic exposition and preaching was the
extensive use of picture charts and maps to exhibit the
facts of history and to aid in explaining the symbols of
the books of Daniel and Revelation. Often this means
was used with impressive and abiding effect.
The first paper published in the early forties was named
the Signs of the Times, although later called the Advent
Herald.
Eld. H. L. Hastings, writing in 1855, summed up the
tokens of the times, in the following striking paragraph:
"In the accomplishment of chronological and consecutive

predictions in the fulfillment of earth's foretold govern-
;
mental changes in the completion of the church's dark period

;
of tribulation and
disaster; in the national distress and
perplexity; inthe wars and commotions that prevail;
in the moral corruption and unparalleled iniquity of the
age in the intensity of the desire of all nations for a brighter
;
era and a better day; in the strange and startling progress

of the present age; in the diffusion of the Gospel of Jesus
Christ; in the unsealing of long hidden predictions of in-
spired writers; in the. ten thousand 'signs of the times'
that throng us on every hand, I read with a solemn joy
the glad yet awful declaration,
'the coming of the lord "

draweth nigh'
In 1862 the same writer published a book of over four

hundred pages entitled The Signs of the Times, written on
2 Tim. 3: 1-S, and which was a thrilling narrative of the
sins of Christendom, and was widely circulated.
Eld. John Couch was a very strong and impressive
preacher on this line, and scores of others gave from year
to year, strong and faithful testimony.
Conspicuous among this number, also, was Eld. D. T.
Taylor, who in 1891, reviewed and gathered together his
writings on this line and they were published in a very
able work. The Great Consummation and the Signs That
Herald Its Approach, of over four hundred and fifty pages.
This people have also appealed unceasingly to the plain
word of Scripture and its literal interpretation, as against
spiritualizing and mystical forms of exposition. This was
made
AN URGENT AND VITAL POINT
They, of course, recognized the figures of speech and the

symbols of prophecy, but also that the books of symbolic
prophecy contained the key to their interpretation as —
our Lord by expounding some of His parables gave us the
rule for interpreting the others.
has often been noted that their faith upon all essential
It
points, can be and frequently has been expressed in the
plain words of Scripture, without note or comment, hence
the conviction and claim that they took their faith, not
from sources of, or those influenced by heathen religion
or teaching, Platonic or other philosophy, but, as they
believed, from the plain, obvious sense of Holy Scripture.
"To the law and was the appeal. It
to the testimony,"
should also be said that the main, basic evangelical doc-
trines of the Protestant church have always been held by
the accepted leaders of this people^such as the personality,
eternity, infinity, holiness, love and
justice of God; the
and kingship of Jesus
divinity, atoning sacrifice, priesthood
Christ; the grace, power and ministry of the Holy Spirit;
the inspiration and authority of Holy Scripture, and the
divine calling of the Christian Church. They have ever
maintained that the Bible should be the only rule or
authority of faith and Christian character the only test of
fellowship.
ERRORS AND DIVISIONS
It is needful in order to give the true setting and features

of this movement and a comprehensive history thereof,
to narrate briefly the following divisive claims and views
that arose at different times in its earlier progress. To
this end we must return to the decade of the and the
forties
events following the great disappointment. In view of
claims that some have made and insisted upon that Mr.
Miller, Eld. Himes and others of the first leaders accepted
and taught, in common with those who became Seventh
Day advocates, the view that the door of mercy was closed
and probation ended with the passing of the time, and that
they held this view until the Albany Conference in 1845,
we cite the following facts:
REGARDING THE "sHUT-DOOR" THEORY

So fully were many of those who accepted the Miller
teaching convinced that the Lord wodld come in 1843 or
1844; especially at the time of the seventh month (October,
1844), that when this time had fully passed they were left
in a state of severe trial. A few of them advocated the
thought that the coming of the Bridegroom, as represented
in the parable of the ten virgins, was separate from the
coming of the Son of man, and that the former had taken
place in 1844, that then the door of mercy was shut for un-
believing church members and sinners. This view was
strenuously advocated by the publishers of a paper entitled
The Hope Within the Veil, and by some others. It was
discussed at length in the Advent Herald, the leading edi-
tors of this paper dissenting from the view. This "shut-
door" theory was then or later advocated by those who
became the leading promoters of the Seventh Day move-
ment. Those who accepted the view that the door was
shut, made this a matter of rigid test by which they de-
termined who were the wise and who the foolish virgins;
thus a state of division and faction was produced.
Near the close of 1844 or early in 1845, Mr. Miller re-
ceived many letters from different parts of the country
asking him what he thought of the experience connected
with the expectation that centered in the seventh month,
so-called, especially his view regarding the closing of the
door of mercy for sinners. He replied to these inquiries
by a letter which was published in the Advent Herald of
Feb. 12, 1845, in which he reviewed somewhat the conclu-
sions to which he had been led on the time question, and
cited several passages of Scripture from which he drew in-
ferences favorable to the "shut-door" view. He confessed
to the conviction which came upon him that he had done
his work in warning sinners, but recognized, that his feelings
were no rule by which to limit the work of others; and said,
"Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind, and
so let them speak oir preach, as God and their own con-
sciences may dictate." The editors of the Herald added
ejttended notes to Mr. Miller's letter in which they took
exceptions to the inferences which he had drawn from the
Scriptures cited and they
STRONGLY ADVOCATED THE "OPEN-DOOR" .
citing among other Scripture, St. Peter's statement, that

"the long suffering of the Lord is salvation."
This question was also recognized by the active leaders
as one of serious importance. The Morning Watch, which
was the successor of the Midnight Cry, published in New
York, in its issue of Feb. 20, 1845, contained a strong ar-
ticle by Eld. J. V. Himes, who was then editor, under the
title "Is the Door Shut?" He presented an able argument
of six points against the shut-door theory, in which he
showed carefulness and a well-balanced
of interpretation
view of the truth. This article was re-printed in the
Advent Herald of Feb. 26. In the latter paper of March
5, Eld. Himes, who was traveling in Canada, wrote of the
open-door in that field, stating, "Our brethren in this region
are publishing a free and full salvation to sinners." He
found that both there and in !Northern Vermont evangel-
istic efforts were being fruitful, and was confirmed in his
views that the door of mercy was open and that it was the
duty of all not to neglect the work of winning the unsaved
to Christ. In the Herald of March 12, 1845, an article was
reprinted from the Voice of Truth advocating the "open-
door."
Again in the Advent Herald of Maij-ch 26 appears a letter
from Bro. Miller that was written on the 10th inst., in
PRINCIPAL POINTS OF DOCtRINE 195
which, while acknowledging his leanings, toward the view

that the tinie of' separation had come, yet states that his
judgment was not fully convinced that the door of mercy
was closed. He dissented from the fanciful view of the
parable of the virgins, expressed regret that divisive ques-
tions should arise such as this view of the "shut-door" and
said, "I now plead with those who have supposed the door
to be shut, to yield the point to our brethren of the op-
posite view; for it is evident at present that all the evidence
is against, its being now shut, if we can believe the reports
from different parts; and sufely my soul will not permit
me to doubt their veracity." He believed that if the Lord
did not come in a short time they would have more light
upon the questions involved; he urged a continuance of,
publication work, and said, "I would be rejoiced to see the
WORK OF GOD IN THE SALVATION OF SINNERS

again," though he expressed the feaf that age, infirmitieSj
and weakness would forbid his participation therein.
But with the further passing of the crisis, his health and
courage revived and he was able to resume his Work at
times. He was very active in connection with the Albany
Conference which strongly advocated progressive and con-
structive work, and soon under wise leadership the cause
began to clear itself of factious questions, to awaken and
enlarge public interest and prove itself worthy of alle-
giance and success.
An editorial in the Herald of October, 1845, entitled,
"Fanciful Interpretations" took strong grounds for sober,
Scriptural faith, and in closing said, "We can give no coun-
tenance to that sickly theology, which can only talk about
a shut-door, etc., when souls are dying for lack of knowl-
edge." We
should add that the editors and publishers of
The Hope Within the Veil became convicted that they were
Bridegroom had come and that
in error in teaching that the
the door was shut, and for a time suspended publication,
seriously reviewing the whole question when they resumed
;
the issues of their paper they frankly, fully confessed their

error and "expressed much regret that in any way their
influence served to divide the Advent believers or hinder
the woirk for the salvation of sinners. These confessions
and regrets were reprinted in The Voice of Truth, which
was edited by Joseph Marsh, also in part in the Advent
Herald, and they were by the editors of the latter 'paper,
cordially welcomed "to the platform of our original faith."
THE SEVENTH DAY SCHISM
Those Adventists who soon after 1844 became leaders in

the Seventh Day movement, persisted in teaching the shut-
door theory for several years at least, as cannot be truthfully
denied, for the writer has at hand an original copy of the
Advent Review, also a tract by Eld. James White arid an-
other by Joseph Bates, all bearing date of 1850 and all ad-
vocating^ the shut-door claim. The latter tract after setting
"The 'Pj-esent Truth'
forth both views says (near the end) :
then Sabbath and shut-door." These men, with the

is the
aid of Miss Ellen G. Harmon, who later was Mrs. White,

were the chief leaders in this Seventh Day division and
ensuing movement. But it was from the start a faction
and a schism, and not representative of the Advent cause
in general, either Millennial oi^ Christian, nor of those
therein who adhered to the name Christian. A single page
sheet bearing the name of James White and date of 1853,
and which is said to have been tipped into all hitherto
unsold copies of the 1850 Review, states that "the testi-

monies in the first part of the Review, were published, more
to show what had been the faith of the Advent body than
to present a system of truth," and it is further twice claimed

that said portion of the Review, and the letters of Wm.
Miller as reprinted were a free statement,, of the feelings
and views of the Advent body and brethren generally ât
that time —that is following 1844. By a shrewd process
of omission, combination and the use of large capitals for
special emphasis, not used in the original publications, and
by associating with and following these selections with
fanciful interpretations of Scripture, an entirely erroneous
impression is given as tathe views of the chief early leaders,
and the general body of the Adventists as then known.
This was plainly set forth after this manner to carry the
impression that the Advent body generally endorsed or
went into the shut-door and Sabbath movement, which
representation
WAS AND EVER HAS BEEN UNTRUE

As giving facts in the case we cite in addition to previous
evidence, the testimony of Eld. I. C. Wellcome, a man of
honorable record and of sterling character, who was

faithful,
himself an eye-witness of these movements: "The Advent
Herald and its faithful and able ally, the Morning Watch,
edited by Prof. N. N. Whiting, took a most decided stand
against such fanciful and unscriptural teachings, arid did
all stem the current which was sweeping over
.they could to
the Advent churches," and we may add, they held the
fort. Again he says: "We have seen it stated in a book
by Eld. White 'that Adventists were agreed that the door
was shut.' This is a specious statement. Some Advent-
ists were agreed thus, but the great mass were never agreed
to believe it, . for as soon as that day passed without
. .
bringing the Lord the mass of, believers concluded it an

error, which they had believed for truth. They at once
began to plan and prosecute the work of the Gospel, and to
show those who had fallen into these strange views (as fast
as they met them) that they were errors."^
Eld. J. Marsh, editor of the Voice of Truth, a paper which
"struck out on a course independent of the general work of
the Adventist^," was for a time favorable to the shut-door
view, but soon committed his paper against it. Joseph
Turner and Eld. J. B. Cook who strongly advocated it for
a season, soon, abandoned it. This theory, the Seventh
Day Sabbath, the special views of its advocates regarding
prophecy (such as the third angel's message, the United
States in prophecy) and their elaborate system of legalism,
WERE NEVER. HELD

by the American Millennial or the Christian Adverltists.
As early as June, 1856, Eld. Wm. Sheldon began a series of
articles in the World's Crisis against the Seventh Day teach-
ing, and also Dr. James Hemenway, the latter writing of
'
'The Two Covenants." Eld. T. M

Preble, an able minister,
.
accepted the Seventh Day view for a time, but on further

study rejected it (as did also J. B. Cook), and after three
years of review and research, wrote a strong work of over
four hundred pages against that teaching, entitled The
First Day was published by the W. A. C.
Sabbath, which
Publishing Association early in 1867. In due time Eld.
Miles Grant's booklet, "The True Sabbath," came from
the press, a brief but efficient work. At different times
other articles, tracts, and pamphlets have appeared con-
troverting Seventh Day arguments and clairns. Chief
among those of recent date was: "Seventh Day Adventism,
an Exposure," by Eld. E. P. Woodward editor of the Safe-
guard and Artnony, in which he gives a searching review and
exposure of Seventh Day Adventists' claims especially
Mrs. White's so-called visions.
'History' of the Advent Message, pp. 399, 403,

A notable event in that history was the revolt of Eld.

D. M. Canright, who, after ably serving the Seventh Day
cause for over twenty years entirely renounced that faith,
going wholly over to the Baptists, about 1887. A long
series of articles explaining his change appeared in the
•
Bible Banner,' and his new views were published in a book

of over four hundred pages in 1889, and a copy of its elev-
enth edition is before us as we write. He gives the names
of many who have forsaken that teaching. It is a masterly
review of the case, but commits the grave error of con-
founding Seventh Day teachings with Adventism as a whole
—^which strikingly shows the influence and bias of their
claim to be the original, main body and only true line
—
of Adventists ^which is a false claim. Nevertheless many
of them are excellent people and they have able ministers,
have a most thorough system of organization and benevo-
lence, and have in recent years become a numerous people
with extensive missions. They have certainly shown a
zeal worthy of a better cause.
But the Advent Christian people have unceasingly
advocated the new covenant, the new priesthood of our Lord,
—
His "new and living way," and the Lord's Day the first
—
day of the week as the Christian Sabbath, which is his-
torically traceable to Apostolic example. And it would
seem that if the Apostles of our Lord and the church which
under the Holy Spirit was founded by them, were author-
ized and competent to give us for all time the New Tes-
tament, to teach and declare the doctrine of the new
priesthood and the change of the Law (Heb. 7: 12) they
were likewise empowered to institute and sanction a new
day of Sabbath and worship, that should have all the
authority of the "general assembly," and of the "Mediator
of the new Covenant" (Heb. 12: 22-24).
ANOTHER SEPARATION
Such was the force of the re-action from the doctrines
of soul-immortality and the eternal misery of the wicked,
that quite a number of those who rejected these views went
so far in the other direction as to hold that the penal death
of the wicked at the last judgment would be instant and
practically painless, that painwas no part of the penalty,,
which was simply and only death. But others, perhaps
encouraged by this teaching, took a different bias, and '
taught that the Adamic death, which has passed upon all
men, was in the case of the wicked a penal death, a full
punishment for their individual sins, and that because of
this none of the wicked dead would be raised to life or
brought to judgment. This was known as the "non-
resurrection" view, and was advocated for a time in a
quiet way as occasion offered in church, conference, and
campmeeting, but chiefly by group discussion and private
personal labors. It appears to have been first advocated
about 1850 by John T. Walsh, associate editor of the Bible
Examiner of which Eld. Geb. Storrs was for many years
editor and publisher. Eld. Storrs at first wrote against
the view, but later adopted it, and was for some time its
leading advocate.
As the advocacy became more public and pronounced,
the leading brethren who looked upon it as an extreme
view and a serious error, sustained only by resort to a spir-
itual interpretation of many plain passages of Scripture,
as subversive of the plain doctrine of universal judgment,
and dangerous in its tendency to belittle the consequences
of sin and to remove from the wicked the fear of judgment,
began to teach strongly the doctrine of the resurrection of
all the- dead and the final, universal judgment. Among
these were H. L. Hastings, D. T. Taylor, Dr. O. R. Fassett,
later C. C. Marston and more recently G. L. Young, and

others. Very early in the sixties Eld. Hastings published
a very able work in two parts: I. Retribution or the Doom
of the Ungodly. II. Retribution, or the Resurrection of
the Dead, Just and Unjust.
But the adherents of the new teaching were persistent
and diligent in its propagation, their number increased
considerably and they named it the "Life View," because
to their thinking it gave added emphasis to the doctrine
of Life Only in Christ since none would live again after
death but believers in Christ, who, being raised, would
live forever. These felt that their doctrine must have
larger publicity, than was granted in the established Ad-
ventist papers, and hence the "Life and Advent Union"
was organized at Wilbraham, Mass., Aug. 30; 1863, "under
a noble chestnut tree" near the campmeeting, and a con-
stitution was adopted. The first object of the Union was
to publish and sustain a weekly paper, to use all available
means to "promulgate the doctrines held by its members.
Eld. Geo. Storrs was elected president, Rufus Wendell,
vice-president, J. T. Curry, secretary and L. C. Thorne,
treasurer. It was the special object of this paper to give
its publishers and patrons an opportunity to write freely,
and circulate widely the "Life View" before stated. The

paper was named the Herald of Life and of the Coming
'
Kingdom, and Eld. Storrs was elected editor, with, four

assistant editors: Rufus Wendell, Joseph T. Curry, W. S.
Campbell, S. W. Bishop; while the former of these was
business agent for a season. The first issue appeared under
date of Oct. 21, 1863, from 37 Park Row, N. Y. Eld.
R. V. Lyon, a strong but eccentric preacher, accepted this
teaching and at this time was living in Syracuse, N. Y.
He preached extensively in that State, also in Canada West,
Indiana and Illinois as an evangelist at large.
In 1864 they resolved to hold a series of conferences in
"untrammelled" discussion and ad-
different cities for the
vocacy of their special views. The first was in Boston,
October, 1864, and friends from Maine, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York were present.
It was decided to hold such conferences quarterly. The
anniversary or annual meetings were held at Wilbraham
on or near the campground till the year 1868, when it was
held in what was called the Life and Advent Mission Tent
on the new Campground at Springfield, Mass. Some
later they started a new campground at Springfield, a
short distance from the "National Advent Campground."
Their list of subscribers was small and the paper was sup-
ported in part by liberal donations which, were solicited
at the annual meetings of the Union.
Eld. Storrs continued as editor until 1871, when he was
succeeded by Leonard C. Thorne, who served until 1877,
when Wm. N. Pile, who had served as corresponding editor,
and later assistant edftor and business agent was elected
editor. Eld. Pile was well and widely known, very highly
esteemed, also a clear, able, and earnest writer, and under
his administration the paper prospered considerably. In '
1886 he resigned this office to enter fully into preaching

and pastoral work. In the next few years the paper
changed hands, Elds. F. H. Burbank and Wm. E. Brown
serving for brief periods; when in 1890 Mrs. Rebecca J.
Smith, daughter of the late Eld. Joseph Turner, who was
an able champion of the Bible and its doctrines in his best
days, was chosen editor, and she conducted the Herald in a
most able and worthy manner until her sickness and death
in the spring of 1912. She was abundant in other labors
and greatly loved by her people. The Life and Advent
Union has sustained its paper until the present time, which
in recent years has been a very neat and readable periodical
of sixteen pages and convenient has published a few

size,
books, and a large number and pamphlets which
of tracts
have been earnestly circulated. They have churches, or
gatherings for worship, in several States, have shown them-
selves on the whole to be a most excellent people, but have
never grown to very large numbers', the movement proving
a disappointment in this respect.
While the contention between them and the Advent
Christian people was at times quite earnest, yet there has
always been a considerable measure of interchange and
fellowship and in recent years an increasing measure of
this, especially in co-operative mission work, w;hich will be
noted in the chapter on missions. They hold much truth
in common with the Advent Christian body, and there has
been for some years a mutual desire, on the part of a goodly
number at least', for closer union in order to more effective
advancement of the common faith and work.
A peculiar feature is recorded regarding four of the early
—
promoters of this Life teaching ^Walsh, Storrs, Curry, and
Wendell, all of whom, after further research and study
abandoned the view and returned to the faith of a universal
resurrection^ —
though their future course showed that they
were considerably unsettled by the experience through
which they had passed. Eld. Storrs in the early Adventist
days rendered the cause extensive and invaluable service,
and regardless of his changing views, was greatly loved by
those who were comrades with him in labor. Following his
death Eld. L. Boutelle, wrote a warm appreciation of his
work and sacrifice in the anti-slavery cause, his efficient
advocacy of the coming of Christ, life only in Christ, and
his defense of the Bible (with Eld. J. Turner) in the Hart-
speaking very highly of his notable ability,
'ford convention,
devotion and excellent character. He said, "Eld. Storrs
was no small pattern, but under God was a man of might
and influience."
A PERSISTENT FALSE REPORT
Some have been
of the opposers of the Adventist cause
willing to use any means however uncertain or unworthy
to reproach this people or hinder their work. In 1894
an old-time rumor that had been often refuted was published
in The Outlook, and called forth the following reply, which
we trust may prove the final quietus of a ridiculous false-
hood that ought to have died at its birth. And this testi-
-
mony may be cherished as the last word we have from its

distinguished author:
To the Editors of the Outlook: —

I have been much interested in the articles lately appear-
ing in The Outlook upon the question of ascension robes.
I am glad that public .interest has been again aroused upon
this topic, for it is time it should be settled, and settled

right; and nothing is truly settled until it is settled right.
I wish to say that I was intimately associated with
William Miller for eleven yea,rs, beginning in 1839; that
with him I attended hundreds of meetings, laboring with
him in public and private, and was with him at his home
in the State of New York on the night of the tenth day of
the seventh month, when we expected the Lord to come;
and, having had a perfect knowledge of everything con-
nected with that worki I know the whole story of ascension
robes to be a concoction of the enemies of the Adventists,
begotten of religious prejudices, and that there is not a
scintilla of truth in it. No wonder the writer in the
Outlook of October 27 did n6t give his name and address.
The^ statement that "to be prepared, dressed in their
ascension robes, was the instruction given by their leaders
to the rank and file of the Millerites," is almost too silly
to be noticed. The writer originated, and with others
signed, the call for the first Adventist conference, which
was held with the church over which he was pastor in Bos-
ton, Mass., in 1840.
During those eventful days, from 1840 to 1844, and for,
several years after, I had charge of all their publishing
work, and no man, living or dead, knew better what was

taught and done by Advehtists than did I. There were
some excesses, such as always attend great religious up-
heavals, but they were not committed by the "instruction
of their leaders," and the putting on of ascension robes
was not one of these excesses.
When these stories first started, and while I was pub-
lishing in the interests of the Adventist cause, I kept a
standing offer, in the paper of which I was editor, of a large
reward for one well-ai;^thenticated case where an ascension
robe was worn by those looking for the Lord's return. No
such proof has ever been forthcoming. It was always
riimor, and nothing more. Absolute evidence never has
been furnished. It has always been one of those delight-
ful falsehoods which many people have waijted to believe,
and hence its popularity and perpetuity until this present
day. I have refuted the story hundreds of times in both,
the Advent Herald in Boston, Mass., and in the Midnight
Cry in New York, which had a circulation of tens of thou-
sands of copies and no accusers ever made an attempt to
;
defend themselves, although I held my columns open to

them to do so. And now, at the age of ninety years, with
a full personal experience of those times, before God, who
is my Judge, and before whose tribunal I must soon appear,
I declare again that the ascension robe story is a tissue of
falsehoods from beginning to end, and I am glad of the
opportunity to deny it once more before I die.
The preparation urged upon the "rank and file" of those
looking for the coming of the Lord was a preparation of
hedrt and life by a confession of Christ, a forsaking of their
sins and living a godly life; and the only robes they were
exhorted to put on were the robes of righteousness, ob-
—
tained by faith in Jesus Christ garments made white in
the blood of the Lamb. Nothing of an outward appear-
ance was ever thought of or mentioned.
Joshua V. Himes,
Rector St. Andrew's Episcopal Church,
Elk Point, South Dakota.
October 29, 1894.
, In the World's Crisis of July 31, 1895, the following ap-
peared at the head of the editorial column: "A Veteran
Fallen."
"Eld. Joshua V. Himes, the famous co-worker of William
Miller the founder of Adventism, died at Elk Point, S. D.,
July 27, aged ninety-one years."
In the Adventist teaching a large place has been given
to the doctrines as outlined in these two chapters, but along
with this there has been an abundant measure of practical
teaching laying emphasis on repentance, regeneration, the
experience of sanctification, the blessed ministry of the
Holy Spirit, and the necessity of godly and exemplary
living. At a large gathering at Alton Bay campmeeting
in recent years. Eld. O. R. Jenks, president of Aurora
College, called for testimonies regarding the effect of these
and there were many responses both from min-
doctrines,
istersand laymen.. They bore witness that these views
had been exceedingly helpful, giving a clear and convinc-
ing conception -of Bible teaching, stimulating to conse-
crated Christian living and service and proving an anchor
to keep from worldliness and apostasy. Multitudes have
confessed a great spiritual benefit arising from this faith.
CHAPTER VIII
CHURCH ORDER AND LOCAL CONFERENCES
PART I
HAVING given a sketch of the message and doctrines

and early leaders of this movement, truths
of the first
the deep conviction of which was the vital, moving and
we pass to narrate the steps
uniting force of their labors,
by which the work became organized and established.
Such was the opposition of the popular churches to the
Adventual teaching, combined ofttimes with persecution
and unjust exclusioh, that many of those wh6 received
this faith in the early days, were, in. the reaction, moved
to the extreme of objecting to any and church organiza-
all
tion; and a few later on were thus minded, but it should

be recorded that early in the progress of the cause there
were able leaders who saw the futility of this lawless policy
and who advocated church order.
In 1855 the Adventists of New Hampshire in State Con-
ference assembled, passed a strong resolution favoring
Gospel order- in their churches and societies and in 1856
re-endorsed the same iresolution. The next year Eld.
John Howell, one of the most devout and able preachers
wrote strongly in the World's Crisis, urging the organiza-
tion of churches and the principles of unity and discipline.
At the Wilbraham Campmeeting in 1856 decided action
was taken in favor of "Gospel Order," the recognition of
pastors and deacons, and diligent labor in all right ways to
save men and to edify the church of God, which received
the hearty endorsement of the entire camp. This friendly
discussion and favorable action, coupled with the success
of the campmeeting prompted the saying, "A brighter
day dawning in our history."
is
The Maine Conference, held in Richmond in October of

that year approved this action and hailed
THE MOVEMENT FOR ORDER AND UNITY
as an omen of better days for the entire cause.

Early in 1857 Eld. A. Ross wrote a series of articles in
the World's Crisis, entitled "Divine Order," the same re-
lating to local churches, their officers, their work, church
discipline, unity, fellowship, and the ordinances, the in-
fluence of which must have tended strongly toward or-
derly and dignified worship.
A notice of the Minnesota- Iowa Reformed Conference
was issued by Eld. P. S. W. Deyo which Eld.
in 1857, to
William Sheldon added a few words saying:
"The object of this meeting is threefold: First, to pro-

claim the truths of God's Word, which ha;ve been cast
into the shadows of the apostacy. Second, to revive
practical godliness among the children of God. Third,
to revive Gospel order in the churches."
The year following Bible order was strongly and specif-

icallyadvocated in the World's Crisis; it was urged that
barrenness and weakness had resulted from a lack of order,
and that all companies or congregations of believers
should call themselves, not "bands," but churches, and
should appoint, not "committees," as previously, but elders
and deacons. From this time the organization of churches
went forward favorably in various part of the country.
CHURCH ORDER 209
A FEW OF THE EARLY CHURCHES

In Boston the Chardon Street Christian Church, of which
Eld. J. V. Himes was pastor at the rise of the movement,
came into the Adventist ranks ready organized, as the
majority accepted the faith; a minority who rejected the
same withdrew and the church continued for some years
a well formed and efficient force. It is said that in several
other places churches came into the ranks in the same way.
In Bridgeport, Conn., as a result of prophetic lectures
and meetings held there. Burton W. Leanard, with Zenas
Whitney and eleven others, organized the Second Ad-
ventist Church in 1849, and the work there continues to this
day.
In 1857 there was a church in Boston of which Eld.
Miles Grant was pastor, and which, through its pastor and
a committee of five called a General Conference to com-
mence on Tuesday eveiiing, Feb. 10, in Chapman Hall,
and hold over the Lord's Day. At this conference there
was preaching by Elds. Edwin Burnham, A. Ross, S. G.
Matthewson, H. L. Hastings, J. Couch, and M. Batchelor.
This was a season of deep and wide interest, greatly aiding
and encouraging this church, and gaining' the attendance
of niany new hearers.
Another like conference was called for March, 1858.
These early efforts of this church were quite similar to the
present Mid-Winter Conventions which are held by the
Publication Society with the church at 160 Warren St.,
Boston.
A church Avas early organized in Rutland, Vt. In May,
1858 it numbered forty-seven members, with others soon
to be baptized, there being a revival interest. Meetings
were held and churches or societies organized in many
other cities and towns, such as Philadelphia, New York
City, Albany, and Rochester, N. Y. Hartford and New
;
Haven, Conn.; Springfield, Worcester, Salem, Lowell,

Haverhill, Lawrence, Lynn, New Bedford, Mass.; Provi-
dence, R. I.; Castleton, Poultney, Vt. Portland
; and several
other places in Maine, and in other States, both East
and West.
We have not the facts at hand or the space
to permit the
nairrative of individual churches. We
must, however,
in passing, refer to Buchanan, Mich, (about 1860), and
Minneapolis, Minn. (1867). These churches were organ-
ized in the early days, the former by Eld. D. R. Mansfield,
the latter by Eld. William Sheldon, in their Western pion-
eering efforts, and both abide to this day. It is a reason
for congratulation and good faith that in so many instances,
in spite of opposition without, and sometimes factions
within, so many of the churches early organized still
continue and are doing good work. Indeed, it seems that
the larger number of our churches of power and vitality
date back to those days, thus showing that we owe a great
debt of gratitude to the self-sacrificing, spirit-filled pion-
eers, and that we need a new installment of that kind of
zeal and service. The burning sense of the Great Message
was to them a rrtighty summons to fervent, heroic and cease-
less service.
SIMPLE FORM OF ORGANIZATION ANp COVENANT
In the general revolt from creeds and elaborate arbi-

trary religious forms and ofders, it was only natural, as
well as necessary, that, in recognizing the absolute need of
constructive, organizing efforts, very simple methods
should be adopted. The following. brief but comprehensive
covenant was quite generally accepted.
CHURCH ORDER ,211
"We whose names are subjoined do hereby covenant

and agree, by the help of the Lord, to walk together as a
Church of Christ, faithfully maintaining its ordinances,
taking the Bible as our only rule of faith aiid practice,
church order and discipline; making Christiaji character
the only test of fellowship and communion.
"We further,agree, with Christian fidelity and meekness,
to exercise mutual watchcare, to counsel, admonish or re-
prove, as' duty may require, and to receive the same from
each other, as becometh the household'bf faith."
Connected with this, usually, was a confession of faith,

wholly set forth in the words of Holy Scripture. A more
specific, detailed covenant was later adopted by some
churches, and the sarrie may be said regarding the con-
fession of faith, and this latter custom is considerably
followed now.
The work of church extension and the institution of
conferences went on in the spirt 6f mutual co-operation,
sometimes one leading and then the other. When a num-
ber of churches had been established in a section or State,
they were soon grouped together into a conference then in
;
turn the conference sent forth evangelists, who, full of zeal,

went forth raising up new interests and adding to the num-
ber of churches and thus enlarging the conference.
In the natural order the church has priority; it is the root
of the tree of denominational growth, the foundation of all
general activities and extension work. But we pass to
narrate, in a general way, the
ORGANIZATION OF CONFERENCES
Very early in the Adventist campaign General Confer-

ences were held first in Boston and New York, then in
several other localities and for a time in the principal cities.
These conferences were held annually, but later as the
:
212. ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY

number of believers increased and the work was too wide-
spread to be duly represented in, and properly cared for
through, these General Conferences, the brethren came to
feel the necessity of local, State, or district conferences
where the "^'bands'' of worshippers and the churches that
had been organized could be more fully represented. A
State conference was organized in Maine in 1848 which
held three annual sessions, when, because there was so much
opposition to organized effort, the conference was disbanded.
This proved exceedingly unfortunate as it gave a larger
opportunity to fanatical elements to distract and reproach
the cause.
A session of conference was held, in accordance with
previous notice, at Waterbury, Vt., on the 6th and 7th of
October, 1852, at which the following resolution was
Tpassed
"Resolved, That this conference name a committee of

ministers to take supervision of their respective fields and
set in order the things that are wanting, and to whpm desti-
tute churches and localities rnay apply for preaching and
,
other special religious meetings. And it shall he the duty
of this committee, if practicable, either to supply them
themselves, or send others."
A report embracing a plan for the mutual co-operation of

the various Advent Churches and societies in the State
wa's presented by the business committee, for the action
of the conference, though formal action was deferred until
a subsequent session. A copy of this report was to be sent
to all the societies and ministers in the State for their cdn-
sideration. A circular addressed to the churches aimed to
bring to pass a better state of Scriptural order, and to in-
crease liberalityamong those who were looking for the
Lord Jesus. It called for the meek and sober enforcement
of New Testament discipline, for the appointment, wher-
CHURCH ORDER 213
ever they are wanting, of the proper officers of the church,

and called upon the churches to recognize the imperative
duty of contributing to the support of the ministers who
were laboring among them, various Scripture citations
being given to emphasize the importance and Scriptural
character of these recommendations. The next session
of this conference was to be held at Bristol, Vt., on the first
Friday in January, 1853. Erastus Parker was president,

arid D. T. Taylor secretary.
An effort toward conference organization was made in
Massachusetts, an informal Or preliminary conference
being held in Haverhill iii 1852, when a plan for a confer-
ence to be composed of churches represented by delegates,
was drawn up and a committee was appointed to visit the
churches in the State and vicinity to show them the im-
portance of such an organization and the functions it would
exercise. This committee visited the churches, so far as
'possible, laboring to bring about a greater degree of
brotherly affection and to promote a spirit of union and
labor, advising the churches to appoint delegates and be
represented at the next meeting. The committee prepared
an address, which was sent to the churches, stating the
object of the committee, giving the preamble of the con-
ference, and urging the importance of its organization as
a matter of necessity in order to the
SUCCESS AND STABILITY OF THE CAUSE
for the encouragement of faithful and judicious ministers,

and as an aid to. union of feeling, oneness of faith, and gen-
eralharmony of action.
The labors of this committee took effect in Lawrence,
Aug. 9, and 10, 1853, when a goodly number of delegates
and ministers assembled and the constitution proposed
was' adopted and the conference was duly and pfermanently
organized, electing Eld. J. V. Himes, president; J. Pearson,
Jr., secretary and Charles Wood, treasurer. The follow-
ing churches were represented at this conference: Lawrence,
Lowell, Haverhill, Worcester, Holden, North Abington,
Newburyport, Salem, Westboro; Boston, also Kingston,
N. H., and Providence, R. I. The second annual session
of this conference was held with the church at Salem,
Mass.
The brethren in Maine becoming dissatisfied with the
confused state of tlie work, felt again the need of system
and order and accordingly having consulted every Ad-
ventist minister in the Statie, called a meeting in 1854, at
which the Maine Advent Christian Conference was or-
ganized, a movement which proved fruitful in the advance-
ment of the cause and of much benefit to the churches
and th6 ministry of that State. On recommendation of a
committee, strong action was taken calling for regular,
annual sessions of the conference, the appointment of dis-'
trict quarterly conferences, that there should be no test of
fellowship except Christian character and deportment.
A motion recommending church organization was also
unanimously adopted. Sessions of this conference have
continued until the present time.
The New Hampshire Conference was organized at Lou-
don Ridge in 1854, with nine New Hampshire churches
represented. Among the twenty-four ministers present
at the session of this conference, in 1860, we note the fa-
miliar names of Elds. T. M. Preble, one of the organizers
of the conference, and for some years its secretary, Noah
Glidden and T. W. Piper.
A prominent feature of the New Hampshire Adventist
history is that of Alton Bay Campmeeting, which is located
near the southern shore of Lake Winnepesaukee, and was
first established in 1863. It has been continued each
CHURCH ORDER 215
summer from that date, and for many years has been the
largest campmeeting, held by this people in this country.
Hundreds of great sermons, notable meetings, and sound
conversions have graced the encampment. Here people
have met and worshipped not only from all New England,
but from the South, the Middle and the far West and
Canada.
The Rhode Island State Conference was organized in
1858, and preliminary steps were taken for the organization
of the Northwestern Pennsylvania Conference, where Eld.
J. T. Qngley was the leading pioneer, who was soon chosen
evangelist of the conference. He travelled and preached
extensively with great sacrifice in the years 1859, 1860 and
following.
In the autumn
of 1861 the assistant editor of the World's
Crisis, Eld. P. B. Morgan, after writing of the earlier op-
position to order and system in the work, and the loss of
some efficient leaders because of this, records a most hope-
ful change, stating:
"Conferences have now been organized in Massachusetts,

Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, in the western part
of Connecticut, in Canada, New York, Pennsylvania,
Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota, that of
the last two States being coupled in one."
He notes that with this and as the result of it, there had
been a general uprising of the ministry arid the people in
favor of order, that evangelists had been set .at work, the
missionary spirit was extending, chapels had been built
in many directions, and a better appreciation of the pas-
torate was finding its way among the people. The organ-
ization of the Advent Christian Association naturally
resulted from this development of conferences and was rec-
ognized as a further token of advance. To the above list,
Vermont, Ohio, Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas,
Tennessee, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and others should
be added, for as time continued the work was extended in
the West! opened up and enlarged on the Pacific Coast,
and also in the South, sketches of which are elsewhere
given.
It seems needful to give here, in brief running sketches,
some further facts regarding the
EARLY DAYS OF EASTERN CONFERENCES

Wifl. Miller visited Canada more than once, on his lec-
ture tours, and there received his first financial assistance,
consisting of two half dollars, offered toward his expenses.
Eld. J. Litch preached there considerably, and held camp-
meetings there, as elsewhere recorded. Also Eld. Edwin
Burnham who founded the church at Danville, P. Q.
Resulting from these labors and other efforts, there was in
1853 a body known as the Second Advent Conference in
Canada East; and this work was continued for some years
by different laborers. In 1878 there was a union move-
ment, a conference re-orga;nization when what is now called
the International Conference was organized, so as to in-
clude beside previous territory, churches and ministers in
Northern Vermont, and Northern New Hampshire. It
was incorporated in Quebec, 1890, and in Vermont in 1903.
Eld. G. H. Wallace was, in his early ministry, a member of
this conference and Eld. L. C. McKinstry was by the
blessing of God "an instrument of bringing that confer-
ence up to a high standard of efficiency." Eld. C. P.
Dow was for some time president, H. D. Selby, secretary,
and Eld. E. G. Chadsey was among their well-known
workers. This conference neglected extension work for
some years and the Canadian A.> C. Mission Society was
formed in 1886, and was for several years quite energetic
CHURCH ORDER 217
and successful in its evangelistic efforts. Among those

connected with this society at its third annual session we
note the names of Eld. D. Gregory, H. W. Davis, W. H.
Blount, G. W. Adams, H. I. Hastings, and their aim was
to reach the unsaved with the Gospel of life and glory.
After a time this work was taken up by the conference,
a mfssion committee or board being appointed for this pur-
pose. Within the territory of this conference there are
two campmeetings; the Lakeview, or Mago'g, situated in
the outskirts of the town, and commanding a fine view of
Lake Memphremagog. This meeting was started in 1874.
The other is the Beebe Plain Camp, the ground being pur-
chased from Mr. Anson Beebe; steps were taken to organize
the association and make the purchase in 1875, and the
first meeting was held in 1876.
NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
It is said that interest in theAdvent faith was first
awakened by the reading of Eld. George
in this section
Storrs' "Six Sermons," and was further developed through
meetings held by Elds. P. A. Smith, Bjrwater, and others,
followed later by Eld. H. L. Hastings, who held tent and
grove meetings in and around Edinboro, where in 1863,
a church was formed, under his leading, and in 1864, the
house of worship was erected. A general meeting was
called by Eld. J. T. Ongley, to assemble near Edinboro,
Penn., in October, 1858, at which steps were taken toward
the organization of the Northwestern Pennsylvania Con-
ference and to this end a meetingwas caHed for Blooming
which the different congregations
"Valley, January, 1859, to
were requested to send delegates and near-by brethren
New York and Ohio were invited to join in the work.
At the above first meeting it was, resolved, "That the
brethren now assembled do all in their power to set in
Gospel order the church of God in their respective locali-
ties."
We are not ablie to state the connection between this
earlier effort and the present conference which is reported
to have been organized in October, 1883, and over which
Eld. M. R. Miles presided. Among the workers prominent
in this section we may name Ongley
in addition to Elds.
and Miles,' Chas. Crawford, under whose preaching the
Blooming Valley meeting was raised up and the church
built which abides to this day; Mrs. L. M. Stoddard, a
queenly woman, of gracious memory, C. W. Stevens, W.
G. Ongley, O. M. Owen and T. J. Smock, who labored
fruitfully in that field for many years.
RHODE ISLAND CONFERENCE

In December, 1858, in response to a call issued by Eld.
E. Bellows (who in due season was called the father of
this faith in the State), a number ofbrethren met at River
Point, to consider the propriety of organizing a State
conference for Rhode Island in order tomake more effective
their labor for the spread of truth among the people and
work more in harmony for mutual benefit.
that they might
was chosen president and Eld. Joseph D,
Eld. E. Bellows
Brown, clerk. It was recommended that the conference
become a- "Home Missionary Society" for the State, and
that the churches connected make such collections as they
were able to sustain evangelists in destitute sections of
the State. This body was later called the Rhode Island
and Eastern Connecticut Conference.
Eld. Augustus Durfee was its second president and held
that office many years, and still lat^r Eld. P. S. Butler was
chosen president, which office he also held for a long time.
Among those of its members well and widely known we
name Elds. E. R. Wood, James Hemenway, V. P. Simmons,
CHURCH ORDER 219
Amasa Morse and Dr. H. F. Carpenter. In 1874, at its

sixteenth annual session a new and by-laws
constitution
were adopted and at this session seven churches were
—
represented in 1912 the representation was twelve.
While never larjge, this conference has done, much impor-
tant work in its section.
Further words about the
MAINE CONFERENCE
At the session, held at Yarmouth, September, 1859, an

earnest discussion of plans for further and more extensive
work in the Stale, was followed by the adoption of a re-
port or plan which directed the conference to appoint a
committee of three who should be authorized to employ
one or more evaiigelists to preach "the Gospel of the king-
dom in new fields and destitute places." Prof. "C. F.
Hudson was one of the preachers at this conference and
served on the committee which drafted the above plan of
mission effort. Eld. I. C. Wellcome was secretary of the
conference and was chairman of the Standing Committee
appointed to carry out the plan as adopted. In line with
this effort Dr. O. R. Fassett was chosen "State Missionary,"
by the conference in 1861, and he proposed and entered
upon a vigorous State-wide evangelistic campaign, and he
•appealed to every living Adventist in the State to aid the
work. He labored for a year with untiring zeal and good
results. In 1862 the annual conference was held in the
Second Advent Hall, Portland, and encouraging reports
"
of progress in the cause were made. Eld. R. R. York was

appointed evangelist for the ensuing year, and Eld. Thomas
Smith of Bangor was also chosen' to serve three months,
his labors to be continued if the funds would allow. In
these earnest efforts we evidently have the beginning of
those activities which later resulted in the organization of-
the Maine State A. C. Mission Society.
A MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
A number of the ministers of Maine, organized in 1864,

a Ministerial Conference, with a membership at its first
session of thirteen ministers. The object of this organiza-

tion was to meet once a year or more for mutual fellowship
and and to transact business for the benefit
edification
of the church and ministry. A committee was appointed
to arrange a circuit system for the State, and the ministers
appointed to each circuit were to look after the work in
said circuit to the best of their ability. Eight circuits
were arranged by the committee and assignments of the
ministers made and the conference approved of the plan
and appealed to the people to help carry out the same to
the advancement of the Gospel. This ministerial confer-
ence appears to have later merged into the regular con-
ference and its work was carried forward more on the
evangelistic and mission society plan.
In the Maine State Conference there are seven local or
district conferences, dates of organization ringing from 1874
to 1896, and these hold quarterly sessions, some of these
are quite small, but others represent a goodly number of
churches.
AN INTERSTATE CONFERENCE
In 1861 steps were taken to organize, at a campmeeeting
held at Dover, N. Y., a conference to be called the Eastern
New York, Western Massachusetts and Connecticut Second
Advent Conference of which Geo. L. Teeple was secretary,
who by direction of conference sent out an address to the
churches within limits of proposed territory appealing for
the promotion of order, the concentration and co-operation
CHURCH ORDER 221
of effort for the improvement of the churches. The next

meeting was called at Pawlings, N. Y., for Nov. 14th,
at which they formally organized by adopting a cgnstitu^
tion, and elected S. B. Munn, president, B. St. John, vice-
president, Geo. L. Teeple, secretary and treasurer. The
boundary of this conference was thus defined: "North
by line between Massachusetts and Vermont, east by
Connecticut River, south by Atlantic Ocean including
Long Island, west by the Hudson River." Later this
territory was taken over in part, at least, by the Connec-
ticut, Massachusetts and New York Conferences and this
conference was thus absorbed by others which were more
centrally or convenieritly located with the principal churches
of these States. ,
DEFICIENT SUPPORT
While in the later fifties and the sixties there was notable
progress in the organization of local and State conferences
and the adoption of better church order, yet the cause suf-
fered much from the lack of proper financial support of the
preachers, and urgent calls for increased liberality on this
line were frequently issued. This was a serious hindrance
both East and West. Eld. L C. Wellcome writing in 1859,
refers to an able and faithful minister, whose labors had
been blessed in the conversion of many and the up-building
of the cause, but it had cost him $60 out of his own pocket
the past year to defray the expenses of meetings. He had
preached constantly on Sundays, while laboring diligently
six days in the week, because he was poor in this world's
goods. He also refers to another minister who had labored
six weeks in a community with the prospect of a reforma-
tion, but for this effort had received but ninety-four cents
to aid in the support of his family.
At one time Eld. Edwin Burnham, who had traveled far
and near in response to urgent calls and had toiled so con-
stantly that he suffered nervous exhaustion and breakdown,
on recqyering, stated through the paper, that he had spent
all his means in the cause, and it was needful that those
who wanted his services should send him his carfare in
advance, as he had no means left to reach his appointments.
Some of these appeals were heart-touching indeed, espe-
cially those by Morgan, Hastings, Burnham and the need
and sufferings of Eld. W. Pratt.
Eld. Jacob Blain reports a tour of five months' hard
labor in the West for which he received only $20 above his
expenses on which to support himself and his wife for a
year, as he was not able to travel during the winter of
1863. He named nearly a dozen Adventist preachers
whom he had become plejisantly acquainted with, and re-
marks, "All but one, I believe support themselves by la-
boring about all the week." He wrote an earnest appeal
for a change in this regard, urging the duty and grace of
liberality." He thought if better support was not given the
cause must dwindle or die. Eld. Sheldon and others were
crippled in their sections in the same way, also Elds. Pratt
and Morgan while they were in the West. Eld. Hastings
wrote strong articles appealing for a better support for the
cause, arid reproving vigorously the love of money and this
world's goods.
AN EFFORT AT RELIEF
At Wilbraham Campmeeting, August-September, 1859,
in view of the financial needs of nlany of the ministers, '
who had sacrificed and,.toiled without proper remuneration,

numbers of whom could sperid but a portion of their time
in the field from lack of support, and it having been pro-
posed by some that they would help if responsible men
were appointed to receive and disburse funds, an associa-
CHURCH ORDER '
223
tion was formed to be known as the "Preachers' Aid

Society." The plan was endorsed by the campmeeting at-
tendants. Four articles of agreement and regulation were
adopted, forty ministers gave in their names as members
of the society. Eld. E. Burnham was chosen president,
Geo. T. Adams, secretary- treasurer; H. V. Davis of New
Bedford, R. E. Ladd of Springfield, arid Miles Grant of
Boston, trustees, who together were a Board of Managers,
and various ministers East and West were appointed as
agents of the society. Pledges were made to start a fund
for the aid intended. How long tiiis association cbntiaued
or how much help it gave we are unable to state.
There was some improvement after further agitation and
better organization, but the work has always suffered from
lack of systematic, proportionate and liberal giving, never
being permitted to come to its full possibilities. In several
cases, and we fear in many, men have gone to untimely
graves from hardship endured because the people failed to
recogniie that the "laborer was worthy of his' hire," and
should be given a support that would give encouragement
and inspiration. Others were saved from want through
remarkable answers to prayer, and the wonder-working of
Him who promised to add the needful things (Matt. 6 33) :
to those who would seek first the kingdom of God and His
—
righteousness' they being preciously reminded, again and
again, that while the people forgot and neglected them,
God Almighty foresaw their need and faithfully remembered
them.
MASSACHUSETTS CONFERENCE
For some time the conferences were a kind of union fel-

lowship, leading ministers of both the Evangelical and
Christian Adventists heartily cO-operating in the work,
hence some of the Advent Christian conferences were not
—

organized until the sixties, and some of the conferences
appear to have merged bodily into the Advent Christian

ranks. The* Advent Christian Conference of Massachu^
setts was organized at Springfield, Mass., in the summer of
1867, while its constitution was adopted at a meeting held
four months later in Worcester. The officers elected were.
Eld. James Hemenway, president; R. E. Ladd, vice-presi-
dent; E. Gwen, secretary; and Dr. A. M. Higgins, treasurer.
At fir?t, its membership was not confined to residents of
Massachusetts, but was open to those of other States
"adjoining."- At what was called its first annual meeting
held in Boston in 1868, its committee reported, in addition
to its sixteen ministerial members and twenty-six delegates
from ten churches, the presence of thirty-five visitors
fifteenfrom Massachusetts, eight from New Hampshire,
three from Maine, two each from Vermont, Connecticut,
New York and Michigan, and one from Rhode Island. This
general gathering accounts, in- part at least, for the frequent
large attendance in those early days compared with a more
local attendance later.
In 1871, Eld. L. Boutelle reported that he had "never
seen the people so ready to listen as now." At the session
held in Chelsea in 1872, it is recorded that many of the
ministers in reporting their labors spoke of having access
occasionally to orthodox pulpits which would have been
denied them in former years, and all found a lively interest
to hear regarding man's nature and destiny and the signs
of the Saviour's speedy return. At this session the Pro-
tracted Meeting Comniittee was instructed by vote to
"hold at least
TWENTY PROTRACTED MEETINGS

during the ensuing year." The churches reporting at this
session were nearly all in a prosperous condition. The
CHURCH ORDER 225
attendance at the meetings of worship at this session "was

large, sometimes the chapel being literally packed. At
the Thursday morning session it was found impossible to
stay the progress of the social meeting," at the time for
preaching, "and continued with great power until past
it
twelve o'clock. this meeting twenty or more

During
came forward for prayers, and some of the brethren of large
experience said, they had never, since 1843, seen the Spirit
of God so remarkably manifested." The Sunday follow-
ing, which was the closing day of the conference, is also
recorded as a very remarkable one."
"very, During
this meeting, forty anxious ones came forward for prayers.
As a result of this spiritual blessing and the, aggressive
measures adopted, the cause advanced in the following
years, a number of the churches built suitable chapels for
worship, and a better system of order among them for more
effective work was agitated. In 1875 its by-laws were
revised and it was made a State conference.
In 1880 Eld. James Hemenway reported, as one of two
State evangelists, which were appointed at a previous
conference, that a profitable work had been done, and also
he had tried to ascertain the number of Adventist churches
in the State, and had found thirty-five, with a book member-
ship of 1,822, and Adventists in the State, including these
recorded members, to make a total of 3,650. In 1887 at
the annual session held in Lynn, Thursday, Fast Day,
was entirely given to devotional services, and the atten-
dance was so "very large," that it was necessary to hold
overflow meetings in a near-by hall. And this all day ob-
servance became a regular custom of the Massachusetts
Conference.
IN CONNECTICUT
Adventist meetings began at an early date in this State,
Wm., Miller giving a course of lectures in the City Hall

at Hartford in March, 1842, which were attended with
great interest, and at New Haven in November in the
Methodist Episcopal Church, where a gracious revival
followed. In 1845~ he also visited Hartford, attended a
campmeeting at Newington, and another one at Square
Pond, where later on meetings were held for many years.
In the fifties Hartford was a kind of rallying center of Ad-
ventist interest as it was the home of Elds. W. S. Campbell
and Joseph Turner, who were active workers in those days,
and Dr. O. R. Fassett served as pastor there for a brief
season.
AN EVENT OF GREAT PUBLIC INTEREST
occurred in this city in 1853 when what was called the Hart-
ford Bible Convention, but later known as an Infidel Con-
vention, held its four-day discussion of three sessions a
day. According to the printed call for the gathering it

was to be held, "For the purpose of freely and fully can-
vassing the Origin, Authority and Influence of the Jewish
and Christian Scriptures." An invitation was extended to
"all who feel an interest in this question, without distinc-
come together, that we
tion of sex, color, sect, or party, to
may sit down brethren before the altar of intellectual
like
and spiritual freedom." One hundred sixty-eight names
were printed with the call as endorsing the same, includ-
ing citizens of eight different States, extending as far as
St. Louis, Mo., and much was said about its being a "free"
convention. There was an imposing array of talent.
Among those very prominent in the discussion we note the
names of Andrew Jackson Davi?', a noted apostle of Spirit-
ualism and the author of One Hundred and forty-four Self-
Contradictions of the Bible (later so ably replied to by Mrs.
H. V. Reed in The Bible Triumphant) -.ôse^h. Barker, for-
merly a Christian minister in England, but later an infidel
CHURCH ORDER 227
and at one time President of the British National Secular
Society, a very able debater; Henry C. Wright, an ex-
minister, but a man of conspicuous ability; Wm. Lloyd
Garrison of anti-slavery fame. These and others in care-
fully prepared resolutions and able addresses made a most
varied, vigorous and extended assault on the Bible, denying
its inspiration, charging error, falsehood, self-contradiction
and every, evil influence to the Bible, at the same time show-
ing themselves exceedingly familiar with it and commend-
ing some of its teachings.
Eld.George Storrs, having been urged by Eld. Miles
Grant, who was then living at Winsted, Conn., himself a
skeptic in his early days, to attend this convention did so
and was joined by Eld. Joseph Turner, and these two
brethren day after day stood up in this convention and in a
most courteous, patient, and able manner defended the
Bible, and were the only clergymen who appeared in its
support, though all far and near were challenged to do so if
they could. They were allowed about one- third of the
time of the sessions, as they estimated it, and they had a
vantage ground in that they were kndwn as anti-slavery
men, Eld. Storrs especially, and were also able to deny
that the immortality of the soul and eternal misery were
doctrines of the Bible, the latter being an especial point of
attack by those who assailed the Book. The measure of
success obtained by these defenders of the Bible and its
doctrines, is seen in the fact that the convention adjourned
sine die, and had no successor as at first planned, and in the
TESTIMONY OF PUBLIC APPRECIATION
L which was given by citizens of Hartford, who soon after

the close of said convention assembled meeting of
in a
large numbers which was presided over by Rev. L^ B.
Griffin, a Methodist minister, at which, among other
resolutions, the followingwas adopted:
"Resolved, That the sincere and hearty thanks of Chris-

tendom are due to the Rev. Messrs. Storrs, of New York,
and Turner, of this city, for their able, manly, fearless,
laborious, and triumphant defence of the Holy Scriptures
during the recent convention."
•
This stalwart defense of Christian truth, in this battle

of giants, must have given the Adventist cause considerable
prestige in all that region. It was an ordeal into which
these brethren entered rather suddenly, without much
knowledge of the lines of attack to be made, or what course
they should pursue in reply and not a little fearful of the
issue;but when the conflict was on they felt inspired and
divinely upheld, and at its close rejoiced that they had
entered the arena and confronted the enemy on his own
ground.
A short time after this convention Joseph Barker, who
served as its and became an
president, forsook his deism,
avowed atheist, being convinced that the god of nature
that he had advocated was no more worthy of faith than the
God of the Bible. But having once known the comforts of
Christian faith and hope, he was now utterly miserable,
became unsettled in his doubts, and gradually revolted from
the darkness of unfaith and (in part by the judicious aid of
Rev. Dr. Cooke of London) returned again in deep repen-
tance to the happy acceptance of Christ, in 1863, and bore
fervent and most effective testimony to His truth and grace.
In one of his addresses after his restoration, he said: "I
have studied both sides, and what is more, I have tried
both, and the result is a full assurance that infidelity is
madness, and that the religion of Christ is the perfection of
wisdom and goodness."

CHURCH ORDER 229
From the time of the above convention the Adventist

work was continued and opened up in various towns in the
State, so that in the sixties there were twenty-five regular
preaching places, with about seventeen ordained and un-
ordained preachers beside a few who crossed the line from
Massachusetts.
ADOPTING CONFERENCE RELATIONS
An Advent Ministerial Conference similar to the one in

Maine, was organized at New Britain, Conn., January 23,
1867. was to "save men through preaching
Its "object"
the Gospel of the kingdom of God at hand." This seems to
have proved simply a preliminary step, which led the breth-
ren to realize the need of a conference including the churches
of the State as well as the ministers. A meeting of the
preachers and lay brethren from Connecticut, was convened
on Wilbraham Campground in 1867, and as a result of this
a call was sent to the preachers and churches in the State
to meet at Hartford, in October for the organization of a
State conference. In response to this call, fourteen min-
isters and fifteen delegates, representing ten churches,
assembled, with five visiting preachers. The chosen
officers
were W. S. Campbell, president; B. Hitchcock, vice-presi-
dent; B. St. John, secretary; and I. B. Potter, treasurer.
These brethren, with H. W. Perkins, G. L. White, Geo.
L. Teeple, and Seth Woodruff are named as among the
pioneers of the work in this State. We also note H. H.
Dickinson, S. C. Hancock, and Wm. A. Durand among the
early members.
At that time there were scarcely any chapels or settled
pastors in the State, the work being carried on by itinerant
preachers. The Massachusetts Conference in session in
Morgan Chapel, Boston, 1879, voted to appoint two effi-
cient men as State missionaries, and named a fair salary
which was pledged to them. Dr. James Hemenway.and
L. F. Baker were so appointed. This action was reported
.
to the Connecticut Conference, which met in semi-annual

session at Yalesville the same month and awakened con-
siderable interest. It was finally voted to appoint one
worker to go with the tent, but they
unable to guarantee
felt
the support of one, much two
evangelists, hence
less of
Eld. H. A. King who was chosen for the work, appealed for
public aid through ttie World's Crisis. Nevertheless the
work was growing and decided progress was soon in evi-
dence.
In the seventies pastors began to be settled and by 1880
most of the churches were so served, which evidently proved
a means of advance as chapels were dedicated at Water-
bury in 1886, Hartford, Bridgeport and East Norwalk
in 1888, with a general increase of members in the churches
and the organization of Suriday-schools. A Conference
Sunday-school Association was formed in 1888. In later
years this and the general work was. quite eiarnestly sus-
tained and extended. i
IN NEW YORK STATE
In addition to the reference to the work in New York

State as given in connection with early Western labors,
and as indicating somewhat the results that followed those
early efforts, we find a conference was organized at So.
Butler, Wayne Co., May,.1866,- when Eld. O. R. Fassett
preached the opening sermon. A constitution was adopted,
the name chosen was the Christian Conference of Western
New York and Vicinity. The ofificers elected were: presi-
dent, C. B. Tijrner; vice-president, C. W. Low; secretary,
F. Burr, and treasurer, C. F. Sweet. On Sunday evening
M. R. Miles and B. P. Stevens were ordained. Elds. C. B.
Turner, Wm. A. Fenn and O. R. Fassett officiating. Bro.
CHURCH ORDER 231
Wm. A. Fenn writing in the latter part of 1866 about the

cause in western New York reported that though they had
not received help from workers in other fields, the Lord
had called several to the work of preaching in their own
midst that while the cause two years previously was hiainly
;
in the hands of those who had been elected officers of the

conference, "We now have in addition, Bren. M. R. Miles,
B. P. Stevens, C. H. Williams, J. W. Taylor, D. Cogswell,
Allen, Newell and Brown, all of whom bid fair to be men of
strength in the hand of- God."
Eld. C. B. Turner writing from Syracuse, N. Y'., March,
1867, and calling for $500, for a New York Conference Tent, •
said: "We have a good State conference which is noW' in

most excellent working order." What had been called the
Christian Conference appears to have re-organized at
Rochester, N. Y., in 1868, adopting the name of Advent
Christian Conference. According to the Advent Christian
Almanac and Year Book of 1872 this conference owned
two fine large tents which were in constant service from May
to October. Referring to the first five years of, the con-
ference work, it says in that time over twenty ministers
have been added; seven new chapels built, and over five
hundred converts baptized. The work was carried forward
with increasing fruitfulness for an extended .period and —
we note, that in 1877 and onward Elds. M. R. Miles, R.
H. Bateman, W. J. Hobbs, A. P. Moore, Mrs. E. S. Jen-
nings, Mrs. L. M. Stoddard and E. F. Sergisson, were
active workers in this field.
MEETINGS IN VERMONT
We have before referred to a conference in this State in

the but we are unable to trace the connection between
fifties
that and the later A. C. Conference. It is reported that
J. H. Harding and James Cleveland desiring to start a

campmeeting made such arrangements as they could and
the first meeting was held in 1868, in Bro. Washburn's Maple
Grove at Bethel, and was blessed with the preaching of
Bro. Cleveland and Eld. John Couch, who remained after
the campmeeting and organized the A. C. Conference.
In early days this conference was quite strong, including
in its membership churches which were later taken over
by the International and Hoosick Valley Conferences and
the Holiness Association, so that in later years it has been
quite small, but still work with
disposed to press on in its
good courage. The conference has a campmeeting at

White River Junction, while the Holiness Association holds
one each year at Bethel.
THE ITINERANT SERVICE
Mr. work naturally developed through series

Miller's
and travels, and his co-laborers
after series of lecture tours
and their successors followed much the same line. For
some years it was the custom of the majority of Advent
Christian preachers to arrange a circuit of appointments and
thus pass from church to church especially throughout the
New England field. In many places at first they wor-
shipped in halls, schoolhouses, sometimes in large private
houses, and in but few cases were really able to support
pastors. Hence for some years there were but few settled
pastors, the general practise of the societies and churches
being to seek the visits of various traveling elders, they
having become attached especially to the Ifeading pioneer
preachers, and thus a habit of itinerating was formed by
many of the preachers,and also a desire for a variety of
gifts, rather than a settled pastor, was encouraged among
the churches.
The situation was revealed in the reports gained by
:
CHURCH ORDER 233
Eld. D. T. Taylor in his effort to take a census of the four

branches of Adventists about 1860
"Of the nearly six hundred (actual figures, 584) ministers

reporting, only eighty-six are represented as performing
the work of pastor in care of a local church." He said,
"There are scores of our churches dying out, or barely
existing without expansion, for the want of efficient, faith-
ful pastoral labor by some good resident shepherd." But
Eld. Taylor thought they were "no worse off than the
Baptists, whom Dr. Baird represented as having 'nearly
twice as many churches as they have preachers.' "
In cdurse of time it began to be realized that the churches

needed more watchcare, not only good preaching on Sun-
days, but also leadership through the week, and something
like an intelligent plan of work adapted to the needs of the
community and to be steadily developed, so there should
be more unity of spirit and larger growth. Thus in the later
sixties and in the seventies while there were many engaged
in evangelistic labors, an
INCREASING NUMBER SETTLED AS PASTORS
The growing was voiced in a strong

sense of this need
resolution which was adopted by the Massachusetts An-
nual Conference in 1871. The same need was recognized
in the Western field for in the Advent Christian Times, of
Jan. 30, 1872, it was remarked: "We have very few pastors
among us, most of our preachers being evangelists and
missionaries. We are suffering from the lack of pastors,
who can buildup and enlarge the churches." Following
this period there was a decided increase in pastoral service.
Nevertheless the time referred to was a period of con-
siderable growth, and many were earnestly seeking to ex-
tend the work. According to one of our leading writers,
The New York Times of Dec. 17, 1873, contained an article
on "Religious Progress" as indicated in the U. S. Census
of 1870.
Under the" head, "Members, or church sittings," opposite

"Second Advent," these figures were given: number in
1850, 5,250; in 1860, 17,120. In 1870 the census gave the
number as 34,555. Again the Times article under the
head, "Percentage of all membership or sittings," after
noting that four of the leading Protestant bodies, "have
fallen off, particularly since 1860," goes on to say, "The
Second Adventists went up on the -figures handsomely,
more than trebling from 1850 to 1860, and doubling in the
following decade." Under table four (IV) relating to
"Churches and Church Organizations," after the tabulation,
it is remarked: "The largest increase for the last decade were
the Second Adventists, who have doubled."
As these statements are considered it will be well to

remember, as already observed, that at the first our people
gave very little attention to church organization, and
practically none to church building; hence when these
lines of work were taken up there was a rapid increase.
Also it should be noted that many of our people were
not at that time affliliated with any organization, and not
a few objected to the name, though earnestly holding the
faith. Thus any such tabulation as above would come far
short of the full number of those really looking for the Lord's
near coming.
ANOTHER INTERSTATE CONFERENCE

As a result of the labors Si Eld. J., V. Hinies, R. V. Lyoii,
Miles Grant, James Hemenway, H. L. Hastings, S. S.
Brewer an(J others as they occasionally visited the principal
places included in a portion of Eastern New York State,
Western Vermont, and a small section of Northwestern
Massachusetts a conference was organized at Hoosick,
New York, in 1871, called the Hoosick Valley A. C. Con-
^^^^^^^^^^^L
o
V,
CHURCH ORDER 235
fererice,with ten ministers present and fourteen churches

represented. Eld. A. W. Sibley was chosen president,
H. K. Flagg, vice-president. Afterwards Eld. Flagg was
president, followed by S. G. Mathewson, of blessed memory,
who was for some time pastor at Castleton, Vt. Later
Eld. W. O. Higley was president, serving as pastor at
Sandy N. Y. (now Hudson Falls), where he had a
Hill,
fruitfuland gracious work. In 1887 and for several years
following, a successful campmeeting was held by this con-
ference at Fair Mont Park, Fair Haven, Vermont, at which
a goodly number of the leading preachers of the body were
present and these meetings resulted in considerable quicken-
ing in the work of the conference. In 1892-93 the confer-
ence constitution was revised and a new plan of evangelistic
and mission work was adopted, and this was carried
forward for several years with blessing and fruitfulness.
Rev. A. C. Johnson was chosen the first conference evan-
gelist under the new plan, and labored in that office for
about two years, when he accepted a call to pastoral labor,
and was succeeded by Rev. H. W. Hewitt. One notable
result of these evangelistic efforts was the revival of the
cause in Rutland, Vt., under the labors of the latter brother,
and the building of a new church, since which the work
there has gone forward with abundant blessing.
The vigorous efforts of this small conference, stirred some
larger ones to more earpest labors and consequent progress.
IN THE PROVINCES
It is said that a copy of Mr.' Miller's Lectures reached
the hands of a friendly inquirer, in the early days of the
movement, and this proved the fruitful seed of future
work in Nova Scotia. The A. C. Conference of this Prov-
vince was organized in 1868, but we have been unable
to secure any account of its first session. The second was
—

held at Bear River in June, 1869, and the ordained preach-
ers present,were John Woodworth, Wm. Halliday, Alex
Swanesburg, J. M. Tozier and J. R. Hall but evidently—
the two latter were visitors from the neighbor Province,
as a strong invitation was given to them to "come into
Nova Scotia with theirNew Brunswick tent and spend
two or three months this season," and a goodly sum of
money was pledged to this end, and more was assured if
required. This was thought to be the first successful
session of the conference and "the result of these meetings
was truly gratifying."
In 1871 John Woodworth was president of the confer-
ence, and Nelson H- Reed, secretary. There were reported
to be six preachers, nine churches, with about four hundred
and twenty-five members. At the same time there were
said to be four Adventist ministers in New Brunswick
and three hundred and twenty-five avowed believers.
Among the early workers in New Brunswick were Elds.
Albion Ross, J. R. Hall, J. M. Tozier and Moses W. Corliss.
Also Eld. F. A. Baker began his ministry in that Province.
Among the workers in Nova Scotia Eld. Wm. Halliday
should have special mention for long and faithful service.
These fields have suffered much from lack of laborers
or pastors, yet a goodly number of our successful preachers'
came frorri the Provinces. Among them we note the names
of J. A. Gardner, J. L.MacLaughlin, J. A. WoodworfJi, A.
H. Kearney, C. F. King, M. C. Burtt, and our beloved
brother and veteran evangelist at large. Eld. G. W. Seder-
quist,who with the passing years has often returned to the
Provinces in a ministry of blessing and soul winning.
Having sketched a few points of interest regarding the
foregoing Conferences of. the Eastern Publication Society
district, and leaving a few of those later organized to fu-
ture chapters, we turn to PART II and trace the
CHAPTER VIII
PART II
EARLY WESTERN LABORS

PRELIMINARY STEPS
THE notable General Conference

Tabernacle, New York two days
City, for
held in Broadway
in October,
1841, elsewhere more fully reported, called the attention
some of the churches,
of the public press, of the pastoijs of
and prompted many Christians to a new study of the Bible,
but the interest thus awakened was falsely represented by
some and slandered by others. To overcome the opposition
and prejudice aroused by the latter influence. Eld. Himes
and William Miller visited the city again early in 1842
and gave a series of lectures in Apollo Hall,, on Broadway.
The expense was heavy, the prejudice great, the difficulties
many, but they perstevered, the tide turned, the hall filled
with attentive hearers, and excellent results followed for
many years. ,
A Second Advent Association of New York and Vicinity

was organized, with a plan of monthly payments for the
spreading of the message of Christ's near coming, and hav-
ing an executive committee of fifteen members. Dr. A.
Doolittle, chairman; E. H. Wilcox, secretary, and among the
number we recognize the familiar names of Elds. Henry
Jones, and S. S. Brewer. In the fall The Mid-
of this year.
night Cry was started in New York City, ten thousand
copies of which were published daily for twenty-six days,
and, besides being widely circulated in the city, thousands
of copies were mailed to all parts of the surrounding country.
By the extensive circulation of this daily, the way was
opened for carrying the work into a wider field. In the
autumn of this year (1842) the work was opened in Newark,
N. J., by Eld. J. Litch. In the late fall and early in 1843
the work was extended to Philadelphia, Harrisburgh, and
Pittsburgh, Pa., by Bren.. Litch, Hale, Miller, Himes and
others. A large number of believers were thus gathered
who united in the effort to
SUSTAIN AND SPREAD THE MESSAGE
of the Advent, and by this means the way was prepared

for carrying the work' into the West and South. To this
end several of the brethren labored in Washington, D.C.,
and Cincinnati, Ohio; in the latter place a band of believers
was raised up who spread abroad the good news in all that
section. Others are reported to have visited several of
the chief cities of the West.
In Philadelphia in 1843, Eld. J. Litch issued the Trumpet
of Alarm, which contained diagrams of the visions of
Daniel and John, and a "connected view of the Advent
Doctrines," prepared especially for distribution in the
West and South, of which some twenty-five or thirty thou-
sand copies were circulated. Eld. Charles Fitch, a most
able and devout man, visited Oberiin, Ohio, in 1842, and
preached the message to the faculty and students of the
Collegiate Institute (as the College was then named),
and also to the people in different parts of the State, and
his labors were greatly blessed. By request he moved '
into the State,and labored in Cleveland and vicinity and

God wrought through him to the saving of many sinners
and the awakening of many believers to watch for the
coming of the Lord. His efforts resulted in the publica-
tion by Eld. J. V. Himes, of a paper in that city said to
CHURCH ORDER 239
have been called The Second Advent, which proved a means

ofmuch help tothe work in that part of the field.
In 1843 the Big Tent was shipped into
WESTERN NEW YORK

and meetings were held in Rochester and Buffalo. Hith-
erto no permanent interest had been awakened in this
section but as a result of these meetings, conducted by Eld.
Himes and others, many in all that region were deeply
impressed. To further the interest a paper was published
at Rochester, entitled The Glad Tidings of the. Kingdom
at Hand, which was conducted by Elds. Himes and Flem-
ing. A bookroom in the "Arcade," was opened and sus-
tained for several years.
William Miller also made a tour of western New York
in the autumn of this year, and among other places, visited
Lockport. This city was the home of Eld. Elon Galusha,
son of one of the Governors of Vermont, and widely known
as an able and successful minister of the Baptist faith.
He had become interested in the doctrine of the Lord's
Second Coming, had been candidly examining the sub-
ject, and after hearing Mr. Miller's lectures, became an
open, strong advocate of the message in his own and sur-
rounding communities. His earnest labors, coupled with
the high esteem in which he was held and his extensive
influence, gained a large hearing and many believers in
surrounding churches, where open doors awaited his efforts.
Eor his new faith and activity in promoting the same, he
was expelled from the Baptist Church in Perry, N. Y., but
afterward they became ashamed of this action and, un-
received him again into their fellowship.
solicited, He
was known as a profound reasoner, an interesting speaker
and a judicious worker in the Master's cause, and was
greatly beloved by his brethren. His early death in, 1855
was a heavy loss to the cause. Mr. Miller and Eld. Himes
visited western New York andOhio again in 1844.
Another notable resi^lt of the Lockport meetings was
that Dr. O. R. Fassett, then a practising physician and
surgeon in that city, having heard the course of lectures,
soon after embraced the faith and became, with his able
and devoted wife, longtime and successful laborers. Dr.
Fassett held numerous pastorates in the East, was for years
secretary of the General Conferences, and later did ex-
tensive evangelistic work in the Middle and Western
States, and was pastor at Minneapolis, Minn., Vallejo and
San Francisco, Cal.
In 1843 Eld. I. R. Gates was laboring in central and
western Pennsylvania and was granted success in his
efforts, accounts of which were published in The Midnight
Cry. Many were led into the Advent doctrine and sin-
ners were brought to Christ. In 1844 a campmeeting was
held in Lancaster, Penn., and it was said that there was a
field from Lancaster to Chambersburg, on the line of the
Western Railroad, which, if occupied, promised a gracious
harvest. It was arranged to hold a campmeeting early in
September at St. Georges, Delaware, where Eld. Litch
and others expected to meet the brethren from Baltimore.
The Big Tent, above referred to, was taken to Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, and a full presentation of the Advent faith
was given to the people; this, in addition to lectures pre-
viously given and several campmeetings which had been
held near the city, aroused a great interest in that section,
to hear and gain light regarding the faith. Here also Eld.
Himes published a paper, this one being named
"the western midnight cry"
twenty-five hundred copies of the first number were printed

and scattered. The issue was continued into the third
CHURCH ORDER 241
volume. This with the paper published at Cleveland, did

much and wide. The large com-
to carry the message far
pany of believers that had been raised up in Cincinnati,
worshipped, in 1844, in a kind of tabernacle which they had
erected because they were shut out of every convenient
place this building would seat from two to three thousand
;
people, and while the usual congregations were large, when

any interesting lecturer from abroad was announced to
speak it proved quite too small for the crowds who flocked
to hear. At the conclusion of a week's conference and
lectures, which had been attended by numbers that over-
flowed the tabernacle, they held a Communion service
in which, it was said, that more than five hundred partici-
pated.
At the above tentmeeting at Cincinnati, Dr. N. Field
of Jeffersonville, Ind., who was a practicing physician and
pastor of a large and growing Christian or Disciple Church,
met and became acquainted with J. V. Himes, George
Storrs, J. B. Cook, and several other pioneers in the cause.
He had previously procured some tracts and documents
containing the views of Wilham Miller, which he studiously
considered, and he had also subscribed for the Signs of
the Times and had become interested in the prophecies.
Following the campaign in Cincinnati, Eld. Himes visited
JEFFERSONVILLE AND NEW ALBANY, IND.
and Louisville, Ky., and lectured in each place, finding in

the latter city an urgent desire to hear. He reports that
Dr. Field intends to do all he can to diffuse the truth in
Kentucky and Indiana. In 1845, Dr. Field published
two thousand copies, of George Storrs' "Six Sermons,"
and in 1847, he organized a
largely for free distribution,
church of the Advent faith of a considerable membership
which had a long and successful history.
In 1852 Dr. Field held a four^days' debate with Eld.
Thomas P. Connelly, of the Christian Church. The
question debated was thte state of the dead. The sequel
was a great victory for the truth. Neafly the entire church
was converted to the faith, and came into co-operation with
the Advent brethren. The house jn which they wor-
shipped, worth $2,000 was given up to our brethren by
the m-inority, who withdrew from the church, and re-
,
organized elsewhere. The doctor published two thousand

copies of the debate the same being reported, and the
speeches revised by the parties before the manuscript
went to press. A second edition of the work was issued
later from the office of the Advent Christian Publication
Society.
THE FIRST WESTERN CONFERENCE
In 1854, under the auspices of Dr. Field and through his

exertions, the first Advent Christian Conference of Indiana
was organized in the meetinghouse where the debate was
held. He wrote a definition of the position, aims, and ob-
jects of the association similar to that of the
. church at
Jeffersonville, embodying the most liberal ideas on the
subject of Christian liberty. After going on harmoniously
and prosperously for several years, it was finally distracted
and disorganized by the advocates of future probation,
theories, who worked their way into the conference quietly
until they gained control, and demanded the acceptance
of their doctrines as a condition of fellowship and baptism.
Dr. Field quietly withdrew; the new authorities declared
the Advent Conference dead, and in its place organized
the Indiana Christian Association, which assembled two
or three times and died
After allowing time for the
out.
situation to clear. Dr. Field issued another call to the
Adventists of the State, who had not been perverted by
CHURCH ORDER 243
the age-to-come teachings, to assemble for the purpose of or-

ganizing a new Advent Christian Conference for the State.
This meeting was held at Jeffersonville, May 5th, 1870, and
was a decided success, and from this time the conference
increased in the number of its ministry and its useful-
ness. Dr. Field was for some yedrs president of the con-
ference. He was for a long term pastor of the Jfeffersohville
church, and was an able and ardent worker in the cause.
Going back to 1843-1844 there were urgent calls for
preachers, literature and lectures by those who had em-
braced the faith in the Western States. Bro. Henry Hud-
son, writing from Michigan, early in 1844 says: "There
are villages and cities scattered over the States of Michigan,
Indiana, Illinois, a greater part of Ohio, also Iowa aiid Wis-
consin territories, where the people are willing to hear and
to whom great good might be done, were some of those
able and efficient ministers of the East to come among
them." He was sounding out the message in his State,
giving all his time to the work, and reports that Bren.
Poor and Sargent had been traveling there for the past six
weeks, lecturing and scattering publications, but they had
crossed into Canada. Just what responses there were to
the above calls or what early developments took place in
those fields we do not know, but later on faithful workers
entered therein and rendei'ed fruitful service.
The next effort we trace in the development of the West-
ern work is the entrance thereto of Eld. D. R. Maijsfield
and wife, who under a strong conviction of duty
in 1852,
to go West, moved from
the East to the State of Wisconsin.
Here they had a time of sickness and poverty, but soon
the way opened for work in Indiana, and later a larger
opportunity was given them in Michigan. He was pastor
of the Union MillJf Church in the former State for six
years:, and in the latter at Buchanan for thirteen years.
His wife began to preach some in Indiana, and they did
much evangelistic work, holding series of meetings in over
one hundred towns, with reformations in nearly every
place,, organized over twenty churches, and promoted the
building of nine meetinghouses. All this means years of
untold hardship and earnest labor, for when they entered
this field the country was new, many of the people were
destitute, Christians were few, and obstacles were many
and great. Eld. Mansfield and wife returned to Union
Mills, to a second pastorate nearly thirty years after his
first labors there, and during this second term of service
Mrs. Mansfield, the first, fell asleep in Jesus, andwas buried
at this place. Of this affliction, Eld. Mansfield wrote
tenderly in the spring of 1880. In later years he and Mrs.
Mansfield second, labored efficiently in Minneapolis and
Chicago. Eld. Mansfield writing recently of his early West-
ern labors, gave the following account of
AN INTERESTING AND FRUITFUL REVIVAL

"We left our home in Indiana and traveled across the
country with our, own conveyance some thirty-five miles
to Buchanan, Mich., on our first visit there, and com-
menced meetings in the schoolhouse the same night. A
deep interest was manifest from the start, which continued
to increase as they heard more and more concerning the
coming of the Lord to raise the dead, change the living
saints, to immortal life, and gather them to a purified earth
for an everlasting inheritance. Some of the citizens were
aroused in opposition and turned us out of the school-
house. They meant it for evil, but God turned it for our
good. A man by the name of Si Morris, who kept the
hotel, offered us the hall in the hotel free of charge. This
hall was used principally for dances, and we gladly ac-
cepted the offer and took the fiddlers' stand for a pulpit.
Strange to say, there was no break in the interest. In-
deed, the tide kept rising, and we kept on preaching.
Sinners were' converted and backsliders were reclaimed.
Q
Q
a
J
CHURCH ORDER 245
Mr. Morris, who owned the hotel, also owned a store where
he sold whiskey as a part of the business. His wife, who was
in very poor health at the time, was drawn to the door of
the hall, in her chair, where she heard the Gospel preached.
She and her husband were both converted, and the whiskey
soon went out of the store, and whiskey and dancing ceased
to be a part of their business interest. Be it said to their
credit that they remained true to their principles and
church obligations, stanch and reliable, to the day of their
death."
As the interest increased there was a spontaneous call

from the congregation for a new house of worship, and so
many were interested to help, that one was built alniost
immediately, a church was organized, which became a
light to all the region around, has had a notable history,
and continues to this day.
In 1855, the year after the World's Crisis was first pub-
lished. Eld. Walter Pratt, a zealous and beloved brother,
made a tour to and in Illinois, going as far West as the
Mississippi River. He was convinced that by the same
amount of labor ten times the good^ could be done in the
West that could be accomplished in the Eastern States,
and, in view of this, he decided to move his family and
locate permanently in that field. Bro. P. B. Morgan, son
of Eld. Ira Morgan, who had labored somewhat at Moline,
111., and vicinity, resolved upon the same course and broke
away from home and Eastern friends and for a number of

years earnestly and efficiently promoted the cause in the
West. In response to his appeal a contribution was made
toward the purchase of a tent to aid the work in Illinois,
and it was proposed to give it the name of the
"new England mission tent for the west"
His father spoke tenderly of the reluctance with which he

had consented to the departure of his son, but really he
was willing to make the sacrifice for the cause of God and
truth.
The Prophetic Messenger, a senai-monthly paper, was
published by Bro. Morgan at Moline, 111., in 1855, but
early in 1856 it was discontinued and its list of subscribers,
so far as possible, was combined with that of the World's
Crisis, Bro. Morgan issuing an article in the latter paper
heartily commending its cordial spirit and worthy aims and
advising its liberal support.
As was organized which was
early as 1855 a conference
called "The Central Conference
Illinois of Adventists/'
In 1856 L. Scott was president, and P. B. Morgan was
secretary, and the question of securing a preacher who
should have the oversight of the churches, setting them in
order more fully and also to serve as an evangelist, was con-
sidered and the Board of Directors was instructed to visit
the churches and to ascertain what means could be secured
to this end. Bren. Pratt, Morgan and Moses Chandler
labored in unity, with great diligence and sacrifice to ex-
tend the cause in Illinois and Eastern Iowa, and soon others'
entered into their labors.
A meetings were held at Princeton, Iowa, under
series of
the New England Mission Tent in June, 1856, with favor-
able results. Here also the brethren were called together
from different parts to consider the needs of the cause in
that region and to organize a conference. Besides the
local brethren, friends were present representing the cause
in Moline, Cordova, and Grass River. The preachers
present were M. Chandler, W. Pratt, P. B. Morgan, Bro.
Blanchard, and J. Gumming, some of whom reported for
other places. After mutual consideration of conditions
and needs. Eld. Morgan introduced a conference constitu-
tion of seven articles, which after consideration was adopted
and thus this conference was duly organized under the
—
CHURCH ORDER 247

name, The Eastern Iowa and Rock Island Semi-
annual Conference. This conference held its third meet-
ing in July, 1857, at Cordova, 111., where they had reports
of churches and delegates. The call was then made for

the appointment of an efficient conference evangelist, he
to have general superintendence of all missionary matters
within, conference bounds, to look after and encourage
such young men as are or may be called to the ministry-
if possessing necessary gifts and graces —
and call for the
raising of a general Conference Mission Fund. They also
ASKED FOR LARGER CO-OPERATION

among the Adventist churches in the West with a view to
much larger work, and by a committee consisting of Eld.
P. B. Morgan, M. Chandler, John Howell, N. W. Spencer,
and H. H. Janes, proposed a plan to this end, which was
adopted by the conference and it was proposed to issue
the same in tract form. This plan involved the organiza-
tion of the Illinois Missionary Association, which was
immediately effected. Eld. P. B. Morgan was elected con-
ference evangelist and also appointed agent of the Mission-
ary Association. The minutes of this conference were to
be printed in the Advent Herald, World's Crisis and Pro-
phetic Expositor. At this Conference reports were received
from churches at Cordova, Moline, DeKalb Center, 111.;
Princeton and Wilton, Iowa, while the work in several
other places was informally reported. It was urged that
several tentmeetings be held during the summer, with the
New England Mission Tent, in places convenient for the
gathering of the brethren. It was also decided that this
conference could "more effectually serve ends for
the
which it was organized by being formed with an annual
conference with the appointment of several quarterly
conferences,'' and it was voted that such a plan, "embrac-
248 ADVENT CHRISTIAN. HISTORY
ing all the interests identified with the Advent cause in
the State of Illinois and contiguous regions, be urged upon
the consideration of the brethren and churches forming
this and other conferences with a view to
in the region,"
future action thought best; this plan took effect somewhat
if
the next year, as will be noted by the quarterly conference

districts arranged, and, so far as the work in Illinois was
concerned, was made constitutional later on.
The church at DeKalb Center was raised by the blessing
of God under the labors of Eld. S. Chapman, and was re-
ported at the conference by Eld. Janes, who had been in
the West for two years.
In 1857 tent meetings were held at Shabbona Grove,
Deer Park, Lasalle County. In the latter place the .
brethren were assisted by Elds. N. W. Spencer, and A. S.

Calkins. The preachers were pushing out, spreading the
Gospel in various directions; Eld. Morgan stating, that
openings almost innumerable were everywhere presented
in the West, places evidently all ripe for harvest. Eld.
M. Chandler was now living at Cordova, where through his
diligent efforts agood chapel had been built and a church
and Sunday-school organized with good attendance^ Eld.
Morgan continued his labors and appeals into the early
part of 1858. That year he cried out for more help, say-
ing, "We, want efficient men and means. Seventy evan-
gelists would not meet our present demands. Brethren,
can you not, will you noty help in this work?" In a letter
about a month later I. K. Lombard writing from Earlville,
111., says, "I find
"a great call for laborers"
At M. Chandler was appointed

the conference in 1858, Eld.
evangelist and agent and he was directed to attend the
quarterly meetings in the four districts into which its terri-
CHURCH ORDER 249
tory had been divided by vote of the conference: Rock

Island District, Princeton, Iowa; Military Tract District,
St. Albans; Galena District, Elizabeth; Fox River District,
Earlville. Reports of the brethren showed that energetic
efforts had been made for the furtherance of the cause with
very encouraging results and a continuance of organizeid,
energetic and systematic effort was strongly urged, and
strong resolutions were adopted regarding Christian liberty
or fellowship, against American slavery and for the Tem-
perance reform.
Pursuent to notice brethren from various parts of Mich-
igan assembled at Leroy, Calhoun County, in October,
1858, and after mutual discussion heartily concurred in
organizing under the name of Michigan Church-Conference,
elected officers for the year, appointed three evangelists:
E. Miller, Jr., A. N. Seymour, O. R. L. Crozier. They
appointed an Executive Board of five members, under
whose direction the business of the conference was to be
carried forward during the year. It was recognized that
vigorous, self-sacrificing and systematic effort was urgently
needed for the revival and continuance of the cause.
In view of the general need and poverty in the West,
and the calls for light and truth H. L. Hastings wrote a
most stirring appeal for the spread of the truth there and
—
proposed a plan for raising $1000 for a tract fund he agree-
ing to furnish for this sum a million six thousand pages of
tracts, ready to ship to any part of the country. He
wrote several articles, published portions of numerous
letters, others seconded the appeal, and a rousing agitation
of the question ensued. Many hearty responses were re-
ceived, but though the articles were continued for six
months only some $600 was raisfed.
About this time Eld. Morgan moved from Illinois to
Indiana and took up pastoral work there. He was still
deeply interested in the work in Illinois and thought its
conference represented the best plan of work yet adopted
and the most earnest efforts yet undertaken.
,Several calls for a conference in Ohio resulted in the or-
ganization of one which held ,its third annual session in
Marysyille, Union Co., in September, 1859, Bren. G. W.
Cherry, E. R. Southwick and P. Ailing, being the committee
for calling its sessions. At the conference a resolution was
passed calling urgently, for a more earnest effort to forward
the work. Eld. L. H. Chase, then of Michigan, was in-
vited to travel and labor in Ohio as an evangelist, and he
accepted the request. The relation of this effort to the
conference that was organized at Nevada in 1870, we cannot
trace, owing to lack of. records*
AGeneral Convention was called in Northern Indiana
by A. Logan, F. Church, and P. B. Morgan, to meet with
thfc church at Union Mills, Indiana, in October, 1859, for
the purpose of devising plans by which "the Cause of the

soon-coming Lord may be more largely and effectually
advanced in this region of the West." The church at the
above place had recently built a new chapel under the
labors of Eld. Mansfield and cordially extended hospitality
to this convention, which in due time assembled according
to notice. Dr. R. Willard was appointed chairman, L. P.
Fox, clerk, and Bren. Seymour, Morgan, Mansfield and
Sober as Business Committee. On recommendation of
this cpmmittee and after extended discussion, a systematic
and comprehensive
"plan of arrangements"
was adopted covering or providing for the organization of
churches, quarterly conferences, an annual conference, and
a general conference — if, or when it should seem best to
organize the latter. The plan seems indeed to- have been
. CHURCH ORDER 251
constructive and business like and gave promise of pros-

perity if cordially sustained and effectively worked. The
conference then organized under the name, Northern
Indiana and Southern Michigan Conference. They re-
solved, "That while we choose to co-operatef according to
the 'Plan of Arrangements' adopted by this conference, we
will at the same time fraternize with all churches who take
the Bible as their rule of faith and practice."
They also, in keeping with the latter section of their
"Plan," directed their corresponding secretary to write to
the ministering brethren throughout the Western States.
and Canada West, with reference to the propriety of having
a conference embracing all the preachers, and representa-
tives of churches who should choose to send delegates. It
was intended that said conference should consider the in-
terests of the cause at large in the West such as a general
plan for the upbuilding of churches, missions, publishing
interests, etc. Buchanan, Mich., was siiggested as the
place to hold such a conference if it proved advisable to
call the same. Here it seems we have the germ of what
later developed into the General Western Conventions, the
organized publishing association, and the issue of the Voice
of the West. The "Plan of Arrangements" required the
annual conference to establish a "Mission Fund," and a
"Tract and Publication Fund." It also resolved that the
following persons be requested to be present and discuss
topics as named: "Moral Evil," by P. B. Morgan; "The
Atonement," by Eld. A. N. Seymour; "Divine Institutes,"
Eld. S. A. Chaplin; "Prophecies Relating to the Present,"
O. R. L. Crozier; "The Destiny of the Earth," D. R. Mans-
field; "Nature and Destiny of Man," Dr. N. Field; "Re-
vivals," N. Hornaday; "Modern Spiritualism," M. S.
Mansfield. The brethreij of this conference were surely
filled with a spirit of zeal, vision and enterprise.
252 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY,
In 1858 Eld. Moses Chandler served as evangelist for the
Illinois Conference and reported early in 1859 that during
the past year he had traveled about three thousand miles
through storm and mud (according to Eld. W. Pratt it had
been a year of very trying weather with much loss and suf-
fering), had averaged preaching once every day for the
year, had baptized one hundred or over, organized five
churches of from twenty-one to forty members each, all
of which received additions after organization. For two
years of this evangelistic work he had received but little
above his traveling expenses. His formal report to the
conference for the year ending 1859 showed only a balance
of $100 in his favor. His aid and comfort, as he sayS, was
this,"The Lord has been with me by His Spirit."
He was a tireless and fruitful worker, laboring then
mostly in Illinois and Iowa. For the year 1859 and 1860
Eld. W. Pratt was associated with him as corcvangelist.
Elds. W. Pratt, P. B. Morgan, M. Chandler, A. S. Calkins,
with some others were a band of most earnest workers.
S. E. Mabey began to write of the work in 1859; he was
converted under the labors of Eld. George Bumham in
Albany in 1842.
WORK OF ELD. SHELDON AND OTHERS

We now turn to the labors of Eld. William Sheldon, who
with his wife left the East in the spring of 1856, and, after
looking over the country, located in Vermillion, Minn.
This was before Minnesota had become a State, and prior
to the great Indian Massacre. In this new settlement he
held meetings, started a Sunday-school, and in due time
organized a church of twenty-two members, and this was
followed by a gracious revival in which heads of families
and the older scholars in the school were converted.
Eld. Sheldon went West intending to make Minnesota,
CHURCH ORDER 253
Iowa and Wisconsin, which were comparatively new sec-

tions, his main missionary field. Iowa was received into
the Union in 1846, Wisconsin, 1848, Minnesota, 1858.
In these States, under great sacrifice, and hardship, he went
to and fro, faithfully preaching the whole counsel of God.
In 1857, Bren. Sheldon, Peter Mitson and P. S. W. Deyo
organized the Iowa and Minnesota Christian Conference,
—
at Strawberry Point, Iowa the report giving the names of
only three ministers and three delegates. A small, but
courageous beginning. In 1858 Wisconsin was added to
the conference territory, and Y. Higgins, G. W. Barnes,
G. L. Teeple, S. D. Deyo, L. Lyons, and A. Hubbel were
received into ministerial membership. The third annual
meeting of the Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin Christian
Conference was held at Springville, Wis., in October, 1859.
At this session Bro. George W. Turner was ordained. For
many years he did faithful work, suffering many hardships
in the service of the cause. Three evangelists were ap-
pointed to serve the conference the ensuing year, William
Sheldon in Minnesota, P. S. W. Deyo in Iowa, and Y.
Higgins in Wisconsin. These to be supported "upon the
free-will offering principle." In two years the number
of ministers in the conference had increased from three to
fourteen and a goodly number of churches had been added,
"with a fair prospect of a speedy and generous addition of
both ministers and churches." Eld. Sheldon, in reporting
the fifth annual session of this conference (1861) said,
"Our churches are yet in their infancy ranging in numbers
from nine to sixty members. Our conference is young,
being composed of twenty-two ministers and some four
hundred lay members, but our prospects are bright.
During the present session one minister and five churches
were received into the conference with a total membership
of one hundred twenty-seven. One of these churches has a
meeting house paid for in a flourishing village."
We. cannot forbear recording here the following inter-
esting note from Eld. Sheldon, entitled
"going to conference in the west"
"Going to conference in the East, where there is money

enough to pay fare and cars enough to ride in is one thing;
but going to conference in the new part of the West, where
we ride one hundred fifty miles in a wagon, and sleep in
the woods at night, is quite another thing. A Gospel
pioneer's life is hard, yet it has some novel phases. Wish
I could picture it out to some of our Eastern friends, who
fancy they have hard fare.

"As we ride along, night approaches; it is time to put up:
'Whoa, ponies. Guess we had better camp here plenty
,
—
of water and wood.', 'Bro. Sheldon, we'll take care of the
horses you'll build a fire.'
if Fire is built; the preachers
draw around it, eat their supper, talk upon religion till
bedtime, or rather until time to roll up in a blanket and take

a sleep on the ground; then the request is made, 'Let us
pray.' After prayer, the preachers -may be seen soundly
asleep in the woods, on the ground: Frequently an
impudent owl would inquire, 'Who, who are you?' But
as we have more important business on hand than convers-
ing with owls, we leave such questions unanswered. Night
after night brings a repetition of the same thing. Yet
I hear no complaint of hardship among our pioneers of
the West. Such is going to conference in the West.

Hope more will try it next fall."
^
In view of the growth of the work, the wide extent of the
conference bounds, the inconvenience and expense of travel,
it was arranged by mutual consent to divide this conference
into three State conferences, which were' organized in
1862-1863. Though the cause has suffered some reverses,
it has survived throiigh the years and largely increased;
In 1860 Eld. Sheldon moved into Wisconsin, and made

his life-home in that State. Here he made arrangements
to preach at home one Sunday in the month, and to spend
,
CHURCH ORDER 255

the other three weeks opening new fields and holding pro-
tracted meetings. At first he established a preaching
circuit of one hundred and forty miles, on which he later
opened fifteen different preaching places. He travelled
once in each period of three weeks, and for some
this circuit
time the trip was made on foot. Later he procured a horse
and wagon which were literally worn out in the work, as he
continued to extend his labors and open new fields, pressing
on and on through great hardship, 'but this was the spirit
of the early pioneers, and thus the cause was enlarged and
new churches were raised up.The Voice of the West, of
Feb. 19th, 1867, thus spedks of one feature of his work:
"Eld. William Sheldon on the 11th instant closed a very
interesting series of meetings at Minneapolis, Minn. A
church was organized and $500 pledged to secure the
services of an efficient pastor. Minneapolis is a city of
eight thousand inhabitants, and an important point for
the cause."
As a result of his long and arduous labors, many churches
were raised up and over thirty Western ministers confessed
that they had been led into the faith through his preaching
—
and writings for he was also able and constant in the
use of his pen for the furtherance of 'the truth. Among
this number we must speak of one. Eld. H. Pollard, an ef-
ficient pastor, mission officer, and for many years editor
of our Our Hope, who has rendered great service to the
cause.
Writing of this Elder Pollard himself says that he "first

heard Bro. Sheldon in the winter of '65— '66, at CarlinviUe,
111., where he delivered a series of prophetic and doctrinal
discourses in the M. E. Church, resulting in a church or-

ganization which is still in existence. We then accepted
the truth piresented, and was baptized, with several others,
by him, toward the close of the meetings."
Eld. Sheldon was also a master at tent-meeting work,
and a leader in campmeeting efforts for years. The fol-
lowing press notice, published in the spring of 1866, indi-
cates the comprehensiveness of his plan, and the great
zeal of his evangelistic labors:
WESTERN TENT MEETINGS
"All who wish my services with the tent this season, will
do well to inform me at once, so that I can arrange my
summer's campaign in the most economical style. Expect
to pitch somewhere in the counties of Sauk, Green, Fond-
Du Lac, and Monroe, Wisconsin, and probably in Iowa,
Minnesota, Illinois, and possibly in Missouri. Speak
in time, that you may be remembered in the arrangement
of the campaign."
In the latter part of the sixties Eld. Sheldon held a tent

meeting at Magnolia, Wis., which resulted in establishing
an interest; later a campmeeting was held in which believ-
ers were streng:thened and more were converted, and the
church here survives to this day. The work in these parts
was assist^ by S. W. Thurber, J. V. Himes, Marshall
McCuUoch, Isaac Adrian, J. R. Preston, and elsewhere
we learn that Eld. Samuel Chapman and M. Wellcome also
did effective service in the Middle and Western States.
The first campmeeting in Michigan, perhaps in the
West, was held at Holly, Oakland Co., in 1861, and the next
was held at Grand Blanc, Genesee Co., some twelve miles
north of Holly, in 1862. This meeting was called by Eld.
A.' N. Seymour, and Bro. J. A. Sober, was then serving as
conference evangelist.
Bro. L. Reimer, of Philadelphia, Pa., issued in 1862 a
German tracts under the following titles:
series of
1. The State of Man Between Death and the Resurrec-
tion. 2. The Resurrection of the Dead. 3. The Personal
CHURCH ORDER 257
Coming of Jesus Christ the Only Time of Our Redemption.

These tracts were commended by Elds. Hudson, Hastings
and others competent to know their quality in language and
doctrine, were advertised in the Crisis, furnished a fine
- opportunity for labor among the German people, and
probably prepared the way for the German work which
later developed in the Mid- West.
The annual session of the Northern Illinois Conference
was held at Amboy this year (1862) and the by-laws were
so amended as to include the entire State in this one con-
ference; but this did not 'become wholly effective, as we
find the local conferences were continued, and later again
the Northern Illinois Conference appears, and still later the
Southern Illinois Conference. At the above session three
ministers and six churches were received to membership.
Eld. Jacob Blain said of the closing Sunday: "They had
loud preaching that day, three sermons, four baptized,
three ordained, and the Lord's Supper with sixty at-
tendants."
In the fall of 1862 Eld. J. V. Himes, entered upon a tour
of the West, going to Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois,
and to Kentucky; thence returning East, he
Louisville,
journeyed via Ohio, Western New York (Springwater and
Rochester), arriving home in Boston, after an absence
of six months. In the course of the above tour, he gave a
series of prophetical and practical lectures at what ap-
pears to have been a kind of voluntary conference, held at
Buchanan, Mich., where Eld. D. R. Mansfield was located.
During this meeting
A CONSULTATION WAS HELD

i
by a "good representation of brethren from the vicinity,"

regarding "the state of the cause in Northern Indiana and
Southern Michigan." It was decided to hold a campmeeting
1

in the summer
of 1863 to awaken larger interest in the
Advent and D. R. Mansfield, A. N. Seymour, A. F.
cause,
Servis, Daniel Brown, A. E. Babcock, David T. Halstead,
were appointed a committee to carry through the effort.
By vote Eld. Himes was invited to attend and give lec-
tures at the proposed campmeeting; also it was voted that
he be invited to spend more of his time in the Western
States, and, if it be consistent with his duties in the East,
to settle in some central point in the West, that they might
have his entire labors. This seems to have been the be-
ginning of his call to the Westeta field, which was in due
time made more formal and definite.
While on this trip, Eld. Himes visited several places in
Illinois,and among them Aurora,' where was a small, but
united and faithful church, under the care of Eld. C. W.
Smith, by whom it was formally organized in 1863. Here
he was rejoiced to meet Langdon Miller, whom he calls
a faithful son of our late Father Miller, who also said that
his brother, George W. Miller, was living at Millersburg,
Minn., and was preaching the Gospel of the kingdom in
that region.
During his lectures at Amboy;, 111., many of the elders
and brethren of the Conference being present, a meeting
was called to. consider the holding of a campmeeting the
coming summer in a central part of the State, and a com-
mittee was appointed to this end. Also a resolution was
adopted inviting Eld. Himes to attend the proposed camp-
meeting, and further uniting with the brethren in Iowa,
Wisconsin, and Michigan in the request that he spend more
of his, time in the West in proclaiming the Gospel of the
kingdom.
Eld. Himes returned to Boston, from this tour, about the
first of April, 1863, but soon in response to the many calls
'See further reference, p. 264,

CHURCH ORDER 259
West, he started on another journey to that great field,
the latter part of May. He went to Amboy, 111., where the
annual conference was appointed to convene. The ses-
sion was largely attended, contiAued for one week and was
very interesting. Eld. Himes thought it the best and most
flourishing conference in the West. At this session the
name was changed frorn Illinois Conference of Adventists,
to Advent Christian Conference. By resolution Eld. Himes
was again invited to labor among the churches and at the
campmeeting. Eld. D; S. Clark was to assist him as tent-
master. He at once entered upon
AN EXTENSIVE CAMPAIGN
of tent and protracted meetings, the circuit including places
in the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and
Michigan, with several campmeetings included, and up
to the first of September he held thirteen large meetings.
In July they began a tent meeting in Chicago, not knowing
of any -^believers or helpers in the city. Eld. and Mrs.
D. R. Mansfield came to assist in the meetings. Though
the effort began amid great curiosity and with a "motley
crowd of Jews, Catholics, Protestants of various sects.
Spiritualists and Nothingarians," they soon had order and
attentive interest, while a few Advent believers and several
friends of the cause soon made themselves known. As
the meetings continued the number of such increased and
steps were taken to arrange for regular worship, to secure
a permanent place of meeting, with a view to the forma-
tion of a church in the near future. It seems a pity that
such efforts were not continued longer, while a lively in-
terest was on, so that more extensive and abiding results
could be obtained; but the expense was considerable, the
sacrifice of the workers was great, and they wished to cover
as wide a field as possible.
In 1863 a request was made by Thos. W. Smith, of Deer
Park, 111., for a
GENERAL CAMPMEETING IN THE WEST-

similar to that held at Wilbraham in the East, and such a
meeting was called by Eld. Wm. Sheldon, to be held in
September of that year at West Point, Columbia Co.,
Wisconsin, and the annual conference of this State was
called to convene in connection with the campmeeting.
There was a call for a general rally from all parts, many
preachers were expected. Eld. Miles Grant and J. V. Himes
being named. The meeting was held, according to the
call, and was said to be a "complete success;" a goodly
number were coiiverted, sixteen were baptized in Crystal

Lake, on the shore of which the camp was pitched at the ;
love feast on the closing Sunday morning in a little less

than an hour, one hundred and thirty-five rich testimonies
were given, and at the close of this those desiring to become
followers^ of Christ, were invited to come to the altar and
about thirty responded to the call.
In the late fall of 1863 the president of the Northern
Indiana and Southern Michigan Conference issued an ur-
gent call for the general gathering of the brethren at Jones-
ville, Mich., for the improvement of their conference
organization and the more effectual building up of the cause.

The convened according to appointment on Jan. 13,
friends
1864, and after mutual conference and deUberajtion, or-
ganized as the Michigan and Indiana Advent Christian
Conference.
They adopted a
PLAN OF ASSOCIATED LABOR
some features of which so much need re-adoption, that we

record it here:
CHURCH ORDER 261
"1. Our work begins with the evangelist. He goes out

and proclaims the Gospel of the kingdom, gathers souls
to Christ, and organizes them into churches. These bodies
constitute the ground work of the cause.
"2. Churches, with pastors and evangelists, unite and
form themselves into conferences. These act in their as-
sociated capacity in plans of labor in the States, or sections
of States where they are located, to spread the truth, and
save souls. This work is already well begun among us.
"3. The State, or local conferences, by chosen delegates
may form a central, or general Conference. This body may
take the charge of what is general, and is of importance
to the prosperity of the body at large; such as the em-
ployment of general evangelists to proclaim the coming
kingdom in new fields of labor, where State or local con-
ferences do not, or may not be able to co-operate, and to
spread the Gospel of the coming kingdom. In this way we
may act together and bring out all our strength in united
and systematic effort.
"We are as yet weak and few in this State, and so we are
in all the Western States. Our churches and conferences
are yet in their infancy in this great field. But with united
and vigorous action, we cannot fail to become a strong and
efficient people."
Then the brethren, the churches, conferences and min-

isters of other States were urged to "carefully and prayer-
fully consider this matter, with reference to their individual
and associated action." Each conference was also invited
to appoint delegates who should "meet in general confer-
ence, some time in the coming autumn, in Buchanan, as
may be hereafter appointed; then and there to consider
the general state of the cause, and to take such action as in
their judgment shall best subserve its interests." This
deliberate consideration of the state and needs of the work
at large; this aim to provide according to its. needs; this
close knitting together of individual, local and general in-
terests in one common effort at a great undertaking,was of
and large growth of the cause.
vital interest to the success
This "Plan" carried out with vigorous, enthusiastic leader-
ship and cordial co-operation for several years, brought
success and notable increase to the work.
NOTES FROM SEVERAL STATES SUMMARY

Quite a number had become interested in this branch of
the Advent cause in the State of Ohio, and in the early
spring of 1864, Dr. P. B. Hoyt, acting as chairman of a
Committee of Arrangements, called a General Conference
of interested friends in northern and middle Ohio to meet
at Norwalk on March 18, and' as a result of this gathering
the Northern Ohio A. C. Conference was organized at that
time. J. D. Knapp was Chosen president, and P, B. Hoyt
secretary. Eld. and Mrs. D. R. Mansfield were present
by invitation, and the session was followed by a gracious
revival under the labors of Elds. Mansfield and Jonas Wen-
dell (the latter of Edinboro, Penn.), some seventy or more
requested prayers and a goodly number were baptized.
The above conference appears to have expired after a few
years, at least, a successor was later organized. In the
early part of 1867 (March), Eld. Mansfield and wife held
a series of meetings at Nevada, Ohio, where Bro. H. A.
King had for some time been sowing the seed, and a great
work of grace was wrought, the whole community being
aroused, over fifty were baptized, a strong church was or-
ganized, and it was decided that they would proceed at
once to build a house of worship. H. G. and E. McCulloch
became effective workers in this State. In 1870 the Ohio
A. C. Conference, so-called, was organized at Nevada^ and
this church was a tower of strength to the work in the State
_ for many years.
In the spring of 1867, the Minnesota Conference called
for funds to put a large tent into its field. Elds. W. J.
CHURCH ORDER 263
Bursell and Philip Ramer were active in this effort. That

spring an appeal was also made in behalf of the Illinois
Conference, the same being fervently urged by that valiant
pioneer, Eld. A. S. Calkins. There were two other Western
tents already in the field, Eld. Sheldon intending to use his
that season chiefly in Wisconsin. In Iowa, Eld. P. S. W.
Deyo labored earnestly and fruitfully for years. In 1868,
he and his co-laborers became more especially active and
arranged for their first campmeeting to be held that season,
near the village of New Hartford, and adjacent to the
Beaver River. The A. C. Conference of this State was or-
ganized in 1871, and was the first Adventist Conference or-
ganized west of the Mississippi River.
In December, 1871, the president of the Ministerial
Conference, in giving his address, said:
"The present state of the Advent cause in the West is
one of considerable prosperity. There is an upward and
onward tendency. There is a healthy growth in the
churches and conferences, while new ones are being con-
stantly added. The last year has witnessed the increase
of ministers, churches and conferences over any previous
period."
In 1872 there were said to be some fifteen conferences

in the Western field that were interested and -united in the
work, also large campmeetings were held in a number of
the States.
Eld. Himes, writing for his Journal in the spring of 1874,
said: "I have within the "last month made a tour among the
principal churches in Michigan, and attended the quarterly
conference of each district. I find things in a united,
prosperous condition."
ITEMS OF SPECIAL INTEREST
Referring in the same article to his visit to Winona,

Minn., he wrote:
My call on the way at Winona was a solemn one, as it
was in this city that my
dear, son Edwin did his last work,
and laid down his life, in the faith and hope of the second
personal coming of Christ, in the bloom of his manhood,
and in great usefulness, having overtasked himself in the
cause of Christ, and toiling for the salvation of men. His
zeal for the prosperity and upbuilding of the Advent cause
had no limit, except in the last energy he could put forth.
His fall was untimely, but "he died at his post." Dear
.child, sleep on! Sleep sweetly in Jesus. . . .
Here, in the last sickness and death of Edwin, Bro.

George W. Miller was by his side, a true worker and faith-
fiil brother. But he too now sleeps with Edwin in the same
hope. Thus two of the best and most faithful workers in
Minnesota, are laid away, amid the general sorrow of the
Advent people, who loved them for their works' sake.
Geo. W. Miller was the traveling companion of Father
Miller and myself in 1842-3 into the great cities of the
Union. And a more genial, faithful Christian we never
had in our work. After he removed West to Millersburg,
Minn., I visited him about 1864, and organized a church
there and ordained him as the Elder; since which he held
a high position until he died, January, 1874.
A CONSTRUCTIVE PLAN
At the Wisconsin Annual Conference in 1876, the urgent

need of regular preaching in the churches, and a larger
measure of pastoral service, was deeply felt and carefully
considered. After this the following resolutions were
unanimously passed:
Whereas, There is a felt need among us of a better or-

ganization of forces and a more systematic and harmonious
distribution of ministerial labor; therefore, be it by the A.
C. Conference of Wisconsin
Resolved, That we herjeby instruct the Secretary of said
Conference to take a list of all its ministers who are willing
to devote their time to the Gospel ministry, provided they
receive a support, and request them to state as accurately
CHURCH ORDER 265
as possible the amount needed for the same, of which he
•shallmake a minute.
Resolved, That we instruct him to correspond with each
church of the conference, urging the expediency of its
uniting with one or ''more contiguous churches for the
purpose of obtaining and supporting the labors of a pastor.
Resolved, That we also instruct him to ascertain what
churches wish to unite and what amount they will pledge
for the support of a pastor. The Secretary shall receive
from the churches an expression of their choice of ministers
from the enrolled list, but shall urge upon them the duty
of accepting a second, third or fourth choice, if they fail
to secure the first.
Resolved, That finally we instruct him to inform each
minister where his labors are desired, recommending a
correspondence; that the Secretary shall be empowered to
choose any help in this matter, which he may desire. ." . .
To what extent this plan was carried out we cannot re-

but we have known several fields where such a method
port,
—
would seem needful and feasible but it is equally necessary
not only to plan your work, but to work your plan.
Several of the Western conferences
ORGANIZED MISSION SOCIETIES

as a mord
effective means by which to advance the evan-
gelistic work. This was the case in Michigan, Wisconsin,
'
Minnesota, and later in Iowa. In Minnesota in 1877 L.

F". Cole was president; E. K. Smith, secretary and the former
was appointed evangelist while Elds. O. R. Fassett, M.

Wellcome, Wm. J. Bursell with the president and secretary
constituted the Mission Board. The evangelist labored in
numerous^ places, in some new fields, and aid^d workers in
'places already occupied. He held services in Burr Oak,
Iowa, and there the next year, Eld. J. Ridley labored and
was assisted by Eld. F. A. Baker who had settled not far
from that place. As a result of this joint effort a gracious
ingathering was secured. In 1878 Eld. Geo. W. Wright,
was earnestly pushing tent and evangelistic work in Michi-
gan in the vicinity of Lexington, being assisted by Bro.
L. C. Kerr, and their labors were trowned with cheering
results. Eld. Wright was an untiring and fruitful worker
in this field. In 1880 he accepted the charge of the work
in Buchanan.
Early in the seventies the A. C. Conference of Kansas
was organized. In 1878 and 1879 Bro. and Sister J. C.
and S. E. Smith labored extensively in that State. At
the ninth annual session of this conference the officers
elected were H. H. Klock, president; W- H. Shriner, vice-
president; S. K. Gibson, secretary; Wm. H. Snyder, treas-
urer; Daniel Webster, State evangelist. They also had a
Board of Directors, a campmeeting committee of five, and
the conference was divided into four districts, and an evan-
gelist was appointed for each, district. In 1882 a general
meeting of Adventist believers of La Port and St. Joseph's,
Indiana, and Berean County, Michigan, was called at
Buchanan. It was an earnest and spiritual meeting, arid
it was voted to revive and extend the work of the Northern
Indiana and Southern Michigan Conference. Eld. D.

Mathewson was chosen president, Geo. W. Wright, vice-
president; W. C. Hicks, secretary, and a Missionary Board
was appointed. The A. C. Home Missionary Society of
Iowa was organized at Fairfield in 1886. It was to be an
ally of and to hold its yearly meetings in connection with the
annual conference of Northern Iowa. The leaders in this
effort were Elds. Wm. C. Stewart, G. G. Emery, E. A.
Marsh and Dr. B. Banton. But we pass from fhe confer-
ences and their auxiliaries to consider the general societies
—
of the East and West their early and middle history.
CHAPTER IX
THE GENERAL SOCIETIES
THE STATE OF THE CAUSE
ABOUT the close of 1858 Eld. D. T. Taylor began to

gather the facts necessary to a statistical report re-
garding the total number of Adventist ministers and be-
lievers. He
devoted about a year to this effort, and then
made columns of the World's Crisis
his report through the
(January, I860). He put a great deal of labor into the
effort; met With some serious hindrances and with some
heart-cheering encouragements. He included in his sum-
mary the different branches of Adventists, the American
Millennial body, the Advent Christians, Seventh-Day,
and Age-to-Come believers. As to the number of preach-
ers, he reported that it was safe to state the number roUndly
•assixhundrecj (actual figures 584). Adopting as a basis of
estimate the ratio of numbers of members compared with
ministers, as recognized in several other denominations,
he estimated the number of Christians in the States and
Canada who were under the spiritual guidance and tuition
and who were looking for Christ to come
of this ministry,
soon, as amounting to fifty-four thousand. He estimated
the number of attendants at Adventist meetihgs — of the
four branches — those under this influence and teaching, as
not 'less tân one hundred and fifty thousand souls.
The preachers and evangelists were scattered through
nineteen States and the Canadian Provinces. Concerning
the talent of this body of ministers he remarks that it
"Compares well with other orders, seeing there are no
theological seminaries or schools among us, and less atten-
tion is paid to learning than our cause demands. Still
there is no lack of men of taste, orators, writers, poets,
and men of commanding influence and in regard to a knowl-
;
edge of the Holy Scriptures, and of history as related to

prophecy, they are without a parallel. The Bible is their
great weapon, storehouse, furniture, text-book, constitu-
tion, creed, and charter." As to the comparative strength
of the different branches, he gave the following as a result
of his inquiries: Advent Christian ministers, 365; the
American Millennial preachers, 67; those undecided, 9;
those not reporting, 143. On the Sabbath question, be-
lievers in the first-day Sabbath, or those worshipping on
that day, 365; believers in the seventh-day Sabbath, 57;
those not reporting, 162.
Concerning the lay membership, he said: "Until within
a few years past, very few of our churches have organized
or had any enrollment of membership. Nearly all seemed
simultaneously to see our great lack, and at once scores of
churches came into order, appointed officers, and enrolled
their scattered members. Numerous conferences too are
organized for more concerted action." This work of or-
ganization was as yet so incomplete, that Eld. Taylor wished
his numbers to be considered as approximate rather than
definite and exact.
The Evangelical Adventists, so-called, were the first to

realize the importance of church, conference, and general
society organization, but the other brethren soon realized
its need and many of them engaged heartily in the effort.
The order in which the general societies were instituted

—
may well be noted 1854, the Second Advent Mission
American Millennial Association; 1860,
Society; 1.858, the
the Christian Association and Publication Society both—
later called Advent Christian; 1864, the Western Advent
Christian Publishing Association; 1865, American Advent
Mission Society. These were notable steps in the devel-
, THE GENERAL SOCIETIES 269
opment of this faith and work, and we wilb proceed to nar-

rate the early cause and course of these societies as related
to the Advent Christian people.
CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION ORGANIZED
While church order was being more and more advocated,

and conference organization was increasing, yet the lack
of an "efficient system of action" in the general work was
deeply felt, and in the summer of 1860 a call was issued for
a convention to be held at Providence, R. I., for the "con-
sideration of thewants of the cause, and to adopt some
measures which shall serve as a more successful plan in
carrying on this work." The call was signed by F. H.
Berick, H. L. Hastings, D. T. Taylor, C. F. Hudson, J.
Couch, J. Hemenway, W. Pratt, H. Munger, J. S. White,
M. Grant.
The convention assembled on July 25, in the above city
and after prayer by Edwin Burnham, a statement of
Eld.
the objects of the meeting was read. This, statement de-
clared that the assembly had full confidence in those who
had been the "prominent advocates of the forms of Gospel
truth which we hold dear," bore witness to their "self-
denying, self-sacrificing efforts," and gave assurance that
they were not seeking a change of leadership, but only a
better understanding, a further mutual sharing of responsi-
bilities, more of system and organization for the develop-
ment and guidance of the work, and "more efficient action"

generally. After, some informal discussion Eld. Walter
Pratt was chosen chairman, and Prof. C. F. Hudsbn, clerk.
After further^ remarks, Bren. ..Couch, Hudson," Hastings,,
Campbell, and Berick, were appointed as a Business Com-
mittee and the convention adjourned. ,.\,
The committee, at the morning session, reported a pre-
amble, which stated, in the words of Scripture, the .truths
270 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY ,
which they believed had been specially revealed to them;

the duties which were therefore resting upon them, and a
constitution of seven articles. Article I said, "This
Society shall be known by the name of The Christian
Association." Some preferred the name to be Advent
Christian Association, others The Bible Christian Asso-
ciation; but after a and full interchange
free of opinion
the article, as reported, was adopted.
THE OBJECT OF THE ASSOCIATION
was said to be "The promulgation of Bible truth and the

promotion of vital piety," and this object was to be at-
tained "by the following modes:" 1. By the formation of a.
Christian Publication Society, for the issue of books, tracts
and periodicals. 2. By the organization of churchies, and
other means of preaching the Gospel. 3. By the recog-.
nition and support of an efficient Gospel ministry.
The officers were to be a president, a vice-president,

secretary, treasurer, and nine directors who should together
constitute a Board of Managers; said board for the first
term was as follows:
H. L. Hastings, Pres.
D. T. Taylor, Vice-Pres.
C. F. Hudson, Sec.
G. T. Adams, Treas.
DIRECTORS
M. Grant J. Hemenway
W. S. Campbell J.Howell
S. G. Mathewsoh H. V. Davis
J. Couch W. Pratt
4. Ross
The Board of Managers were instructed to call a meeting

of the Association before the 10th of November next, at
such place as they should think best, and that session was
:
THE GENERAL SOCIETIES 271
to be considered the first annual meeting. Accordingly said

Board of Managers called a delegate meeting of the Asso-
ciation to convene in Salem, Mass., on the 16th of October,
1860. At this meeting there were thirty-seven recognized
members. After considerable discussioft the name was
changed to that of The Advent Christian Association, by
a final vote of twenty-four to eight. The second article
qf the constitution was amended "The ob-
so as to read:
jects of this Society shall be the promulgation of Bible
truth and the promotion qf vital piety, by the formation of a
CHRISTIAN PUBLICATION SOCIETY
for the issue of books, tractsand periodicals." The Pub-

lication Society was then organized, a brief constitution of
six articles being accepted. Eld. P. B. Morgan was
then chosen president of the association, and H. F. Car-
penter its secretary. H. L. Hastings was chosen president
of the Publication Society and C. F. Hudson, secretary.
When the name of the association was changed from
simply Christian to Advent Christian, the following reso-
lution was' unanimously adopted:
"Whereas: was not designed by the Christian Asso-

It
ciation, at organization at Providence, to impose a
its
denominational name on the body • of believers whose
interests it was instituted to subserve, therefore
"Resolved, That neither the present name of the Christian
Association, nor any name to which it shall be changed by
action of this meeting, shall be deemed a denominational
name to be taken by the churches or individuals who shall
co-operate with the society."
This resolution interprets the sentiment and spirit of

the founders of the association; they were not as yet sec-
tarian or denominational, but broad in vision with the
thought of appealing to and serving Christians of all ranks
ina wide fellowship.
The third annual meeting was held on Wilbraham Gamp-
ground in 1862, as it was thought that said time and place
would be more favorable to a large attendance. The rec-
ords, as published, show' an attendance of sixty- four preach-
ers and thirty-six delegates. Eld. Miles Grant was again
elected Editor of the World's Crisis; D. T. Taylor was re-
elected president of the A. G. Association, with H. F.
Carpenter, secretary; H. L. Hastings was re-elected presi-
dent of the C. P. Society, and J. D. Brown, secretary.
In response to the request of the society, and the desires
of the Publishing Committee, his own judgment agreeing,
Eld. Hastings transferred his tract publishing work to the
C. P. Society, following this annual meeting, and did not
expect thereafter to issue tracts to any considerable extent,
unless circumstances should demand some change in this
arrangement. He wrote articles for the World's Crisis,
urgently advocating
A PROGRESSIVE CAMPAIGN
of book and tract publication and circulation. It was pro-
posed at once, in spite of war conditions, to raise $1000 for
the furtherance of this effort. The work was pushed under
his supervision during the ensuing year and notable progress
was made.
In reports given at the fourth annual meeting, which was
held on Wilbraham Campground, August, 1863, it was
stated that more than $1000 was raised by donations, that
more than twelve hundred dollars' worth of publications
had been freely distributed; that they had issued 135,000
publications of various sizes during the year, as against
50,000 the year before, and the number of subscriptions
to the World's Crisis increased from less than four thousand
,
to over five thousand showing an average increase of over

a hundred subscribers per month during the year, and there
was a balance in the treasurer's hands of over $2,400.
The editar, and the officers of both societies, whd had
served the previous year, were re-elected.
At the fifth annual meeting of the association, Eld. S.
G. Mathewson was elected its president, and the other
officers were re-elected. The reports this year showed
that some over $1200 had been raised for tract distribu-
tion and about $1100 had been expended for that purpose,
and that a net gain of about two thousand new subscribers
had been secured; Bro. W. B. Herron, who served as office
agent or clerk that year had made a strong push on this
line and many had earnestly co-operated. After the close
of this annual meeting Eld. Grant, who had held the office
of business agent, but had been unable owing to his work
as editor and preacher to give it the needful personal at-
tention, requested to be relieved and at the meeting of the
Board of Managers his request was granted and Bro.
George T. Adams was appointed to that office.
At the next meeting of the Association, August, 1865,
the reports show a successful business administration, and
enlarged benevolences. But the World's Crisis this year
barely held its own, and the Young Pilgripi seriously de-
clined in number of paid subscribers, a vigorous canvass -for

increase not being in evidence on these lines.
This year
SOME CHANGES WERE MADE
in the officers of the Publication Society. After four years

of the most self-denying, earnest and efficient service. Eld.
Hastings was dropped out, not being named by the Nomi-
nating Committee, and Eld. J. D. Brown, declined to serve
as secretary. Eld. D. T. Taylor was elected president, and
Wm. B. Herron, secretary. The name of the society was
also changed, from simply Christian to Advent Christian
Publication Society. Instruction was also given that
^m. B. Herron should be editor of the Young Pilgrim.
On the day following the closing meeting of the Asso-
ciation the assembly, according to previous notice, was
called together for the consideration of missions, which re-
sulted in the organization, under most inspiring appeals
and prospects of service, of the American Advent Mission
Society, sketch of which is elsewhere given.
In the fall of 1865, Eld. Hastings began the independent
publication of books and tracts, establishing the "Scrip-
turalTract Repository" at No. 19 Lindall St., Boston.
The next year he founded his excellent paper. The Chris-
Han and his office was later for many years at 47 Cornhill.
In those early days, the Publication Society was but a
branch of, or a society within, the Association, whose officers
were elected by the Association and reported to the same.
It was in later times organized as an incorporated body
wholly independent of though co-operating with the
Association.
THE NAME QUESTION
Reference to this has been noted above. There was for

a time an earnest. and quite widespread discussion as to
what name the churches, conferences and associations should
accept. Some early leaders of the Miller movement seem
to have spontaneously accepted the name Adventist at
and following the Albany Conference of 1845, though ob-
jection,was at once raised in some quarters to this title.
Their paper named at first the Signs of the Times was for
many years called the Advent Herald. When the first
separation came to pass over the Immortality Doctrine,
this name question was written upon and considered at
:
length and some division prevailed in part because of it.

To understand the situation we must note that there had
been a general agitation on this line before it came up
among About the beginning of the nineteenth
this people.
century two considerable movements had set in which
resulted in the formation of the religious bodies known as
the Christians or the Christian Connection, aijid the Dis-
both of which discarded creeds, sectarian
ciples of Christ,
names, and made an earnest plea for Bible faith, Bible names
and the fellowship and union of all Christians. Quite a
large number who came into the faith of, the Lord's near
coming and Immortality brought similar
Conditional
convictions with them or soon came into the same, and
hence a large number of the churches were given the name
Church of Christ; the Association and the Publication
Society were first named only Christian, and several of
the conferences, especially in the West were at first so
named. Elds. H. L. Hastings, Miles Grant, D. T. Taylor,
A. A. Phelps, D. Brown, V. P. Simmons and many others
J.
held this view as a life-long conviction. The Church of
God people in the West still make it a vital question with
them, having always rejected the Advent name. The
adoption of the title Advent Christian was in part a con-
cession to the argument for the name Christian, a kind —
of compromise, the former portion of the title being urged
by those who thought they must have a name that in itself
declared distinctively their faith in the Second Coming
of Christ. And this latter sentiment so largely prevailed
that the body has been thus generally known. But a con-
siderable number held the. former view and among them
some of the ablest men of the faith, who gave most effi-
cient and faithful service to the teaching, and had large

plans for aggressive Gospel,' educational and missionary
work.
The fiscal year closing with the middle of August, 1867,
was
A PROSPEROUS SEASON
for the Publication Society, the receipts being over $3,000

more than the previous year and the largest amount of
any one year since its organization. This was in part
because of increased publications, for they reported a book
and tract business nearly three times as large as the former
year, and both the World's Crisis and the Young Pilgrim
prospered. For a term of years, 1868 and onward, S. G.
Mathewson was president of the Association and John
Couch of the Publishing Society. After the A. C. Camp-
meeting was established at Springfield, Mass., in 1868
and following, the annual meetings of the Association were
held there for some years. In the early sixties D. T.
Taylor was corresponding editor of the World's Crisis;
in 1870 Wm. Sheldon was chosen to this place, and in this
latter year the Board resolved to endeavor to raise $2,000
for publication and free distribution of tracts the ensuing
year.
DEATH OF AN ABLE WORKER
At Boston, June 12, 1871, the Board of Directors of the
A. C. Publication Society, in session passed a resolution
on the sudden death of Bro. W. B. Herron, saying it had
filled their hearts with sorrow, and that the Society in his
death had "lost an accurate, reliable, and valuable officer,

one who had served it for many years to its entire satis-
faction." Referring to him as originator and editor of
the Young Pilgrim, they spoke tenderly of his strong desire
to help children and young people. Mr. Herron was a
man of vision, ability, and force, who gave the cause ex-
cellent service. Dr. I. I. Leslie was chosen editor of the
Young Pilgrim in Mr. Herron's place.
THE GENERAL SOCIETIES . 277
The constitution of the Association was revised in 1875,

but the feature of electing the Publishing
officers of the
Society remained, so the latter continued as a society
within the Association. In 1876, the annual meetings of
the Association and Mission Society began to be held at
Chelsea, Mass., and this was continued till the establish-
ment of the new headquarters at 160 Warren St., Boston.
LOSS OF BUSINESS AGENT
An earnest, efficient business man, Bro. George T. Adams,

was elected to the office of business agent and treasurer,
in 1864, and he thus served the Society to the close of 1876,
his death taking place in January, 1877, early in his fifty-
first year. In addition to the above office, he was treasurer
and corresponding secretary of the A. A. Mission Society
for many years. He also held other positions of trust,
and was greatly mourned by his co-workers and the friends
of the cause at large.
Elds. S. G. Mathewson, J. Hemenway, and M. Grant,
presidents respectively of the Association, the Publication
Society, and Mission Society, with Eld. J. Couch, editor
of the World's Crisis, were appointed to prepare a tfesti-
monial of appreciation regarding his character and service.

In this they state:
"We have rarely found a man so strictly upright and

honest, so prompt in keeping all his promises, so trusty
and faithful in discharge of all business committed to his
care, possessing such excellent judgment and wisdom in
execution of whatever work he might consent to perform.
... As a Christian he was earnest, devotional, benev-
olent, sympathizing and an ever-ready witness to Jesus."
This was followed by further words of tender apprecia-

tion.
Ozias Goodrich was elected as Mr. Adams' successor.
who, after serving as business agent and treasurer for
several years,was succeeded by Dr. James Hemenway.
The Eastern Association and Publication Society con-
tinued their work on usual lines until 1881, when affilia-
tion was sought with the Middle West, and the eflForts of
East and West were partially united for a time, hence the
history of this period will be later jointly narrated, follow-
ing the account of the first Western Association and related
events.
•THE FIRST WESTERN PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION

The vision, earnest spirit and aggressive work of the
Western Conferences and their leaders, naturally led to
plans on the line of a general effort which would tend to
unite, and stimulate the whole cause. As a beginning to
this end, we note that, at the semi-annual Illinois Confer-
ence, held at Ionia, Warren Co.,. September, 1863, a reso-
lution was introduced by Eld. William McCulIoch, which
said:
"We believe the time has fully come for the Adventists
of the great Northwest td concentrate their efforts for a
more general and efficient action to spread the knowledge
of the speedy coming of the Bridegroom* To this end
we hereby cordially and earnestly invite Eld. Joshua V.
.Himes, who has labored with us in the West with so much
acceptance during the last year, to locate permanently
among us and in view of the fact that there are over five
;
millions of people in the northwestern field without a press,

Or office for Advent books or tracts; therefore,
"Resolved, That we invite Eld. Himes to remove his office,
with his paper, the Voice of the Prophets, to some central
point in this Western field,' to be published weekly or as
often as it can be sustained.
"Resolved, That we most respectfully invite the Advent-
ists of the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Michi-
gan and Indiana, to unite with us in Illinois and elsewhere
in this good work."
GEORGE T. ADAMS JAMES HEMENWAY
( IIAKLES H. WOODMAN
S^-e patê 442
;
Acommittee was appointed to raise subscriptions to aid

and the establishment of a Western
in this invited transfer
office and paper.
The Voice of the Prophets was first issued in Xpril, 1860,
was pubHshed quarterly, at Boston, Mass., and for some
time was a sixteen-page sheet, size ten by fourteen inches,
very neatly printed, in which were numerous selections from
able writers in this and other lands, such as Dr. John
Gumming, Dr. H. Bonar, Rev. E. Bickersteth, andcontri-
butions from Richard Robertson, Esq., of London, Eng.,
Elds. A. Hale, D. T. Taylor, and others. In its third vol-
ume it was reduced to eight pages. It very ably advocated
the literal fulfillnient of prophecy, the kingdom of Ghrist
on earth and the imminence of His second Advent.
The above action, so far as it related to the
CALL OF ELD. HIMES TO THE WESTERN FIELD
was endorsed by the Wisconsin Conference at its September

session at West Point Campmeeting, but they were in doubt
as to the expediency of establishing a Western press at this
time. The Minnesota Conference in. its first annual session
in separate State capacity, endorsed in a very pandid and

cordial spirit the first part of the resolution, but the re-
port omits reference to the question of the press and paper
perhaps the faith and courage of this conference was not
up as yet to this undertaking.
In concluding our narration of Early Western Labors,
and the conferences that thus came tp be organized, we
referred to the body which adopted the name of the Michi-
gan and Indiana Advent Christian Conference, which was
in session in January, 1864. This conference received
from its committee, .discussed and adopted the following
resolutions: '
,
"Whereas: The Advent Christian Conference of Illi-
nois, at its last session passed a preamble and resolution,
inviting Eld. J. V. Himes, to this Western field, to aid us
in our work of spreading the knowledge of the coming king-
dom, and building up the Advent cause generally, therefore,
"Resolved, That we thank our brethren of Illinois for this
act of theirs, in advance of us; and now, in our first public
meeting, in conference, do cordially adopt their resolution
inviting Eld. Himes to labor with us in the West, as also
—
to establish his press and print his paper weekly if possi-
ble if riot, as often as he can do so, with the means afforded.
;
"Resolved, That we will give him our full and hearty

support, both as a general evangelist and publisher, and
call on all the friends of the cause to aid us in this matter."
The A. C. Church at Buchanan, Mich., had invited Eld.

Himes to locate in that town, and the conference definitely
approved this invitation, considering the place central,
and also that the enterprise would there have the sym-
pathy and support of the community to a larger extent than
in any other place known to them. While they acknowl-
edged the Advent cause to be weak and its numbers few
in all the Western States, yet they were heroic and consis-
tent with their recorded faith that by "united and vigorous
action" they would not fail to become a "strong and efifi-
cient people."
Eld. Himes was present at this meeting and gave en-
couragement that he would take up the work in the West,
as requested and would publish a weekly paper to be en-
titled The Voice of the West and Second Advent Pioneer.
In view of this cheering assurance, the conference further
"Resolved, Tliat a fund of $1000 be raised by subscrip-

tion, to aifi Eld. Himes in the' publication of the Voice
of the West, and Second Advent Pioneer, and also to publish
such tracts as shall be needed the coming year, to spread
the light we profess to enjoy on the Lord's speedy coming."
In accordance with Eld. Himes' characteristic energy

and promptness, the proposed paper was issued at Bu-
chanan, Mich., the very next month, the first copy being
under date of Feb. 13, 1864, The Voice was issued at $2.00
a year, and as the list of subscriptions was not large, it
had a struggle for existence, but it was a live and helpful
paper, much loved by an ever increasing circle of readers.
While the number of ministers and field workers was in-
creasing, the new effort on the publishing lihe created en-
larged interest, and tended to unite all the Western believers
in a harmonious effort for general progress. Hence, before
the year closed, a call was sent forth for
A GENERAL WESTERN CONFERENCE
which was convened at Buchanan, Mich., on Friday, Dec.

9, 1864. Several sessions were spent in social worship,
hearing addresses, reports, and the discussion of the state
of the cause and what was needed for its more efficient
development. This conference assembled again on Mon-
day, Dec. 12, at the office of the Voice of the West, arid the
Business Committee, which had been appointed, sub-
mitted the following resolutions:
"Resolved, That an association be organized, to be called

the Western Advent Christian Publishing Association, to
constitute the legal business organ of the Advent Christian
Conferences of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin,
Iowa, Minnesota, and other Western States and Canada.
"Resolved, That this Association shall in accordance with
the proposition of Eld. J. V. Himes, take in charge the
publication of the weekly paper now entitled the Voice
of the West, and the publication of all books and tracts that
may be thought important for the advancement of the
interests of the Advent cause.
"Resolved, That this Association, in order to become an
effective organ of the body, shall procure, so soon as possi-
ble, a press, type, and fucniture to constitute an efficient
printing, book-binding and publication office."
*
The above resolutions were taken up separately, freely

discussed during the morning and afternoon sessions of
the conference, and were unanimously adopted. This
was a humble but devout and valiant entrance upon
A LARGER CAMPAIGN
for the truth, and through the blessing of God and the self-
sacrificing, strenuous and unceasing labors of His servants,

a vast amount of truth was, printed and circulated, thou-
sands of sOuls were awakened and brought to Christ, and
many hundreds were led into the faith of Christ's near com-
ing. The cause and the workers, and especially the paper,
passed through some strait places, but gracious deliver-
ances were granted, prayers were abundantly answered
and the work went forward successfully.
An import3,nt feature of the Western campaign, as well
as of. the Eastern work, was the campmeeting. While
we pass by the earlier and smaller meetings, one which was
held at,De Kalb, 111., early in Septernber,- 1866, must be
noted. This was or became the general Western camp-

nieeting. The number of ministers present and the in-
terest shown in the publication work, indicate the growth
of the cause. '
At the business meeting of the Association, which was

preceded by a general season of prayer, which lasted for an
hour and a half, the report of the Board of Trustees was
read. This board then consisted of Eld. J. V. Himes, and
D. R. Mansfield, president and vice-president, H. J. Howe,
treasurer; AlfredRichards, auditor; William L. Himes,
and Elds. Wm. Sheldon, P. B. Hoyt, and Wm.
secretary;
McCulloch. This report stated that $4000 was needed
for the continuance of the Voice and the tract cause, not to
speak of the missionary work. Pending the motion to
adopt the report of the trustees, Eld. Mansfield took the
floor and proposed that they at once undertake to raise
the $4000 called for, and Eld. Wm. Sheldon followed urging
the same course. The meeting caught the spirit and within
one hour $2500 was pledged and part of it paid in. During
the service there was much deep feeling, and most of those
present were at times melted to tears. At other sessions
the effort was continued and by Saturday of the ipeeting,
—
over $5,300 had been pledged and the Association unan-
imously voted to raise $15,000 during the year for the
Voice, tracts, and missionary purposes. The power of
the Lord had been in the camp, and some forty or more
had been baptized. The following ministers were reported
as present at this meeting:
From Illinois: Elds. N. W. Spencer, D. S. Clark, H. G.

McCulloch, E. H. Burington, S. E. Mabey, A- S. Calkins,
E. Royce, G. W. Hurd, G. W. Foster, C. W. Smith, and
Sister M. J. Sober.
From Michigan: Elds. A. E. Babcock, A. N. Seymour,
D. R. Mansfield, J. V. Himes, J. M. Snook, Philip Holler,
and Sisters M. A. Seymour and M. S. Mansfield.
From Wisconsin: Elds. Wm. Sheldon, J. R, Preston, J.
Wilbur, N. A. Hitchcock, Geo. Dyson and P. W. Hough.
From Iowa: Elds. J. S. Brandebury, J. C. Bywater and
J. W. Burroughs.
From Minnesota: Elds. G. W. Miller and J. W. Elliott.
From Indiana: Eld. E. Cordray.
. From the East: Elds. S. S. Brewer and, Frank Burr.
To the office of the Voice, almost daily, came the call

frpm different parts for preachers to cofne and give the
message of the kingdom, and for tracts, and it was stated
that only a tithe of these calls could be answered, and those
that were filled gave rise to new interest and additional
calls., hence the urgent need for increased funds and
workers.
Just how large a portion of the proposed $15,000 they
finally raised we are unable to record, but in Ajpril, 1867,
the amount reported was some over $6,300. It is clearly
evident that a lafger adoption of the tithing plan in those
days and onward would have prevented some disasters,
and would have made possible much greater efificiency and
larger results. The Voice of the West ardently appealed for
general, systematic and proportionate giving, as being
essential to the success of the causeand in accordance with
both the law and the Gospel.
In the summer of 1868 a call signed by J. V. Himesand
William Sheldon, was several times issued in the Voice of
the West, and the World's Crisis, iot the assembling of a
GENERAL MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE

in the great West, the same to be held at De Kalb, 111.,
in connection with the general Western Campmeeting, the
first week in September. The conference was called for
the purpose of mutual consultation and to devise means for
the more vigorous and harmonious proclamation of the
speedy coming of the Messiah to reign on the earth, and
ministers were invited from Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Virginia,
Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, New York and Ontario, and
every church in these sections was urged to financially
assist their ministers to attend the conference. After the>
conference was called to order the number of ministers
enrolled from the different States represented was forty-
four:
There were twenty- three from Illinois; ten from Michi-
gan; four from Wisconsin; three from Iowa; two from Min-
nesota, and one each from Indiana and New York.
In due course a constitution was adopted which stated

the duty of this General Conference to be to consult together
concerning the best methods of advancing the cause of
Christ in the different conferences, and to send out an ad-
dress to the churches within their bounds, with such recom-
mendations as should be judged advisable thorough
after
deliberation; the ofificers were directed
of the conference
to ascertain the number of ministers in each State con-
ference, at each of their regular meetings, and the number
of churches added each year, to each conference, and these
facts were to be published in the Voice, that through the
general report all might learn of the growth of the
cause.
The "Address" was prepared by a committee con-
first
sisting of Wm.
Sheldon, D. S. Clark, and J. V. Himes,
and was an able statement of the necessary position of
the Adventist people, of their faith,, and work giving very
;^
sane and practical advice to conferences, churches, preach-

ers and regarding the publication work. The ofificers of
the conferences were advised to "hunt the isolated and idle
watchmen" and to seek to have them unite with the con-
ference and to engage in active service, also to "make
special efforts to encourage young preachers to enter the
field," and churches were urged to contribute more liberally
to aid their ministers., A spirit of "push," evangelism, and
constructive effort ran through the entire address. The
permanent ofificers elected at this session were: J. V. Himes,
president; Wm. McCulloch, vice-president; Wm. Sheldon,
secretary. After three or four annual meetings this form
of assembly, was discontinued, owing in part to the organ-
ization of the North American Conference which convened
at Rochester, N. Y., to the increase of State conference
sessionsand campmeetings, and the fact that the ministers
were widely scattered, making distance and expense of
travel so great, that frequent general conventions were felt
to be such a hardship and sacrifice as to be impracticable.

In July, 1869, a new and valuable periodical was issued
by the Western Association, entitled,
THE ADVENT CHRISTIAN QUARTERLY
a pamphlet or magazine of eighty pages, with cover, edited

by. Rev. Wm. L. Himes. The contents of the first number
will indicate the breadth and strength of the quarterly:
An Apology^, Eld. Joshua-V. Himes, Buchanan, Mich.

Truth and Love, Letter to a Clergyman, Rev. Samuel
M in ton, London England.
Christianity Versus Churchianity, Eld. A. A. Phelps,
Rochester, N. Y.
Paul's "Desire to Depart," Thos. Davidson, Quebec,
P. Q- .
The Kingdom of God, Eld. L. C. Collins, Monticello,

Minn.
An Approaching Change, The North British Review.
Life and Death, Jas. H. Whitmore, Ypsilanti, Mich.
The Signs (selected and abridged), Rev. Horatius Bonar,
Kelso, Scotland.
Editorial.
This is but a fair sample of its subsequent issues. In

the second and third volumes of this work. Rev. J. H.
Whitmore, author of The Doctrine of Immortality, a
very able writer, was associated with Wm. L. Himes,
and they served as joint editors. After two or three years,
owing to the starting of other new papers, and the lack of
a fully supporting subscription list, the Quarterly was
discontinued. There was much regret at this, and quite
'An able statement, in response to an earnest inquirer, regarding 6ld.

Himes' experience in changing his faith on the immortality question.
;
a call for its renewed publication, but

it was not resumed.
It is a pity that was not amply sustained and continued

it
to this day, as a forum for the discussion of current religious

literature and theology and as a leader of strong and united
thought on Conditionalism and eschatology.
As an illustration of the activity that characterized the
Western publishing- work in 1869, we note that a printing
tent was established on the De Kalb campground during
what was called the General Western Campmeeting, and
The Daily Advent Times was issued each morning. It was
a very neat little sheet of four pages, size nine by twelve
inches, five successive issues of which are at 'hand as we
write. There were short articles of general interest, brief
notes of the sermons of the previous day, camp items,
and a column or two of notices of publications. One of
the camp Jtems states that up to Thursday evening of the
meeting the following ministers had arrived on the ground,
and gives a list of twenty-nine names.
In 1870 the name of The -Voice of the West was changed
to
"the advent christian times"
and the size was changed from the large blanket sheet to a
,farmore convenient form of- eight pages, size fourteen by
twenty inches, and it was also more neat and attractive in
its appearance. In this new form its circulation was soon
considerably increased. About this time several books
were published, also many pamphlets and numberless
tracts which were scattered far and wide. Eight thousand
'
copies of The Doctrine of Immortality, by Rev. J. H. Whit-
more (three hundred pages) were issued and circulated
several thousands of Adventism, by Eld. Wm. Sheldon,
Hades and Sheol, and other works by Eld. L. C. Collins.
It was a season of great activity and progress.
288 ADVENT CHRISTIAN- HISTORY
In the winter of 1871-1872, the Times office issued the
Advent Christian Almanac and Year-Book, printing an edi-
tion of about a thousand copies. This contained besides
the usual calendar, a list of conferences and churches, with
their membership so far as reported, the post office addresses
of the preachers as far as could be obtained, choice, inter-
esting reading matter and carefully prepared Bible refer-
ences, or "Scripture studies," for each day in the year, of
great value as an aid to the truth seeker, and this pamphlet
was sent postpaid at fifteen cents per copy.A kind friend
in Illinois presented uswith a copy which is of great value
as a matter of record, and an example of the enterprise and
aggressiveness of the Western Publishing Association at
that time.
Though the general cause was growing and the Times
was prospering, in its location at Buchanan, Mich., yet
there were some who were anxious that it should be re-
moved to Chicago, thinking it could there command a
wider field, and this matter continued to be agitated until,
in the latter part of March, in 1872, the office and all its
equipment was moved to Norwood Park, a suburb of Chi-
cago, where they had a fine building, giving ample room for
their work and which was offered free, of rent for five years
from April 1st, 1872: A business office was opened in the
city at 11South Canal St., in the block where the daily
Tribune and Journal were published, between Randolph
and Washington Streets. This removal was lat^r for-
mally approved both by the Board and also by the Associ-
ation, in annual session. Thus in 1872 three great cities
were the seat of Adventual publications. The World's Crisis
iri Boston; The Advent Christian Times in Chicago, and a
monthly, The Bible Banner, in New York City, the latter
being published by H. A. King at 14 Murray St.
As pointing to the recognized
LEADERS IN THE WESTERN FIELD
at this time J. R. Preston writing in the Times regarding

"Western Interests" speaks at length in hearty apprecia-
tion of the labors of Elds. J. V. and Wm. L. Himes who
had given their all to serve the cause and its interests, he
also refers in terms of cordial appreciation to the earnest
labors of D. R. Mansfield, and his gifted wife, Wm. and
Harry McCulloch, Calkins, Spencer and Marston in Illi-
nois; Wm. Sheldon, Thompson, Hough, "and many others"
in ^Wisconsin Collins, Miller and their "co-adjutors" in
;
Minnesota; Chandler, Buck, Janes, and Deyo, in Iowa;

Dr. N. Field and Andrus in Indiana, who were aided by Dr.
D. Mathewson Snook, Wright, Bower, Babcock and Paton
;
in Michigan, and James H. Whitmore of New York, "whose

name is a household word throughout the West,"
This year (1872), Eld. Himes resigned the office which
he had held since the first issue of the paper and his son,
Wm. L. Himes, was elected as editor and business agent,
and Dr. D. Mathewson was elected as president of the
Association. At the annual meeting the secretary reported
that during the past eight years about $16,000 had been
received in donations, subscriptions to the Voice and Times,
and from sales of books and tracts. That the liabilities
of the Association were less than $5,000 and its assets were
not less than $15,000. He also stated that there was never
such a demand for Adventist publications as now, though
with this difficulty, that the desire was mostly for free dis-
tribution. At time a ringing, call was issued for 10,000
this
subscribers to the Times, and we are assured by a friend
who then worked in the office, that the "circulation was
up to something like 7,000 for a time" (it appears that th^
subscriptions reached the high-water mark in 1872), whil^
"numberless tracts and pamphlets were printed and cir-
culated as well as several books." In the spring of 1873,

Wm. L. Himes resigned as editor, and Eld. L. C. Collins
served for a time with Eld. Wm. Sheldon as associate editor,
but after a few months. Eld. Sheldon was chosen as editor,
and A. W. Tucker served as treasurer and business agent.
CHANGE OF ASSOCIATION
The original W.
A. C. P. Association was an organiza-
tion of share-holders, the sharesbeing $10.00 each, and
each and every share -entitled the holder thereof to one
vote. When the Association was organized there were
few conferences, and this form seemed the only practicable
one and it proved effective. But in 1872 there was con-
siderable agitation for a change of base and after several
efforts a new society was organized to be composed of
delegates from the various conferences, the change being
made in June, 1873, the same to take effect the latter part
of July, the old Association giving a full transfer of all its
holdings in a lease running for ninety-nine years, and the

new society assuming all the debts and Obligations of the
old. This change did not prove as effective as its friends

had hoped.
Dr. D. Mathewson was now in the Western work, pastor
at Union Mills, Indiana, had served for a short time as
president of the old Association and was elected to the
same office in the new society. Eld. Frank Burr was la-
boring at Chicago, and was chosen secretary. The Advent
Christian Times moved to 91 So. Green St., Chicago, under
the Green Street Tabernacle, in 1874. Eld. Burr was
appointed editor and the paper was thought to be "well ,
established." But in 1875 the W. A. C. P. Society was

reported as ."passing through severe trials financially."
It seems that these difficulties arose from several causes.
Those who succeeded Eld. Him^s as conductors of the

,
Times, though good men and true, lacked that effective,

enthusiastic leadership and gift to keep in touch, with the
whole field, which was essential in order to gather up and
hold a large general interest and to secure that measure of
support necessary to the success of the work. Also serious
circumstances" were brought about which involved on one
side the question of moral, spiritual standing and on the
other that of brotherhood and fair dealing; and the unfor-
tunate course taken resulted in largely disrupting and
paralyzing the Western work and later in the separation
of Eld. Himes and some of his friends from the cause.
ANOTHER PAPER
The course of another publishing enterprise, which was

somewhat related to the Western interests, should here be
narrated. A new paper called The Bible Banner was first
issued in New York City, January, 1871, as a monthly,
published by H. A. King, at 240 Broadway, but was spon
moved to 14 Murray Street, and was edited by Elds.
John Couch, Wni. Sheldon, and A. A. Phelps, KM. It
was issued for the double purpose of
"Faithfully expounding the Scriptures and heralding

the truths especially due this generation, a,nd to reach
thousands in churches, colleges, seminaries, public reading
rooms, and business places which other periodicals had
failed to reach." It was thought that on account of its
name and non-sectarian character it would have access
to circles where a, more .denominational paper would be
at once refused. It had strong articles on our leading
doctrines written by the editors, also able contributions
by Elds. L. C: Collins, H. L. Hastings, A. P. 'Moore, J.
H. Whitmore, Wm. L. Himes, H. G. McCuUoch, T. M.
Preble, Dr. C. L. Ives, J. B. CoOk, H, F. Carpenter, A. N.
Seymour, O. R. Fassett, J. W. Thomas, C. C. Marstpn,
Miles Grant, Frank Burr, I. C. Wellcome and A. N. Hitch-
cock.
A unique, interesting and helpful department of this

paper was "The Bible Class," which was open to all reason-
able questions and to brief answers to the same. In July,
1874, Eld. A. A. Phelps, A.M., became proprietor and edi-
tor, and nearly all the names of those above referred to
were enrolled as "special contributors." In the fall of
1874 the Banner was removed from New York City to
Vineland, N. J., the home of Editor Phelps. With the
autumn of 1876 Elds. D. T. Taylor and Wm. Sheldon
were chosen as joint editors, and Eld. Phelps as the office
or conducting editor. At this season The Biblical Messenger,
a paper published and edited by Eld. A. A. Hoyt, was
merged with the Bible Banner. So many urged, its more
frequent publication that in November, 1877, announce-
ment was made that it would henceforth be issued weekly.
In order to effect this change it was proposed to organize
a Bible Banner Brotherhood in the form of an association
of share-holders who should be responsible for the support
of the paper. To this end
A GENERAL CHRISTIAN ASSEMBLY
was meet in Hartford, Conn., Nov. 20, and all

called to
who were interested in taking earnest and immediate
measures "to promote Bible Christianity upon a liberal and
unsectarian basis, were cordially invited to attend. As a
result of the meeting thus called the B. B. Brotherhood
was organized. Rev. Geo. R. Kramer was elected presi-
dent, A. A. Phelps, secretary. The office was removed to
Philadelphia, Pa., A. A. Phelps was elected editor, and A. A.
Hoyt, business agent. The first weekly issue appeared
under date of Jan. 3, 1878. Being on the same line as
Eld. Hasting's paper regarding the name question, it

made a specialadvocacy of the name Christian, and earn-
estly sought to promote Advent Christian teaching in a
broad and undenominational spirit. It now had as "special
contributors," Chas. L. Ives, A.M., Elds. D. T. Taylor,
Geo. R. Kramer, William Sheldon, Alvirus N. Hitchcock,
and a little later, John A. Cargile and J. H. Pettingell.
The paper was open to the quite free discussion of impor-
tant questions and live issues, was neatly printed and an
able journal indeed.
COLLAPSE OF THE ADVENT CHRISTIAN TIMES
Owing to various difficulties and in part to the increasing

patronage of other papers, the Times declined until it —
was found needful in April, 1878, to discontinue its pub-
lication. Application was therefore made to the A. C.
Publication Society, Boston, for aid in meeting their debt
and disposing of the mailing list. An agent was sent to
the Times office, who assured its that help would
officers
be forthcoming, but later the offer was withdrawn and as-
sistance refused. Failing of succor in this direction, the
officers in charge of the Times turned to. the Bible Banner
Brotherhood, and by the latter the required help was
list and "good-will,"
assured, therefore its interests, mailing
were transferred to the Bible Banner and its association.
At the previous meeting of the Western A. C. Publishing
Society, a committee consisting of Elds. F. Burr, E. Mc-
CuUoch and B. W. Holmes, business agent, was appointed
to "adjust its business interests," and as a result of their
action the transfer as above stated took place, the interests
of the W. A. C. P. Society, being consolidated with the
Bible Banner Brotherhood, and it was proposed by this
committee that, if feasible the Banner should take the place
of the A. C. Times, be published in Chicago and the sup-
porters of the Times were asked to transfer their patronage
accordingly.
THE BANNER CALLED WEST
It appears that the Times closed with a! considerable debt

on hand and this stood in the way of removing the Banner
at once to Chicago, as the latter was also in a financial
struggle and not at once able to remove the debt. A strong
appeal was issued by Eld. C. W. Smith, president, and E.
McCuUoch, vice-president, of the Western Publication
Society for united effort to cancel the debt and to secure the
removal and support of the Banner, entreating that the
past be forgotten and that all friends of the cause come to
its help for a united forward move. Also Editor Phelps
issued a cordial welcome to the Western friends and a
strong, kindly appeal urging them to unite in a great eflfort
for the spread of truth and salvation. Likewise B. W.
Holmes, business agent of the Western Publication Society,
appealed for a generous response in support of the Banner
and an early decision by the people of the West as to
its removal at once to, Chicago. This question was quite
generally considered; but the friends of the paper in the
Eastern, Southern, and Middle States preferred to have the
office remain at Philadelphia, -while those in the West
were divided, some being anxious that it should be moved
to Chicago, others were so much discouraged that they were
fearful and failed to encourage the effort, but a great many
in all directions commended the Banner, which was being
very ably conducted.
On account of the separation before mentioned Eld.
Himes associated himself with the Episcopalians in 1878
becoming a candidate for orders and was assigned work
by the Bishop under the direction of the rector of St.
Mark's, Omaha. It is reported that he preached with abil-
ityand power very late in life. In 1894 at the age of ninety

years he was rector of St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Elk
Point, So. Dakota, and was still interested to defend the
Adventist cause from misrepresentation as may be seen
by the quotation near the close of chapter seven.
Following the transfer, already stated, a number of
Western brethren began writing freely for the Bible Banner
and Western notices were seint to it for publication. . During
the summer Bro. A. A. Phelps, its able editor, traveled
extensively in the West, visiting churches, conferences and
campmeetihgs, preaching freely and working for his paper.
Also the business agent. Eld. A. A. Hoyt, journeyed in
the East in the same work. The annual session of the
Bible Banner Brotherhood was held in Philadelphia,
October, 1878.
THE WESTWARD CALL CONSIDERED

The name of the Brotherhood was changed at the above
meeting to the Bible Banner Association. In view of the
promised good will of the Western brethren the purchase
of the A. C. Times "mail-list" at $500 was approved and
earnest efforts were proposed to increase the support and
efficiency of the Banner. After considering the question
of location at length, and thanking the brethren of the
West for the sympathy, contributions, shares, and sub-
scriptions which they had given it was decided to be unwise
to attempt to move at the present time, yet should
Providence so indicate they would consider the question
at a future season. ,
But Eld. Phelps had been so cordially received in the
West at large and there continued to be so much of a call
by friends for the location of the Banner in the West that
a special meeting of the Association was called early in
1879, and this question was again considered "in view of
new facts and developments." As a result a new, condi-
tional proposition of removal was outlined, adopted and
presented to the people through the paper and the same
was favorably received by many of the leading Western
brethren, especially by the officials of the Western A. C.
Publishing Society. They named the offer as a "Golden
opportunity" for the West and earnestly urged its accept-
ance. "But while there was a hearty response to a part of
the proposition, certain features failed to work out as de-
sired and the removal was not effected.
In 1879 Eld. J. D. Brown was chosen as business agent,
and also as office -editor. He was well known to the early
leaders, as he was for some time secretary of the Christian
Publication Society, and was one of the vice-presidents of
the American Advent Mission Society at its organization,
a most able and worthy brother, tried and true, though of
liberal and aggressive views.
In those days Prof. C. L. Ives, J. H. Pettingell, and G. R.
Kramer were frequent contributors to the Bible Banner,
and A. M. B. Graham of Little Rock, Arkansas, who was
one of the directors in 1879 and following, was also an
earnest self-sacrificing lifter. Eld. V. P. Simmons, a most
devoted brother, a rare and excellent writer, was a constant
contributor to its columns.
A LARGER WORK IN VIEW

At this time the Bible Banner desired to enter extensively
into general mission work by sending out papers and tracts
by Christian workers in various parts, and via shipboard,
to and through sailors and in foreign lands, and Eld. Brown,
the agent and office editor, thought that Philadelphia was
a more practical place for this work than a more inland
Western city, and was quite content to have the office
remain for the present at least. Early in 1880 he came into
correspondence with Captain Spence 0^ India and began

sending literature to him to be distributed in that country,
and a letter of very grateful appreciation was received in
the early summer of 1880 from Captain Spence, with warm
words of commendation of the paper, and he wrote a strong
appeal addressed to American believers in the soon coming
of Christ, for its better support and for more general liber-
ahty in the cause of truth and its dissemination. This
was the first opening of the work in India, which was later
taken up by our several mission societies.
The Bible Banner increased its patronage, so that the
Association through the help of interested donors and the
self-denying labors of its editors, though starting without
capital and in debt, was able to report in 1881, that the
original obligations to the brethren who purchased it of
Eld. H. A. King, had been paid in the sum of $2,000, that
the A C. Times had been purchased and paid for at an
.
expense of $530 cash, and by papers amounting to about

$1000 more, and that the printing outfit and subscription
list stood practically free of debt. This had been done in
very hard times, they had also published a number of tracts
and important books, and the way was opening for a far
more effectiveand extended work.
The next year the Banner office brought out the volume
entitled The Life Everlasting: What Is It? Whence Is It?
Whose Is It? by Rev. J. H. Pettingell, A.M., which was
the ablest work on Conditional Immortality published in
this country since the issue of Prof. Hudson's book. Debt
and Grace, in 1857 (which was published by an independent
house under the author's copyright). This work of Mr.
Pettingell had a supplementary Symposium, in which
twenty representative men of various evangelical churches,
in Europe and America, united to set forth their own
views on and' in support of the question discussed by the
29& ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
author, the whole' making a volume of eight hundred
—
pages the able and beloved author's most weighty book.
This same year, 1882, ai pamphlet, entitled "The Bible
Banner," was published by Captain Spence in India, and
by aid of the above Association this was continued as a
monthly issue for several years, awakening among both
missionaries and natives, a wide-spread interest on the
immortality teaching, to which it was chiefly devoted.
The Banner staff here was also in active communication
with European writers on Conditional Immortality and
receiving contributions from them. During the year Rev.
J. H. Pettingell traveled in Europe, visiting Rev. Edward
White, Dr. Petavel and others, and furnished the paper
with interesting letters of his tour. It likewise was having
a considerable correspondence with clergymen of different
denominations who were becoming interested in this faith
as it was set forth on broad and purely Scriptural grounds;
this was a very interesting and hopeful feature of its work.
A PROPOSED CONVENTION
Following the great Preraillennial Conference held in
New York City in 1878, in which numbers of various de-
nominations participated, but in which this people were
not recognized as having any part or lot, the desire for a
General Conference, among the latter, on the momentous
theme of the Second Coming, began to stir in the hearts of
some who were awake to the possibilities of the time.
Hence at Alton Bay Camp, in 1879, when a large number of
ministers were assembled to discuss various questions of
.
general interest. Eld. A. A. Phelps expressed his convictions

regarding an effort for a "grand rally on a single issue and
a simple platform." 'The suggestion met with such a
favorable response, that at another session it was voted
to "Take the preliminary steps for calling a General Con-
ference, to consist of all ministers who make the immediate,
personal coming of Christ a matter of special importance,
without regard to their peculiar views on other subjects.
That a committee of three be appointed to make the neces-
sary arrangements for said conference, including the time,
and program." Elds. John Couch, A. A. Phelps,
place, call
and H. L. Hastings were appointed such committee, and
were duly authorized to proceed with the efifort.
It was thought that such a convention would unify the
several branches commonly known as Adveritists, would
agitate and advertise the subject, would instruct many in
various churches who were in ignorance on the great subject
by reports that would reach press and pulpit; that it would
promote a mighty arousement and give a flood of spiritual
light and more widely extend the warning of coming judg-
ment.
A goodly number were very much interested to see this
plan carried out, but too many had little interest in a move-
ment of such general character and for some reason the
plan failed to come to pass. The S. A. C. Association in
1882 voted to call a similar convention for 1883, but,
owing to indifference or opposition, this resolution was not
carried out. Later the need of aggressive action was real-
ized and this tliought of a general conference or convention
was taken up and worked out, though in a different way and
on much less representative lines.
NEW ACTIVITIES EAST AND WEST

In the late fall of 1880 a call began to be sounded for a
new and more earnest denominational movemejit in the
West. Eld. O. R. Fassett, then at Rockford, Minnesota,
wrote of the opportunities and need in the West and the
great Northwest, speaking of the influx from the Old World
as well as from the East and he urgently called for a rally
of the brethren everywhere, both of the ministryand laity,
to a great and united work. He especially referred to
Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Dakota, and named Mrs.
Ruth M. Rowell, F. A. Baker, Chas. B. Fellows and Wm.
J. Bursell as doing a good work, but all were in need of
help. He called for his former Eastern comrades in laborf^
Elds. J. Couch, A. Ross and also E. A. Stockman to come
to the West; he also appealed to the A. A. M. Society for
help. This call was seconded by H. A. King, and E. A.
Marsh. The latter' reported that he had traveled and
preached, during ten years, in many counties in Iowa,
several in Missouri and a few in Minnesota, laboring in
over one hundred places and journeying over ten thousand
miles, his expenses nearly equaling his receipts. He
deeply felt the need of a better system and larger liberality
in thesupport of the ministry; the need of more real spir-
itual personal faith and prayer in local church work,
life,
and a more definite order or code of rules for the govern-

ment of the churches.
About the time of these appeals, Elds. D. R. Mansfield
and Wm.Sheldon sent out a notice stating that the re-
sponses received to their inquiries showed a "widespread
and eager desire" for a Western Conference "to unify and
systematize our work in the great West." And they
suggested that one be held near Foreston, 111., in the spring
of 1881, or at such time and place as would give general
satisfaction. It was suggested by some that an Auxiliary
Mission Society be formed and some steps were taken to
this end by the Western brethren; while the A. A. M.
Board asked Eld. Fassett to act as their agent in that
field, thinking that he was the "right man in the right
place," and authorized him to employ such laborers as he

should deem best. P. S. W. Deyo also joined in the appeal
and called on the brethren to rally once more he had spent
;
a dozen years in missionary and evangelistic work and knew

well the needs of the field, the urgent need of an awakening
and a better support, of the cause.
TWO CONVENTIONS
At the annual meeting of the S. A. C. Association in
August, 1880, at Chelsea, Mass., Eld. W. J. Hobbs moved
that the Board of Directors be instructed to call a National
Convention of S. A. Christians for the purpose of con-
sidering a proper system of organizing churches and a
declaration of principles and this was voted. In Septem-
ber the Board of Managers met at Boston and when the
above vote had been considered, it was decided to hold two
conventions, one in the East and later one also in the
West, thinking thus to gain more fully the interest of the
churches at large, and to unite the East and West. As
a result of this action a convention was called to meet at
Worcester, Mass., April, 1881. The membership was to
consist of the delegates of the "late Association annual
meeting, of Advent ministers in good standing co-operating,
and one lay delegate from each church who is in harmony
with the Association, with any others whom the conven-
tion may think proper to admit." It was stated that the
conference "will be an open meeting and all interested in
its objects are cordially invited to attend." The conven-
tion assembled as per call and had a recognized ministerial
and delegate membership of eighty-one. adopted the
It
first we know,
general "Declaration of Principles," so far as
approved by the Advent Christian people; it also recom-
mended a method of church organization and submitted
an advisory church covenant. This declaration was given
in sixteen sections, covering nearly the same points, but
not so concisely, as the Declaration adopted in 1900, though
it omitted any reference to the Sabbath question and in the
article concerning our Lord Jesus Christ, used the words,
"The only begotten Son of God, having glory with the
Father before the world was." It passed strong resolutions
favoring the pastoral relation; urged that in connection
with this, the circuit system be adopted as an aid to weak
churches which might unite in such support; urged the or-
ganization and maintenance of Sunday-schools; appointed
committees for the furtherance of this work and the se-
lection and use would aid the schools
of such literature as
in interesting the children and teaching them the faith of
the body, and also appointed six delegates to represent the'
East in the proposed Western convention and who were to
express the sympathy and co-operation of their Eastern
brethren.
THE WESTERN CONVENTION

Shortly after this the call for the Western Convention
was issued by and Wm. Sheldon,
Elds. D. R. Mansfield
the same to convene at Foreston, with the church of
111.,
which Eld. J. August Smith was pastor; to begin Tuesday,'

June 7th and continue over Sunday. Meetings were to
be held on Sabbath, the fifth, by Elds. Fassett, Sheldon,
Calkins, Mansfield and H. A. King. It was intended that
this should be a great meeting of all hands, both old and
young, "an eigjit-days of holy convocation unto the Lord,"
and invitations were sent out in all directions.
The convention duly assembled according to call and
its membership comprised seventy-six ministers arid four-'
teen delegates, including the largest number of Western

A. C. ministers hitherto ever gathered, and there were'
twelve representatives from the Eastern States. Its
officers were Elds. D. Mathewson, of Chicago, president;
:
William McCulloch, vice-president; Henry Pollard, secre-

tary and Philo Hitchcock assistant secretary.
Elds. John Couch, editor of the World's Crisis, H. L.

Hastings, editor of The Christian, and J. D. Brown one of
the editors of the Bible Banner, were present.
This convention adopted a statement explaining and

urging extended church and conference organization, and
voted to recommend the same to scattered brethren for
their instruction and adoption. It adopted a resolution
calling for "Scriptural union and organization of our
scattered forces, that we may henceforth work in concert,
harmony and co-operation." The convention also adopted
a. statement calling for more earjjiest prayer for missions
and the sending forth of laborers; for larger liberality in
the support of the work and more regular and general
solicitation of funds, calling upon churches, conferences,
campmeetings and individuals to plan for the raising of
larger mission offerings, the holding of mission meetings,
and urging that "we need to raise from twenty to fifty
thousand dollars annually to aid the work" among "the
thousands and tens of thousands of all nations sent to our
very doors, . aiid in sending the Gospel light and truth
. .
to the very ends of the earth." The assembly also adopted

the same "Declaration of Principles" which had been set
forth by the Eastern Convention at Worcester, Mass.
UNITING EAST AND WEST
A large and important committee was that comprised

by Dr. N. Field, O. R. Fassett, H. Pollard, C. B. Fellows,
A. E. Babcock, Wm. Sheldon, D, O. Hink, D. S. Clark,
Wm. McCulloch, D. R. Mansfield, R. H. Bateman, A. S.
Calkins, Geo. W. Wright, Philo Hitchcock,, and P. F. Wil-
loughby, which was appointed to draft a "basis or plan of
a more perfect union between the East and West," and
this committee was to confer with the Eastern delegation.
Its' report was adopted under the head of "Principles of
Consolidation," between East and West, and its Eipecific

points were as follows:
1. We unitedly comprise, sustain and labor in
will
harmony with one A. C. Association; one A. C;
Publication Society; and one American Advent Mission
Society.
2. The annual meetings of the above Association shall
be held alternately East and West. When held in the
East, six delegates, chosen by the West shall ... be em-
powered to cast the full number of votes to which the West
isentitled. When the Association was held in the West
the rule was to be reversed.
3. The Mission Society shall have an Executive Board,
consisting of a president and ten members, five from the
East and five from the West.
4. The Western department of the Executive Board
shall have a treasurer, who shall receive and disburse the
funds used i;i the West as per vote of the Executive
Board.
Further items required that all Mission Society funds

be used for mission purposes and for no others; that all agents
and workers should be in harmony and co-operation with
the Association, the Publication, and Mission Societies and
in good standing in some conference belonging to or co-
operating with said bodies; that five brethren be chosen
at once to have charge of the Western work and funds
until the next annual meeting of the Association. Wm.
McCulloch, O. R. Fassett, H. Pollard, D. O. Hink, and J.
Bower were chosen to act on thiswise. A committee was
appointed to prepare an address for distribution both East
and West which should explain the union formed and its
relation to thework of missions, and also to urge the im-
portance of systematic giving. The address of the above
committee was prepared by R. H. Bateman, and was a
ringing call for a forward denominational movement in
church organization, publications and mission labor and
an urgent appeal for liberal giving to the cause.
THE AGREEMENT RATIFIED

At the regular annual meeting of the Association at
Chelsea, Mass., 1881, a good delegation of Western brethren
was present, and the constitution was revised and put into
agreement with the "Principles of Consolidation" that
were adopted at the Western convention, as before stated,
and two districts. Eastern and Western, were formally
recognized and the division line was named as the Western
boundary of the States of New York and Pennsylvania;
the Western district to include all those States and Terri-
tories west of said boundary, and the Eastern district to
include all States and the Dominion of Canada east of said
line and the annual meeting was to alternate between the
;
two sections. The officers elected this year were: E. A.

Stockman, president; Frank Burr^ secretary; Wm. Sheldon,
vice-president; Ozias Goodrich, treasurer, and business
agent. Three editors were chosen for the World's Crisis:
editor-in-chief, Eld. John Couch; office editor, Eld. E. A.
Stockman; Western corresponding editor,, Wm. Sheldon,
and an Eastern delegation was appointed, with alternates,
to attend the Association annual meeting in the West the
next year. The A. A. Mission Society also in its annuail
meeting changed its constitution so as to. have both an
Eastern and Viêstern Board, each of which should have
power to transact the executive business of the Society
in its respective section or district.
MEMBERS AND FELLOWSHIP

In 1875 the word, Second, was prefixed to the name of
the Association and the basis of membership was changed
from delegates from the churches and all co-operating min-
isters to delegates chosen from co-operating Advent Chris-
tian Conferences and it was later felt that this narrowed
the Association, leaving out a number of ministers and
some of the churches, and resulted in lessening the general
interest in the Association and the attendance upon its
meetings. The question of returning to the original basis

of representation was agitated in 1880, and advocated in
the World's Crisis by some of the leading brethren. This
agitation was kindred to the views advocated by the breth-
ren of the Bible Banner Association and others who were,
pleading for a broader fellowship and vision. But when the
subject was called up at the annual meeting of the S. A. C.
Association that year, action thereon was postponed by
the appointment of a committee of five, who were directed
to present the question of changes in the constitution to
the next annual meeting.
The Western Convention gave some evidence that these
latter principles of liberality were gaining ground, as those
who accepted only the name Christian were received and
recorded as members of the convention and the qualifica-
tion of future membership was not limited to those who bore
the Adventist name, but was extended to those who were
in harmony or co-operation with the Societies and who
belonged to "some conference or some well-organized
church," each church being avowedly free to adopt such
name as it pleased, only so it co-operated in the work
represented by the convention. But when the annual
meeting of the Association assembled a;nd the constitution
was revised, to harmonize with the two district plan adopted
in the Western Convention as before noted, the above com-
mittee was due to report and the queston of more liberal-
representation to be considered. However, the Advent
Christian Conference delegate basis of membership was
retained, though it was granted that Adverit Christian
Churches located in sections where there was no confer-
ence might have membership by the appointment of one
delegate. Thus the return to the original -basis, and the

broadening of the Association which was desired by some
was not granted.
Further, the action taken in the convention, and in the
Association, to have only one publishing society, was by
some considered not only unfortunate, but unfair. Both
Eld. C. W. Smith, president of the late W. A. C
P. Asso-
ciation, and A. Armour, its secretary, earnestly protested
against this as unfair to the just claims of the Bible Banner
Association, in view of the transfer to and the burdens
assumed by the same, later writing at length their sense
of duty in the case, the former appealing to the Associa-
tion to reconsider this feature and they were not alone in
feeling the unwisdom of this action.
LARGER POSSIBILITIES
As we look back on that season historically we are con-

vinced that it was indeed a time of remarkable opportunity,
the full measure of which was not recognized. Eld. Hast-
ings, editor of the Christian and proprietot of the Scrijptural
Tract Repository, was present at the convention artd,
though having conducted for some years an independent,
undenominational work, was one of the founders of the
Association, and had contributed largely to the public
interest and wide advocacy of the faith, through diligent toil,
great sacrifice and the issuance of a large amount of pub-
lications. Also the Bible Banner Association represented
a strong following of able men, as elsewhere noted, arid one
of the editors of its paper was present. Eld, J. D. Brown,
himself one of the early officers of the Christian Publica-
tion Society, arid said Association was an effective publish-
ing agency, with missionary undertakings; it was issuing
a strong and able paper and briiiging out effective literature
in the interest of vital truths.
There was also in the East, the Scriptural Publication
Society, chiefly promoted and conducted by Eld. I. C.
Wellcome, which had produced important books, such as
the Plan of Redemption, and History of -the Advent Message,
and many publications. If each of these branches of the
work could have been duly considered and heartily recog-
nized on a basis of simple Christian equality and federated
in a broad co-operative union — if such an effort had been
earnestly made, the convention would have at least at-

tempted, and may be, with sufficient love, faith and prayer,
have accomplished a far greater task, an effort worthy of,
and tending to vitally promote, a really great movement.
Some felt a burden and longing for this, but others were
unable to get the vision and were zealous of smaller plans.
The failure to cherish and attempt this larger union, the
more strict adherance to the Adventist name and denomi-
national lines, with the exclusive and formal recognition
of but one Publication Society, caused considerable dis-
satisfaction and unrest to those who cherished only the
name Christian, were anxious for a stronger publishing work,
and concerned for a broader fellowship. Some of these
struggled on as best they could, some remained inde-
pendent of any denominational connection, a few soon
sought affiliation with larger Christian -bodies.
ENCOURAGING ESTIMATES OF THE CONVENTION
A. M. B. Graham of Arkansas, reporting the Foreston

meeting in the Bible Banner, said: "Considering the
diversities of character,opinion, and education, the con-
vention was characterized by a very good degree of har-
mony, thought and feeling." He judged that the plan of
union in labor and mission work gave promise of more
vigorous action through the Association than had been
witnessed in time past, and that a substantial gain had
:
been made church order. Some months

in the direction of
annual meeting of the S. A. C. Association
later after the
in the East, Eld. Mansfield wrote of the deep convictions
which moved him to advocate and promote the calling of
the Western Convention, of the spirit' of the assembly,
which in its attendance and harmony of action exceeded
what he dared to hope for. That he might gain the opinion
of others he corresponded with a number of the brethren
in the West and their sentiment is well represented in the
words of the secretary of the convention, now for many
years well and widely known. Eld. H. Pollard, who wrote
in a careful and conservative spirit
"Doubtless the Foreston Convention was far. from being

perfect, yet was certainly, in my opinion, a move toward
it
better harmony, more thorough unity, and a more con-
certed and systematic plan of Christian work among Ad-
ventists, both East and West. I am not aware that . . .
any injustice was done to any individual or association by

any official utterance or act of the convention. Nor do I
regard well founded any complaints or criticisms which
would convey a different impression abroad."
By many the meeting was considered one of the most

important ever held by the Adventists of the West, and
auspicious of wholesome progress. If the larger possibilities
were not secured, the centralized denominational move-
ment was strengthened and forward looking plans and ef-
forts, on this line were soon under way.
SECOND WESTERN CONVENTION
In the call for the Second Western Convention which

was to be held in connection with the General Western
Campmeetirig at Amboy, 111., in September, 1882, the offi-
cers of the Foreston Convention proposed that all the

ministers of the Gospel throughout the West believing
in the speedy and personal second appearing of Christ, and'
being members in good standing of some Christian church
or conference, or bearing a good Christian character in
the community in which they reside, should be considered
delegates to the convention a similar provision
; was advised'
regarding lay delegates, and evidently these recommenda-
tions were accepted; but even with this plan the second
convention recorded the presence of only sixty-two members
besides the Eastern delegation. The need of closer union
and more thorough organization of churches and conferences
was reaffirmed but not much business of importance was
transacted, this latter coming under the head of the Asso-
ciationwhich met following the convention and was com-
posed of delegates on the basis of membership as adopted
in 1881, and recognized forty- two voting members and
fourteen visiting friends. Its most important action ap- •
pears to have been its recommendation to the A. A. M.

Society which resulted in the opening of the foreign mission
board.
At the annual meeting of the S. A. C. Association in 1883,
it was deemed best to secure a new treasurer and business
agent of the Publication Society, and Eld. W. J. Hobbs
was elected to this office. But after extended consideration
of the, question he declined to accept, and the Board of
Managers later appointed Dr. James Hemenway to that
position. ,The latter was quite reluctant to accept the
task, but finally did so, was the choice of the Association
for several years, and he served earnestly and efficiently.
Eld. Hemenway was a very able preacher, having in this
capacity rendered excellent service to the cause and was
very highly esteemed by many friends.
Eld. C. E. Barnes, who had served the body for a nurnber
of years most efficiently as a stenographical secretary,
as an editor and an able preacher, having come to believe
that he could hold and freely preach the Advent and re-
lated truths in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and hav-
ing changed his views regarding authoritative ordination,
the mode of baptism and its proper candidates, now left
the Advent Christian ranks and united with said church,
which was a serious loss. On the other hand Rev. J, H.
Pettingell, A. M., a Congregationalist, soon came into close
with the body, writing, for the papers, attending
affiliation
conventions and campmedtings and finding joy and comfort
in the cordial fellowship of those of "like precious faith."
A WESTERN BRANCH OFFICE CALLED FOR

At the annual meeting of the Association in 1884 at Am-
boy, 111., some discussion a comijiittee was appointed
after
to consider the question of a Western branch office, of' the
World's Crisis. That committee was composed of J.
Couch, M. Grant, F. Burr, H. Pollard, W. J. Hobbs, Wm.
C. Stewart and Wm. Sheldon, and said committee after
consultation recommended the Association to instruct the
A. C. Publication Society to form and establish a Western
office to be under the control of the A. C. P. Society, and
under the management of the Western editor of the World's
Crisis; also that we specially call upon our Western con-
ferences to contribute funds to carry out the proposition.
The report of the committee was adopted.
This year the A. C. Publication Society sought to induce
the Bible Banner Association to consolidate its interest
with those of said Society in one publishing concern, and
a committee from the former society was appointed to meet
a similar committee from said Association. This joint
meeting took place in Worcester in November, 1884.
But the members of the latter Association, who were pres-
ent, did not favor the proposition as presented. They
stated their conviction of the importance of an independent.
unsectarian paper, of its- service as an organ of free speech,
and of the need of its broad viewpoint, suggestive criticism

and wider fellowship. Because of these views, by mutual
consent, the effort for consolidation was discontinued.
It was also recommended at the above meeting of the
Association that the Western division thereof have a Board of
Church and Pastoral Supply, to consist of three widely
known and prudent Western ministers, with advisory
powers only, but who should seek to arrange weak churches
into circuits, try to assign pastors for them by mutual
consent, to correspond with unemployed preachers, and
unsupplied churches, visiting the latter if need be, all for
the purpose of promoting worthy church organization and
efficient pastoral supply; reports of labor and results to
be made to the Association at each annual meeting, and a
plan of finance was proposed to provide for this work.
The question of a Western branch office was put before
the readers of the World's Crisis by a committee appointed
by the A. C. Publication Society to test it out on the finan-
cial side and they called for pledges from those interested
to have such an office. It was thought by some that $1500
would be needed to warrant the success of the project.
At the next annual meeting (1885) the chairman of the
above committee reported that no response had been re-
ceived to the call for pledges for the proposed Western
branch office, and they were not able to report any progress
as yet in the effort. But some of the Western brethren
were not at all satisfied with this state of things. An
Open Letter appeared in the World's Crisis (Jan. 27, 1886)
from Wm. C. Stewart, who had been appointed chairman
of a committee which was raised at Manchester, Iowa,
campmeeting, by twenty-six Western ministers, the com-
mittee consisting of one from each of the Western States,
and they appealed to the Association to establish at the
;
earliest feasible moment a publishing office and a periodical

in the West, and the committee was directed to solicit
cash and pledges for $1500 as a guarantee for the under-
taking.
In this Open Letter the need of a Western Advent paper

was urged (1) on the ground of wide extent of territory and
large population (2) the difficulty of having a paper,
;
though a good one, published fifteen hundred miles from the

heart of this great field (3) other denominations saw this
;
need and were on the field with their publishing plants

(4) there were brains enough and money sufficient if the
interest could be awakened. Different views were recog-
nized, some thinking it best to start a new paper; some
thought a branch office of the Crisis would do just as well;
others were ip favor of moving the Bible Banner West;
but all represented by this appeal were agreed that some-
thing further should at once be done to build up the cause.
The next month it was stated by the agent, Eld. J.

Hemenway, that several communications had been received
at the Crisis office from responsible and influential sources
in the West, "urging that some measures should be taken
to furnish the friends and the subscribers in the West with
enlarged publishing facilities." He gave cissurance that
the Publication Society was willing and ready to do all in
its power that was reasonable and feasible to meet the wants
of the great West. And said, ". If the Western brethren

. .
are willing to take their share of responsibility the result

willnot be doubtful nor long delayed." However some
of theWestern brethren doubted the force of the above
argument for a new Western paper, thinking that with the
rapid mail facilities of the country the Eastern paper cov-
ered the field quite well, and that was better to have one
it
paper well sustained than two in a weak condition. Others

called for moderation and careful action in the case that the
whole field and work might be duly considered; and that
nothing partial or unwise be done. One able brother who
had knowliedge of conditions said there were many well-
to-do Western brethren, who ought to give liberally of their
large means to fully establish their own work or they must
needs have barrenness of soul and spiritual failure, and he
urged the forward move. Another suggestion was the
enlargement of the Crisis even to double its pages or to
put its advertisements of books, etc., into a separate
monthly or quarterly issue. Some of the quite far Western
friends sent protests against going to the expense of a new
paper and publication Society West. Thus the matter
•
was discussed pro and con by those both of the East and
>A/est.
Some time, in the course of these events the 5*&Ze Banner,

assured of liberal assistance j moved to the West and was
established in 1886 at 91 South Green St., Chicago, in the
old office of the A. C. Times.
SEEKING A COMBINATION OF INTERESTS
At the meeting of the Association at Aurora, 111., in 1886,

the following resolution was presented by the General
Business Committee:
The Second Advent Christian Association of America

in annual session at Aurora, 111., Sept. 2, 1886, to believers
in the near and personal Advent of Jesus Christ, Greeting:
Resolved, That as we believe the message we are called
of God to present to the world is of thrilling interest, and
should be presented as widely and emphatically as possible,
and realizing that by united action we can more success-
fully do this God-appointed work than by fragmentary and
disjointed effort; and to carry out to the fullest extent the
pledges niade at Worcester, Mass., and Foreston, 111.,
relative to our publishing interests, and to prove to the
common brotherhood that we have no selfish purposes at
heart) and fully understanding that the great valley of the
THE GENERAL ^SOCIETIES 315,
Mississippi with its more than twenty millions of people

needs a iocfil publishing house: We hereby invite the
Bible Banner to conie into the S. A. C. Association and
occupy the Western field and thereby prove to our people
that with the World's Crisis in the East, the Bible Banner
in the Mississippi Valley, and the Advocate on the Pacific
Coast, we have all cause of friction in the work removed,
thus giving us the power to appeal to our people success-:
fully to come forward and, with greater potency and power
than ever, do our appointed work.
W. J. HOBBs, Cha/irman of Committee.
This being adopted a committee of nine was appointed

to confer with the Bible Banner Association to see on what
terms they would enter this "qpen door" and unite with
the S. A. C. Association. When it came to the meeting of
the Bible Banner Association which was held in Chicago
in October the chairman and secretary of said committee,
D. R. Mansfield and W. J. Hobbs met the Association.
After continued and serious consideration of the issues
involved, the situation was found to be so complicated,
that mutual confidence and complete good understanding
was not secured and the Bible Banner Association, the at-
tendarice not being large, did not feel assured and justified
in accepting the proposition as presented, and the offer was
not accepted. The Bible Banner Association if it would
come into the the S. A. C. Association was required to change
from a shareholding company, to a delegate basis of mem-
bership, and to come fully under denominational limitation
and control; and several of its members were strongly of
the same conviction as in the Worcester Conference, of
1884.
Fdllowing the report of said members of the committee
as published, the Board of Managers of the S. A. C. Asso-
ciation issued a statement, January, 1887, saying (after
speaking of the appointment of the committee and the fail-
ure of tfaeir negotiations): "We do hereby recommend
the calling of a convention of Western brethren for the

purpose of considering the subject of forming an organiza-
tion, as may be deemed best by such convention, by
which a Western publishing interest may be established
and conducted, said publishing interest to act in connection
with the S. A. C. Association, and the Board suggested
the names of a number of brethren in that section who
might act as a committee to call the convention at such time
or place as they might deem best. But the Western situa-
tion was somewhat complicated and we do not learn that
a call was issued or that further definite steps were taken
on this line for a season.
The Bible Banner continued as an independent but
strongly Adventual sheet for some years, when, the financial
aid proposed having been directed into other channels, and
its patronage failing to increase in such measure as to
warrant success, it was discontinued to the deep regret of

its loyal supporters.
CHANGES IN THE EASTERN OFFICE

Dr. Hemenway accepted the position of business agent at
quite a sacrifice for he was a successful practising dentist,
as well as an able preacher, and having accepted he was
determined to give the Society a better reputation as an
effective publishing agency, with an ofiRce of high char-
acter. When he entered this work very few books had
been published by the Society, but during his term he added
a goodly number of books and also numerous pamphlets,
and was preparing plans for enlarging the facilities of the
Society, and widening the field of its usefulness, when
(as it appears) so much objection was raised to his plans,
that he resigned, feeling that he could not conscientiously
continue without vigorously pushing the work. However,
for some time the energy and enterprise which Dr. Hemen-
way put into the service, continued to bear fruit, and con-
siderable increase and improvements followed. After his
resignationwas accepted, Bro. C. H. Woodman, who had
been serving as a clerk in the ofifice, was chosen by the
Board to be his successor, beginning the first of February,
1887.
At the meeting of the A. C. Association (in the East)
August, 1887, the following resolution was introduced by
by Eld. J. Couch:
"Whereas: The great West has become an extensive

field . . .
"Whereas: Our brethren in that field have long felt

that the publication of a paper in the West in harmony
with the Association would be of a spiritual advantage
. . .
to the great cause we represent, both East and West,

therefore,
"Resolved, That if our brethren in the West shall deem
it in harmony with the will of God and for the upbuilding
of the cause of truth to publish, and conduct such a paper
in the West, this Association will give it its hearty sympathy
and moral support."
Later a committee of seven was appointed to call a

general Western convention to consider the question pro-
posed in the above resolution and the committee appointed
was as follows: Wm. Sheldon, D. R. Mansfield, W. J. Hobbs,
J. A. Cargile, Philo Hitchcock, H. Pollard and Wm. McCul-

loch. At this time Wm. Sheldon, as Western corresponding
editor, had a department on the editorial page of the
World's Crisis and was writing freely. The A. C. Associa-
tion at this session had an increased attendance, the largest
it was said, yet on record; there being a voting member-
ship of eighty-eight.
NEW PRINTING PLANT
During the year up to the annual rneeting, of 1888 steps

were taken, through a committee appointed for that pur-
pose, to furnish an outfit for a printing office at Boston,
and enlarged quarters of two extra floors were taken on a
lease, several presses were installed and it was thought that
they could do their printing at a saving of twenty-five per-
cent, of the former cost, and this gave them a job and music
printing department or facilities. The fiscal year was
begun with a balance of five thousand dollars in the treasury
and this with the receipts of the year gave a total of over
thirty thousand dollars the largest receipts hitherto re-
corded. The attendance at- this annual session (1888)
at Aurora, 111., also increased there beirig a recorded voting
membership of ninety-seven. /
At this meeting after much discussion

it was voted that
the S. A. C. Association should recommend to the A. C.

P. Society the issue of a
PROfePECTUS OF A WESTERN PAPER

that they pledge the columns and mail list of the World's
Crisis in aid of the same, and appropriate at the earliest
possible date a definite sum of money, to assist a Western
paper for the S. A. C. Association, and that this be done
before they create a Western Publishing Board or Society
of any kind. A committee was appointed to prepare a
prospectus, of the new paper, consisting of W. J. Hobbs,
H. Pollard, R. H. Bateman, Philo Hitchcock and Andrew
Armour.
In as much as the fulfillment of these proposals marked
a new era in Western Advent Christian work, and brought
about new developments in and new relations with the E^st,
we will continue this narration in a later chapter.
CHAPTER X
EARLY AND MIDDLE MISSION HISTORY
THE AMERICAN ADVENT MISSION SOCIETY AND OTHER
EFFORTS
A
by
CALL
foreign
Eld. P.
for increased mission activity in home and
work began to be earnestly sounded in 1861,
B. Morgan, who cited the self-sacrificing spirit
and consecrated giving of the Moravians, whose annual
contribution to this work was $300,000 —or an average of
$15 per member.
He urged the Advent Christian people to a like liberality
and suggested the need of a missionary association to re-
ceive funds and carry on this work.
In the summer of 1865 there appeared in the World's
Crisis, and the Voice of the West, a series of articles, written
by W. B. Herron, calling attention to the new field open
for missionary labor in the South, and urging the formation
of a missionary society for the immediate purpose of con-
ducting work therein.
At Wilbraham Campground, on Thursday, Aug. 24, 1865,
a meeting was held to consider the formation of such a
society, "with special reference to missionary effort among
the freedmen." Eld. Joshua V. Himes was appointed
chairman, Wm. B. Herron, secretary. The chairman in a
few remarks urged the "great- need and importance of such
a society, and thought it best that it should embrace in
its membership and operation the brethren of the whole
land, E^st and West, uniting in one society and bending

aJl their energies to. the accomplishment of the work to be
:

done." He spoke of the new field now opened to the
church, and then introduced Wm. B. Herron, who gave
THE ADDRESS OF THE OCCASION
We give but brief selections from his discourse

" 'Go ye into all the world, and preach the Gospel to-
every creature.'
"This was Christ's last great commission to his disciples
.just before the heavens received him out of their sight.
... It is of perpetual obligation; and every believer now,
who, full of zeal for God's glory, asks: 'What shall I -do for
the salvation of souls?' hears, breaking from the cloud on
Olivet, His farewell words: 'Go! preach the Gospel to every
creature. Go! in person; Go! in your money; Go! gather
a people for me at Mycoming; and lo, I am with you al-
way, even unto the end of the world.'
"In obedience to this command His disciples then, 'went
forth and preached everywhere, the Lord working with
them and confirming the Word with signs following.' And
to-day, a thousand missionaries among the heathen, are
laboring for Jesus in the four quarters of the globe, many
of whom have grown hoary-headed in the good work.
... In this noble work they have endured privations,
and pains and hardships; cold and hunger and nakedness;
scorn and abuse and persecution the loss of all things and
;
—
death and martyrdom, for Jesus comforted in all their
trials, and cheered in the dying hour with the blissful as-
surance that, if they have suffered with Him, they shall
also reign with Him."
He then gave a most eloquent and comprehensive de-

scription of the missionary field opened among the freed-
men of the South, referring briefly to the character of the
Rebellion and the emancipation of the slaves, and appealing
earnestly in their behalf for a work of education and mis-
sions among them. "
As illustrating the needs of the South
in general he spoke esfjecially of Georgia, where in 1854,
MISSION HISTORY 321
including the youth between eight and twenty years of

age, there were 150,000 whites without the rudiments of
education, and over 380,000 colored, to teach whom to
read was a crime punishable by the State laws. He
said, " What a field for educational and missionary labor!
. .'Thteir great needs are schools and missions, teachers and
.
missionaries; shall we send them?"

In words of earnest pleading he urged the duty of sup-
plying these needs and fervently called for workers and
funds. Near the close he said:
"We can do little or nothing in this great work without

associated action and organized effort. Let us, then,, at
once, and here, organize an Advent Mission Society, for
the better accomplishment of the work which we have to
do; and let us support it by large and liberal contributions,
according to the ability which God shall give us, looking
for our reward when the Judge comes and the books are
opened.
"Every one has a duty to do in this matter. We shall
not have long to work, at the longest; and there is no time
to lose. What we do, let us do quickly, and "well. So
shall we receive at last, the Master's 'Well done!'
THE SOCIETY ORGANIZED

At the conclusion of the above address a committee was
appointed to draft a constitution for the proposed society,
and at a meeting held on Aug. 26, the constitution pre-
pared by this committee was adopted by an unanimous
vote. The Society was, giyen the name which it now bears,
and its object was declared to be according to Article 2,
of the constitution, "To promote the preaching of the Gospel
of Jesus Christ in destitute places in our own and other
lands, and prepare a people for His. near coming and king-
dom. Its special object-pthe evangelization of Southern
freedmen." The following officers were chosen:
President, Joshua V. Himes, Mich.
Vice-presidents: S. G. Mathewson, Vt.; D. T. Taylor,
N. Y. I. C. Wellcome, Me. S. P. Clark, R. I. John Couch,
; ; ;
N. H.; Wm. Sheldon, Wis.; Sidney Hall, Conn.; O. R.

Fassett, N. Y.; H. K. Flagg, Mass.;, J. D. Brown, Penn.;
C. S. Sherman, Vt.; Dr. P. B. Hoyt, Ohio; Wm. McCulloch,
'
111. ; W.
Wait, N. Y. Randolph E. Ladd, Mass.
N. ;
Corresponding and Recording Secretary Wm. B. Herron. :
Treasurer: Geo. T. Adams.

Auditor: Solomon Hovey.
Executive Board: J. V. Himes, Miles Grant, Solomon
Hovey, Geo. T. Adams, A. W. Sibley, L. T. Cunningham,
William B. Herron.
On the next day (Sunday), it was proposed that they

proceed immediately to solicit funds and a call was made
for $1000 to be raised at the campmeeting. In connection
with this effort Eld. Himes preached from Rev. 14: 6, 7,
as the record shows, to an audience, it was estimated, of not
less than ten thousand people, the largest assembly on the
old campground for many years, and his discourse was a
most earnest appeal for large missionary effort. One
thousand and fifty dollars Were raised as the first mission
fund. It is thus evident that missions were given a large
place in the program of that campmeeting and had a very
warm place in the hearts of the leaders of those days.
The Executive Board held its first meeting on Aug. 30,
at the office in Boston, when further plans were laid for the
solicitation of funds and the prosecution of the work.
The proceedings of organization, with the secretary's ad-
dress, were to be printed in the World's Crisis, and the
Voice of the West, and in tract form.To further awaken
the people to mission work the Executive Board issued
an address, urgently appealing to all to arouse and to help
in the effort. It closed with these words: "God help us to
'occupy,' and do all thfe good we can in the great field, till
MISSION HISTORY 323
the Lord comes." The Board recommended the formation

of branch societies in all the churches, with the appoint-
ment of collectors to gather funds and clothing. The
spirits of the leaders were surcharged with enthusiasm,
and their words on the old
RECORDS STILL FLAME WITH FERVENCY
At the direction of the Society conditions in the South

were at once investigated, and work was opened up. The
first annual meeting was held at Wilbraham Canipground
in 1866, at which forty-three ministers and thirty-one

delegates were present as members of the society; the re-
ceipts reported for the year were over $3000, and during
the same" year the society was incorporated. At this
meeting Mr. Herron declined re-election arid Eld. D. T.
Taylor was chosen secretary. In 1867, Eld. A. W. Sjbley,
was appointed as secretary, which office he held until the
annual meeting in 1891.
THE MISSIONS IN THE SOUTH

were carried on in St. Louis, East St. Louis, Compton Hills
and vicinity,Memphis, Tenn., Osceola and Lagrange.
In these schools and meetings over four thousand people
and children received more or less instruction, several
churches were organized, and a very fruitful work was
conducted.
The teachers in 1866, so far as we can learn, were Miss
Francelia F. Curtis, Mrs. M. K. Martha S.
Prescott, Miss
Butler from Connecticut, Sarah A. Bywater and her sister
of Memphis, and Dr. I. I. Leslie" who had been connected
with the Nashville Mission of the American Millennial
Association, but under die new society took charge of the
work at Memphis and vicinity. The difificulty of securing
any suitable place for the mission school and church in
the city led the Mission Board to make a strong appeal, in
the spring of 1866 for funds to build a "Mission House and
Chapel," and" directioii was given to Dr. Leslie to letise a
lot for the purpose. The society appropriated $700 toward
the building and expected the freedmen and their Northern
friends to help in the effort. In the summer of 1867 Dr.
Leslie returned North for a time, but went back to Memphis
in the fall and was given a very hearty welcome by the
children and their parents and found the work prospering.
Soon Elds. Himes and D. D. Reed, visited the city, and a
large tent was pitched near the lot chosen for the Mission
House, and the erection of the latter, a building of forty
by sixty feet, was soon under way. This brought general
rejoicing to the parents and children, and the freedmen
pledged over $250 in work and money, toward the building
fund. Eld. Leslie reported an outpouring of the Spirit in
1868-1869 and many 'professed religion of whom fifty were
baptized, and through the plain teaching of the Word the
church was well established. About this time Eld. L. F.
Cole was connected with this work. In 1869 the schools
were received among the free schools of the city and their
teachers were placed under the city Board of Education.
In 1868 the mission work at St. Louis, which was under
the watchcare of Eld. H. K. Flagg, was so prosperous that
an organization was formed called the "Missouri Advent
Christian Conference," which included three churches,
several Sunday and week day schools, and soon another
church was added. The missionaries and teachers, sent
by the A. A. M. Society, elders and unordained preachers
of the churches, and delegates of the same, were members
of the conference. Eld. Flagg was president, and the
committee were: Isaac Lott, Sabra Fierce and Henry
Pollard.
In 1869 Dr. Leslie was assigned to the St. Louis mission,
MISSION HISTORY 325
and there were said to be five freedmen preachers, who were

laboring at different points, and with or through the con-
ference were seeking to spread the truth among their
brethren.
Itappears from the reports that Eld. Flagg, Dr. Leslie
and hard and faithfully among the
their helpers labored
freedmen, doing a Christlike work that should never be
forgotten.
SUMMARY OF ITS EARLY WORK
In 1870, a report was made to the Society by its presi-
dent, Eld. J. V. Himes, who frequently visited the missions,

in part as follows:
"The mission in St. Louis, Mo., East St. Louis, Comp-

ton Hills and vicinity, had five day schools, which at one
time were in successful operation with Sabbath Schools
and meetings. .During about four years of labor our
. .
teachers and missionaries had under their tuition about

fifteen hundred freedmen with their children, who enjoyed
either shorter or longer terms in the school, most of whom
were educated in the primary branches. This has been
a real and permanent good, as they were enabled to read
the Word of God, which was one of the objects of the
mission. Besides the schools there were raised up four
churches of the freedmen."
"The mission in Memphis, Tenn., has .been continued
between four and five years without interruption. . . .
The school and Sabbath School under the direction of Dr.

Leslie was among the largest and best in the city among
the freedmen. . For a time, in the early history of the
. .
mission, we were cramped for room, which led to the

building of the new chapel; on the opening of which our
numbers and strength were increased nearly fourfold.
In the last three years we have had much prosperity,
specially in the school and church. During the course
. . .
of the schools in Memphis, Osceola, and Lagrange in the

last four or five years, there have been nearly three thou-
:

sand names recorded of the freedmen and their children;
and some three hundred names in the churches, many of
whom are now scattered or dead. . . . The truth of the Lord's
near coming has been scattered far and wide, and will
take root in many hearts, and the results of these missions
will only be known in the day of the Lord when He will
make up his jewels."
Certain conditions in the South, such as providing edu-

cation for the freedmen by the city, withdrawal of govern-
ment aid from the mission schools, the preference of the
freedmen for colored preachers and missionaries, are named
as reasons why the Society concluded to withdraw from this
special work in the South. In connection with the closing
up of this work a testimonial, given by the freedmen and
their children of the Advent Society of Memphis and vi-
cinity on behalf of the elders of the church with the four
deacons and one hundred and fifty-eight others of the freed-
men and women, was presented to the Mission Society,
stating in the most appreciative words the blessings re-
ceived, and very heartily expressing their gjratitude for
the good work done among them.
In 1905, testimony was given by Rev. A. J. Sanderlin,
principal of the Sanderlin Academy and evangelist of the
Northern Mississippi, Western Tennessee and Eastern
Arkansas Colored Conference, which shows that
THIS WORK WAS NOT IN VAIN
but that it is still bearing fruit. He said
"As to the work that the Eastern Society did here in

the South among the colored people, it is still alive, and will
be until the King comes in His kingdom. have several We
of the members living who used to sing and pray with Elds.
Leslie, Himes, Cole, and. others. I often hear them speak
of those brethren. We
have a church building in Mem-
MISSION HISTORY 327
phis on Seventh Street, that Eld. I. I. Leslie erected him-

self with his own hands, membership about forty or fifty;
Eld. T. R. Montgomery, pastor, is doing efifective and ex-
cellent work. We have no one whom the Society ordained.
Eld. P. Oston died about ten years ago, the last of them.
Now we have thirteen churches doing fairly well, prjeaching
the last-day truths. We have a conference in fair shape,
and a Bible Training School, which carried seventy stu-
dents last session. As to myself and wife, we owe our
conversion to the truth by reading tracts and pamphlets
left here by the Society. So all the work here, you can
safely say, is a result of the Eastern Society forty years
ago, and is still going on, and we are glad to say that thfe
money spent here among the colored people by the.Society
has not been wasted. It has been the means of many seeing
the light artd accepting the truth."
MISCELLANEOUS EFFORTS —FIRST WOMAN'S ASSOCIATION
In the sixties a goodly number of able women were

very actively engaged in Gospel work connected with the
Adventist movement and not a few of them were gifted
.
and effective preachers. They soon banded themselves

into an association and began to hold annual meetings in
connection with the Wilbraham Campmeeting. At the
camp session of 1867, in H. L. Hasting's tent, they formally
organized under the name of the Union Female Mission-
ary Association, and adopted a constitution and, by7laws.
Mrs. Anna E. Smith, a very gifted and active woman, an
energetic and successful mission worker, served for a time
as president. Mrs. E. A. Warren, Mrs. L. M. Stoddard and
Mrs. H. L. Hastings were among the members. Mrs. M.
McKinstry was secretary and treasurer. What was re-
ported as the fourth annual meeting was held on the new
campground at Springfield, 1868, which was largely at-
tended, and many interesting, reports of work done were
given, a goodly number joined and liberal pledges were
made toward the work. Mrs. Smith, beihg pressed with
other labors, requested release from being president, and
Sister E. S. Jennings was elected to that office. Mrs.
McKinstry was continued as secretary with Mrs. M. L.
Durand as assistant secretary. Mrs. Smith was very
active and successful in city mission effort in New York,
the work being aided by the people generally in gifts for the
poor; it was largely conducted on the prayer and faith line;
was called the Star of Hope Mission and proved a great
blessing to many souls. In those days some of the women
were strong advocates of Woman's Rights; some of the
brethren were not favorable to women preachers, some were
suspicious of where unto this movement would grow, and
owing to difficulties thus involved, the women became dis-
couraged and after a few years, the Association was dis-
continued, but many df them rendered able, lifelong service
to the cause.
a time there were some twenty preach-
It is said that for
ing women connected with this society, and that they
published for a season a well conducted and interesting
paper named. Woman and Her Work.
In 1866-1867 a Dorcas Mission was conducted in Phila-
delphia, by F. H. Burbank, who solicited gifts of money,
clothes and food through the World's Crisis, and reported
receipts in the same. It was a mission effort for the colored
children from the streets in Philadelphia; a home, called
Little Wanderer's Home, was opened for the homeless, with
a day school for children and an evening school for adults.
They had a Sunday-school of two hundred and twenty-five
members; a dispensary was also opened for the treatment
of the more simple diseases and ailments of the poor. At
the end of twelve months they had cared for seventy-sevep
children, and all but a half dozen or so were orphans or
fatherless. They also did relief work for others outside.
MISSION HISTORY 329
How long this mission was continued we fail to find in the

records.
It is recorded that Mrs. C. Tuller, a devoted Christian
lady, established a mission school for colored people at
West Point, Kentucky, and for several years, aided by the
A. A. M . Society and interested friends, successfully, con-
ducted the same, educating many and teaching them the
Gospel, its blessed hope and the Lord's near coming.
HOME WORK AT LARGE
Following 1870, general home mission work was conducted

by the American Advent Mission Society.
In 1871, 1872 and 1873 Eld. Wm.
Sheldon labored in the
South, the late P. G. Bowman was recognized and aided,
also'Bren. Himes, Smith, Green, J. A. Cargile, Hezekiah
Davis and Eld. Brundage, were assisted in mission work
in the Southern field, while Bren. Grant, Fassett, Reed and
Wilson labored more or less in California; also aid was
given to various missionary efforts in the Northern fields.
In 1874, in addition to assistance given to labors in the
South and on the Pacific Coast, aid was given to workers in
Ohio, Michigan, Missouri, Kansas, Minnesota and Iowa.
In 1876, the annual meetings of the Society began to be
held at Chelsea, Mass., instead of on the Spririgfipld Camp-
ground, which was the successor of the Wilbraham meeting.
Work was aided in 1878 in sums varying from $19 to $500
in nineteen different States; also in a small degree in
Canada. In 1881 the constitution was revised, and pro-
vision was made for an Executive Board of eleven members,
five of which should be chosen from the West and who
should constitute the Western Board, and this Board was
duly authorized to transact the executive business of the
Society in that territory. The same year the Society sent
330 , ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
out an earnest call for increased activity and more liberal,
systematic support of the work.
The report of the treasurer, as given in 1882, showed that
the Society during the year just closed had aided twenty^
one laborers, and assisted ten conferences in their mission
efforts.From the beginning of the Society up to 1882,
$58,240 had been received, and of this sum only about
$600 had been applied to missionary work outside of
America. The work in the South was liberally
general
encouraged for many up to 1889 over $19,000 were
years;
dispensed in those States and generous aid was continued
in later years. In 1900 the Southern Home Board was or-
ganized, and has since had charge of the work in that field.
The sketch of the general Southern work is found in another
chapter.
For many years the cause in the Middle West was largely
aided. For some time after the organization of the West-
ern Board, the Society contributed five and six hundred
dollars a year to help its work.
A summary of the work of this Board for two years was
given by its secretary, Eld. Henry Pollard, in 1884, in which
he stated that,
"Thirty evangelists and mission workers of known good
character and ability have been aided to preach the Gospel
of the kingdom in fourteen Southern and Western States
or Territories, whose labors resulted in 372 professed con-
versions, 234 restored from backsliding, 135 baptisms, and
164 siibscribers to the World's Crisis, while thousands
heard the message, received tracts, home visits or con-
versation and prayer." It was further reported that, "open
dooirs abound. Colorado, Dakota, Montana and other
fertile mission fields are calling us. With both hands they
beckon us to send them men with tents to tell their people
the true 'old story,' unmixed with ancient or modern
fable." Again in the spring of 1887 he reported that
"Success has attended the toil and sacrifice of Western
MISSION HISTORY 331
mission workers as never before, that fields of labor are

multiplying and calls for workers are increasing more
rapidly than we know how to supply. Donations have
also increased . . . especially those from Western sources."
Yet the donors numbered but about a score above a
hundred, and he called for a thousand and ten thousand
to be as consecrated as those who had, out of toil and pov-
was urgent need of larger
erty, given for the work, as there
—
funds and more extended labors a need which we are
sorry to say, was never adequately supplied.
Up to 1889 something over $17,000 were applied by the
Society in those States now recognized as the territory of
the Western Association. The aid given in these different
parts of the country, shows that the present success and
standing of the cause in these sections is in part the result
and assistance of the American Advent
of the fostering care
Mission Society, and indicates the vital importance of the
missionary spirit and labor to the growth and increase of
our people.
BEGINNINGS OF THE FOREIGN WORK

In the winter or early spring of 1880 the editors of the
Bible Banner entered into correspondence' with Capt.
James Spence of India, and began sending him literature.
A writer reporting the mission work in India for the Berean
Quarterly, the organ of the Scriptural Publication Society,
in which the report appeared in 1898, wrote:
"The work has been mainly supported by the Advent
Christians in America; among these the Adyentist brethren
connected with the Bible Banner Association in Phila-
delphia, U. S. A., first came to help towards publishing
the Life and Advent truths in the vernaculars of South
India. Pecuniary aid from them specially helped us to
publish the monthly, the Bible Banner, in Tamil and
Telegu,. which journal continued for about four years."
:

The correspondence opened in 1880 was continued, and
the following incident will show God's leading therein.
Bro. Christian Massillamani, an educated native believer,
an employee of the London Mission, had been led into the
faith of life only in Christ and was searching for friends of
this faith, when to his surprise and joy he discoverfed an
earnest advocate of the same view, which event he thus
described
, "Onthe 24th of May, 1882", when I first called on Capt.

J. Spence and had an interview with him, he\was greatly
surprised, and read to me a letter he had the previous day
received from Mr. J. D. Brown, the secretary of the Bible
Banner Association in Philadelphia, U. S. A., in which he
had requested him to get a competent native to translate
into the vernaculars the English tracts which contained
the Life and Advent truths and publish them. This
wonderful coincidence of Mr. Brown's letter and my appli-
cation for help to print every month a tract in Tamil on
the Life and Advent themes, seemed to be a Providei^tial
call. In the same evening we both knelt down and prayed
to God for a blessing on our endeavor to spread these glori-
ous truths in India.".
A STIR IN THE GRANITE STATE

In 1880 Rev. F. L. Piper, then connected with the New
Harnpshire Conference, having studied the interesting
foreign work of other denominations, became impressed
with the thought that the Advent people, with their special
message of the speedy coming of Christ and related truths,
ought to share in this world-wide enterprise. This feeling
deepened as he reviewed and prayed over the question,
and at the Alton Bay Cariipmeeting in 1881, he conferred
with several brethren regarding his growing convictions,
and a few weeks later at the annual meeting of the above
conference at which he was ordained, he presented the
claims of the foreign mission work as they appealed to him,
MISSION HISTORY 333
and suggested the appointment of a committee which

should devise such measures as seemed practicable and take
up the work. The suggestion was favorably received by
the conference and following a resolution to this effect,
a committee was appointed, of which Eld. Albion Ross,
was chairman, and F. L. Piper, secretary. Their plans
did not anticipate the immediate sending of missionaries,
but their efforts were given to scattering Adventual publi-
cations in the various countries beyond the sea. Some
funds were secured for this work and through the secre-
taries of the various Mission Boards, the names of mission-
aries in different countries of the world were gathered, and
from the offices of the World's Crisis, the Messiah's Herald
and the Christian, various publications on the second coming
of Christ were secured. These tracts were taken by the
thousand to Mr. Piper's quiet home and with the aid of his
companion, who was deeply interested in the work, thou-
sands and thousands of pages were placed in bundles and
were addressed to missionaries in all parts of the world.
During that one winter he carried about twenty large
basketsfull into the post office from whence they went
broadcast over the earth, to many countries of Europe,
Asia, Africa, South America, and to the islands of the sea.
In each bundle of tracts was placed ^ printed letter con-
veying greetings to the missionaries, and inquiring regarding
their interest in the soon coming of Christ. Many kindly
responses were received fforh differerit parts of the world
'
and frpm those of various communions, many of whom

expressed a hearty in,terest in "the. hope of the coming of
the Lord."
OTHER TRACT WORK
For many years Eld. I. C. Wellcome of Maine .took a

very deep interest in foreign tract and mission work, and
:

actively engaged in sending Adventual literature to several
countries across the sea.
Writing in 1882, he thus describes a branch of his work:
About 1870 a few Swedes, in Illinois, were converted to

the faith of the Lord's coming, and beginning with scanty-
means, translated and published in the Swedish language
several of my works, and those of others. In 1881 they
opened correspondence with me, asking the privilege to
translate more, and my aid to publish more extensively.
I had no funds of my own, but the Lord had, and I prom-
ised them help. They then organized the "Swedish Bib-
lical Tract Society," with its business head and printing
office at Bishop Hill, 111. Bro. John Chaiser, agent.
Myself, treasurer, Yarmouth, Me. Also Bro. P. A.
Karnel, Concordia, Kan., treasurer for the far West, I
then sent out several thousand circulars, with sample tracts,

to our brethren in the faith, asking for money to carry on
this work among the Swedes, and other nations also.
This appeal brought a considerable response in funds,

and a flooxi of inquiries regarding the work. Eld. Well-
come labored freely and diligently in this effort. He
reports a list of twenty-five tracts, both doctrinal and prac-
tical, that had been translated into Swedish, and further
states
About thirty thousand of the above pfamphlets and

tracts have been already published and sent to many .of
the seven hundred thousand Swedes in America. Many
have gone to Sweden, where they are gladly received;
some to Swedes in Egypt, France and England. The Lord
has blessed them to the good of many already. A wide
door is opened in Sweden to circulate these tracts, as well
as in America.
He was also engaged in having works translated into other

languages, to be scattered widely in this and other lands,
and several translations and considerable distribution was
:
MISSION HISTORY 335
effected to this end, the full results of which will only be

known in the harvest day.
Through these endeavors
AWroESPREAD INTEREST WAS AWAKENED
in carrying the Gospel of the kingdom or the Advent mes-
sage, into all the world. In 1882, the annual meeting of
the general societieswas held at Amboy, 111., and Eld.
Piper was present as a delegate from the New Hampshire
Conference, and worked earnestly in these meetings for a
forward move on missionary lines. At this meeting of the
Mission Society, which was its seventeenth annual session,
the following resolution was received from the S. A. C.
Association
"Whereas: We believe there is imperative need of the

extension of our field of labor, in the promulgation of the
speedy advent of Christ to the nations of the earth there- ;
fore
"Resolved, That we recommend the opening of a foreign
department in the American Advent Mission Society,
such department to be denominated the Foreign Board
, of said Society, and to consist of seven members chosen
from the East and West; such Board to be independent

in its department from home work, and to be sustained in
its appropriations by funds raised and designated by the
donors for this purpose."
It was also recommended that a quarterly journal of a

prophetic and missionary character, be issued and cir-
culated among the missionaries of foreign lands and home
fields; that two or more men be chosen to travel and collect
funds for the mission work; that tracts be translated into

foreign languages, that the good news of the coming Re-
deemer may be read by the nations of the earth in their own
mother tongue, both in our own and .foreign lands. In
accordance with this recomniendation, which was adopted
by the Mission Society, the following amendment was
made to its constitution:
In connection with the home work of this Society there

shall be
A FOREIGN BOARD
consisting of seven members, chosen from the East

and West, whose duty it shall be to devise measures, collect
funds, and push in every laudable way, consistent with
the general interests of this Society,, the last great work
of publishing and proclaiming the speedy coming of Christ
in all the world. This Board shall be chosen at the annual
meeting of this Society.
In harmony with the above, the following brethren were

chosen to constitute the Foreign Board Elds; Albion Ross,
:
John Couch, F. L. Piper, H. H. Tucker, W. J. Hobbs, O. R.

Fassett, D. Webster. This marked the broadening of
the spirit and aims of the Society, and the formal introduc-
tion of its work for foreign missions. The first step taken
was the issue of the American Quarterly Journal of Prophecy,
of which Eld. John Couch was appointed editor. Bro.
F. L. Piper served the Board as active secretary and business
agent. After developing plans and bringing out two issues
of the Quarterly, he resigned firom the board, owing largely-
to the death of his wife, and Eld. H. H. Tucker was chosen
business agent and secretary of the same, and in his report
to the annual meeting in 1883, he stated that the Quarterly
journal of Prophecy and Mission Advocate had been issued
and circulated as recommended, and twenty-five thousand
copies, amounting to eight hundred thousand pages, filled
with the message of the Coming One, had been sent to for-
eign lands that he had corhe intocorrespondence with pattjes
;
ift Indi^ who would' cb-operate in publishing and distrib-
uting tfacts in vai'ious 'languages aniong the people there.

MISSION HISTORY 337
Later Capt. James Spence and C. Massillamani became

engaged as workers for the Society and continued as such
until 1892 or 1893. In 1886, the report shows th^t they
had by correspondence secured about twenty workers in
different countries so that tract distribution together with
some Gospel services were being maintained in Italy, Ire-
land, Sweden, Scotland, England and India. By the living
voice and printed matter the message was being made
known in five different languages. Some 6,203,049 pages
of tracts, books, and journals having been distributed
that year among teachers, students, and people of all ranks.
This was a revival and extension of that spirit which
prompted the early Adventists to send their publications
to the ends of the earth and that promoted the mission to
England.
THE EARLY WORK IN INDIA
As a result of the letter from Eld. J. D. Brown and the

interview between. Capt. Spence and the native evangelist,
C. Massillamani, as before referred to, the Tamil monthly,
called the Bible Banner, was first printed in July, 1882, and
sent out for free distribution. It was also published in the
Telegu language and its issue was continued for about
four years. This was the beginning of a missionary work
which has been carried on in that country from that day
to this. The late Eld. I. C. Wellcome and the Foreign
Board of the American Advent Mission Society soon became
interested and assisted in the enlargement of the work.
In 1886 or 1888, G. Massillamani, who was a most able
scholar, devout believer, and faithful worker, at the request
of the American Advent Mission Society, and on the advice
of Gapt. Spence, gave up entirely his connection with the
London Mission Society in Travancore, and removed to
Madras, where he established a publishing headquarters
and tract repository and became the paid agent of the
above society. When the work was wholly taken up by
the Scriptural Publication Society (about 1893) under the
care' of Eld.Wellcome, he served as its agent for a number
of years. For a time their tracts and pamphlets were
printed on hired presses, but they soon felt the great need
of a press, and appealed to their friends in this country
through Eld. Wellcome, and assistance being given a press
was soon sent forward which arrived in Madras in the be-
ginning of 1888, and printing operations were more suc-
cessfully prosecuted from that year onward. All of this
work was conducted under the supervision of Capt. Spence,,
a deeply interested and most faithful servant of the cause.
He was the first known Adventist in India, and became one
by reading a small pamphlet that was sent to him from
America.
About 1892 an educational work was begun by opening
schools for the Pariahs, a neglected, low caste, or outcaste
people, inwhose assistance the government and mission-
ary, societiessoon after this became much interested.
Among the schools first started was one at Renig^nta
and another at Egmore.
Some further account should here be given of the chief
native worker. Christian Massillamani, whose labors were
of vital interest and great value to the cause. According
to Church History in Travancore by C. M. Agur, B.A., as
quoted by Chas. W. Wentworth, when secretary .of the
A. A, M. Society, this missionary belonged to the first
native Protestant family in Travancore, was the grandson
of the first convert, and was born in 1833. He was a
student of Nagercoil Seminary and received his education
under Rev. Mr. Whitehouse. He labored for the London
Mission Society in India for thirty-five years, rendering
effective service. His literary efforts were said to be even
MISSION HISTORY 339
more distinguished than his evangelistic labors, he being

a voluminous writer and a poet of very high order. Ac-
cording to the same authority he retired from the London
mission in 1888 and became a missionary of the A. A. M.
Society in Madras, and agent of the Scriptural Publica-
tion Society, and created a permanent Tamil Christian
literature on Life and Advent themes and other cognate
subjects. Mr. Agur speaks of his "noble work" and of the
great assistance he received from Eld. L C. Wellcome and
Capt. James Spence. Mr. Massillamani died at Nagercoil
in August, 1898, and his death was a grief and a heavy loss
to the Advent mission cause in India. Another highly'
esteemed native worker was Apollos P. Daniel, brother-in-
law of the aforenamed, who rendered for long years, dili-
gent and acceptable service, looking after the schools,
preaching and widely distributing tlie literature issued from
the press that was furnished the mission, through and by the^
Scriptural Publication Society.
The death of Eld. I. C. Wellcome occurred in 1895, and
a few years after this at the annual meetings of 1899, the
Scriptural Publication Society transferred all its home and
foreign interests to the Advent Christian Publication

Society, and the said last Society transferred all the foreign
missionary work to the American Advent Mission Society,
excepting a few schools which had been previously given to
the care of the Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society.
Soon the publishing office in India was removed from
Madras to Bangalore, and in 1901, the following statement
of the work, as then appearing in the Madras directory,
was furnished to the secretary:
American Christian Advent Mission

Hon'y Secretary and Treasurer
Capt. J. Spence, Bangalore
—
Paid Workers. lEvangelists and Tract Distributers, 3;
Schoolmaster, 1 ; Schoolmistresses, 2 ; Voluntary workers,
24.
I. Publishing work of this Society in India commenced
in July, 1882, and its object is to enlighten the people on
Bible truths, especially on those relating to the Life only
in Christ, and His personal Second Advent to reign in His
kingdom on earth. Headquarters with Press and Pub-
lishing House, No. 2, Coles Road, Cleveland Town, Ban-
galore, where Life and Advent literature is printed and
—
published in seven languages English, Tamil, Telegu,
Malayalarri, Kanarese, Hindustani, and Persian. The
literature, including The Advent Christian Review in Eng-
lish, is gratuitously distributed by paid and unpaid workers
in Madras, Calcutta, Bangalore, Secunderabad, Poona,
Trichinopoly, Travancore, Coonoor, Pulicat, Vellore, Nel-
lore, Madura, Ceylon, Burmah, Natal and other places.
This Society has, since its commencement in 1882, published
in five languages 22,509,800 pages of tracts —
in Tamil
11,658,800; Telegu 3,730,000; Hindustani 586,000; Persian
224,000; English 6,311,000.
II. Evangelistic work of this Society commenced in
1886. Since then the Life and Advent truths have been
extensively preached by the paid and the voluntary workers,
and through the wide circulation of the numerous tracts
^nd pamphlets.
III. Educational work of this Society commenced in
1892, with the object of affording a sound elementary edu-
cation of secular and religious nature to the children of
the Pariahs and other poor classes. The Mission has two
day schools and two Sunday-schools, where about 100
pupils, males and females, get free education.
IV. In connection with the A. A. M. Tract Repository,
there is a Selling and Lending Library at No 2 Coles Road,
Cleveland Town. Books, pamphlets, and tracts on Life
and Advent topics are to be had by the poor on loan, and
to all others at cost price.
Other publications and issueswere soon added to the

number above .given, some other schools were opened, the
'
MISSION HISTORY 341
work being steadily continued and increasing with the pass-

ing of the' years.
This work as received by transfer, was continued in India
under the management of .the A. A. M. Society until 1906,
when a new plan of relations as worked out by Secretary
Davis of the above Society and the W. H. and F. M. Board,
and approved by the Boards of both Societies, was agreed
to and adopted by all concerned. This branch of work
was then placed in the care oi the Woman's Home and
Foreign Mission Society, which was to act as an agent for,
and report to the Society making the transfer. This work
has been carried forward jointly with the other work of
the; Woman's Society, and has continued to prosper to the
present time.
THE MISSION TO AFRICA

The American missionaries to go out to the foreign
first
field from were Stanley S. and Lillian A. Harvey.

this people
The former sailed for the Congo in Africa, October 1, 1891,
and the latter for the same destination on April 7, 1892.
The Mission Board was not disposed to assume the financial
obligation of this new mission, hence the effort was largely
in the form of an individual enterprise, encouraged by
various friends who were deeply interested in foreign work.
Bro. Harvey visited a number of churches, and being aided
by these and the friends who had become interested in his
going, the necessary funds for passage and outfit were
secured. A farewell meeting was held in the Boston Church
on Emerald Street, of which' Eld. F. L. Piper acted as chair-
man. Among the speakers were Dr. A, J. Gordon of whose
Training School Bro. Harvey had been a student for two
years, and in whom he was much interested. A few days
later, F. L. Piper, accompanied by H. H. Tucker, bade the
heroic Harvey adieu, and were the last to see him as he
left our shores. Arriving in Africa he founded a mission
station at Sumba, south of the Congo on Portuguese terri-
tory in the midst of the Asalongo tribes, about ten miles
from Mukimvika, a Baptist station on the lower Congo.
This mission, while started as above stated, was later taken
up by the Mission Society and its Board.
In 1892, Mr. Harvey was joine(J by his wife, and also by
L. B. Rockwell and wife. After the building of the mission
station, and owing to sickness, the latter two returned
during the following year. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey con-
tinued to work alone until the summer of 1895, when they
were joined by Mr. and Mrs. James W. Russell of Spring-
field, Mass. The next spring when starting on their return
to the United States for a furlough, and having stopped
for the night at Boma, the Steamer Matadi was blown up
by the explosion of gunpowder, and the weary missionaries
suddenly fell into that rest from which only the Master's
resurrection call will awaken them. This was utterly sad
and shocking news to the friends at home and their loss was
almost a fatal blow to the work they had established, and
yet the work gave some promise of frtiitfulness under the
diligent labors of Mr. and Mrs. Russell. But circumstances
later arose which made it imperative that the mission should
be reinforced with new workers and receive a stronger
•
financial backing to warrant success. Being unable to

secure the workers, failing in financial support, and there
being considerable opposition to the continuance of the
work, it was finally abandoned and negotiations were en-
tered into for its transfer to the board of the Baptist Mis-
sionary Union. There was a difference of opinion regarding
the wisdomof the location chosen for this missionary ef-
fort, but there could be only one just opinion regarding
the pioneer missionaries. Those who knew them well
testified that no truer or more loyal followers of the Advent
STAXI EV S, I'ARXliN"
LII.IAX A. MARNILV
;
MISSION HISTORY 343
faith, or self-sacrificing toilers in the work of Christ, have

ever graced our ranks. Their i;nemory has been cherished
through the years as a veritable benediction. They with
the other toilers on this field will receive a just reward at
the hands of the Great Master.
evident that the Congo field has proven somewhat
It is
the Baptist Union, but they have persevered,

difficult for
and in some sections have secured very gracious results.
The corrimission which was appointed by the American
Baptist Foreign Mission Society, and which, having made
a thorough canvass of the Congo field, reported in 1910,
said: "The Commission recommends that all talk and
thought of withdrawal from the Congo be abandoned. A
good work has been done and is in progress. The duty is
to conserve and develop what we have and reach out in
' order to get more." Speaking of Mukimvika, which was
near our station, the report says: "A large hospital, which
gives some ten thousand treatments a year, is in operation
the station is equipped with bungalows, outbuildings and
chapel. . . . It is imperative that a man for evangelistic
work be stationed there. If this is done, expansion is possi-
ble in the territory to the south. Dr. Lynch estimates the
•population to be reached at twenty- five thousand."
Throijgh the work that has thus been continued in that
section, we may hope that some reaping will result from the
seed sowing, the labors and loss of our piissionaries there,
especially since it is a law of God that His Word and the
labors of His servants shall not return to Him void.
OTHER SKETCHES OF THE HOME WORK
When the Society began to take up foreign missions it
did not lose its interest in the home work, but rather a zeal
for the latter was greatly quickened. We have before given
a summary of the aid extended by the Society in previous
years to the work in the South and West. After the or-
ganization of the present Western Publishing Association
in the early nineties the territory alloted to the home work
of the American Advent Mission Society, covered only the
Eastern and Southern States, and the Provinces, to and
parallel with the western line of Pennsylvania, north and
south.
Of two branches of the Eastern home work we wish to
give a larger record. About 1889, Eld. H. W. Davis, who
had with the assistance of others done effectual evangel-
istic work in the Province of Quebec, in connection with
the Canadian A. C. Mission Society, had his attention
turned to the great Province of Ontario, throughout which
there was scarcely an Adventist and where the news of the
Coming Kingdom had not recently been heard. Especially
was this true of its eastern section. Eld. Davis took with
him a large Gospel tent for meetings, and one or two small
tents in which he, his family and helpers lived. He en-
tered this district in the vicinity of Cornwall on the St.
Lawrence River and labored in various places about
Osnabruck. Through this section he labored for a number
of years, during which tent meetings were held over a wide
extent of country and in a large number of places. Many
were brought into the faith and some churches were es-
tablished.
He was assisted in this work by F. W. Fairbanks, W. W.
Ross, H. T. Jackson, F. K. Ranger, F. L. Richardson and
wife, and later by L. D. Euro and others, and occasionally
by brethren from the States. This field was early taken
over by the A. A. M. Society, as the Canadian mission
wished to confine its efforts to other localities. This cam-
paign was followed up some seven years, during which
three churches were built and L. D. Euro was brought into
the ministry. Then the effort was transferred to Stock-
MISSION HISTORY 345
holm, N. Y., and vicinity, where a small church was gath-

ered and a chapel built. In 1894 these churches, with that
of Massena, which was established in earlier days, were
organized into the Advent Christian Conference of Ontario
and Northeastern New York, which included in its territory
the Province of Ontario and that part of the State of New
York lying north of a line running from Watertown to
Plattsburg. The ofificers elected were president. Eld. H.
W. Davis; vice-president, Eld. G. D. Stearns; secretary-
treasurer, W. F. McNairn. The report recorded the pres-
ence of five ministers and nineteen delegates from the
churches. This work has proved a permanent addition to
the cause.
A GLIMPSE OF GENERAL HOME WORK

The secretary of the Board, F. L. Piper, in giving his
report at the annual meeting in 1896, while not undertaking
a careful tabulation of definite results, summarized the
efforts as follows: "Tents in the field maintained or aided
by the Society, nine; different localities covered, about
twenty, or more ; besides this numerous evangelistic tours
to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the South have been
instituted or aided. We have not the returns from all of
the but so far as received, the number brouglit to
fields,
Christ, about eight hundred, and the number of baptisms
is
is over three hundred and fifty. Besides this, quite a

number of churches and Sunday-schools have been es-
tablished."
THE CATSKILL MISSION
About 1887, the remaining members of two families,

which had previously moved into this section from the State
of Connecticut, H. D. Cook, and Sarah L. Marks, became
anxious that the heart-stirring truth of the Lord's coming
and kindred doctrines should be preached to their neigh-
bors and friends. To this end they had made several efforts
to secure preachers from some of the New England States,
especially from Connecticut, but without avail. As a last
resort an urgent appeal was made to Secretary Sibley of
the Mission Society, and as a result of this Eld. M. R. Miles
of Wolcott, Wayne County, New York, a successful evan-
gelist and worker, was assigned to this field. After labor-
ing a few weeks, the. interest was such that it was thought
best to organize a church, which was done Nov. 30, 1889,
at Dry Brook. From this and later efforts the work spread
to other towns among the mountains.
While a new church was being erected at Dry Brook,
Thomas Feltman âs convicted of the truth as presented
and began a diligent study of the Bible. Feeling the woe
upon him in 1892, he began preaching the Gospel and
holding services as the opened. At the first service
way
in the new church he was set apart to the ministry
in 1894,
by ordination. He soon extended his labors into other
sections of the Catskills and his efforts were blessed in the
conversion of many to Christ and the faith. In due time
other churches were organized and the work was reinforced
by the assistance of William C. Churchill, and later by
George Armstrong, Alexander Braisland, and others. Eld.
M. R. Miles made occasional visits to this field and greatly
assisted in evangelistic efforts and in giving counsel re-
garding the extensioi} of the work.
The A. A. M. Society continued its assistance here for
many years until the work was assured a fair measure of
self-support and extension. In 1897 a conference was
organized. At its annual session in 1909 six churches
reported having a total membership of two hundred and
fifty. Meantime several new and substantial chapels had
been built, a most promising work opened at Arena, and
; .
MISSION HISTORY 347
more recently other fields have called for the message and
workers. A successful campmeeting has been held for
several seasons, field could be manned with a
and if the
workers large results would be
sufficient force of efficient
obtained, but those already secured show a gracious reap-
ing from the patient and faithful sowing. Those who have
visited the field from time to time have had a glimpse of
what it meant Feltman and others to travel
to Eld. Miles,
over those and mountains year after year, with hearts
hills
burdened for the salvation of souls, and will agree that these
workers have a right to be enrolled as veritable mission-
aries of the Cross and good soldiers of Jesus Christ, who
have endured hardness with good courage and without
complaint. They when the saved are gathered
rejoice that
from all number will come from the Catskill
lands a goodly
Mountains as a result of their faithful labors and of the work
which was for many years assisted by the Mission Society.
In 1901, a request came from Toronto, Ontario, that
Adventist work might be opened in that city, and through
the interest of a brother a mission chapel, with Sunday-
school annex, was available for this work and Eld. H. W.
Davis was assigned to this field. The. beginning was
difficult but the work was faithfully followed up with the
result that in time a church was organized, a substantial
brick chapel was built, and now we have there a growing
church prospering under pastoral care, and the work has
also continued in the other places referred to, there being
six churches in the Ontario and Northeastern New York
Conference in 1912.
In 1902 the A. A. M. Society, in addition to the Catskill
work, aided a Portuguese mission at Taunton, Massa-
chusetts a struggling church in Nashua, New Hampshire
;
evangelistic work in Northern Vermont and Canada through

S. Clark and F. W. Fairbanks; the above work in Toronto,
and other efforts in northeastern New York and Ontario
to some extent; also in northwestern Pennsylvania, and,
through the Southern Mission Board, aided four evangelis-
tic woi-kers in the South. The more definite results of its
efforts in recent years are seen in the establishment of a
growing church in Toronto, Ontario, Schenectady, New
York, and Lisbon, New Hampshire, and also, in co-opera-
tion with the Western Home Mission Board, the growing
church in Detroit, Michigan. It should be remembered
that in recent years the territory of this Society's home
mission work has been limited by the western line of
Pennsylvania, and since organization of the Southern Board
the southern line of Maryland; that also within this terri-
.tory there are conference mission boards or committees and
one State mission society, and some of these entirely care
for the work in their respective fields, while each conference
is expected to promote evangelistic and mission effort within
its territory, the responsibility of the Mission Society being
mainly to open work in new and destitute fields or to aid

these conference efforts.
HOME MISSION WORK IN CONFERENCES
Reference has already been made to several Western

Conference Mission Societies, also to the Canadian A.- C.
Mission Society which was organized in 1886 and was later
merged into the conference of its territory. We here refer
to a few more efforts on a kindred line. Deep interest in
foreign missions, often by reflex action or otherwise, stirs
to new and more earnest efforts in the home field. In
1891 Eld. I. C. Wellcome (through the Scriptural Publica-
tion Society) was conducting correspondence mission work
in India, Burma, Ceylon, Italy and Sweden and was de-
sirous, yea had long prayed for the Lord to send some
MISSION HISTORY 349
Adventist missionaries into foreign countries. With this

spirit stirring in the hearts of this brother and his co-
workers- it was quite natural that in 1891 members of this
conference, to further stimulate and systematize their efforts,
organized the Maine State A. C. Mission Society with Eld.
I. C. Wellcome, president, O. S. French, vice-president,
E. O. Dinsmore, secretary, and L. D. Small, treasurer.
This Society has usually employed an evangelist; it has
been the means of raising up several churches, of strength-
ening others, of fostering the mission spirit, and up to 1917,
it had put about $14,000 into Gospel work in the State,
besides their regular church work and a considerable sup-

port by the churches of foreign missions.
In 1893 a spirit of aggressive effort was revived in the
Hoosick Valley Conference, a, mission committee and evan-
were appointed, and the work was vigorously prose-
gelist
cuted for a number of years, with some very gracious
results, and this earnest effort of a small conference stimu-
lated more zealous labors in other quarters.
Conference work was rather feeble in Connecticut until
1897, when a new spirit was aroused, a new mission commit-
tee was appointed, and an earnest campaign was in-
augurated. Bro. E. S. Raymond was chairman of the
committee, and C. H. Sweet was evangelist. This plan of
effort has been followed up through the years, and at times
has been most energetic and successful. Large sums of
money have been raised, many tent and protracted meetings
have been held, quite a number of churches have been
aided, some new ones have been raised up and a spirit of
love, life and zeal has characterized the conference. It
has a live and growing campmeeting at Plainville, Conn.,
and because of its zealous spirit, a portion of Western Mass-
achusetts has in recent years been included in its confer-
ence bounds.
GENERAL MID-WESTERN WORK
The Western Mission Board, which was provided for in

the early eighties,was elected from year to year by and
at the annual meeting of the A. A. M. Society and this
order continued until 1899, when the Mid- Western brethren
asked of said Society the privilege of independent action
in electing their Mission Board, and this request was
readily granted. At the 'same time the by-laws of the
Mission Society were revised in harmony with this actioji
and henceforth the Western Mission Board has been
elected by the W. A. C. P. Association and reports to the
same, and is wholly occupied with home mission efforts.
It is worthy of record that wherever. East or West, vigorous,
diligent, persevering and sagacious efforts are put forth,
the cause is —
thereby quickened and enlarged it is there-
fore of vital concern to the cause in all our land, and to the
continued support and growth of the foreign work, that
the home mission effort be strenuously and successfully
prosecuted.
EVANGELISM
In the early days of this people there was much of itin-

erant and evangelistic labor. Elds. Himes, Burnham,
Hastings, Fassett, Munger, Grant, Boutelle, in the East;
Elds. Morgan, Pratt, Chandler, Mansfield, Sheldon, in the
West, and many others in these and other parts of the
country, were abundant in evangelistic efforts, especially
in their earlier years, working diligently to win men to
the Christ and the truth. The burden of labor for souls
was heavily upon them and they were masters of appeal
and persuasion, and it has ever been a characteristic of
this branch of Adventists, that they have been an evangel-
istic rather than a proselyting people. But there have been
MISSION HISTORY 351
other conspicuous examples of such laborers whose work

has not before been narrated, to whom some reference
should be made, and who, with those above named, are
most worthy to be listed as
EVANGELISTS AT LARGE
A man and blessed memory was

of wide, effective labors
Eld. John G. Hook. He began
preaching ,in 1842, and
early included New Hampshire, New York and Michigan
in his circuits; was engaged in mission work in the city of
Boston for eight years; began tent work in 1853, and in
addition to the above States labored in Maine, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, and California. He
preached long and with large results in Nova Scotia. His
work led him into twenty-four States, and into over a hun-
dred of the chief cities of the country and to some of the
islands of the sea. He preached in all sorts of places, canal
boats, fishing smacks, steamships, railroad cars, kitchens,
barns, hallsand churches small and great; on the streets,
in tents, and in baptismal waters. He is said to have
traveled over 300,000 miles, and to have baptized by im-
mersion, from two to three thousand converts, probably
the latter number. He was in the active ministry fifty
odd years, and was greatly loved by his fellow citizens of
Concord, New Hampshire, .where he held residence for
over sixty years, and many in different circles joined in
loving tribute to his memory, when he passed away in
April, 1889. His hearty, unique, "God bless you," will be
long riemembered by thousands throughout our land, as
it was a real benediction to many troubled hearts.
Another character of rare gift and exceptional service,
is Eld I' Geo. W. Sederquist who though having served
successfully in several pastorates, is chiefly known and

loved for his evangelistic labors. During fifty years of
ministerial service; which began in 1865, he has preached
extensively in Nova Scotia, his native Province, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire^ Connecticut, quite widely
in New Brunswick, Rhode Island, Vermont, Florida, and
California, at several places in Washington and British
Columbia, and in lesser measure in six other States. His
labors in Nova Scotia, in the South, and on the Pacific
Coast being perhaps the most notable of his career. He has
been blessed with a very fruitful ministry, having baptized
over a thousand persons, and it is said that many more were
converted as a result of his personal and public work. He
was not only graced with an excellent gift of song ^but —
has written scores of helpful hymns and com'posed numer-
ous inspiring tunes, which echo in home and church through-
out our ranks. God graciously led, kept and used this
dear brother and his name is precious in many homes,
churches and States.
Eld. John A. Cargile rendered notable service in evan-
gelistic labors, but reference to his work will be found in
the following chapter. Scores of other workers are worthy
of honorable mention for services as public or conference
evangelists, or as laborers for the Mission Society or Boards,
but space forbids further narrative on this wise.
PROPHETIC EVANGELISTIC ITINERARY
Brief reference has previously been made to the abundant

preaching of prophecy, and the quite general use of symbol
charts in the ministry of this people, and while we cannot
allow an extended presentation of this notable and effective
form of teaching, which has been used by hundreds of the
preachers of this faith, yet we must briefly mention a couple
chief examples of its practice. Eld. Miles Grant after his
earlier evangelistic labors, preached far and near on his
—
great chart, which was wide and very long and was hung
GEORGE \V. SEDERQUIST
r:
:%
MISSION HISTORY 353
up at campmeetings, in churches of different denominations

and in large public halls; it was a veritable map of history,
being founded upon, and largely a reproduction of Adam's
great Historical Chart, or long scroll of parallel and epoch
making lines of world history, and Eld. Grant had a very
live, lucid and interesting way of presenting prophecy with
its double witness to ear and eye, and thousands were
greatly enlightened and helped by his teachings.

Another rare gift on this line was that of Mrs. M. Mc-
Kinstry, widow of the late Eld. L. C. McKinstry, with
whom she was a companion in Gospel labor for many years.
While a joint pastorate at Beebe Plain years ago she
in
deeply the need of some new form of teaching to arouse
felt
larger public interest, and to this end she outlined a course
of lectures on prophecy and history; These were so much
appreciated that she was invited to give them in other
places — this went on for two years, when, upon request and
after much further study, she wrote out the lectures and
they were published in 1883 by Eld. McKinstry under
first
title, The World's Great Empires. The book was, later

taken over by the A. C. Publication Society and the fifteenth
edition (of one thousand each) is now on sale. Mrs. Mc-
Kinstry with her large chart delivered these lectures with
such marked ability in hundreds of towns and cities, that
she has often been called on to repeat them several times
and at this writing is still in receipt of many calls from old
and new fields. The regular lectures are often followed with
special sermons and evangelistic services', as they promote
strong conviction of truth and show the need and glory of
Christ and His coming kingdom.
The narrative of organized mission work will be continued,
in Chapter XIV.
CHAPTER XI
THE SOUTHERN AND PACIFIC COAST WORK
WE use the word Southern in this connection with

some freedom, including States that are not classi-
êd with the South in a technical sense, but it is convenient
to associate them thus Echoes of the Ad-
in this sketch.
vent message were early heard in States far south, but
only in a meager way. In 1843 James G. Russell wrote
from Carthage, Alabama, to the Signs of the Times, of
which he was a reader, that Mr. Miller's message had been
heard about in that section, and he called for some one
to come and pr-esent the truth in a wise manner. Early
in 1844 James Clough~ of Mobile, Alabama, wrote to the
Adeeni Herald, reporting that there were in his community
about ten or twelve believers in the Advent near, and after
speaking of persecutions endured, he says, "We all hold
together unitedly in this great work, and we have been
praying that God would send some of our brethren out here
from the North." About this time Elds. Geo. Storrs and
F. G. Brown undertook to carry the message into Virginia,
but the way did not open so that the effort was really suc-
cessful. It appears however that from Boston, New York
City, and in connection with -meetings held at Washington
and Baltimore, considerable' literature relating to the
(ioming of the Lbrd, was Sent into the South. But we can-
not trace the results, and are not able to state that con-
structive, abiding work was established in that section of
the country until the latter part of the sixties.
SOUTHERN AND PACIFIC COAST 355
The slavery spirit in the South, the outljreak and con- i
tinuance of the Civil War, delayed all mission efforts in that

direction, but when the war closfsd the door for mission
labor and other acts of mercy was soon opened,- and was
entered by the A. A. M. Society in its work artiong f reed-
men as recorded in the previous chapter, and alô by Mrs.
H. L; Hastings and a number of helpers who rendered a
large and fruitful service, laboring at first chiefly among
the colored people.
Among the first of the efforts in that period we give a
sketch of the- rise and progress of
THE CAUSE IN WEST VIRGINIA

A Mr. Chambers, of Chambersbur * Ohio, was handed
a tract treating on the Second Coming of Christ and the
Resurrection of the Dead. That he might learn more
perfectly about this new doctrine, he attended a confer-
ence in New York which was held by the Adyentist people
in, 1865, and he was so impressed with the 'teaching that
he asked, the conference to ênd a man to Chambersburg,
who would preach this doctrine there. Being assured that
his request would be granted he returned to Ohio. On
his wayhomehe was taken yery sick and when he arrived
he told his family some .of the -things that he had heard,
£^nd,that a man would come with the judgnient message,
ajid said, "I wHJ not be here tq hear huji, but I die >vith
tihe hope of life in Christ when He comes back to earth
again. I -gave my life to bring, this Gospel of the- kingdom
to. my friends." .He. then fell asleep. Soon after this,

,
S. P. Whitney, a native of Sapdy HilU now Hudson Falls,

N, Y., arrived at Chambersburg, in .answer tg the call.
He was a young man, strong in the faith.and, ready for eyery
geod.work, and notwithstanding he was opposed by, men,
,
God gave hirn the victory and in-,1866 he set in order a

•church in the town, which was composed of the best citi-
zens of the country.

About a year after that, one of the charter members,
James Spradling, arranged with Bro. Whitney to go with
him to Charleston, West Virginia. As they journeyed up
the Great Kanawha Valley, they both heralded the judg-
ment message with zeal and power, and were received gladly
by sinners, but rejected by the churches. Nevertheless
they went forth bearing reproach for Christ and succeeded
in organizing five churches in the State, and three men were
licensed to preach, viz., James Spradling, of Ohio, A. B.
Pauley and Jiles Luney of West Virginia. They decided
it best to organize a conference and Bro. Whitney called
Eld. J. V. Hirnes to the State tp assist in the work. This,

brother responded taking with him a Gospel tent cind a
great chart. Notice was given to the six churches to as-
semble at Coon Creek, W. V., and on the first day of Oc-
tober, 1870, with J. V. Himes in the chair, the churches
were organized into the Second Advent Christian Con^
ference of West Virginia, S. P. Whitney president; Jiles
Luney, secretary. It was organized on the Episcopal plan
and continued on that plcm until 1892, when it was voted
to change to the Congregational order. Under the former
method the president of the conference, though not called
bishop, was given the authority to station all pastors, or
to remove them at his will, but he always consulted with
the officials concerned. It is reported that under this plan
the churches prospered, all were supplied with pastors, and
all the preachers were employed whereas, after the change
;
was made, some preachers were left without work, some

churches without pastors, while sorne preachers received,
more calls than they could accept. One of the veterans
at least considers, that because of these conditions the
former plan was more efficient, but the change was made
because the churches wanted to choose their own pastors,

desiring it to be a direct arrangement between church and
pastor.
Eld. Whitney was an earnest, progressive man of great
courage, a natural leader of men; he was careful to lead a
godly, exemplary life and he preached the doctrines of the
faith strongly. His labors were largely blessed; and as a

result with the co-operation of others, churches were raised
up in eleven counties in West Virginia. He finished his
course and on sleep in 1912, aged seventy-eight years.
fell
The high regard in which his life and labors are still held,
and the progressive spirit of the conference, are well testi-
fied in the following resolution which was adopted by said
body in annual session in September, 1917, in which, after
speaking of the Aurora College $200,000 endowment fund
and its necessity to the permanence and efificiency of the
institution, it was:
Resolved, That the West Virginia Advent Christian Con-

ference heartily endorses this movement and hereby
pledges its moral and financial support to the endowment
campaign, and calls upon all churches topray earnestly for
its success.
Resolved Further, That we encourage the raising in
West Virginia of $5,000 for, the endowment fund and that
this be named
THE WHITNEY MEMORIAL FUND
in memory of the father of Adventism in West .Virginia,
Eld. Silas P. Whitney of revered memory.
Elds. Perry Todd, A, B. Pauley, Wilber Spencer, and W.

H. Dougherty and J. E. Snyder, have succeeded him as
presidents of the conference. Elds. W. A. Atkinson, D.
W. Pauley and G. W. Moore have proven very effective
laborers in this field, the former serving for some time as
State evangelist and organizing a goodly number of
churches. This appears to be a growing conference, in-
deed, was reported in 1911 as having forty-two churches
it
with 1462 members. A later return gave fifty-two churches

with 2200 members and in 1916 the A. C. Manual report
gives sixty-four churches with 2541 members. It is said
that we have no better work than this in the Southern
Statae. It has been a fruitful vine whose branches have
run over the wall. Two of its effective preachers, S. W.
Good and S. A. Mundy, went years ago as young men to
Virginia, and there labored diligently and faithfully, and
the results of these efforts, with those of others who have
entered into their labors, are seen in the conference 6f this
State, which was organized in 1896, and was reported in
1916 as having fourteen churches. It is now said that there
is an excellent opportunity in these sister States as the
people at large have an ear to hear. i
IN THE CAROLINAS
In 1867 John B. Wardsworth of North Carolina visited
,
New York on business and going to Rochester, was directed

to the big teiit in i^hich meetings were being held though |
attracted by was soon converted to Christ

curiosity he
and to the message of His corning. Being strongly moved to
spread the truth and to win souls, he was granted s^pplês
from the tract fund, and ^returning homeward, began at
Baltimore and walked to all the chief cities of the South
distributing tracts and witnessing for the truth. Later he
published A Colporteur's Notes, giving an account of his
work, and of a discussion which he had heard at Louis-
ville, Ken., between a Baptist and an Adventist. It is
said that this was a work of much interest and was widely
circulated in the South.^
^Welkome's History, pp. 521j 622.

In the same year Payton G. Bowman, who entered the

Methodist ministry of South Carolina in the thirties, and
had served many years as "an itinerant preacher from the
mountains to the seaboard," seeing thousands of souls
converted under his ministry, was sent North to raise money
jn aid of church work in North Carolina, where he was
then laboring. In addition to the assistance sought he
received pew light on Scripture teaching, for while in New
York he met a friend and received a book, with the result
that his faith on the nature of man and the end of evil was
entirely changed, after careful Bible study and reflection.
He visited Boston and his new interest led him to the ofSce
of the World's Crisis, where books on this subject and on the
coming of the Lprd, were secured. He was at length fully
convinced that both reason and Scripture were on the side
of the new doctrine, and he felt it his duty as an honest
man to utterly give his life to the service of the truth.
Beginning to preach the Gospel in its new light, he was soon
charged with "heresy" and. suspended from all rights apd
benefits of the Methodist ministry, and hence he spon for-
rnally withdrew therefrom, considering the new truths
received to be worth more than favor or money. In .1871
he united with the Adveritist people and becaihe an "effi-
cient missionary of this faith in North and South Carolina,
Georgia and other States." Though lie met serious '.op-
position and persecution, he was richly blessed in the work.
For some time in the seventies he was aided by the A. A.
M. Society, and in addition to his more extended labors,
"three substantial and commodious houses of worship, were
built in the county where he reside^," and a goodly nurnber
of believers were brought into covenant fellowship.^ .In
'
the fall of 1879 Eld.. Bowman wrote that: ,'
^Wellcome' s History, pp. 622, 642f.

"When the A. A. Mission Board furnished him with the
means he traveled hundreds of miles into Florida, Georgia,
and North Carolina, preaching day and night the coming of
Christ and the glory that shall follow, distributing hundreds
of dollars worth of tracts and holding high the standard of
God's holy truth as we understand it.From these distant
points the truth has spread out till many have been raised
up to defend it."
From lack of means he had lately been limited in his work,
and also had suffered great hardship. Eld. Bowman was
a man of fine, distinguished presence, of culture and able
thought, an eloquent and edifying preacher. While mem-
ory lasts the writer will tenderly cherish the recollection
of some of his able sermons— especially those he gave when
he visited the North following the loss of his wife, when his
spirit was very tender and fervent. He was also a man of
vision ready, to enter open doors, and eager to have new
fields occupied. We have recent, definite testimony that
the memory of Eld. Bowman is honored and tenderly
cherished in all the country where his service was wrought.
The labors of Eld. Bowman were early supplemented and
followed by those of Elds. John A. Cargile, G. D. Sherrill,
J. P. King and several others.. In 1878 the A. C. Con-
ference of Eastern North Carolina was organized, and was
later enlarged to include Eastern South Carolina, and was
called the Conference of the Carolinas, continuing as such
until 1897 or 1898, when another change was made and
the old name was resumed and the conference as now con-
stituted was organized. Elds. John T. Phillips, C. C. Nor-
ris, Isaac W. King, J. W. S. Harvey, Geo. W. Shepard and
others are reported as having rendered both excellent and

effective service in this field, while Eld. J. P. King, who in
the seventies left the Baptist ministry for what he felt was
light and truth, is highly honored as the most notable
preacher in the above conference. A friend writing a few
years since said of him: "He gave his whole heart and being
to the cause thirty-five years ago. He became the leader
of the denomination in eastern North Carolina, and thou-
sands have been converted to the truth through his great
preaching." His work also spread to several Southern
States and a number of churches stand as a monument to
his character and ability.
A meeting of believers in the Second Advent message
from several counties^ in Western North Carolina convened
in Berea Church, Collettsville, N. C, November, 1879,
when, with three ministers and a number of believers from
various parts of the State present, it was decided to or-
ganize, a constitution was drawn up, and adopted and thus
the Piedmont A. C. Conference came into order, and G. D.
Sherrill was elected president. The report states that Eld.
Bowman was the first to preach in this section and he was
later followed by J. A Cargile, G. D. Sherrill and T. R.
Nelson. At this time they report eight churches with
others to organize, a considerable outside influence and they
were much encouraged in the work. The next annual
session (1880) showed encouraging growth and Eld. Nel-
son who had served as evangelist was re-elected to that
office. Eld. Sherrill writing in the spring of 1888 said:
"The work in Western North Carolina is at least encour-

aging; within less than twenty-five miles of this place
(Ipenoir) there are seven A. C. Churches in organized working
order, all having grown up since 1875, three of them having
over seventy members each. Many now love the truth
. . .
who a few years ago thought it dangerous."

Writing again in 1890 of this conference he said:
"This body is composed of twenty odd churches, some of
these in Eastern and Western North Carolina and some in
South Carolina, with nine or ten preachers who are generally
faithful, self-sacrificing men; this work has grown up in
the last fifteen years."
He speaks gratefully of the aid given by Eld. Cargile
on his "flying visits."
was a trained worker, being a Theological
Eld. Sherrill
Seminary graduate, he was for many years president of the
above conference, was considered the ablest defender of
the faith in his field of labor, and the strongest writer for
the cause in the South. As will appear more fully later,
church alignment and conference boundaries changed as
the work developed and n^w conferences were organized,
yet we cannot take space to trace the new lines drawn,
but must deal only with the general progress of the cause.
OTHER EARLY EFFORTS

In 1867 Eld. H.'l. Hasting' only sister was doing mis-
sion work in South Carolina, and her reports of the needs
of the people, with the strivings of the Spirit, produced in
Mrs. Hastings a deep conviction that she must go South to
carry help for the poor, the afflicted and the tidings of sal-
vation to the lost. The way was graciously opened and
in May, 1868, she journeyed to the same and amid
State,
great difficulties; notable answers to prayer and wonderful
Providences, was enabled, with the assistance of numerous
helpers, to open up and carry on for several years an ex-
cellent work, chiefly in South and North Carolina and Ten-
nessee. In 1870 Eld. Hastings made a trip South, visiting
the schools and mission stations that had been established,
and preaching freely in several of the States. An extended
account of this "Southern Mission work" was given by
Mrs. Hastings in Pebbles From the Path of a Pilgrim, a
book that is remarkable in its story of God's care and
—
guidance and we give a few selections from its "Sum-
mary":
"During a period of a little more than six years, from
November, 1867, to January, 1874, sixty-five missionary
journeys were made from the North to the States of Vir-

ginia,North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee,
Alabama, and Florida, in connection with the mission work'
of the Scriptural Tract Repository; beside some others
undertaken by independent laborers who visited the fields
we occupied, and co-operated in our work. ... I myself
made five journeys to the South. Four other members of
our familymade seven journeys, the 'different visits occupy-
ing from six to twenty months each, Twenty-eight of the
journeys were made by seventeen different men, and
twenty-four journeys were made by nineteen different
women who labofed as missionaries and teachers."
On another page she speaks of forty-one workers and
further reports, that:
"Through the united labors' of this noble band of workers,
sixteen Sunday-schools were organized and sustained for
longer or shorter periods, with interest and profit. Fif- . . .
teen week-day schools for elementary and religious instruc-

tion, vtfêre established in six different regions. .Houses,
. .
schoolhouses, and places of worship were purchased, built,

or hired the Gospel was preached to multitudes in places,
;
vlrhere, through the troublous times, it had been rarely heard

for years before; coilverts were multiplied, and good
. . .
was done which can only be known in eternity. .'In . .
addition to this we were able to aid' numbers of teachers,

laborers, and preachers residing in the Southern States;
some of our pupils, also, became teachers, and other schools
were established,"—and the results of the work were thus^
enlarged and continued.
Up to July, 1871, some three hundred barrels of clothing,

provisions, books, and sundries, mostly contributed by
friends of the work were shipped from the. Repository to
the field and over $8,000 were put, into this work, also
hundreds and thousands of tracts and papers were sent
freely through the South. Later accounts were lost in the
Boston fire, of 1872, §o this is only a partial statement of
the expense involved in this fruitful labor, and it is stated
that none of the workers were' under salary, they were
content with food and raiment, and gave the service from
willing hearts because of the great need —
a work that it
will be hard to excel by any modern "social service."
The labors of Eld. and Mrs. Hastings in the South were
largely suspended in 1872, by his great loss in the terrible
Boston fire of that year, and by a collapse in his health.
IN THE FARTHER SOUTH
After the mission work in South CaroHna, above referred

to, was established Mrs. Hastings was called into North
Carolina, and after this into Tennessee. Eld. John A. Car-
gile referring to the work of H. L. Hastings and wife in
South Carolina, writes thils:
"From there, by some means, they came over into East

Tennessee, and started a work among white people. A very
pious and noted citizen among them, was the aged Caleb
Smith, whose son, Jesse J. Smith was a minister of the
Missionary Baptist Church, and lived in Alabama, fifteen
or >twenty miles from Stevenson, which was my home.
The latter, while visiting his father (in 1871) attended the
Hastings tent meetings. There he heard and accepted the
teachings of prophecy with ireference to the kingdom to be on
the earth and the fulfilled signs of its nearness. I had never
heard of Eld. Hastings or his work; had never heard of
the Adventist people or their doctrines on the nature of
man and Conditional Immortality, I did not know that
such an idea had been thought of until, in April, 1871, I
read in Acts 2 34 that David had not gone to heaven that
: ;
surprised me and stirred me up to investigate further on

-the nature of man. In November of that year Bro. Heze-
Iciah Davis of Connecticut and Sister H. B. Hastings, of
Boston, Mass., came to Stevenson with the mission tent,
and Eld. Jesse J. Smith was with them. From them I
learaed and accepted the doctrines of the Adventist people.
These circumstances brought Bro. Smith and myself to-
gether in our work."
:
Early in 1871, and again in the winter of 1871-72 Eld.

Wm. Sheldon spent some time laboring^ in several of the
Southern States. On the first visit he assisted Eld. Bow-
man in South Carolina, also labored in Central and South-
ern Georgia during his second tour he preached in
;
Alabama and Tennessee. Including both journeys he

preached almost constantly for some five months, found
the people eager to heair his message, and he distributed
various publications quite widely. On his latter tour Eld.
Sheldon met both Bren. Smith and Cargile, was much en-
couraged by their stand for the truth, and he also gave them
fresh assurance, further light and good cheer. Bro. Car-
gile had been an acceptable minister of the Primitive Bap-
tist ranks, but soon both he and Eld. Smith were brought
to account for their so-called "heresy," and in loyalty tp

the doctrines accepted, sacrificed their former church re-
lationsand went forth untrammeled to herald the truth
farand near. Eld. A. A. PhHps visited the South in 1874,
and wrote of these same brethren
"New fields are opening before them and like true men of
,
God, they are following the cloudy, fiery pillar of their im-
mortal Leader. They have toiled hard and suffered many
privations, in their efforts to preach a whole Gospel. They
are now being re-inforced by several young ministers who
are helping to shout the battle on."
J.J. Smith first came into the light on the line of proph-
ecy and the coming of the Lord; while J. A. Cargile entered
by way of the nature and destiny of man, but each in turn
received the other truths with joy and blessing. It was a
great day for Adventual South when they
interests in the
were brought into>the faith. The former was a good man',
an able preacher and his self-denyihg, faithful labors led
many into the truth, but he was not much given to organ-
izing churches and permanently establishing his work.
366 : ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
The latter, while also devoted and true, and given much
to extensive trips and campaigns through various States',
was more given to constructive labors. Hence, in July,
1876, the North Alabama A. C. Conference was organized
at Stevenson, Ala., with twelve ministers, and several
churches which Eld. Cargile had organized in Northern
Alabama, Western North Carolina, and Georgia, with one
church in Tennessee. Eld. Sherrill of North Carolina was
present and assisted in this effort. This step proved a help
to the cause, an inspiration to the preachers, and in due
time other churches were organized, other workers were
enlisted, new boundaries were drawn; and, through the
passing years, the Piedmont Conference in Western North
Carolina, the East Georgia and South Carolina Conference,
the Middle or Southern Georgia Conference have been set
in order, and besides the remainder of the North Alabama
organization, are established on what w^s included in its
original territory.
For some time Eld. Cargile was aided by the A. A. M.
Society, and reported to. the same he was for many years
;
assisted by interested and liberal friends of the North, and

for a long period was most of the time on the wing, travel-
ing far and near, vigorously preaching the Gospel of life
and the coming kingdom. A notable feature of his work
was that of public discussion -with opponents of the faith,
on this wise he engaged in thirty-two debates with thirty-
one men, in which he "spent one hundred days and nine-
teen nights till ten o'clock." He was so successful in thesfe
efforts thaton several occasions they were followed by the
organization of churches of our faith.
Among his able and faithful helpers in the cause, he
speaks especially of Elds. S. R. Hood, F. R. Bankson, and
W. W. Livingston, saying that they' "were noble and true
ministers, who honestly embraced the ti'uth when they
heard it, and were without fear

faithful in proclaiming it
or favor until they with the armor on." In connec-
all fell
tion with the cause in Georgia the names of Elds. B. G.

Fortner, and J. D. Kendrick are appreciatively mentioned.
Eld. Cargile also carried the message to some extent into
Florida, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas.
IN FLORIDA
In the fall of 1867, Eld. P. A. Smith of Rochester, N. Y.,

and Brp. R. W. Wilson went South, hoping that the climatic
change would give better health. After arriving at Jack-
sonville, they started a mission in a hall in the city and the
work began in a promising way. This mission was affili-
ated with the A. A. Mission Board, but the workers were
not under salary. Eld. Smith preached one-half his time
in the city, and supplied at several other places while seek-
ing to open new doors. Gen. Wm. B. Ross, visiting Jack-
sonville, was persuaded by a friend to hear the above
brethren preach, and was so much pleased that he obtained
their promise to visit Lake City, which they did the next
week. Judge W. M. Ives heard Eld. Smith preach and
was at once convinced on Conditionalism. Capt. W. A.
Sheffield, who was becoming interested on the same line,-
persuaded the brethren to visit the northern part of Co-
lumbia Co., and there quite an interest was awakened;
this work followed up resulted in, the organization of two
churches in towns some distance north of Lake City, and
chapels were built. Eld. Smith spent a number of winters
in Florida, making his home at Jacksonville, but visiting
and preaching in the above county several times even as
late, it is said, as 1883.
During this time and following Judge Ives was using his
opportunities to defend and make known the truths he
had received. In the winter of 1893, having communicated
—

with Elds. Miles Grant and J. A. Cargile, who were then
laboring in North Carolina, he secured a visit from them.
Eld. Grant preached in the Lake City Court House, with
his large chart, while Eld. Cargile was speaking at Lulu
and other places. The results were meagre, except at Live
Oak, where Bro. Thomas Dowling was convinced of the
need of baptism, and a church was organized. Soon Bren.
John E. King of North Carolina, and H. V. Skipper of
Brunswick, Ga., labored in this section, organized several
churches and others early entered into the work. .A con-
ference session was held at Live Oak, December, 1894
nine churches were represented, some nine preachers were
present, and a number of visitors. This was its first annual
assembly and it is the testimony of Judge Ive^ that "from
that date the South Georgia and Florida Conference has
grown," which seems to be confirmed by more recent re-
which gave thirty-two ministers, thirty
ports, the last of
churches and 2273 members. Evangelist G. W. Seder-
qilistaided this work by several visits to Florida John T. ;
Johnson was an efficient worker for some years, and Eld.

V. P. Simmons of the State has rendered valued assistance,
especially to the ministry, by his excellent writings.
OTHER SOUTHERN ITEMS
.
In 1879, a conference was organized in Arkansas, and its
early years were full of promise as there were able and earn-
est workers,but later visionary theories and divisive issues
entered, and the work waslargely lost, only a few brethren
remaining loyal to the cause. There is a record of a small
conference in Mississippi, but we have no account of its
work. The cause in W. Tennessee, Northern Mississippi
and Eeistern Arkansas, conducted by the conference of
which* Eld. A. J. Sanderlin is president, has been referred
SOUTHERN AND PACIFIC COAST "
369
to in Chapter Ten and the educational work of that sec-

tion will bementioned in later pages.
Eld. J. A. Cai-gile labored considerably in Texas in other
years, and out of those efforts, and the faithful labors of
others, we have a small conference in that, big State, and
we have testimony that it is a good work. In the list of
its preachers we note with pleasure the names of J. A.
Bryan (who was led into the faith by Eld. J. J. Smith),
A. Turner, and J. B. Seaberry. The work of the latter
brother is highly commended by those who know him and
his labors for the cause.
In the nineties when the Southern Association was or-
ganized, the Mississippi River was recognized as the western
boundary of its territory, and the conferences west of the
river passed to the care of the Western Association, but of
these later developments we will write in another chapter.
ON THE PACIFIC COAST

It is difificult to trace the very first beginnings of Ad-
ventist work in California. Testimony appears in the
writings of one of the early workers on the Coast, speaking
of services held there in the.early fiftiesby Eld. J. V; Himes.
How much' time he spent there,' or what results were ob-
tained, we cannot state. Doubtless the Civil War and
other difficulties hindered Eastern friends from earlier
activities in this section of the country.
In 1865 J. L. Hopkins, printed in San Fran'cisco, from
time to time as he could secure the means, a paper in
pamphlet form, sixteen octavo pages, called the World's
Crisis. He preached on the streets, distributed this paper,
also Sheldon's tract "Ghostology," and a number were led
to see the truth of life in Christ only..
In 1869 Eld. D. D. Reed and wife went to California and
have been considered the pioneers of this faith on the
Pacific Coast. Bro. Reed was ordained dt Wilbraham,
Mass., by Elds.J. V. Himes and WiUiam Sheldon in 1867.
He was a native of Bristol, Rhode Island, and his wife of
Natick, R. I. They made their home in Santa Clara.
Their first convert to the faith was M. M. Norton, formerly
of the Christian Church. They soon visited Jackson City,
Gait," Vallejo, Najia,San Diego, and Los Angeles. Bro.
and Sister Reed were efficient and tireless workers and did
their utmost to spread the truth. They labored at length
in Vallejo and as a result of these efforts in 1871 the first
Advent Christian Church on the Coast was organized, at
this. place. They then held their liieetings in a building
formerly used for a dance hall and saloon, that was fa-
miliarly known as "George's Place," which they converted
into a meeting house, "changing the bar into a pulpit and
the vacancy into sittings." The good people of the town
were very glad of the change, and there the \york pros-
pered.
In November, 1871, Dr. O. R. Fassett held a series of
meetings in this hall assisted by Eld. Reed and wife, which
resulted in the conversion of a number. Nine. were bap-
tized at the close of the meeting and others were to go
forward the next opportunity. About three thousand peo-
ple were on the banks at the Bay to witness the baptismal
exercises. The special effort was to be renewed the next
month under the labors of Eld. M. Grant. There was
strong opposition in this place from the clergy and from
infidels; the latter were organized and belligerent, but
nevertheless the work of the brethren was fruitful and the
cause prosifered. Of the work in general at, this time Eld.
Fassett wrote:
"The Advent faith is beginning to be examined, studied,
and embraced by many on this Cbast, and a people will be
gathered out of the multitude who will look for, and wel-
come our Lord at His coming. There is no locality where
the Advent truths can be more widely diffused among
differept nationalities than here. There are representa-
tives of nearly all tribes and nations of men on this Coast.
The Gospel light, on the coming kingdom, shining brightly
here will light up both Hemispheres before its setting; and
the 'isles of the sea' will hear of the coming of the glorified
King! There must be an unflinching effort on this whole
Coast to illuminate the people who now sit in the darkness
and shadow of death. Men of God must come here from
the East filled with faith and the Holy Spirit to do this work.
God must raise up laborers in the very midst of this people
to herald the advent of our triumphant Lord. This land
should be flooded with Advent tracts and publications in
different languages. Brethren, come over and help us.
The Lord is at hand!"
Of the labors of Eld, and Mrs. Fassett, Bro. Reed wrote,

"We feel to thank God that He ever sent Bro. and Sister
Fassett to this Coast, the Lord is with them and they are
not afraid to preach the whole truth. Sister Fassett draws
large crowds and is doing a good work."
Early in 1872 a chapel was built at Vallejo, the first on
the Coast, which was dedicated without debt and which
was said to be, "equal in dimensions to any church in the
city with one exception," and to be "a monument of neat-
ness and taste." Elds. Fassett and R. W. Wilson assisted
in the work at Santa Clara, where a church was organized
in the above year, the second church formed on the Coast.
"It still lives and shines upon its own candlestick."
D. D. Reed and wife pressed on in the work with all
diligence holding meetings in different places as the doors
opened. A summary of their labors is given by Dr. H. F.
Carpenter, who kindly gleaned it from their journal of
travel and labor:
:

"They soon held wonderful meetings in Potter Valley.
Bra. Wilson accompanied them to Portland, Ore., and
. . .
to Cornelius, Hillsboro, Dallas, Salem, Hall's prairie, Cor-

vallis, Albany. From this place he returned home, too
feeble to go further, while Eld. and Mrs. Reed pushed on
to Eugene City, then across the Willamette River to
Springfield, Roseburg, and Brownsville. From Roseburg
they took a stage for a three hundred miles ride over the
mountains stopping at the towns along, Myrtle Creek,
Canonville,, Jacksonville and Ashland. Then crossing
into California they stopped at Yreka, three hundred and
sixty miles north of Sian Francisco, Sisson's Hotel at the
foot of Mt. Shasta, Redding, Red Bluffs, Marysville and
back to old Vallejo where they were glad to rest among
warmhearted believers! In all these places they preached
in schoolhouses, courthouses, colored churches, anywhere
they could get a place, however humble. They had only
one errand and that was not to entertain but to declare
the Advent message. They, in nearly every place, had
plenty of ears to hear. They scattered a multitude of
tracts, sold books, talked with every one they met, spent
much time in prayer, and paid their own expenses."
Their next trip was over the Santa Cruz Mountains to
Pescadero. Then to Davenport Landing, Santa Cruz,
Monterey, Soquel, Salinas and back home again. Then up
the river to Simm's Landing and Sacramento. In 1875
and the three succeeding years they made long tours in
different portions of the country holding meetings in many
towns and cities. Of their* work Dr. Carpenter remarks
"Their pathway can be traced by isolated believers all
along their routes and in many places there are now Ad-
ventist Churches with houses of their own in which to wor-
ship."
One of Eld. Reed's co-laborers was J. D. Carey, who was
a "dyed in the- wool Methodist." Being invited to the Adr
vent prayer-meetings, he went first of all to "fight the
religious infidels" as he considered them, but at the ^nd of
three weeks he was converted to the new faith and when

Eld. Reed and wife returned to hold meetings, was ready
for burial in baptism. He soon felt convicted to bear
testimony for the truth, but though reluctant to do this
from lack of training, he began to bear testimony in a pri-
vate way and soon felt pressed into larger service.
He joined with Eld. Reed in 1874, in evangelistic efforts.
Great interest was manifested and some were converted to
^hrist and the faith: In 1877 Bro. Carey felt more of
burden to go out in the work, and responding to his con-
victions in 1878 and 1879 went up and down the Men-
dosino County Coast and then in the interior of the county.
There he worked somewhat as a pioneer and when the in-
terest was aroused would call in Eld. and Mrs. Reed to
strengthen the work. As a result of their joint labors at
Potter Valley, a chui:ch was organized and a good, sub-
stantial chapel was built —a church which had several
pastors and for years was a strong healthy body. Meet-
ings were held also at Hollister and Watsonville, and later
at Santa Cruz. In this place "the word took effect and
prevailed mightily." I.N. Archibald, was here converted
from infidelity, his wife and daughter were also converted
(the latter is now Mrs. Nina L. Collins) and they have
been most fruitful workers In the cause. A church was
organized and though it has passed through some trials
and changes, abides to this day.
Meantime a tep.t had been secured to aid in the work and
these joint laborers visited San Francisco, and held fruit-
ful services there, also at Petaluma and at Napa City.
The work at the latter place was not fruitful at that time,
but the present church had its birth in a remarkable re-
vival connected with the preaching of Adventual truths
in the Redwood school district some sixteen miles westerly
from Napa, where a church was organized. Here Mr.
H. Wilson was converted from infidelity, and many of his
neighbors were brought to Christ. The work was later
moved to Browns Valley schoolhouse for a time and finally
transferred to Napa, where it has continued a strong and
uniformly healthy church. This tent campaign was in
the year 1880 and was the last that these brethren held
together. They often traveled together with team to see
how the interest was prospering in different places wTiere
they formerly labored; the circuit was some six hundred
miles around and for several years they were making this
circuit from time to time until the health of Eld. Reed
broke down. It is estimated that as a result of the labors
of Bro. and Sister Reed, after 1874, there were nearly three
hundred baptisms, though the full number of conversions
to the faith will never be known until the Books are opened.
In 1875 Dr. Henry F. Carpenter, who had done valiant
service in the cause in the East entered into the work on
the Pacific Coast and located at Vallejo. He became
pastor of the church there, remainirig with them four years;
then he settled at Santa Clara, which has been his perma-
nent home for thirty odd years. Here he has practiced
medicine, acted as pastor, and hassupplied the church in
the absence of other pastors who served the church from
time to time. Dr. Carpenter also spent considerable time
in tent work both in southern and northern California,
but of we have no detailed account.
this
PUBLISHING THE ADVOCAXfe
The need of an Adventual paper on the Coast was felt

jointly by Dr. Carpenter and E. L. Prfest, who called
themselves The Pacific Berean Society, Oakland, Cal.,
and in 1881 they began publishing a paper under the title'
Pacific- Missionary Advocate and Herald of the Advent.
The convictions and the sense of need which led these
brethren to start the paper, were thus expressed in the

first editorial:
"We have long felt the need of a medium of communi-

cation between those 'waiting for God's Son from Heaven'
on this Coast. There are numbers of scattered ones who
know scarcely anything of their brethren, or of what they
are doing on this Coast. The Crisis and Banner have never
yet refused to publish anything we have sent them, but
there are matters of local interest with which we would not
care to. trouble them, or to fill their columns. The waiting
ones on this coast nee4 some center of common interest
around which they can rally. It seems to us that a home
paper will, if properly conducted, serve to acquaint them
with one another, and constitute an additional bond to
unite them in earnest work for the Master. We
have hoped
the conference would assume the responsibility of this
enterprise, but as yet, it is too timid to venture, so that a
few individuals have felt impressed to move forward-,
hoping to waken the courage of others in this 'matter."
Dr. Carpenter served as editor and Bro. Priest as busi-

ness agent and treasurer. The Advocate was started for
the purpose also of awaking a 'new interest in home mission
work, on the Coast, and to promote more spiritual life
among the people. Of its success in this there was abun7*

dant testimony. The editor and business agent served
without recompense, and it is testified that they stood ready
to pay for the privilege of working for the Master in this
way if circumstances should so require. These brethren
had other means of support aside from this labor, as Dr.
Carpenter had a large 'medical practice and was also preach-
ing twice each Sunday. For this work God especially
strengthened him and he felt much spiritual quickening
and uplift. v
In the fall Advent Christian Publica-

of 1885 the Pacific
tion and Mission Society was organized twenty-two breth-
;
ren banded themselves together, pledging to paySlOayear
each for the publication of the paper. The Advocate was
at first only a monthly; about 1886 it was changed to
Messiah's Advocate, and was enlarged to eight pages. The
following year it was issued twice a month and reduced to
four pages. more frequent issue proved to be too ex-
Its
pensive for the income and so for a tinie the paper was sus-
pended. In 1883 Eld. W. R. Young became acquainted
with the paper and became a regular contributor to its col-
umns until its suspension in 1888. After about a year had
elapsed he felt greatly burdened afid convicted that it was
the will of the Lord that the Advocate should be revived, and
finding a general desire among the people to this effect,
he brought the question before one of their meetings.
There Were difficulties in the way which challenged their
faithand courage, but by hearty co-operation these were
soon removed and in the fall of 1889, the Publication and
Mission Society was re-organized and the paper started
again with new material and many prayers. Dr. Car-
penter was again editor and Bro. Young was
elected
and treasurer. The paper was again
elected business agent
issued twice a month and pursued its course by God's
blessing without again getting into debt.
The Society as re-organized adopted a Constitution of
sixteen articles. Article 2 stating its object is as follows:
"The object of this society shall be to publish Messiah's
Advocate and such tracts, books, and other periodicals as
it may deem advisable in serving the cause of Biblical truth
and holiness, and to receive, hold ahd disburse or dispose
of any and all funds or real estate donated to it for the above
or other ecclesiastical purposes and mission work." lis
membership was to be composed ,of those believers in
Christ's near second coming and Conditional Immortality,
"who observe the first day of the week as the Lord's Day,
and give, at least, ten dollars annually for the promotion

of the Society's work, and who maintain a gOod report as to
Christian character."
In the fall of 1892, Dr. Carpenter declined re-election as
editor of the Advocate, but took charge of the business, super-
intending the printing and mailing of the paper. Eld. "
W. H. Lannin, who was about to move from the East to

take up work in San Francisco', was elected editor and
rendered good service, considering the difficulties of editing
a paper which was published fifty miles from the editor's
office. Ayear later Dr. Carpenter having taken the pas-
torate of the A. C. Church in Worcester, Mass., and Eld.
Lannin being undecided as to future plans, and the society
having considered the difficulties of issuing a paper without
a central office for the entire work, voted to combine the
offices of editor, business agent, and treasurer, and elected
W. R. Young to this position. Eld. Young was enabled
to accept the office though the salary was small, being at,
the same time called to the pastorate of the church at Oak-
land, and there he established the office of the paper on the
upper floor- of the Central Bank Building. For some time
after this change they had to hire the press work done
outside, having no press of their own. After about two
years they moved' into larger and better quarters and ef-
forts were made to secure a press. Kind friends offered
liberal assistance and the press was soon secured with the
necessary motor power for its operation.
In June, 1895, the paper was enlarged to eight pages and
continued to be issued twice a month. This result was ob-
tained in response to the prayer and faith of those deeply
interested. Meanwhile the circulation of the paper wa?
steadily though slowly increasing; with like devotion fur-
ther equipment was added to the office and in 1898 the
question of a weekly issue was agitated and it was decided
that with the coming of the new year the Advoifate should
become a weekly paper. This effort proved a success as
the friends rallied with new interest and quickened effort.
Improved facilities were also soon added to the office outfit,
and with the increased business and enlarged support of
interested friends, the expense of these changes was met so
that they commenced the year 1902 free from debt with a
very greatly improved plant for larger service. Later a
costly type-setting machine and other appliances were
added, so that theoffice was brought up-to-date and earned
a substantial income from job work and the printing of
several outside publications.
THE WORK IN OREGON

In the spring of 1872 Eld. M. M. Norton, who had for-
merly been a preacher of the Christianorder, but who was
called Eld. D. D. Reed's first copvert to the Advent faith
, on the Pacific Coast, began to labor in the State of Oregon.
His labors were greatly, blessed in the State and soon a
goodly number of faithful and devoted Christians had been
gathered in different places who were waiting for the re-
turn of the King. Bro. Norton did nof organize, churches,
but gathered believers into what may be called classes.
In the summer of 1873 Eld. D. D. Reed went to the as-
sistance of Bro; Norton and organized churches in several
places. On this trip after visiting soirie "dear saints who
lived so peacefully and happily in the mountains," they
began meetings in Hillsboro, continuing for ten days.
Here great interest was awakened and Bro. Norton was
left to carry on the work. Eld. Reed visited Cornelius,
(and Lafayette. Of the opportunities in this State at that
time he wrote:
"The fields are truly white in this State, and laborers
are few; an open ear to hear everywhere, with great inter-
est and attention. We have invitations froni all directions

—more than we can We pray the Lord of the harvest
fill. . . .
to send forth more laborers into this field."
Churches were organized by Eld. Reed at Mount Har-

mony, Shady Brook, Portland, and other places. Next
followed J. D. Carey and J. C. Smith, and were said to
have done good work in Eastern and Southern Oregon,
while Mr. and Mrs. Harvey labored at Myrtle Point, Otter
Slough and other places on the Coast. Later a conference
was organized with the purpose of pushing the work
earnestly throughout the State. The conference appointed
two evangelists, A. W. Steers for Western Oregon, and
James A. Orchard for Eastern Oregon, the Cascade Mounr
tains being the dividing \\ne. The first Oregon brother to
begin preaching the Gospel was Judge Bronaugh; of Port-
land, who was recognized as a man of great ability and
influence and was led into the faith by Bro. No^rtoil.
The second native preacher was Eld. J. Dix, who later had
two sons engaged in the work doing effective service. Brto.
Aaron Preston also d^d much faithful preaching. As a
result* of these labors there were ten Adventist churches
.
which were active in the Master's service, tut because of

some difficulties which arose, these churches were thrown
into decline, though a number in all of them proved faith-
ful, and this first conference came to an end shortly, after
1890. In 1891 another conference' was organized called

the Willamette Valley A: C. Conference. Its territory was
Western Oregon, in which they had six churches, the same
nurnber of ministers, but no houses of worship. At this
,
time Eld. Guy Porter called the "nomadic preacher" en-

tered the field and did much to establish the churches.
Eld. A. G. Dix is said to have traveled a thousand miles
On foot in a single year preaching the Word.
The conference soon licensed young men to carry the
message among whom were L. G. Dix, Charles Haffenden,
Eric Tomlinson, H. S. Sturdevant, W. H. Warner, and
others. Eld. George Ketchum entered this field and did
Auch good work. With the labors of these brethren the
conference began to make slow but permanent gains. At
the suggestion of Dr. Carpenter it became incorporated in
1901 and that event proved an epoch in the history of Ad-
ventism in the Northwest. From that time the cause made
more encouraging progress. They now have nearly a score
of organized churches, eleven houses of worship, besides a six-
acre campground at Troutdale. Yet the number of ministers
who give all their time to the work is very small and there
is number may be
great need of a better support, that this
work be enlarged and more fully established.
increased, the
They have spread out the boundary of the conference so
that its territory is very large, embracing all of Oregon,
Idaho, and half of Washington, and they report that "There
are hundreds of towns that never heard the good news of
the soon coming of our Lord. We want men, consecrated,
earnest tnen that are not afraid of miSd and rain nor ashamed
to carry the message. Kid gloves and perfumery we have
but little use for, but grace, grit and backbone will find a
welcome and a reward."
The above words of Eld. Sturdevant remind us that he
was one of the organizers and incorporaters of the above
conference and for some time pastor at Hillsboro, later
making his home at Cornelius. His brief sketch of pio-
neer life in Oregon in his book, Life and Adventures of an
Orphan Boy, indicate that the hardships and sufferings of
the early laborers of the Advent cause in this section were
severe and protracted, and though not written into earthly
records, they are recorded, as we believe, in the books that
will be opened at the Great White Throne, and they* with
other like workers, will in no wise lose their reward.
In 1878, Dr. William Chapman left Iowa and migrated

to the Pacific Coast finally locating in Goldendale, Wash-
ington Territory. This was then a, small town, with but
one church and one schoolhouse, and the early settlers
were often disturbed by Indian scares and raids. In this
schoolhouse Dr. Chapman spread out his chart and lee-
tured to the people. The town prospered and later be-
came the county seat of Klickitat County. Soon after this
he saw in the World's Crisis that,Eld. J. C. Smith and his
wife were then located at Walla Walla City, and after cor-
respondence they joined forces with the doctor and through
the united efforts of these workers the seed was scattered
all over Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The field of
their labors was first mostly in Oregon, but they also
labored in many places in Washington, and on both sides of
Snake River for many miles clear to Lewiston in Idaho.
Writing of the work. Dr. Chapman says:
"On these trips we traveled by team, cars, living as we
could, sleeping in pioneer homes, in hay lofts, old bar-
racks, where soldiers of pioneer days were located but
now vacated; . often we finished the day's journey, cold,
. .
tired, and dirty from long travels in alkali countries, yet

always could say as we lay our heads on biir coats in the
—
hay barn 'We are at peace with God and glad to be found
worthy to suffer for the cause.' God blessed wherever
. . .
we went and not a place without a trophy of salvation."

IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
The work in Oregon and Washington was conducted in
part by the same pioneers and in many ways its history
intermingles, but we will now, as best we can, narrate more
especially the work in Washington. From this early
mission campaign, briefly given above, sprang the first
Advent Christian Conference of the Pacific Northwest,

which was organized at Columbus, Washington, in the year
1884. .. being promoted by. Eld. J. G. Smith
Its organization
arid and Dr> William Chapman, wjio was recognizied
\irife,
as the first Advent Christian preacher in what is now the

State of Washington.' The principle ministers at the tinie
from those above named were James
of organization, aside
Wheelhouse, Aaron Preston, George H- Little, and Eld.
Pickell. At this time Alonzo Dix and James. A. Orchard
were ordained ministers. Later Eld. M. McFadyen of
Washington, and Eld. Guy Porter of California, came into
this conference.
In 1886 Eld. McFaydea was sent to the Puget Sound
country as an evangelist. Some work had been done in
this section near wljere Sumas now is, and around Nook-
sack, then called Tuxedo, and a company of Adyentists
were gathered together. The real pioneer work of this
faith in Puget Sound was done by Eld, Guy Porter, Elds.
McFadyen and George W. Ketchum, who were aided in
the work by Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Massey. Rufus Stearns .
was ordained to the ministry, did much to support the

truth in the Sound region and was the chief instrument
iii the organization of the Bellingharti Advent Christian
Church. In 1890 Bro. A. W. Steers and wife, Nettie Hoyt
Steers, visited Seattle and held a series of tent meetings
in the city which resulted in the organization of an Advent
Christian Church. Dr: Chapman removed to Seattle and
there held many positions of honor, being on the city counsel
for some nine years, also serving as pastpr of the A. C.
Church for a similar term of years. Dr. Chapman was an
-
able physician, a man of untarnished character, called one

of the best and noblest Advent preachers, of the Northwest.
For some time Oregoti, and Washington were included; in
one:corifer.encev. but in 1891 the territory was divided and
the .Washihgtdn Advent Christian Conference was orga^^
ized. separately with Eld. W. H. Snyder, president, and A.
DR. V,"M. CHAPM \X
W. Steers, secretary. In 1895, Eld. E. H. Carman and

others organized the Western Washington and British
Columbia Campmeeting Association. The following year
at a meeting in Nooksack, the conference and campmeeting
organizations were consolidated under the name of the
Advent Christian Conference of Western Washington and
British Columbia. At this place they established a per-
manent location for an annual campmeeting, which has been
successfully continued each year since. It has been called
"the Alton Bay of the Pacific Coast." Here they built
a six-sided tabernacle, sixty-four feet in diameter capable
of seating eight hundred people, and on the grounds they
have a commodious and well-appointed lodging house and
dining-rooms. They report churches in several cities,
.with excellent edifices and prosperous conditions, especially
at Vancouver, Nooksack, and Seattle. Eld. B. Forester,
long an efficient werker in the Middle West, has been some
time pastor at the latter place and has been blessed in his
work. The conference has supported an evangelist at
times and is trying to advance the cause especially in
Western Washington.
PACIFIC COAST CONFERENCES
The first conference of this faith on the Pacific Coast

was organized at San Francisco, Cal., July, 1874, and was
named the Pacific Coast Advent Christian Conference.
Delegates were present from Sacrariiento, Vallejo, Santa ,
Rosa, Santa Clara, Suisun, and San Francisco. Eld. D.

D. Reed was chosen president and Eld. Thomas Howell,
vice-president. The minutes of the cgnference in 1875
show that Eld. Miles Grant had already made four trips
to the Pacific Coast, thus giving his personal aid to the
workin that section. 'At its session in 1880 the conference
requested each church to appoint a suitable person, from
its membership, to collect ten cents per week from all who
were willing to give toward a "Missionary Mite Fund;"

also it voted $65 per month to Eld. Reed for running the
new tent the coming season. On this territory the early
pioneers raised up many small churches (as in other sec-
tions as well) but the larger share of these failing to be
provided with pastoral care or even regular preaching,
fjerished by the way. In later years a far less number of
churches were organized —-in the territory of this con-
—
ference no new ones for some twenty years but those still
surviving have had pastoral care and the most of them have
good houses of worship. This lack of watchcare and pas-
toral service was doubtless in many
cases owing to the
scarcity of laborers, likewise had not been for a con-
if it
tinued lack of efficient workers more churches would have

been organized in recent years.
In 1891 this became the Northern California Conference
continuing in its territory two-thirds, of the State. In
1904 itbought a five-acre campground near the beach at
Santa Cruz, and furnished it with an excellent tabernacle
and many valuable improvements. This called for the out-
lay of thousands of dollars, but it is unanimously agreed that
it is money wisely spent because it not only furnishes a
location for an important campmeeting, but serves at the

same time as a convenient center for the gathering of the
various Pacific Coast bodies, such as the Publication
Society, the Home Mission Board and the various auxili--
aries — the Sunday-school, Loyal Workers and the Woman's
Home and Foreign Mission Society. Owing, in part, to
the origin and location of the pi|blication work within its
territory this conference has felt a special burden for, and
interest in, this work. Dr. H. F'. Carpenter holds the rec-
ord of long-term service on the Coast, he having become a
member of the conference at its second annual session and is
,
now officially connected with it. He has been an ardent

supporter and a tower of strength to the work through all
the years. In the earlier days very cordial relations were
kept up between the work on the Coast and the Adventist
people of the East; the first conference appointed dele-
gates to attend a national assembly, which was to convene
at Springfield, Mass., Aug. 8, 1874. A liberal share of the
workers iii California at the present time have rtiigrated
from the East, and in view of this and the best interests of
the whole cause cordial relations must needs still continue
between the far West and the East.
The Southern California Conference was organized at
Los Angeles, 1891, G. G. Godfrey being elected president,
V. F. Hunt, vice-president. The boundary of this con-
ference was to be all of California south of Kern County.
During a portion of nearly every year of its existence, this
conference has supported one oi; more evangelists in home
mission work within its boundaries. Elds. H. W. Bowman,
V. F, Hunt, I. N. Archibald, J. C.Smith, S.W.Trowbridge,
J. W. Evans are named as serving in this capacity. It
is the custom of this conference to hold with one of its
churches, an eleven-days' meeting in connection with its

annual business sesson. Each one of the churches owns
clear of debt, a good house of worship, while Tustin and
Colton also have a parsonage connected with their church
property. All of the conference churches are in good con-
dition and active in church, Sunday-school and mission
work generally.
FOUR COAST CONFERENCES
Under the head of the work in Oregon and also in Wash-

ington, we have given a brief account of the organization,
and progress of the conferences in those States. The Ad-
vent cause in general on the Pacific Coast is represented
in these four conferences.
First, the Advent Christian Conference of Northern
CaHfornia, headquarters at Santa Cruz (organized, 1874).
Second, the Southern California Advent Christian Con-
ference, at Los Angeles (organized, 1891).
Third, the Willamette Valley Advent Christian Con-
ference, headquarters at Troutdale, Oregon (successor to
earlier conferences, organized, 1891).
Fourth, the Western Washington and British Columbia
Conference, headquarters at Nooksack, Wash, (original
conference organized 1884, including Oregon —separately,
as above named, 1891).
All of these conferences have been interested in the Ad-
vocate and the publishing work and this has served as a
bond of common interest among them.
In recent years some auxiliary lines of work have been
organized, and more progressive efforts have been made to
advance the cause in the Coast States, but we will refer
to these in a later chapter.
CHAPTER XII
PUBLICATIONS: EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

'
Awakening a brief account

the chapter on the Great
IN given of the early, energetic publication work, so
is
that here we will not enter into further detail regarding

that period, but will cite the summaries which were given
by Eld. D. T. Taylor, in the report of his census efforts,
as published in 1860. Concerning literature, he says:
"In my collection of American writers on prophecy, I
count two hundred kincjs of books, pamphlets, and tracts,
issued by the general Advent body. This does not include
the w'orks on immortality and the Sabbath question put
forth among us, but only those relating to prophecy and
the coming and kiiigdom of Jesus. . .Not all works in-
.
cluded in this estimate originated with the Advent body but

;
a number of works on the prophecies sold at all our offices,

are put forth by writers of other denominations,"— among
thesei he named Dr. John Cumming and Dr. Horatius
Bonar of England. The number of books by the several
authors, Litch, Bliss, Fassett, Taylor, and Hastings, that
had been printed is said to be' 13,236. Eld. Hastings had
printed within the past five years over 160,000 tracts of
some twenty va;rieties, and it was estimated that Eld.
Himes had printed 100,000 tracts during the past ten years.
The Works on the doctrine of immortality, as prepared by
GreWpStorrs, Hudson, Burnham, Turner, Jones, Blain, Dob-
ney, Hastings, Sheldon, Grant, Hall and others, 298,000.
It will thus be seen that the earlier workers were very much
alive in preparing, publishing and disseminating literature
in advocacy of the faith.
Referring to the Signs of the Times, which was later called
Volume XXI, he said,
the Advent Herald, and speaking of
"Over one hundred and thirty clergj'men now read it
weekly; over sixty of whom are of other denominations.
It was
THE EARLIEST JOURNAL
issued by the Adventists, and has done much to spread

throughout the world the knowledge of Christ's soon coming
and kingdom." After some years its name was again
changed to Messiah's Herald, and Eld. John M. Orrock, a
beloved Christian brother, an excellent Bible scholar, for
long years served as its able editor. In its latter years it
had several different editors, and its title was again changed
to Herald of the Coming One. In its last year or more it
was a monthly instead of a weekly, and owing to financial
difficulties its publication ceased with June, 1899 and its —
subscription interests were transferred to the Watchword
and Truth, edited by Rev. Robert Cameron. This monthly
was a combination of The Watchword as founded and edited
by the late Dr. A. J. Gordon, and The Truth, which was
conducted by the late Dr. J. H. Brooks of St. Louis, both
of whom were fervent and able advocates of the near,
personal, premillennial coming of our Lord.
Returning to the earlier days, we quote again from the
report before mentioned: "Of the various magazines,
periodicals, monthlies, weeklies and occasional sheets issued
since 1843, I have collected and counted nearly eighty
varieties, all proclaiming Christ's near- approach." As D.
T. Taylor was himself very actively and effectively engaged
in this work for many years, we take this opportunity to
speak further of his writings, his life and labors.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS 389
A NOTABLE VOLUME
Early in 1855, his book, The Voice of the Church on the

Coming and Kingdom of the Redeemer was published. The
plan of it was developed while the author was associate
pastor with J. V. Himes in Boston, and it was the resujt of
several years of unremitting toil. It was revised and
edited with a preface by H. L. Hastings, and published by
him in Rochester, N.Y. The work was at once recognized
as one of immense research and great value. It received
many words of commendation, not only from the Adventist
ministry, but from believers in the coming of Christ among
all denominations. It was commended by such men as
George Dufifield, D.D., himself a writer on prophecy;
Horatius Bonar, D.D.; Right Rev. J. H. Hopkins, Bishop
of Vermont, and John Gumming, D.D., of London, who
said, "I think it eminently fitted to disarm prejudice, and
show there is no novelty in doctrines some think are new."
It was favorably noticed in a large number of religious and
secular papers. It was a work df some seven hundred
quotations, taken from over foui; hundred authors, em-
bracing the naightiest names of the past. A single publish-
ing house purchased four hundred copies within about a
year from its first issue from the press; while another firm,
after examining the work, ordered five hundred copies at
once. In the first twenty-five years of its course, nine
thousand copies were printed. They were scattered North,
South and West, in Canada, and across the ocean to Great
Britain, Europe, Africa and the islands of the sea.
In 1881, it was iêvised and enlarged, brought up to date,
and a new and most able preface of aboi^t fifty pages was
written by Eld. H. L. Hastings, a statement of Adventual
faith of great value and force, one of the ablest the writer
has ever read. This revised and enlarged edition named
;

The Reign of Christ on Earth,, was put on the market in
1882, and received a goQdly number of favorable press
notices. Acknowledged to be valuable before, it was
thought to be much more so after its revision and enlarge-
ment.
Dr. E. C. Welch, editor of The Christian Chiliast, said,
"It has afforded us more than usual interest to study the
pages of this splendid book, and it is worthy to be classed
in the first rank of church literature." The work will
remain a standard until the final Advent of Him whom its
author so devoutly loved and faithfully served.
Eld. Taylor's second notable work was published in 1891,
by the A. C. Publication Society, entitled The Great Con-
summation, and the Signs that Herald Its Approach, which
is a rare collection of facts and arguments in token of soon-
coming redemption, written in his usual clear and vigorous

style, and which shows wide research and much careful
thought. It is a work that must be highly appreciated
by all who will give it a candid reading.
In 1892 and 1893 important paihphlets from his pen,
were published by the above Society, "Premillennialism
Its Character and Prevalence in the Christian Church;"
and "Israel in Prophecy and History," the latter being a
very clear and Scriptural treatment of the Jewish' question.
He was not only an excellent writer of prose, but also penned
many fine poems, numbers of which will be long and
tenderly cherished. Friends made selections from his
prose and poetry and a book of nearly three hundred pages
was published, by the same Society in 1899, entitled
Gathered Gems, which was truly called a "precious volume."
This may be considered a memorial of the dear brother,
as he finished his course and very gently fell asleep in Jesus
the same year.
A FEW FACTS REGARDING D. T. TAYLOR

He was a son of Hon. Daniel T. Taylor- of Champlain,
N. Y., who filled various public offices,, being judge of the
County Court, etc. He was ordained to the ministry in
1848 Elds. Richard Hutchinson, Josiah Litch and Henry
Buckley officiating. He was successful as pastor of sev-
eral churches, and early became conspicuous as an able
writer in defence of the Adverttist faith. In 1876 he was
elected editor of the World's Criisis, but declined to accept
this office, though willing to write as corresponding editor

or special contributor. He was at that time in company
with Wm. Sheldon, a corresponding editor of the Bible
Banner. Eld. Taylor was very widely read, and a most
,
diligent student. His pen was noted for excellent variety
and was charmingly vigorous. He was a valued corre-
spondent of the Albany Journal, Boston Journal, New York
Evening Post, some of the Vermont papers, and the Platts-
burg Sentinel, the editor of which spoke of him as "a living
encyclopedia of useful knowledge," also saying that "his
writings are profound and of rare value." He wrote an
excellent history of Champlain, town, lake jmd valley,
and gathered rare historical collections for several libraries.
He was a most welcome contributor to all

, the leading
Advent papers, and wrote many exceedingly valuable
series of articles on weighty questions, as well as many that
were short and pithy. He was a man of very tender afTec-
tion, exceedingly modest arid retiring, bjoad in his fellow-
ship, loving the whole church of Christ, and yet loyal to
his Adventual convictions and the doctrine of life only in
Christ, to the very last. His health was never robust, and
he suffered much for many years, but his pen was active
through it all and nearly to the close of his life. He was
a very cordial friend to young ministers and youthful
Christians.
Turning back again we note that
"the world's crisis"
was first issued January 18, 1854 in Lowell, Mass. It

was published for the purpose of sending out the message
of the Lord's coming to the scattered believers and to the
ends, of the earth a special purpose also was to provide for
;
a free advocacy of the current time question. It was a

four-page issue of six columns to the page, and the pages
at first were practically fifteen by twenty inches. It had
long, expository articles, a few brief ones on various topics,
a few notes or letters regarding the progress of the work,
and some items of foreign news. It was as plain as a sheet
could be. In February, 1856, it was removed from
Lowell to Boston. In the early days we find the names of
F. H. Berrick, S. S. Brewer, S. G. Mathewson, G. L.
Teeple, Miles Grant, Henry Pratt, D. R. and M. S. Mans-
field, John Howell, A. Ross, H. L. Hastings, D. T. Taylor,
Edwin Burnham, James Hemenway, John Couch, and Mary

B. Wellcome, among those who frequently contributed
articles to^ts pages. Soon extracts from letters were more
freely introduced, and short lists of appointments were
added, also ah increasing number of book and tract
notices.
Shortly after the paper was started the immortality
question began to be discussed in its pages, and it soon
became the recognized organ of those who held the Condi-
tional Immortality view. In the absence of any publica-
tion society the paper was conducted by a voluntary
committee and was wholly dependent upon the support and
good will of its friends. After the organization of the
Association and Publication Society, it became the organ
of this joint body. Its first editor was Eld. Jonas Merriam
a graduate of Bowdoin College, a classmate of Judge

Sawyer of Nashua, N. H. He is said to have been a man
of faithful and judicious labors and to have conducted the
paper with ability and much prudence. After a time his
health and eyesight failed him and he was obliged on this
account to discontinue his editorial labors. By the choice
of the committee he was succeeded in the office by Eld.
Miles Grant, June, 1856, who, with the exception of a
brief interval when Eld. Rufus Wendell held the office,
served as editor for many years. At one time Eld. P. B.
Morgan was assistant editor. At another season W. B.
Herron, acting as office clerk, assisted on the editorial page.
The years 1859 and earlies sixties were noted for numerous
discussions and public debates with orthodox. Seventh Day
advocates, Universalists, and Spiritualists, engaged in by
Elds. Grant, Sheldon, Professor Hudson and others.
Some of these discussions were reported in- the World's
Crisis. In March, 1859, the paper was enlarged in size to
a blanket sheet of some twenty-three and one-half by
eig;hteen inches, a form which would now be considered
very inconvenient, but then its increased size was hailed
with pleasure by many of its readers.
RELATION TO "THE HERALD"
While there had been a growing separation between those

represented by the Advent Herald and the World's Crisis,
somewhat on account of the time question, b.ut chiefly owing
to the advocacy by the latter and its adherents of Con-
ditional Immortality, yet conference reports continued to
be sent to both papers, campmeeting notices appeared in
each those of both views were working together in several
;
of the conferences, and there was considerable comity and

co-operation for a number of years.
Eld. Grant, in spite of traveling much in evangelistic
labors, and holding frequent discussions, proved
AN EXCELLENT EDITOR
His happy faculty of writing numerous short and lively
articles, of encouraging brevityand variety in contributions
and selections, gave to the paper quickened and abiding
interest. This combined evangelistic and editorial work,
continued for some twenty years, was, we judge, his most
effective and valued service to the body, though he labored
with conspicuous interest and blessing in several other
capacities. His best known writings were his tracts, "What
is Man?" "The Soul," "The Spirit," which have had very
wide circulation. Passing some other small tracts we speak

of his pamphlet (seventy-seven pages), "Spiritualism Un-
veiled," which was a searching exposure of the fraudu-
lent claims and true character of that last-day system of
error, and which doubtless saved many from its delusions.
This passed through several editions and should be doing
good service now. A little larger work was The True Sab-
bath; Which Day Shall We Keep? a stirring booklet against
Seventh Day teachings, an examination of Mrs. Ellen
White's pretended visions showing them to be unscriptuiral
and fallacious. Eld. Grant's largest and most recent work
was issued in 1895 with introduction by Wm. H. Mitchell,
and is While some of the elder's
called Positive Theology.
friends have thought portions of this work open to grave
objections, others have considered it acceptable and praise-
worthy. It is a clear and able presentation of his later
views.
, SUMMARY OF HIS LIFE AND WORK
Eld. Miles' Grant was born in Torringford, Conn., 1819.

At the. age of eighteen he entered upon the profession of
MU.ICS (;i< \\T
JOHN ((irCII
school teacher, which he followed about thirteen years,

the latter part being spent in seminary and academy
teaching. For some time he was a skeptic, but. in 1842
he heard prophetic lectures by H. A. Chittendon, was
convicted of the truth of the Bible and was soon converted.
He began preaching in company with S. G. Mathewson
in 1850; held a pastorate io Boston 1855-1858, but with this
exception he labored as an evangelist at large. He was
noted as a debater, having held over a hundred public dis-
cussions, probably many more than any other man in the
ranks. He also held a record for long term service as edi-
tor, ha;ving so served the World's Crisis for twenty years,
1856-1876. He was a diligent student, a plain, easy
writer, a concise and interesting preacher. He was fond
of, travel, is said to have crossed the continent seventeen
times, the ocean eleven times, and to have spent five win-
ters in Rome. He made a practise of reading the Bible
through. each year for fifty years; was rigid and regular
in his observance of rules and diet, gymnastic exercises
and hours of sleep and rising, hence was blessed with long
years and excellent health. He greatly loved the Pacific
Coast, was privileged to spend the last few years of his life
there, where he died in 1911. His memory will be long

loved and cherished by thousands of devoted friends. In
his evangelistic days he led large numbers to Christ, bap-
tized a host of converts, and helped many believers into
entire consecration.
Eld. Jacob Blain in 1867, referring to the very abun-
dant issue of tracts,and the work accomplished by their
use, called earnestly for the publication and circulation of
larger works, he having the conviction that the cause would
be much strengthened by the issue of strong, able books.
I. C. Wellcome was an urgent advocate that publication
societies should issue the' books needed to advance the in-

terests of the cause, and greatly regretted that in certain
quarters so little was given to this important
attention
feature of the work; that those who had a mind to prepare
and publish effective books, had to do this under such diffi-
culties, and that the supply was therefore limited.' Unless
those who occupy the place of leadership do really lead
on with vision and vigor, independent or outside efforts
are likely to set in. It was in part because of this situation
that two publishing movements were soon underway, whose
efforts we must briefly sketch because they were so much a
part of, or so vitally related to, the Advent Christian work
as a whole.
A DILIGENT LABORER
Isaac C. Wellcome was born in Minot, Me., 1818; was

converted in 1840, having already begun an earnest search
for the truth. After most diligent study he entered into
the Adventist faith and later was ordained in Boston in
1850. He labored earnestly, traveling and preaching
much at great sacrifice but God richly blessed his labors.
He began early to write and publish. By 1869 he had
prepared and issued his "Treatise on Matt. XXIV-XXV,"
the pamphlets, "Should Christians Fight?" and "Christian
Baptism," and, associated with Eld. C. Goud, The Plan
of-Redemption (460 pp.); The Berean's Casket and Re-
pository (470 pp.).That he and his co-wdrkers might be
able to promote a larger issue of books and tracts, they
organized in 1872,The Scriptural Publication Society and
Home and Foreign Tract Mission, of which Eld. Well-
come was chosen manager and so served until his death
in 1895. In 1874 he published his History of the Second
Advent Message, a volume of over seven hundred large
Wellcome's History, p. 646.

pages — in which he reported that he had published fifteen

thousand works of his own, four thousand of Eld. S. S.
Brewer's and over two million pages of tracts. He contin-
ued to push the work from year to year, and in 1884 brought
out The Unspeakable Gift, by Rev. J. H. Pettingell, a very
able book on immortality in Christ onJy. About this time
he also published Views and Reviews by the same author;
Rod and Staff by Chas. E. Copp; The One Fold and Only
Door, by A. C. Palmer; Scripture Symbolism by Daniel
Buck, D.D,, and numerous pamphlets, also tracts in sev-
eral foreign languages.
Following Eld. Wellcome's death it was estimated that
from 1872 to 1895 he had published ten million tracts, over
one hundred and fifty thousand books and pamphlets and
about two hundred thousand copies of the Berean Quarterly,
which was the organ of the Scriptural Publication Society.
During all these years he preached neairly every Sunday,
attended over one hundred campmeetings and was blessed
'
in winning many souls to Christ. At the Mid-Winter

Convention in 1895 in view of his critical illness a warm
resolution of sympathy was adopted. But .soon after this
he passed away and the Advent Christian Publication
Society at its annual meeting in Octobei*, 1895, formally
expressed the sense of a great loss in his death, and repog-
nized his unceasing labor, untiring self-sacrificie, the great
interest and value to our whole pieople of his missionary
and publishing work, both of which he had prosecuted so
diligently, and which were considered worthy of special
record in the history of our people. Following his death
O. S. French, Chas. W. Wentworth and E. O. Dinsmore,
successively served as inanagers of the S. P. Society, until
its work was transferred to the A. C. Publication Society
in the fall of 1899.

ANOTHER PIONEER PUBLISHER
Horace L. Hastings was very active and in the forefront

of the work in 1857, 1858, 1859, writing' very frequently
for the World's Crisis; his publications were much adver-
tised therein and were frequently commended by the editor.
He pubHshed or made his headquarters at different times
in Rochester, N. Y., Peacedale, R. I., New York City, and
Providence, R. I. Early in 1859 he advertised a list of
thirteen publications, and several of these numbers included
many tracts. About this time his health was badly broken,
but he was soon graciously given a new lease of life.. He
earnestly tried to place the publishing work in the hands of
others that he might be more free to preach and travel,
especially in neglected country sections, but others did not
have the same burden for tlîs work. In 1860, when the
Christian Publication Society was organized he was chosen
its president, as elsewhere noted, and during his service
in that office he published, as the product of his own pen

such books as The Signs of the Times, Future Punishment,
The Great Controversy and Tracts, The Model Church, com-
bined with Reasons for My Hope^ and Dr. Ramsey's Spir-
itualism, a Satanic Delusion, and these (along with Eld.
Tayldr's Voice of the Church) were issued in a uniform series,
called the Bible Student's Library—all were books of some
four hundred pages. After his labors in the Publication
Society were closed, he continued his activities in other
lines.
Because Eld. Hastings was actively and officially con-
nected with the early work of, this people, was a life-long
adherent of the faith, continued in the fellowship of a large
portion of the body and was careful that in all his myriad
issues nothing should be said in contravention of its doc-
trines, the independent publishing work which he established
should here be briefly sketched. This worl^ was that of the

Scriptural Tract Repository and office of The Christian,
which was established on Lindall St., Boston; the office was
opened in the fall of 1865, and the paper was started in
1866. Eld. Hastings launched this effort because he had
a great burden and vision of thie need to push the publish-
ing work. This was his headquarters until the great fire
of 1872, when it was burned out, and Eld. Hastings wrote:
"No insurance but God's Providence, no refuge but the
'
Everlasting Arms. As soon as health and as far as means,

' ,
would permit, he resumed the work, was established for

many years at 47 and 49 Cornhill, and through toil and
hardship vigorously pressed forward, publishing largely and
preaching widely antiong various denominations, and in
missions and conventions. The Christian had a large cir-
culation in this and other lands, and vast quantities of
books and tracts were printed and distributed.
In addition to his other paper, tract, and book publica-
tion,
"Mr. Hastings commenced the issue of Anti-Infidel

tracts and parnphlets in 18i66of which he wrote and edited
—
more than a hundred tons said library numbering half a
hundred separate publications. The most noted of these
was his lecture on 'The Inspiration of the Bible, or Will
the Old Book Stand?' of which up to January, 1898,
nearly three million copies had been issued in eighteen or
twenty different languages. . Lord Shaftesbury, Presi-
. .
dent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, wrote: 'I

consider it one of the- most important essays of modern
*
times.'
"When Mr. Moody was distributing Christian literature
during the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893, this lecture
held the first place, and three hundred Christian workers
assisted in distributing half a million copies, or over two
carloads, in six different languages, tens of thousands of
them being given as 'souvenirs' to visitors by the various
exhibitions there."
Eld. Hastings not only preached widely in all parts of
this country, but also carried this campaign into Great
Britain, there lectured and preached to great crowds and
distributed many tons of Anti-Infidel literature and by
these means was enabled to win hundreds from infidelity
to Christian faith.
In the midst of abounding labors and wearying journeys,
he was prostrated with sickness and died ih October, 1899.
His funeral service was conducted by Rev. Wm. A. Burch,
assisted by esteemed friends of other denominations. His
death, and that of his noble wife, which occurred some years
later, were deeply and widely mourned. The Christian
and some other publications are continued by his son, H.
B. Hastings.
The Anti-Infidel Library, above mentioned, was com-
mended in a resolution adopted by the Advent Christian
Publication Society in 1894. It was to be on sale at the
office and preachers and people were advised to read and
circulate it as widely as possible. Its numbers are of
great value as an aid to faith and as providing instruction
and evidence with which to meet honest skepticism.
ANOTHER ESTEEMED EDITOR
In 1873 it was decided to have two editors for the World's
Crisis and Eld. John Couch was elected as first editor,

serving jointly with Eld. Grant for some three years.
Then he was sole editor until 1881 when Eld. E. A. Stock-
man was associated with him in said office, but continued
his labors until the summer of 1883. John Couch was a
native of New Hampshire, received an academic education
in Franklin of that State, was ordained to the Christian
ministry in 1843. He held several successful pastorates
but his most notable servicewas that of editor. He served
in this capacity as above stated; he was also for six years

editor of the Quarterly Journal of Prophecy which was pub-
lished by the American Advent Mission Society, and for
three years was associate or contributing editor of the
Bible Banner. In this line he rendered very able service,
being a clear, strong writer of careful and sober thought.'
He was a very impressive and interesting preacher, espe-
cially on prophecy, and as such gave long and fruitful aid to
the cause. Fpr many years he was officially connected
with the General Societies in various relations.
In the spring of 1890 Eld. J. Couch began a course of
articles in the World's Crisis entitled "The Golden Mean:
or. What Constitutes Man."
This was a long series setting
forth a modified view, rather than the extreme materialistic
—
theory that some had advocated they were very thought-
ful and thorough articles, probably the ablest and most
careful of his writings and were later republished in pamph-
let form This beloved brother died in
for w;ider service.
Worcester, Mass., January, 1892, but the memory of his
noble character, his clear and able teaching, and his great
and thrilling sermons on prophecy will be tenderly remem-
bered by hundreds of friends while life lasts.
AN EXCELLENT GIFT
Edward A. Stockman was a native of Maine; after

attending common and high school he studied at the
Wesleyan Seminary, Kent's Hill. After his conversion
he began preaching arnong the Methodists when about
twenty years of age, but afterward united with the Free
Baptists with whom he labored for a number of years.
Further Bible study led to another change of faith, because
of which —under Providential leading and most signal
spiritual blessing —he united for life: with the Advent
—

Christian people. He held pastorates at Portland, Me.,
Boston, and Chelsea, Mass., and did considerable itinerant
preaching. He was a master of pulpit eloquence, a charm-
ing preacher of rich, deep thought, and Spiritual unction
a rare example of ministerial dignity, tenderness and power.
He held official relations for many years, and was an ex-
cellent presiding officer. His most conspicuous service to
the cause was his editorial labor in which he was continued
for a long term, and his book. Our Hope, or^ Why Are We
Adventists, which was issued by the A.C. Publication Society.
By request of Dr. J. Hemenway, business agent, the author
had written a series of articles on the chief doctrines of the
Adventist people and these, with added copy, all revised,
were issued in the above volume, and it has been loved and
widely circulated for years, and has rendered great assists
ance to the cause; has run through several editions, and is
still in large demand. Eld. Stockman also wrote Foot-
prints of Angels in Fields of Revelation; a very interesting,
helpful book which has had an extensive sale. His writings
were always of a high grade, eloquent, devout, and edifying.
One of hismost earnest editorial efforts was the series of
articles entitled"Our God," a consideration of the nature
and being of the Deity, written as a strong, kindly but
fervent protest against the low views of some who seemed
disposed to humanize, measure and limit the being of the
infinite God. This series was later issued in pamphlet
form, and should never be allowed to go out of use or out
of print among this people. In 1900 failing health compelled
him to resign his editorial position and retire from active
service. Early the next year he fell asleep like Daniel,
to "rest and stand in his lot at the end of the days." His
decline and death were felt to be a great loss and were very
deeply lamented.
E. A. STOCKMAX
WM. H MITCHELL
A COMPANION IN LABOR
After the above brother had served as sole editor of the
World's Crisis for, over ten years, it was felt that he.ought
to "have an associate or assistant editor, and Eld. Wm. H.

Mitchell, another native of Maine, a long time school
teacher and preacher, was elected to said ofifjce in 1895 and
continued therein until the close of the office year in 1900.
In this capacity he was a most helpful companion to Eld.
Stockman, did a large share. of the editorial work and
writing, especially the last year, or two of this service, and
was most diligent and faithful in his labors. He had also
earlier served one year in the same capacity. Bro. Mitchell
was a Iqng time associate of Elds. Couch and Stockman,
in Alton Bay Campmeeting affairs, for a number of years
served as president of the Campmeeting Association, and
also engaged in educational efforts as will be mentioned in
Chapter XVI. He was a man of high character and godly
life, preached extensively in New England, was an able,
instructive and interesting speaker and highly esteemed

wherever known. He rested from his labors in November,
1903, with his work well done and his reward sure.
, ANOTHER FAITHFUL SERVANT

Some men are called to merely local and routine labor
in life, others to varied stations and changing services.
Frank Burr was born in Torringford, Conn., in 1832, was
converted in 1848, and in early life was a school teacher.
He came into the Adventist faith in 1857, partly throygh
the labors of Eld. M. Grant and was ordained at Wilbra-
ham Campmeeting in 1859, along with James Albert
Libby of blessed memory. He labored extensively in the
cause both East and West. Was for a season editor of the
Advent Christian Times of Chicago. Later he was editor
of the Young Pilgrim and of the Sunday-school publications
at Boston, and for some time secretary of the Advent
Christian Publication Society. For the last two years of
his life he was treasurer of the American Advent Mission
Society. By his long service as preacher, pastor, editor,
and important relations to the cause", he rendered
his other
it effective service, and had a host of friends. By those
near to him in official relations he was very highly esteemed,
and his death, which occurred in 1903, was felt as a great
loss. Again and again are we assured as we pen the pages
of this history —
as has been noted in past times— that
though God changes His workers. He still carries on His
work.
'
"purity and power"
In view of other references to the work of A. A. Phelps,

A.M., in cqnnection with the Bible Banner, and of his sub-
sequent relation to the Boston Bible School, we will here
only describe briefly his excellent book of six hundred pages,
which was issued by the A. C. Publication Society in 1905,
under the above quoted title, and which is further called
"A radical and Scriptural treatment of the doctrine, ex-
perience and practice of Christian Perfection." It was the
master literary effort of his life; it is written in his scholastic,
alliterative, strong and racy style; is a broad, vigorous,
healthy, thorough treatment of a subject that is of vital
interest to all who desire -to lead a victorious. Spirit-filled
Christian life. It is interwoven with the doctrines of Ad-
vent Christian faith as held by the author, for the acceptance
and advocacy of which he sacrificed and suffered much;
it abounds with choice selections of prose and poetry; the
experiences of noted Christians are freely citied, and through

it all runs a spirit of sweet prayerfulness and unction that
does the soul good. It is a book that all ministers should

seriously read with a prayerful, open mind, and whose

candid perusal will make any well-minded nian a better
man. It is an excellent legacy and memorial of a conse-
crated, heroic life.
"good news"
In 1889 Rev. Wm. A. Burch, then pastor in New
Bedford, Mass., began to publish a series of Gospel tracts,
of convenient envelope size, under above title, and these
proved so acceptable among Christian workers, that their
issue has been continued by him until the current year.
Mr. Burch has proved a remarkable worker, for at times he
had strenuous editorial duties on Sunday-school publica-
tions, and large pastorates, but also found time and strength
to send forth a rare collection of excellent tracts, reaching
two hundred and eighty-four separate numbers. Many
of these have run through repeated editions, and five mil-
lion copies or more have been printed and circulated.
There have been doctrinal, narrative, and experimental
varieties, many of them real soul winning leaflets.
A QUARTERLY ISSUE
In 1896, Rev. E. P. Woodward and some of his friends
organized the Safeguard Publishing Co., Portland, Me.,
and began the regular pubHcation of the pamphlet called
,the Safegtiard and Armory. The same was continued until
his death in 1917. While a few numbers of this quarterly
were divergent from accepted Adventist teachings, yet
most of its issues were strong in support of the main doc-
trines of the body. Bro. Woodward was a careful and
critical thinker, a man of extensive research, and an able
writer. In his early days he was an ardent skeptic, but
slowly, under the influence of H. L. Hastings and his writ-
ings, and aided especially by the doctrine of Conditional
Immortality, he was won to the Christian faith, and was
a life-long firm believer in the great Book and the great
redemption.
A BRIEF SUMMARY
The Christian Publication Society was organized in 1860,

and four years later its name was changed to Advent Chris-
tian. For some years after this it was chiefly occupied
in publishing its weekly paper and numerous tracts. After
a season it began to publish hymn books — early in this line
came the Jubilee Harp; later the New Jubilee Harp, and
following this the Hymnal, which is an excellent book and
in extensive present use. Of smaller song books there were
Heart Melodies, and later the Golden Sheaf; then the Golden
Sheaf Enlarged; still later the Golden Sheaf No. 2, and
Golden Sheaf Combined, which is a first-class song book for
devotional and revival meetings. When. Dr. Hemenway
was business agent there was an advance movement in the
publication of theological works, and this has been contin-
ued to some extfent through the years. A few biographical
—
books have been issued in early days the lAfe of Hiram
Hunger, later Life and Experience of Luther Boutelle and
the sarrie of Elds. Frank Burr and Miles Grant. The
chief books published in addition to those before named are
Duration and Nature of Future Punishment and Hades, or
the Intermediate State of Man, both by Rev. Henry Con-
stable,A.M., Extinction of Evil by Rev. E. Petavel, A.M.,
D.D., Return of the Redeemer, Fundamental Christohgy,
and Two Destinies, all by Rev. G. L. Young; Brief History
of Wm. Miller, The Hand Book of Prophecy, by A. E. Hatch,
A.M., and the larger work, The World's Great Empires
by Mrs. M. McKinstry, The Second Advent in Poetry and
Song, by Rev. F. L. Piper. Large numbers of devotional
books, books for Bible study. Commentaries, Sunday-school
Helps, and up-to-date supplies, of numerous publishers, are

constantly on sale. Of our own smaller works in the last,
catalogue we notice sixty-four pamphlets by twenty-five
different authors —another list of fifty-eight "first-class
tracts" by thirty-three and this is a
different writers,
—
selected list ^not complete by any means. Through all
the years of the Society's work multitudes of tracts and
pamphlets have been published and distributed in all parts
of the country; but of the total amount we have no accurate
estimate. References to the recent work of the General
Association and some account of the' issues of the Western,
Pacific Coast, and Southern Publication Societies, editors
and writers will be found in other chapters.
-
CHAPTER XIII
THE MORE RECENT PROGRESS OF THE GENERAL

SOCIETIES
has seemed best to divide our narrative of the general

ITwork, in the interest of the historical order in the de-
velopment of its various brandies, so that the earlier his-
tory would be traced up to near the close of the eighties,
and the latter part from about 1890 to the present time.
Near the end of Chapter Nine, we referred to the agita-
tion of some of the Western friends for a new weekly Ad-
ventist paper in that section of the country. The Second
Advent Christian Association at its annual meeting in
,
1887, passed a resolution favorable to such an effort, and

appointed a committee of brethren in that field who were
authorized to call a general Western convention, at such
time and place as they should judge best,, to consider that
question. We do not learn that any definite steps were
taken by said committee during the ensuing year; but the
next annual meeting of the Association was due to be held
in the Mid-West, in which the brethren of that field would
have a large voice, and it proved a favorable opportunity
for definite and decisive action.
NEW WESTERN EFFORTS
At meeting of the Association, which was held in

this
Aurora, (1888), a large majority is said to have voted for
III.
the establishment of a Western paper; and a committee

was appointed to prepare a "prospectus" of the proposed
new publication and to have temporary charge of the effort;
MORE RECENT PROGRESS 409
This committee called an informal meeting of some of the

friends of the effort at the campmeeting of the season, at
which resolutions were accepted to the effect that the time
had come to inaugurate a Western publishing office and
weekly paper, and the signers pledged their support to the
committee and to the officials who had been or should be
appointed to establish the same. Seventy-two Western and
Southern friends are reported to have added their names to
the document. It was proposed to hire the paper published
for a time and not to buy an outfit for printing until
success was assured.
We thus see that the plan for only one Publishing Society,
with the annual meetings of the Association alternating
East and West, did not prove satisfactory, even to those
most zealous for its adoption. Early in 1889 Eld. Warren
J. Hobbs, speaking for the committee appointed with
reference to a Western paper, said: "The idea of going
back and forth from East to West for annual elections is
absurd and impracticable." It is thus evident that the
idea of a branch office was early abandoned and the move-
ment really contemplated not only th^ establishment of a
Western paper, but also of a Western Publishing Asso-
ciation. The committee issued in June, 1889 a "Pro-
spectus," in which they stated the name of the proposed
paper, the doctrines it would advocate, and solicited sub-
scribers for the same.
Owing and as the outcome of various
to this agitation
resolutions passedand plans proposed, the first number of
the new paper appeared under date of July 10, 1889, named,
"our hope and life in Christ"
It was a plain sheet of twelve pages, size ten and one-half

by thirteen and one-half, and was published and conducted
for a timeby a committee consisting of W. J. Hobbs, H.
Armour, R. H. Bateman, and J. F. Adair.
Pollard, A.
In August an appeal was made by Western brethren to
the S. A. C. Association for the privilege of the separate
management of the new paper, with a view to the early
organization of Western churches and conferences into an
Association which should assume its entire management
and control. In response to this request it was voted,
"That the constitution of the Association shall be so
changed as to admit of two separate publishing interests,
one to be located in the East and the other in the West.
That these two publication societies shall be sovereign in
the management of their affairs, elective, financial, literary
and otherwise." And was further enacted that the pub-
it
East and West should be divided

lication societies of the
by the Western boundary line of Pennsylvania^ extending
north and south. It was also voted that the committee
having charge of the Western paper be continued in office
until such time as the West should organize a Publication
Society to take charge of said paper. In December, 1889,
a general convention was called by the above committee
of which it was said:
"The object of this convention is toformanorgariization

to take charge of the general interests of the Advent Chris-
tian cause in the West, and to perfect an organization and
incorporation to take charge of Our Hope and Western
Publishing interests, and such other matters as may prop-
erly come before such convention."
The meeting convened at Aurora, 111., Jan. 14, 1890, in
the A. C. Church, and was called to order by Eld. Andrew
Armour, a member of the cornmittee which had been ap-
pointed by the S. A. C. Association to attend to the organ-
ization ofnew publishing interests in the Middle West,
and who stated the object of the convention. Seventeen
:
f
conferences were represented by twenty-one delegates;

the basis of representation being one delegate for every
three hundred church members or fraction thereof. A
•
permanent organization was eflfected by the election of Elds.

William Chapman for president, John Ridley, vice-presi-
dent, B. Forester, secretary and F. A. Baker, assistant
secretary. Elds. A. P. Moore, Henry Pollard, J. August
Smith, F. A. Baker, and Andrew Armour were appointed
a committee to draft a constitution. After adopting the
constitution and organizing as the
WESTERN ADVENT CHRISTIAN PUBLISHING SOCIETY

a Board of fifteen directors was elected "to have general
oversight of the business of the society," the same to be made
up of ten clergymen and five laymen. A communication
from the trustees of the Advent Christian Church of North
Minneapolis, Minn., was read in which that church offered
•one thousand dollars to aid in the establishment of a new
paper, to be nanied Our Hope, the money to be paid as
follows
"Two hundred dollars whenthe paper shall be established

in North Minneapolis; three hundred dollars when it shall
have secured two thousand adVance-paid subscribers; the
remaining five hundred dollars in six months thereafter,
providing the subscription list still numbers at least two
thousand advance-paid subscribers."
This offer was gratefully received and if was voted that the
publication office be located in Minneapolis for three years.
N. W. Wait of New York
State gave a hundred dollars to
help the new which was very thankfully received.
effort,
The A. C. Publication Society of Boston had, in response
to an appeal for assistance, opened the columns of the
World's Crisis for advertising the proposed Western paper,
had given said paper the use of its mailing list to aid in
sending out its first issue, and the sum of fiye hundred dol-
lars in money to assist in establishing the new enterprise.
For this liberal assistance and the favorable action of the
S. A. C. Association, the convention expressed its hearty
appreciation. Warren J. Hobbs, Henry Pollard, and F. A.
Baker were elected as a "Publishing Committee" to have
charge of the general work of publishing Our Hope. There
were also elected three other committees, which were recom-
mended by the convention, to assist in the general advance
of the cause: a committee on Education; Church Exten-
sion Publications.
; This was, in the words of Dr. Geo. H.
Dewing: "The convention which really brought into exis-
tence the new Western Advent Christian Publishing Society.
Little did the men who launched this enterprise understand
the far-reaching importance of their labors, or the magni-
tude of the struggle that would be necessary to bring to
pass the success of their projects. "-
Eld. Henry Pollard writing of the convention some weeks
after its close said, it was "So fraught with blessing through-
out, and so manifestly accompanied with the Holy Spirit's
presence in every session, that it can never be forgotten."
When the Our Hope appeared. Editor Stockman
first issue of
gave it a most hearty welcome and congratulated the
publishing committee: he thought the manager and friends
of the paper had "reason for gladness and encouragement."
When the Western A. C. Publishing Society was organized
and its paper appeared with an improved heading and
make-up, its promoters were further congratulated by Eld.
Stockman, who said, "The World's Crisis sincerely extends
to Our Hope the hand of fraternity and good fellowship."
A few months later he gave an extended, vigorous editorial,
fervently appealing to all Western Adventists to give the
Western society and its paper a prompt and liberal support;
pointing out that after all that had been said, done, and
promised, would be a veritable disaster to the

its failure
cause, whereas its success would be a vital
means of progress
and prosperity. This indicates that some of the Eastern
friends had now come to have an open vision and a warm
heart toward the needs and possibilities of the great West.
Though there was much of hardship and burden bearing
in the new effort, there was no halting among those earnest,
willing laborers who had put their hands to the task. Ac-
cording to the first form of the Society's constitution the
appointment of editors was a function of the Board of Di-
rectors: and the Board chose Andrew Armour as office
editor; W. J. Hobbs, J. F. Adair, J. Ridley, Wm. Sheldon
and J. A. Cargile as associate editors. Dr. Dewing re-
ports that when:
"The first annual session of the Western Society met on

the campground near the village of Delhi, Iowa, Aug. 20,
1890, the interest manifested was of the most intense order.
The constitution adopted by the convention at Aurora,
111., the previous January, was carefully revised, and other
necessary steps were taken toward a permanent corpora-

tion. Our Hope had made a good beginning and its en-
couragement for those who wrote for its columns was little
if any less than the inspiration to its readers."
Among the changes made in this revision was that re-

lating to election of editors, which was ordered to take
place, along with that of the officers of the society, at the
annual meetings. And the election at this session resulted
as follows: Wm. Sheldon, president; Dr. Wm. Chapman,
vice-president; Geo. H. Dewing, secretary; W. J. Hobbs,
treasurer and business agent; A. Armour, office editor;
Henry Pollard, associate editor; Wm Sheldon, correspond-
ing editor.
In 1892 those brethren who had secured the Lutheran
Seminary property at Meudota, 111., invited both the Gen-
era! Western Campmeeting and the Publishing Society to
hold their annual meetings on the seminary campus; the
invitation was accepted, and the meeting of the Western
A. C. P. Society was called and duly assembled at this
place on Aug. 17, of the same year. When the delegates
had once assembled on this ground, not only was new in-
terest awakened on the college question, as elsewhere
stated, but also the matter of changing the
LOCATION OF THE PUBLISHING OFFICE
came earnestly by some, been antici-

to the front as had,
pated. From its first Our Hope had been published
issue
in Minneapolis, Minn., and had received notable assistance
from interested friends in that city; these supporters, and'
leading spirits in other churches of the State, were anxious
to keep the publishing headquarters where first established.
But after the question of location had been carefully con-
sidered, along with that pf a school and its property, a
formal ballot was taken resulting in thirty-six votes for,
Mendota to five against. Pursuant to this decision the
Volume IV, No. 5, September 28, 1892, appeared
issue of
with the print of Mendota, 111., as the office of publication,
and this has ever since been its headquarters.
At the above meeting Eld. Sheldon was re-elected presi-;
dent and corresponding editor; H. Pollard, editor; A<
Armour, associate editor; B. Forester, secretary, and W. P,
Shamhart, business agent and treasurer. At this time Eld.
Sheldon wrote: "Our publishing work must outgrow the.
mere issue of a weekly paper, and enter the work of tract,
and book production on the line of our distinctive message.
Though it is well to 'make haste slowly,' we must head in
the right direction at once, and allow no retrograde move-
ment.' He earnestly called on all the brethren for a libera},
WILLIAM SHELDON
lusty "lift"and a united support of both the prospective-

school and the Publishing Society.
At this time the Christian Armory, an eight-page weekly
(ten by fourteen) piublished at Leon, Iowa, in, the interest
of the same faith, and edited by F. C. Watkins, was merged
with Our Hope, and it was understood that its editor would
be an interested supporter of the latter paper. This event
was considered a token of encouragement.
In 1893 a lively interest was aroused in aneffort to repre-
sent the Adventist faith in the Parliament of Religions at
the World's Fair in Chicago. The powers in charge assigned
a day and Eld. D. R. Mansfield was made chairman of the
committee of arrangements and president of the occasion.
The published report said the services were well attended
and that the interest was intense. Beside the musical ex-
ercises, and the introductory speech of ,the president,
seven addresses were delivered on the leading Adventual
doctrines and among the speakers we note the names of
Elds. Wm. Sheldon, Miles Grant, and W. J. Hobbs. Eld.
Pollard, who had dharge of the music, reported the day as
a "gratifying success;" and it was said that the Chiqago pa-
pers reported the meeting as "both large and- en.thusiastic,
and gave their reports in a respectful manner. This year
a veteran worker in the Western cause, Eld. M. Wellcome,
finished his course, dying at the age of seventy-eight years.
He was called a good man and an able preacher of the
Gospel; he was a native of Maine, and the eldest brother
of that widely-known, diUgent worker, Eld. I. C.i Well-
come. His early labors, in 1840 and onward, were among
the Methodists, and he was the means of leading many to
Christ. He was earnestly preaching the coming of the
Lord, and being reproved by the presiding elder for this,
he came fully out into the Adyentist faith, and work.
In r846 he went to Wisconsin, and in that State and
later in MinneSbta, he labored effectively for many
years.
The organization formed for the maintenance of Our
Hope was first named the W. A. C. Publishing Society, but
in 1894 it was changed to "the Western A. C. Publication
Association.
When the society Wasestabliêd in the new head-
first
quarters at Mendota, the issuing of the paper was handled

by contract with a local printer, but in 1894 and 1895 steps
were taken to purchase presses and other furnishings for a
publishing outfit.
ENCOURAGING PROGRESS
The effort was carried through and in the summer of

1896 Our Hope began to be issued from its "own type,
press, and folder," and the Press Committee reported to
the annual meeting of the latter year, that they had "se-
cured a press and necessary printing office outfit at a
cost of about $3,000." Editor Pollard stated, that though
it had been a year of the greatest financial stringency of any
since Our Hope was started, yet it had been the "most suc-
cessful year." More work had been accomplished, more
money by far. had been raised, and the publication, col-
lege, and home mission work had each been more fruitful
than in any previous year. All this was acknowledged with
humble praise to God for His blessings.
This successful establishment of a new Advent Christian
journal, in the Middle West, along with vigorous efforts
in home mission work, and the encouraging development of
the college, was
A N®TABLE TURNING OF THE TIDE
in Western Adventist affairs, which gave promise of large

blessing and gracious possibilities for future days, and those
who labored with self-sacrifice, faith and vision to, bring

these things to pass, served well the cause they represented.
In these days and for several years following Our Hope
advertising columns showed that the office, under the en-
terprising management of E. L. Whitney, was offering to
itspatrons a large and excellent variety of books and tracts
including, besides its own issues, those formerly published
by I. C. Wellcome, H. L. Hastings, and the Eastern A. C.
and other
P. Society; also Bibles, Sunday-school requisites
general works. The and business reports like-
editorial
wise show that the Western Society was gaining in sub-
scribers and making considerable progress from year to
year.
In 1894 and for several years following Rev. O. R. Jenks,
who was pastor at Minneapolis, Minn., edited and pub-
lished a sixteen-page monthly called Gleams of the Morning,
which was devoted to primitive and positive Christian
teaching and service, and which gave special emphasis to
neglected doctrines such as the second coming of Christ.
It was considered a neat, well-edited, spiritual and interest-
ing sheet. About 1901 its issue was discontinued and its
editor gave himself more directly to the service of the
Association and Our Hope. In the summer of 1901,
Lauren Dillon was chosen business manager, and the work
continued to go forward with a goodly measure of blessing.
HONORED WORKERS
Early in 1902, the Adventist cause, both East and West,
Wm. Sheldon, of
suffered a severe loss in the death of Eld.
Brodhead, Wisconsin, who for, half a century had labored
unceasingly for the extension of its faith and work. He
was a man of very stanch Christian principlesand of high
character. He was a recognized leader in the proclamation
of the truth, a most consecrated and able preacher of the
Gospel. He was not only widely known as a preacher
because of his extensive labors in different sections of the
country, but he wrote many pamphlets and triacts besides
being a frequent contributor to the leading Adventist pa-
pers, often being connected with them as a special contribu-
tor or a corresponding editor. He was blessed in winning a
multitude of sduls to the Christ, and in leading many into
this faith, among whom were a large nurtiber of ministers.
Expressions of high appreciation and heirt-felt condolence
were sent by many to his family from numbers of our, lead-
ing workers, and an extended resolution was paSsed by the
Western Advent Christian Publication Association at its
annual meeting of that year, that voiced a fervent appre-
ciation of his "sterling worth and schdlarly ability," of his
long continued and fruitful labors, and the ministers of the
body were pointed to him "as ah example of a godly man
and what a Christian minister should be." Eld. Sheldon
was deeply interested in the work of the body throughout
the country, was active in connection with the publication
of Our Hope, especially after its location at Mendota^ An
interesting book of his Life and Labors was published in the
latter part of 1902, through which he, as in other writings
which are still in circulation, "being dead yet speaketh."
We will here linger to make brief reference to a number
who were co-workers of the above brother the Western
iii
field, most all of whom migrated from the East. Nelson

A. Hitchcock entered Wisconsin in 1846, having accepted
the Adventist faith a few years before, and was a life long
adherent of the same. He labored some in Illinois, but
chiefly in Wisconsin, organized a number of churches and
led hundreds of souls to Christ. Two of his
sons gave the
earlier years of their Christian ministry to the same faith
and work. Geo. W. Turner went to Illinois in 1853, and to
Wisconsin in 1857. He was chiefly given to pastoral labors,
MORE RECENT PROGRESS./. 419
though' for a time he served ais evangelist in different States

and was a true, faithful worker thrbiighout Sbme'
his life. '
of his later years were spent in New York

and Ohio. G.
W. Barnes went from the East to Wisconsin, in, 1854, and
gave many years to the service, mostly in evangelistic
labors. Four brothers of one family in Westerni Massa-
chusetts, entered the ministry and three of them gave their
lives largely to the Western work. Marshall McCuUoch
moved to Illinois in 1856, and was active in pastoral and
evangelistic labors; preached in fourteen States, held thirty-
six tent meetings, arid organizeda number of churches.
William McCuUoch went West in 1857, and was a diligent
worker at campmeetings and in general evangelistic efforts.
He was in favor of progressive movements and is 'said to
have been the first to suggest and urge the purchase of the
Mendota Seminary property. H. G. McCuUoch moved
Westward in 1861 and was engaged in pastoral and evan-
gelistic work in different States for many years. Eusebius
McCuUoch labored for a time in the East and also for a
season quite fruitfully in Ohio.
Dr. O. R. Fassett, whose labors have been elsewhere re-
ferred to, was a man of able and untiring labors, both of
voice and pen, and greatly served the Western cause. Also
Elds. A. S. Calkins, D. R. Mansfield, C. W. Smith, John
Ridley, W. J. Bursell, J. August Smith, and others gave
years of life arid strength to its promotion, and all are
worthy of further mention than our space permits.
'y A NEW OFFICE BUILDING
Renewing the narrative of Association affairs we note

that Manager Lauren Dillon proved careful, capable, and
untiring in his efforts to promote the publishing interests
and was continued in that position for a number of years.'
As an enduring result of his diligent labors, assisted by other
loyal helpers, an excellent new publishing house, a two-
story structure, besides a well-lighted basement where the
large presses and other fixtures were located, was erected
in 1907 at a cost of $13,000 and by the end of that year all
but about $200 had been raised. This gave the editor,
manager, and other workers comfortable and convenient
offices or apartments and was a notable mile-stone of prog-
ress in the growing Western work. But this year Bro.
Dillon, weakening under the strain of confining, continuous
labor, resigned,and was succeed.ed by C. E. Pancost, a
trusted business man of the local church and town, who
rendered valuable service for a ternfi of years. During this
period the work, of this Association appears to have con-
tinued with a goodly measure of blessing.
FRATERNAL RELATION.S
The interest shown by the Eastern societies in the new
organization in the West continued in a goodly measure
through the years. Fraternal delegates from the East
being appointed to visit ther^nnual meetings of the West
very often, usually each year, and the Eastern societies
have received like official visits from the West. Thus
mutual understanding and good fellowship have been pro-
moted and a spirit of mutual co-operation has been fostered.
In 1911 Mr. Pancost concluded his services as treasurer
and manager, and for a few months Prof. Geo. H. Dewing
served in that capacity, but in 1912, Bro. R. A. Watkins
was chosen to that office, in which he has proved a faithful
and earnest worker. Among the more important works
published in recent years by the Association we note the
Hand Book of Prophecy and The Divine Economy or The
Coming King and Kingdom, by Rev. Arthur E. Hatch, A.M.,
both of which are volumes of some three hundred pages and
are recognized as able works, the former especially having

met with a considerable sale and a wide interest.
Prominent among the Minnesota helpers of this cause,
was Mr. William A. Wilkinson, of Minneapolis, who for
his fine character was called "One of God's noblemen."
He was by profession an engineering expert, a practical and
gifted business man, and a liberal supporter of progressive
efforts in church, college and publishing work.
Important branches in the Western work, which will be
elsewhere mbre fully mentioned, were the Western woman's
missionary society, called The Helpers' Union, and the
General Society of Loyal Workers, both of which were
granted delegate privileges In the annual meetings of the
Association. In 1915 the By-Laws were so amended that
these societies were constitutionally recognized and each
was declared entitled to two votes so long as they should
remain auxiliary to the Association.
In the above year the Western Adventual interests met
with a severe loss in the death of Charles Eckhart of Au-
burn, 111., a very highly esteemed citizen and a devoted
member of the Adventist Church of Mendota. The story
of his life is most interesting and remarkable. From early
years of poverty by energy and devotion to noble aims he
acquired an extensive property and a most honorable sta-
tion in life. He not only promoted worthy causes of his
own community such as the local library, Y. M. C. A., a .
fine public park, public drinking fountains for both man and
beast, but he gave also a large fund to Aurora College and
was a liberal helper of the Association. He was a veteran
of the G. A. R. and a good soldier of Jesus Christ. It is
occasion for great encouragement that such laymen as Mr.
Eckhart of Illinois, and Mr. Wilkinson of Minneapolis,
Minn., and others of similar spirit,concerning whose lives
and liberal service we have not the facts at hand, were by
;

the blessing of God, disposed to so assist the Western work
that it has made considerable progress in spite of the many-
difficulties of such Christian labor in these last times.
ENCOURAGING PROSPECTS
Mr. Watkins who was elected business manager, in 1912,

has continued to serve in that office to the present time.
And Henry Pollard is now completing his twenty-
Eld.
sixth year as editor of Our Hope, which we believe to be the
longest term of editorial labor in the history of Advent
Christian periodicals. He has rendered able, diligent,
painstaking service, and has shown a fine Christian spirit.
It a matter of record that during the last three years the
is
facilities of the publishing plant have been greatly improved

new and up-to-date equipment, of numerous items, having
been installed at a total cost of over $10,000 ^which has —
been paid for from legacies and annuity funds given for
the purpose. About the last week in March, 1918, the
office issueda special Easter Edition of Our ffope of more
than twenty thousand copies, the largest single edition of
the paper ever printed. It was mailed out to lists of names
sent in by friends of the paper and nearly ten thousand
copies were sent to ministers of other denominations.
Manager Watkins states that "We are now in a position
to do a large amount of reliôus and denominational print-
ing; at the present time the outlook for our work is much
better than ever before." would seem that the hopeful
It
possibilities of this work and
its wide field would prove an
effective challenge to all the Mid- Western friends of this
faith to arise and, with increased energy, liberality and
unity, press the battle to the gate, until the King shall
come.
HENRY POLLARD
LATER EVENTS ON THE PACIFIC COAST

The former sketch regarding the cause in the Far West,
closed in the decade of the nineties, or soon thereafter.
The Messiah's .Advocate, the neat and attractive organ of
the Pacific A. C. Publication and Mission Society, was mak-
ing good progress on the line of improved equipment and
an increasing support, and this continued in the early years
of 1900.
The coming of the earthquake in 1906, which desolated
so largea portion of San Francisco, drove many business
houses to Oakland and largely increased the price of rents,
in the latter city, hence the Publication Society felt the
need of securing a building of their own, and after consider-
able prospecting a desirable location was secured for a
reasonable sum and friends of the Advocate nohly responded
to the needs of the occasion. A lot was purchased and a
building was started, and by the time the lease of the old
location expired and double rent was demanded, they were
able to move into their own building w'here the paper has
since been printed.
This at first involved quite a debt, but with the passing
of the year 1908, through the agitation of the business
agent, and especially the inspiring appeals and leadership
of Dr. J. B. Chapman, of Seattle, Wash., this was entirely
cancelled and 1909, New Year's, found the interested friends
happy indeed; thankful for answered prayers and full of
courage for further- forward steps.

THE SEATTLE CONGRESS OF' ADVENTISTS
Early in the spring of 1908, as Dr. J. B. Chapman and
Eld. S. P. Hayward, who was then pastor of the Seattle
'Church, were conversing together, one remarked that it
would be a fine thing to hold a Congress of Adventists at
Seattle in 1909, during the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposi-
tion. After some reflection it was decided to start the
effort. On the thirteenth of April a general mass meeting
was called at Seattle for the purpose of deciding whether
or not such a gathering as proposed would be desirable and
practicable. At that meeting it was unanimously decided
to go on with the effort, and officers were elected to this
end, and at a subsequent meeting the needful committees
were appointed. The movement at first contemplated
chiefly the entertainment and comfort of those Adventists
from all over the countiy, who expected to visit the expo-
sition but the idea slowly developed until it included evan-
;
gelistic and convention work. The officers elected were

stanch and courageous men who went forward in spite of
obstacles and completed the effort, and they were assisted
in their work by the kindly attitude of the four weekly
papers of the body.
The congress was held in camp form on the north bank
of Green Lake, a beautiful body of water a mile long, resting
in the heart of Seattle. The camp consisted of about fifty
tents besides the big auditorium tent, reception, and rest
tents. The meetings were filled with brotherly love and ideal
fellowship. The East,iSouth, and North met the West in a
most cordial spirit and sectional lines were forgotten. The
report states that the congress, considering its location in
the extreme northwest State of the Union, was well at-
tended by Adventists from nearly every part of the country,
including eighteen States and British Columbia. Thirty-
four ministers of the Gospel were present and rendered
willing assistance and ably represented their respective
sections. There were daily morning prayer-meetings, and
preaching much after the usual campmeeting order, while
the afternoon was given to "congressional work," or the
general discussion of live and weighty subjects which con-
cerned the welfare and fundamental doctrines of the Ad-
:
ventist cause. The evening services were evangelistic

and, in spite of the great attractions of the exjposition and
the general spirit of holiday enjoyment prevading the city,
thesfe services resulted in a goodly number of conversions,
while Christians were uplifted and encouraged. Numerous
baptismal Sjervices were conducted in the waters of Green
Lake, which were witnessed by large congregations of in-
terested spectators.
Financially the congress was a success, in that the ex-
penses which amounted to about $2,500, were fully covered.
Dr. J. B. Chapman was president; S. P. Hayward, A. W.
Steers, Dr. William Chapman, Geo. E. Coopriderr vice-
presidents; F. J. Doming, secretary; Geo. A. Patten, treas-
urer. The World's Crisis was represented by Evangelist
John M. Currie; Our Hope and Mendota College by Eld.
B. Forester; Messiah's Advocate by Prof. W. R. Chandler.
Special days were given to various State and church in-
terests, and the special services were ably conducted by the
respective societies and States. Important resolutions
were adopted, one of which called on the entire denomina-
tion for hearty support of our collegenow located at Aurora,
111. another recommended the holding of a general congress
;
each year in those four sections represented by our four

Publication Societies; another called for the holding of a
National General Conference once every five years, to be
held on such basis as to bring together representatives from
every conference and foreign field in the body. One of the
resolutions we cite here
"Resolved: That it is the conviction of the congress that

the subject of prophecy should have a larger place in the
preaching of our evangelists and pastors (preached in the
spirit of the message), and that we also urge the laity to
return to the daily study of the Bible, that we may not
only enjoy, but give a reason for our hope of Christ's soon
coming."
The vision, courage, and- zeal with which this project
was conceived and carried through may well be an encour-
agement to all our people to undertake opportune and pro-
gressive measures for the enlargement'; and inspiration of
the cause in other fields and lines of work. A similar spfrit
of enterprise was exhibited by some of the California
brethren in connection with the Panama Exposition.
GAINS IN THE WORK

Returning to the publication narrative, we find that Eld.
Young, by vote of the society, was continued in the service
as editor and business agent for seventeen years and proved
an efficient, self-sacrificing, able and zealous worker for
the cause. Before he retired from the office, in 1910, he
had the satisfaction of seeing much new equipment installed,
the new building coinpleted, with its convenient quarters
for alldepartments of the work, the debt entirely removed,
and he had the assurance that the business was established
on a substantiail basis with promise of future success.
During these years of labor the circulation of the Advocate
increased three-fold. This progress was not obtained with-
out times of trial, protracted seasons of hard labor and
facing of many problems and difficulties. Many gracious
deliverances and notable answers to prayer, were recog-
nized which gave the deepest assurance, to those concerned,'
that they were in the line of God's will and were manifestly
receiving His help.
In 1910, Eld. J: J. Schaumburg was chosen as editor and
business agent, and continues to serve at the present time,
having proved a diligent and faithful worker. The Advocate
has continued to increase in number of subscribers and
other facilities have been added to the equipment of the
ofHcel
The formation of the Advent Christian Home Mission
Society in andby the four conferences on the Pacific Coast,

in 1912, was considered a decided forward movement for
both progress and larger unity. In two years this society
raised and expended ten to twelve thousand dollars in
definite evangelistic work, much -of it in new fields. Also
much help was given to weak churches to the end that they
might become self-supporting, and help was also given to
build new churches where organizations had been effected.
Such work as this surely ought to be continued.
In 1913 the Sunday-schools, the Loyal Workers, and
the Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society jointly
employed a field worker for full time, and excellent work
was done in all these auxiliaries by introducing new and
wise plans, thus effecting better results and more unity
of organization in all departments represented. Also a
system of tract publication and distribution was adopted,
entitled"The Educational Series." Following its adoption
they soon printed one hundred thousand copies of these
tracts and they had in view a system of colportage and
missionary work for new fields to be developed along with
this tract mission.
HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE

Because of the long and notable career of Dr. H. F. Car-
penter something further should be said concerning his life
and work. He was a native of Worcester, Mass., was con-
verted early in life and by the influence of his employer and
the reading of a book by Eld. Jacob Blaiuj with Bible
study, accepted the Adventist faith. Having the convic-
tion that he ought to preach, he was led, under the influence
of Elds. D. T. Taylor and H. L. Hastings, into active
service. He was
held several pastorates in the East and
for several years secretary of the Advent Christian Asso-
ciation. In 1875 he went to the Pacific Coast where, after
four years as pastor of the church at Vallejo, Cal., he settled
at Santa Clara, which has been his permanent home for
about thirty years: where he has practised medicine and
acted as pastor, and supply of the local church in the ab-
sence of other pastors. -He also spent considerable time in
,tent work in both Southern and Northern California. He
was the first editor of the Advocate, and afterwards until
very recently, associate or corresponding editor. A man

of noble, Christ-like character, he has rendered the cause
abundant and efficient service and has been one of ouj- ablest
preachers and writers. Among other laborers on the Pacific
Coast, who have rendered conspicuous service, we would
mention Eld. T. H. Organ, for a season vice-president of
the Publication Society; W. R. Chandler, for a time corre-
sponding editor of the Advocate; Virgil F. Hunt, a frequent
contributor to the paper, and I. N. Archibald, well known
for evangelistic labors. We should also refer to H. W.
Bowman, a man of great promise, who died in his early
prime, in the midst of abundant activities,; and M. Mc-
Fadyen, who also finished his course in the strength of
his years. The cause on the Coast has also been blessed
with a goodly number of lay helpers who have given freely
of their labors and money to extend ^:he work; Bro. D. A.
Davis being a notable example; he having been a liberal
benefactor, not only to local branches of the work, but also
to Aurora College and to the Eastern Publication Society.
In recent years several able ministers from the East and
Mid-West migrated to the far West and are there doing
valiant service, of each of whom we would like to write
but space forbids.
In 1912 there began to be some dissatisfaction with the
location of the Advocate office, and a call for a new property.
The Board of Managers arranged for an investigation, and
•
later the full. Board met, reviewed the situation and unani-
mously voted to authorize the purchase of a lot on the corner

of Twenty-Third and Valley Streets, which was by all con-
sidered very desirable^ providing the money 'for the same
could be secured. By the aid of several liberal donors,
Editor Schaumburg was able to secure the funds and the
lot was purchased. Later considerable improvements
—
were made upon the property but we do not learn that
the erection of a new office building has yet been under-
taken, there being delay in selling the one already occupied.
The Pacific Coast line runs from south to north for nearly
two thousand miles, and it is said that all the principal
Coast cities are blessed with a lighthouse of the Advent
Christian faith. Some eight or more of the stronger con-
gregations have modern churches with Sunday-school rooms,
and are fitted for aggressive work, while there are twenty
or more other churches of one room or more, and that have
parsonages for pastors. It is claimed that some of the best
churches of the denomination are on the Pacific Coast,
and that a need is felt for a larger number of efficient pastors
— men with vision and wise methods, who can do real, con-
structive work, also men educated and trained for effective
eivangelistic labor.
THE SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION

In the nineties, soon after the Messiah's Advocate had
been re-established on the Pacific Coast, and Out Hope
had been successfully maintained in the Mid-West for a
—
few years the friends in the South began to agitate the
question of a Southern Association, and a press of their
own. As a result bf this in 1897 A. B. Cargile addressed
letters to both the General A. C. Association and the Ameri-
can Advent Mission Society, seeking the sanction of these
bodies for the effort before taking definite action. The
desired consent being given informally through the officers
of the above organizations, a convention was called which
assembled in Augusta, Ga., on July 26, 1898, in which
all Second Advent brethren present were enrolled as dele-
gates. After choosing temporary officers and appointing

necessary committees, a permanent organization was ef-
fected with the election of the following: John A. Cargile,
president; J. S. DuBose, vice-president; and Geo. H.
James, secretary and treasurer. Following this a constitu-
tion was adopted and the society was named the Southern
Advent Christian Association. Its territory was defined
as including all the Southern States, east of the Mississippi
River, and its membership was to consist of delegates chosen
by the A. C. conferences of the said territory, co-operating
in Christian harmony with the objects of the Association.
Thus the A. C. conferences of these Southern States were
called upon to unite in a forward movement for larger
growth. The brethren at this convention also organized,
within the Association, a Southern A. C. Publication
Society adopting a separate constitution for the same.
The were John A. Cargile,
officers elected for this society
president; W. C. Rhodes, vice-president
Geo. H. James,
;
secretary and J. S. DuBose, treasurer. And it was voted

that a paper be published weekly. Soon after this the
paper was started and entitled Present Truth Messenger.
Rev. F. L. Piper, who visited the South in 1899, after re-
work in that field, wrote: "To-day there
ferring to the early
isa large number of Advent Churches in the South, several
conferences, and a goodly number of preachers, some of
whom we know to be earnest, devoted men, who are able
defenders of the Word of God." The Messenger is an eighth
page paper, eleven by fifteen inches, which has had a
struggle for existence, but continues to the present time.
If we mistake not A. B. Cargile, O. T. Mattox, and Burr
A. L. Bixler have served successively as editors; the latter
so laboring' at the present time. The principal writers

through the years have been John A. Carîle, G. D. Sherrill,
who was also president of the society for many and
years,
V. P. Simmons. Elds. John A. Cargile, O. T. Mattox,
Judge W. M. Ives and Prof. A. E. Hatch, are now listed as
special contributors. With a goodly number of eonfer-
ences,'a Publishing Society, and a Mission Board, our South-
ern friends have the facilities for the development of a
strong work in their territory, and we hope to see them take
new courage, give a more liberal support to and strengthen
their paper, and plaii for larget things. A hopeful token
of possibilities on this line is seen in the recent pledge of
the Piedmont Conference of $2000 toward the Aurora
College endowment fund, the same to be a "memorial of
Eld. G. D. Sherrill, who named the conference and spent
his whole life working in it."
THE HOME AND ORPHANAGE

In the fall of 1909 it was proposed, in the annual South
Georgia and Florida Conference to establish a Southern
campground. As a result of the agitation about this the
Dowling Lumber Company of Dowling Park, Florida, agreed
to give one hundred and twenty acres for this purpose
providing the friends of the movement would improve it
to the extent of $1000 the first year. The offer was accepted
and by hard work on the part of W. M. Bennett and his
co-laborers the condition was met and the property was
secured. As interest in the campmeeting plans did not
develop successfully the parties concerned were open to
another proposition: a dying mother of Millwood, Georgia,
sent a pathetic letter to the editor of the Present Truth
Messenger (Burr A. L. Bixler) inquiring "have we an Advent
Christian Orphanage?" This question turned the thoughts
of those interested, to the need of such a home and plans
were soon under way to use the aforesaid land for such a
purpose. In due course an organization was formed and
incorporated, which is known as "The American Advent
Christian Home and Orphanage." The plans in view
were laid before the General Association and the movement
was indorsed and later the Home and Orphanage was recog-
nized as an auxiliary of the General Association, and it has
also received the cordial assistance of the Woman's Home
and Foreign Mission Society. A certain adjoining property
was purchased which provided an abundance of land for
all time and useful buildings and improvements. The
Hpme and Orphanage is finely situated on an elevation
some ten rods from the Suwanee River. The Incorporation
has a Board of Managers as follows: W. M. Bennett, J.
T. Butler, W. M. Dowling, O. O. Williams, and Burr A. L.
Bixler. It is proposed to erect on the streets laid out,
from time to time, such buildings as may be needed for
aged ministers and retired workers. There is a commodi-
ous building with pleasant, wide verandas and it is said
that "the Home and land is an ideal spot." Eld. J. August
Smith, who visited the same in 1914, said: "I wish to com-
mend this institution to any and all our people, East,
West, North and South." Being recognized by the A. C.
Association and General Conference it is permitted to ap-
peal for support to all the Advent Christian people. Al-
ready some aged friends have found comfortable homes
there and over a score of children are cared for in the Or-
phanage and are receiving education under the competent
instruction of Miss Flossie M. Quimby, formerly mission-
ary in China. v
THE EASTERN PUBLICATION SOCIETY

The former narrative regarding this society closed in
Chapter IX, with the entrance of Bro. Chas. H. Woodman
—
into the office of treasurer and business manager (1887)

and the installation of the new printing plant (1888) at
144 Hanover St., Boston. The next event of note was the
change of relation between the Advent Christian Associa-
tion and the Publication Society. From 1860 to 1889
this latter organization was maintained within the said
Association and its officers were elected by and required
to report to the same. But when the Association was
recognized as having a general oversight or authority re-
garding the Western work, and had given sanction to the
formation of a separate publishing interest in that field,
it was deemed best to separate the Eastern Publication
Society and to establish the same in its own right. In

pursuance of this purpose a "meeting of the corporators
of the Christian Publication Society" was called to be held
at the office of the World's Crisis, Boston, Mass., Oct. 2,
1889, to see if the society would adopt for its benefit cer-
tain "Public Statutes," provide for additional membership,

revise constitution and by-law, and elect officers in accord-
ance therewith. As a result of this action, the Publica-
tion Society became duly incorporated the same month,
separate from the Association, though co-operative with the
same, and has thus continued. The Western Publishing
Society was organized the next year, and incorporated in
1895. The Eastern Society with its new manager, new
and revised legal status, appears to have gone
facilities,
forward for some ten years on regular lines without events

of special note.
During this time a number of workers finished their
course, of whom some account must be given. In 1889
Eld. Sidney S. Brewer fell and five
asleep after four score
years of life. "He was an and commanding
able, pleasing
preacher, and a writer of no mean ability. He was greatly
beloved as a man and a Christian." E. A. Stockman.
—

"He atmosphere and on the sunny-
lived in the Divine
side of religion.His influence was salutary and healthful
as well as fruitful wherever he labored." L. Boutelle.
Besides writihg frequently for the papers he was the
author of over twenty pamphlets, amounting to over
one thousand pages, and of many hymns, the most widely
known probably being:
"Watchman, tell me, does the morning

Of fair Zion'sglory dawn?
Have the signs that mark His coming
Yet upon thy pathway shone?"
Samuel Gordon Mathewson died at Worcester, Mass.,

in 1593, aged eighty-five years. He was a native of Con-
necticut, entered the ministry in 1843, and was active
therein for forty-five years. He was a "pioneer in pro-
claiming the message of a soon-coming Saviour; his experi-
ence was that of a chief, and he was well known, far and
near, as a stalwart advocate of Gospel truth. ." He was
. .
a successful and beloved pastor of several of our churches;

for years was president of the Association, and a leading
campmeeting worker.
Eld. J. S. White died in January, 1895, aged nearly
eighty-nine years. A most worthy and very able preacher;
noted for careful, clear, thorough reasoning and kindliness
of spirit. He was humble, broadminded and served the
cause with faithfulness and honor. His purity and sta-
bility of character remind us of the promise, "I will make
him a pillar in the temple of my God and he shall go out
thence no more."
THE MAN OF "GOOD LIVING RELIGION"

Eld. Luther Boutelle was a native of Massachusetts.
When a young man he was converted to Christ and united
MORE REGENT PROGRESS 435
with the Gbngregational Ghurch of Groton, Mass. Later

he came into the Adventist faith under the preaching of
Wm. Miller, and very soon became an earnest and success-
ful advocate of the message. He also became actively
identified with the anti-slavery agitation, and was a promi-
nent abolitionist. He was associated in this work with
Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Oliver Johnson,
Fred Douglass and other great and good men of his time.
For many years he filled official positions in the A. C. Pub-
lication Society, always (discharging his duties to the entire
Satisfaction of his brethren. He was an ofKcial member of
the Advent Christian Church of Chelsea for about thirty
years. In December, 1898, he fell asleep in Jesus, aged
ninety-two years. He was a man full of faith and the
Holy Spirit, of sunshine and cheer a veritable embodiment
;
of what he so often exhorted other people to have^— "Good

living religion;" He was deeply loved by a host of friends.
ANOTHER LABORER AT REST
Dr. James Hemenway died in December, 1898. He was
a dentist by profession and one of the pioneers of the Ad-
ventist cause, and was an able defender of the truth. He
was ready at any time to meet any Goliath who might arise
against God's Word; he was a very able debater, and was
often sent for 'to defend the truth. He located in Athol,
Massachusetts, in 1864, and for over thirty years wa's act-
ing pastor of the Advent Church in that town. He built
up the church and left a noble record in the community.
In his early ministry he did much evangelistic work. He
held several important positions in the Adventist body;
for a number of years he was the president of the State
conference, for a time served effectively as business agent
of the Publication Society, and also as president of the
Springfield Campmeeting Association. He labored so
earnestly that his later years were clouded by debility
and suffering, but he cherished his love for the Christ and
His coming to the last.
AN IMPORTANT TRANSFER
Turning more directly to the publication interests, we
observe that, at the annual meeting of the society in 1899,
a proposition was received from the Executive Board of
the Scriptural Publication Society, of Maine, offering on
certain stipulated conditions, to transfer its entire publica-
tion and mission interests to the A. C. Publication Society.
After extended discussion the latter society voted to accept
the proposition as offered. This being done, in due course
the mission interests were by vote passed over to the A. A.
Mission Society, as stated in Chapter X. This merging
of publishing interests brought a number of valuable books
and tracts into the hands of the receiving society and was
an omen of closer unity among the Eastern workers.
A NEW PASTOR AT BOSTON

Eld. W. J. Hobbs, who in his earlier ministry was very
active in New York State, later labored in Ohio, and Minne-
sota, and was actively engaged with others in the founding
of Our Hope, and for a time officially connected therewith,
was called to the pastorate of the A. C. Church in Boston,
in 1895. He took hold of the work with grace and zeal
and blessings followed. In 1897 this church, weary of its
unfortunate location on Emerald St., decided to rent what
was called the Dudley Street Opera House, which was
large and' convenient for its services; with a view of taking
time to find a desirable, permanent location for a new
church home. Later the church property at 160 Warren
Street was secured, and this was thought to be an effort
of interest and encouragement to the friends of the cause
at large. When the church work was well under way in

its new home, a plan was conceived by Pastor Hobbs and
—
others, of turning the property to a larger use hence one
of the special features of the annual meeting of the A. C.
Publication Society in 1900, was the appointment of a
committee to consider the possible removal of the denomi-
national headquarters, from the rented apartments at 144
Hanover Street to 160 Warren Street.
CHANGING EDITORS
At the above annual meeting Eld. E. A. Stockman, who
had served as editor of the World's Crisis for nineteen years,
was compelled by his infirmities and weakness to wholly
retire from active service. He had been assisted for some
six years by Eld. Wm. H. Mitchell who had served as office
editor. A pathetic occasion was Eld. Stockman's farewell
address, for he felt that he had come before the society for
the last time, and he spoke in his characteristic choice words
and tender feelings. In the election that followed Rev.
F. L. Piper was chosen as editor, and in due course fitting
resolutions were adopted relative to the labors of both
Elds. Stockman and Mitchell, who have been more fully
referred to in the previous chapter.
We turn to notice the following brethren who were closely
connected with the work for many years.
Hiram Munger was born in Monson, Mass., September,
1806, the oldest of eleven children. In his twenties he
married and lived in South Wilbraham, and- their wedded
life lasted sixty-five years. Mr. Munger was a miller by
occupation but his life was that of a religious leader, and
he became famous as a campmeeting manager, and a trav-
eling preacher. He was about as eccentric as Lorenzo
Dow or Peter Cartright, but he led many souls to Christ
and into the Advent faith. He was a successful fisherman
and he knew how to cateh men, especially those that were
hard and rough. He was a striking figure standing very
straight, six feet one and a half inches in his stockings and
in his prime was a man of great strength. He was stren-
uous for order in church and eîfipmeeting services ^those —
ftiisbehaving were called members of the Cain family and
were liable and often subjected to vigorous treatment.
He was full of quaint sayings, a rough and ready wit, but
had 'a heart as tender as a child. He died early in June,
1902, aged ninety-five.
Chas. Goodrich was a native of Massachusetts, beginning
lifein 1828. He was converted in 1843, under labors of
King Hastings, father of the late H. L. Hastings. He com-
menced preaching among the Methodists in 1846, accepted
Conditional Immortality in 1847, and was active in the
ministry of Adventual faith for over fifty years. He la-
bored for many years in the mailing department of the
World's Crisis office, Boston. He was a brother who be-
lieved and practiced the Gospel of good cheer. He fell
on sleep in 1904.
Following the introductory step taken by the Publica-
tion Society in 1900, and the work committee then
of the
appointed, various further investigations were made, plans
of the proposed new hieadquarters were drawn, and the
whole question was carefully considered, canvassed and
recanVassed, and after some months it was decided, in the
summer of 1901, to purchase the Warren Street property,
and to proceed with, such reconstruction and building as
should be necessary. A finance committee was appointed
and instructed to raise thesum of $25,000 to cover the
expense of purchasing the property and removing the office.
This committee consisted of F. L. Piper, C. R. Crbssett,
C. H. Woodman, C. W. Wentworth, G. F. Haines, Henry
Stone and W. J. Hobbs. While a few objected to the
RED L. PIPER
WORLD'S CRISIS OFFICE
movement, the large majority felt the urgfent need of better

and more commodious apartments, worthy of the enlarg-
ing work of the Society and which would help to this end.
The proposed new location inRoxbury, in one of the better
parts of the city, was considered to fully answer these de-
mands.
THE NEW HEADQUARTERS
After the questions of a clear, title and '.sole ownership
by the Publication Society with due protection of the church
interests, were settled, and the needful legal papers had
been passed on the fifteenth of February, 1902, plans were
at once entered upon to reconstruct the property and pre-
pare for early occupancy. But as usual the undertaking
inyolved more time and means than was by some expected
and the entrance into the new offices was not accomplished
till; a little past the first of February, IQ'OS. When the task
was completed, and theordeal of, removal was passed, aU
concerned were rejoiced at the convenience and utility of

the new apartments. The undertaking had involved about
two years of agitation, and many months of anxious hard
work (especially by Editor Piper, Pastor Hobbs and Chas.
H. Woodman) but when completed, it was highly com-
mended by the patrons of the Society, and by disinter-
ested business men and friends. The dedication exercises
were very largely attended, were of high character and deep
interest. The whole movement served to dwaken desires
for forward looking plans and enlarged service in the cause,
and provided impetus and opportunity for the increased
activities of future days. It may be well to here note the
previous
DIFFERENT OFFICE LOCATIONS
The World's Crisis, which was started in Lowell, was

first issued in Boston (Feb. 20, 1856), at Hanover Street,
over George T. Adams' store, and except a few issues cred-
ited to 27 Central St. (upstairs), continued to be published
there until April, 1870, when it was moved across the street
to 160 Hanover, corner Salem St., where they were said to
have had very pleasant rooms over the Boston Drug Store.
In December, 1875, another move was made to 144 Hanover
Street, and these apartments were reported as more com-
modious and convenient than any occupied before. This
proved a notable headquarters for a long period and many,
many were the greetings and farewells at this place, while
tons and tons of literature were sent out therefrom.
They continued at "144" until the transfer was made to
the new quarters as above recorded.
In the new location the work of the Society continued
on usual lines for several years. In 1906 a strong senti-
ment developed for a more efficient administration and a
larger, more aggressive work, and this was recognized
by Editor Piper, as a "pronounced awakening and a new
call with added responsibility."
A BELOVED WRITER AND WORKER
James Albert Libby died at his home in Maine, January

1907, aged seventy-four years. He was a
sweet-natured,
even-minded, loving Christian; a good preacher, an efficient
pastor, and a gifted poet. He was for a long time president
,
of the Mechanic Falls Campmeeting, and his peculiar, cordial

greetings and farewells there and elsewhere will long. be
remembered. They were a benediction indeed. He had
a host of friends far and near. Eld. E. A. Stockman called
him "The poet laureate," of the Adventist denomination.
His pen was active for many years and numbers of his
poems were widely circulated. He wrote some beautiful
couplets the last few days before he fell asleep as follows:
"The lifting of the resurrection curtain bright will be,

Like sunshine o'er the glistening sea."
"O Jesus, let Thy blessed face

Shine on me from the world of grace."
"Jesus, turn Thy face to me,

And say, 'From sickness be thou free,'
Let others say whate'er they will,
Thou art the mighty Saviour still."
"Jesus, my
Jesus, fill me with repose.
Such as no man of earth without Thee knows."
OTHER VETERANS PASSING

Dr. Darius Mathewson (brother of S. G. Mathewson
before mentioned), found rest at Worcester, Mass., in 1907.
He was a native of Connecticut, was converted in early life;
practiced medicine for nine years; came into the Adventist
faith through the teaching of Wm. Miller, and gave his life
mostly to the preaching of that faith, laboring both East
and West.
Eld. Geo. L. Teeple, another native of Connecticut, fell
asleep the —
same year a dear man of godly life, faithful,
fruitful labors and steadfast faith. He had a notable ex-
perience and an emphatic testimony, for he knew well
whereof he spoke.
Thomas M. Preble was born among the "pine trees"
of Maine, and in due time became a Free Baptist preacher
and pastor. While serving a church of this faith at Nashua,
N. H., he was brought into contact with William Miller;
from that day he became a devout student of prophecy,
and later a life-long advocate of the "blessed hope." He
was conspicuous as a pioneer worker and was a fervent and
able preacher, and also wrote extensively. His ministry
covered a period of about seventy years. He found rest
in 1908, at the age of ninety-seven, and was earnest in
spirit and full of faith till the last.
REDUCING THE DEBT

The establishment of the new headquarters, though
supported by those interested, left the Publica-
liberally
tion Society in debt, which in 1909, stood at $15,000 and
on that year a vigorous effort was launched to cancel it in
five years, and pledges were made for $3,000 to be raised
the first year. This campaign was continued for a season
and though the full amount needed was not raised, yet by this
and subsequent efforts, the obligation was so reduced that
it has been conveniently handled, while other urgent needs
have received effective attention.

In 1912 a new departure was made in the business ad-
ministration of the Society, Bro. Chas. H. Woodman re-
tiring from the office of treasurer and business manager,
and Rev. Fim Murra being fleeted thereto. Mr. Woodman
had held this position for twenty-six consecutive years,
and was employed as a clerk in the office for seven years
—
prior to that making a period of thirty-three years of
service, and they were years of painstaking, diligent labor.
The action of the Society regarding his service may well
be recorded here:
"Resolved, That the thanks of the Advent Christian Pub-
lication Society are due, and are hereby expressed to Charles
H. Woodman, our retiring treasurer and business manager,
for his long and faithful service to our denominational in-
terests; and we desire to express our appreciation of his
untiring devotion to the constituency of the Society and
his .uniform courtesy and kindness to all with whom he
came in contact, and we cheerfully commend him as a
man whose business career has carried with it the true prin-
ciples of a noble Christian manhood, and we most sincerely
desire and pray for the blessing of God to rest upon him in
the days to come."
—
THE NEW EQUIPMENT

The manager elect had served several years as secretary
of the American Advent Mission Society, which had its
office in the Publication building, and thus had come to
know something of the needs and routine of his new duties,
and being in the prime of his years, and of a business turn
of mind, he took hold of the work with tact and vigor.
After studying the situation he concluded that one es-
sential qi a more successful business was a new equipment
in the printing department. The need and its proposed ,
supply was laid before the Board of Managers, and a for-

ward movement on this line was soon under way. In the
course of the three following years a co^niprehensive equip-
ment of modern machinery and improvejnents were added
in the composing room, press room, mailing room and
amounting to a total
office, cost, of a little oyer $11,000
and by the aid of timely from the
legacies, liberal aid
manager's business and generous responses to ap-
friends,
peals by press and circular, this amount was all paid before
the close of the fiscal year in 1916. As this improved equip-
ment was added the business began to show increased
efficiency and production, and its completed installation
has proved a notable event in the Society's progress. At
the annual meeting of said year, Mr. Murra, to the great
regret of the constituency, absolutely insisted upon retiring
from the office, and carried with him the grateful appreci-
ation of the Society for his efficient service.
THE CONVENTION FEATURE

Some years ago it seemed best to a number of the brethren
in view of the interest in the summer cainp-gatherings to
have a general assembly in the winter, and in the further-
ance of this thought the first Mid-Winter Convention was
held in Worcester, Feb. 1892,, with an interesting and ex-
tended program. The first Boston Mid-Winter Convention
tvas held in 1894, in Tremont Temple, occupying Meion-
aon Hall two days, and the main auditorium one day.
There were forty addresses given at that convention, by
as many different speakers, and it was a pronounced suc-
cess. It is estimated that about eight hundred people were
assembled the first two days and two thousand the last
day.
The next like gathering was held in the People's Tem-
ple,on Columbus Avenue, and the building was filled with
an interested and attentive audience. At both these con-
ventions the daily press was well represented by reporters,
who gave quite full accounts of the meetings. In the
winter of 1896 a third convention was held in Park Street
Church, and the building was packed from the commence-
ment to the close. By these three meetings the Advent-
istswere brought more in touch with the general public
than before, and their views were better understood.
In 1898 these conventions were resumed and began to
be held in the Advent Christian Church on Warren Street,
where they have been continued through the years. Al-
though more remote from the city's center,, and not at-
tracting so many of the outside public, yet these latter
conventions, have been considered as productive of much
good. Following this Eastern example similar gatherings
have been held in several different parts of the country.
A STALWART LABORER
Eld. Geo. H. Wallace, finished his course in 1916, having
"fought a good fight and kept the faith." He was a New
Hampshire lad, and at seventeen years of age shipped from
New Bedford on a four-years' whaling voyage, and during
these years, through the influence of a godly fellow seaman
GEf). 1(. WALl.ACll
GEO. F. HAINES
was led to Christ- He began preaching in 1870, was or-

dained the next year, and spent his life in energetic, suc-
cessful service; laboring five years as an evangelist and the
remainder of his life in constant pastoral work. For
more than twenty-five years he was connected in an
official way with the work of the body, serving for four-
teen years as president of the Eastern Publication Society,
retiring from said office in 1906, when a very appreciative
was passed.
resolution in recognition of his efficient service
But he continued in the Board of Managers until his death.
He was for some time president of the Springfield and Beebe
Plain Campmeetings and of the Christian Burden Bear-
ers' Association. He was an excellent, dignified presiding
officer,an able preacher, a successful pastor, and a beloved
friend. Not only was his death mourned by all of this
faith, but the Ministers' Association of Lawrence, the city
of his last pastorate, in a tender and extended resolution
bore witness of their high esteem and cordial fellowship.
AN IMPROVED SYSTEM
When Manager Murra retired from the service of the
Publication Society in 1916, Rev. Lester F. Reynolds was
elected treasurer and business manager, as it was felt that,
though much-needed in pastoral service, he had the gift
and qualifications so necessary in that office, and he has
already proven competent and efficient. Being confronted
with some problems that had not yet been solved, he set
about a careful study of conditions, then of the cost systems
pf up-to-date printing firms, and has consequently intro-
duced a first-class cost system and so revisêd the opera-
tions of the office and of the printing department, that
there is promise of greater efficiency and larger production
than ever before. Even though the times are difficult and
strenuous yet with the blessing of God there is a prospect
of very successful work before the Society, and an increased
demand for its issues.
It is now the custom of the office to issue an annual
catalogue of about seventy pages, descriptive of its church
and Sunday-school supplies, stationery, holiday gifts,
general religious books, denominational works and special
publications, and this is very helpful to the patrons of the
Society.
The present officers of the Publication Society are:
Rev. G. F. Haines, president; Rev. Hehry Stone, vice-
president; Rev. Geo. E. Tyler, secretary, each of whom has
served for a number of years; treasurer and business
manager as above named.
A WORTHY EDITOR
Rev. F. L. Piper, who was elected editor of the World's
Crisis in 1900, is still office, and he has
continued in said
rendered very able service. He
broad in his vision and
is
fellowship, deliberate and prudent in his judgment, easy

and gracious in his writings, sober and strong in his faith,
and through critical periods has kept the paper steady and
free from rash or extreme teachings. Having gone through
the files of the paper from the beginning, the writer is
prompted to say that the issues of its recent years compare
very favorably with any period in the past; that in manner
and substance of teaching, the general quality of its writ-
ings and in mechanical appearance, it is the best of all its
years and deserves an increasing patronage.
THE ADVENT CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND GENERAL

CONFERENCE
The first biennial session of the Association under its
revised Constitution, after the Publication Society was
separated therefrom, Was^held at Chelsea, Mass., October,
1891. There was some important discussion and action

with reference to the needs of the cause and what should
be the prerogatives of the Association. In view of its new
standing and relations this organization needed to find
the chief cause of its continuance in some functions not
before specially exercised. It was thought by some, es-
pecially by Eld. Stockman, that the Association should
be so related to the conferences- as to constitute a bond of
inter-conference fellowship, to secure harmony of confer-
ence action and to promote and stimulate their united co-
operation in the general work of the whole body of Advent
Christian believers. It was also generally recognized as
having the chief advisory and directing authority, over
the Mission, and Publication Societies, educational efforts
and over the State or local conferences.
At the second biennial meeting, October, 1893, the con-
stitutionwas so revised as to constitute the Association a
kind of general conference, the latter words being niade a
part of its name, and it was to have three boards of coun-
sellors of six ihembers each; these were to be chosen from
the fields of and to represent the three Publication Socie-
ties: the Eastern, the Mid-Western and that of the Pacific
Coast. Since the Southern Association was organized
there have been four Boards of Counsellors instead of three,
and of but four members each. Thus the A. C. Association
and General Coiiference serves as a bond of fellowship
between these Publication Societies and a kind of central
union and headship of the same, though exercising only
advisory influence in this capacity. There are those who
think it should be given legislative authority as well. It
was constituted and has been recognized as a court of
appeal in cases of society difficulties and conference dis-
cipline, when settlement of troubles could not be reached
in the local body. It has also had the care of certain general
affairs as raising the committee and authorizing the publi-
cation of the Advent Christian Manuals, the first of which
was published in 1890 and followed by those of 1903, 1909,
1911, and 1916, and which have given a registry of our
churches, ministers and all the organizations of the denonii-
nation.
THE TENTH VOLUNTEERS
Another movement of vital interest to the whole cause
should have some record here —especially as it was early
endorsed by the Association and reports have regularly
been made to said organization. About 1903 Eld. J. Aug-
ust Smith, then secretary of the Home Mission Board "of
the Middle West, entered upon a vigorous and wide cam-
paign of agitation for voluntary tithing as the true Scrip-
tural plan of giving to the work of God. This method
and the effort for its general adoption was favorably re-
ceived and in due time endorsed ,by our general societies,
both Publication and Missionary, also by many confer-
ences and by the general L. W. Societies', and was by
resolution approved and recommended by the A. C. Asso-
ciation and General Conference as follows:
"Whereas: We realize the great need of a system of
among us
finance in order to carry on our work of pro-
claiming the Gospel of the kingdom, at home and abroad,
and
"Whereas: The Tenth Volunteers of the A. C. Denom-
ination are fully established and endorsed among us,
therefore, be it
"Resolved, That we would encourage the adopting of
God's financial plan, and the establishment of tithing
classes in all our churches, and so cultivate the grace of
giving."
The form which the agitation has taken is thus stated

by its leader:
"The Tenth Volunteers is an unorganized movement of

tithers in the Advent Christian Church, advocating the
voluntary giving of one-tenth of their increase to the work
of the Lord. It has neither constitution, Iby-laws, rules, or
expense. It has no officials but a general secretary and
secretaries who serve without pay. The secretaries are
pastors of churches or congregations. The general secre-
tary is chosen by vote of the Advent Christian Association
and General Conference of America, at each biennial
session he serves as such for a term of two years or until
;
his successor is elected."
recommended that definite organization be formed

It is
in all our churches, under the name of Tenth Volunteers'
Society, and also in conferences for the purpose of agitation
and to increase the number of regular consecrated givers.
The Tenth Volunteers' Manual, by Eld. J. August Smith,
is a very helpful and interesting presentation of the ques-
tion, which gives' testimony as to blessings experienced in
the practice of tithing. It is a booklet of ninety-five pages
and is in its second edition.
PROGRESS IN THE GENERAL CONFERENCE
For some years earnest study has been given by a number

of brethren both East and West, chiefly by Revs. F. L.
Piper, B. Forester, Dr. J. B. Chapman and others, to the
ways and methods by which the Association could be made
so comprehensive and effective in its work, as to be a real,
living agency and leadership of the whole body, for the
sake of, more vital unity and larger general efficiency.
Consequently in 1915 and 1916 notable changes were made
in its constitution and the session held in the latter year at
Aurora, Illinois, was full of lively interest and goodly prom-
ise. Plans were devised and adopted which of themselves
constitute an event of clearer vision and marked progress,
and when fully carried out will, it is believed, secure that
larger inspiration, co-operation and efficifency that has been
so much desired.
Several amendments were made to the consitution so that
now the following are included as
CO-OPERATING SOCIETIES
In the East: The Advent Christian Publication Society,

the American Advent Mission Society, the Woman's Home
and Foreign Mission Society, the New England School of
Theology and the General Eastern Loyal Workers Society.
In the West: The Western Advent Christian Publication
Society, the Helpers' Union, General Western Loyal
Workers Society and Aurora College.
In the South: The Southern Advent Christian Publica-
tion Society and the Advent Christian Home and Or-
phanage.
On the Pacific Coast: The Pacific Advent Christian
Publication and Mission Society and the General Loyal
Workers Society.
THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE GENERAL CONFERENCE
consists of duly appointed delegates of the Advent Chris-

. tian annual conferences of North America, co-operating
with said General Conference representatives of the above
;
named co-operating societies, the counsellors of the four

Publication districts, the members of the National Council,
with the officers and standing committees of the conference.
The revised constitution provides among other features,
for the adoption of the Budget Plan to cover the financial
needs of all the afHiliated societies, and for the election of
a general superintendent to aid the National Council in
carrying out the important aims of the conference, but the
accomplishment of these special provisions has been un-
fortunately delayed.
;
NATIONAL COUNCIL
The president and secretary of the general conference,

with the four vice-presidents, together with the superinten-
dent, the business managers of the four Publication Societies,
the presidents or secretaries of the Mission Societies, and
the presidents or secretaries of the Educational Boards,
shall constitute a National Council. This council shall be
the executive arm of the General Conference in the interims
between biennial meetings.
This Council has held several important sessions, and

gives promise of broad and progressive leadership.
Plans have been formed for making each biennial session
a time for the consideration and discussion of the problems
of the cause, and the adoption of the wisest measures for
the progress of all its leading factors. At this season the
outlook for effective work by the General Conference is
more hopeful than formerly.
The officers of the conference, as elected in 1916, are as
follows: Rev. O. R. Jenks, president; with four vice-presi-
dents. Rev. I. F. Barnes, Eastern district; Rey. J. M. Whit-
man, Middle Western; Rev. Burr A. L. Bixler, Southern
Rev. M. G. Nelson, Pacific Coast; Rev. Chas. F. King,
Secretary; Chas. H. Woodman, treasurer.
We close with the following summary by Rev. Enoch
E. Rogers from. the Advent Christian Manual of 1916:
We have fifty conferences within our body, and connected

with those conferences there are six hundred and seventeen
churches, six hundred and two ordained ministers, one
hundred and seventy-seven licensed ministers, thirty
thousand, three hundred and sixteen members of churches;
three hundred and forty-fiv5 Sunday-schools with seventeen
thousand, five hundred and fifty-seven members, one
hundred and twenty-four Loyal Workers Societies with a
membership of four thousand, six hundred and fiftyi
CHAPTER XIV
LATER PROGRESS OF THE MISSION WORK
American Advent Mission Society
Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society
the narrative of missionary efforts, we turn

INtoresuming
important events which occurred in 1891 and the
following years. At the annual meeting of the American
Advent Mission Society of said year Eld. A. W. Sibley
completed a long term of service as secretary, having held
the office for about twenty-five years, and Rev. F. L. Piper
was elected secretary. Some account of the interest and
activity of the latter brother in missionary efforts has al-
ready been given. Though he suffered severe affliction,
and his plans were too broad and aggressive for some to
accept, yet he continued to labor and agitate. For a few
years in the eighties he published an excellent paper,
named Working and Waiting, for the issue of which at
Melvin Village, N. H., he and his friends were responsible.
Resulting from his foreign tract work, and correspondence
arising from the distribution of his paper, he became deeply
interested in the China Inland Mission, and in 1889 made
an effort to raise the money needed to take the support of
one of its workers. In response to his calls pledges were"
received Sufficient to support one, and more; hence he called
for the sum needful for two, the pledges to range from five
to fifty cents per week. Those who gave were to be called,
"The Home Guard of the Foreign Mission Army."
PROGRESS OF MISSION WORK 453
These activities called the attention of those concerned

formore effective effortsinthe A. A.' Mission Society and
led to his election as above stated, and there followed a
quickening of the work of the society on various lines,
both in the home field and fo'reign lands. As secretary of
the society, he began the publication in 1892 of a small,
four-page quarterly entitled To All Nations. Some of
Mr. Piper's early efforts in the interest of larger mission
, labors, his relation to the work in Africa, and the society's
undertakings in home mission and evangelistic work, along
this period and somewhat later, were sketched in Chapter
Ten.
Following up his interest in publications and his natural
aptness for editorial work, under the direction of the
Executive Board of the A. A. M. Society, he issued the first
number of the
PROPHETIC AND MISSION QUARTERLY
January, 1896. This number had thirty-two pages, and

while strongly advocating missions, was devoted largely
to the message of prophecy and the Adverit. Copies of
this issue were sent to more than two thousand missionaries
and mission stations in all parts of the world, and by many
was very gratefully received as a messenger of the coming
King. The Qtiarierly was of high grade from the first,
helpful to Christian faith and furnished instruction and
quickening on mission lines. In April, 1900, he sent forth
an enlarged issue of forty-eight pages chiefly devoted to
Conditional Immortality. It was exceedingly able, in-
teresting, and comprehensive. Twenty-four thousand
copies were printed and circulated. This issue was sent
to thousands in our own body, also to eight thousand min-
isters in this country, and to several hundred missionaries
abroad, and it met in many quarters a most cordial recep-
tion, revealing the fact that many clergymen of various
denominations were gradually making their way into this
faith. The Qvarterly ordinarily contained sixteen pages,
but was frequently published with thirty-two.
In April, 1902, another special Conditional Immortality
number was published which was also well received and
extensively distributed. The Quarterly was continued until
October, 1903, when it was changed to a monthly and the
name. Prophetic and Mission Record was adopted, it first
appearing under the new name in November of the above
year. In this form some special numbers were issued such
as, Home Mission, Historical, and Children's number, and
in April, 1904, another Conditional Immortality number.
We believe that, with the exception of this issue, the Record
has been limited to sixteen pages. While serving the
body efficiently in the interests of missions, it has also aided
largely in the extension of the Conditional Immortality
faith, and the testimony of prophecy. Later a cover was
added, which mostly used for advertising books and
is
missionary literature, but gives the Record a neat and

substantial appearance, though somewhat reduced in size.
It is usually illustrated with cuts of workers and scenes in .
mission lands, and with the increase of the work, has be-
come more and more interesting and important as an organ
of mission agitation and information, and is furnished to
its readers at a very moderate cost.
THE OPENING IN CHINA
After the disappointment at the outcome of the African

work the people were very much discouraged regarding
foreign missions, and those who were inclined to oppose
this work were more outspoken than ever against it, but
in the good providence of God a new call soon came for

work in another field with such assurances of probable suc-
cess, that the friends of the foreign work unitedly moved
forward again. Secretary Piper, by his former interest
in the China Inland Mission, was well prepared and es-
welcome the new opportunity. Bro. G.
pecially glad to
Howard Malone, who had spent about four years as a
missionary in China under the Christian Alliance, had
given good evidence of fitness for the work, and had
acquired a working use of the language, was yet re-
quired by the Alliance to sign a statement of doctrine
regarding the immortality of the soul and the punishment
of the wicked, which he could not indorse. Under these
circumstances some of the Day Star Circles, with which
Eld. Hezekiah Davis was connected, planned to send him
out as an independent missionary, but their support alone
was inadequate. Bro. Malone's faith being exactly in
accord with that of the Adventist people, he came into
with the A. A. M. Board and after due and careful
afifiliation
examination, was accepted by them and labored for a time

jointly for the Day Star Circles and the Mission Society,
but soon became entirely the missionary of the latter so-
ciety. Shortly after his acceptance he was married to an
estimable Christian lady, and in March, 1897, they sailed
to China, arriving at Shanghai on April 17. They estab-
lished headquarters at Nanking, one of the lai^gest cities
in China there he hired a Buddist temple, and from this
;
center went out into the towns and villages preaching to

the crowds that gathered around him. From that day the
work in China has made progress each year.
Early in 1899 Mr. Malone wrote, "Our work is increasing,
we are getting a nice little company around us, and God is
saving men, for which we most sincerely praise Him."
Having sorely felt the need of
A MISSION STATION
efforts were made to raise money for this purpose and
the building of the same began the above year and was
completed about the first of October. With the prospect
of the early occupation of the new station, the Mission
Board at once took up the plan of sending added helpers
to the field, and after the necessary preliminary steps,
Miss M. Bessie Burke, of Cambridge, Mass., and Miss
Nellie E. Dow, of Northwood Narrows, N. H., left Boston
on the 31st of March, 1900, cw ro«te for China; and these
also proved efficient and faithful workers, serving the cause
many years. As the work developed the distress of for-
saken and orphans greatly appealed to our
children
missionaries, and their hearts were moved to open an
orphanage. To this end funds were soon raised, a building
erected, and this work was undertaken, which has grown
in numbers and in blessing, and, added to the school work
has been a very strong feature of our missionary effort in
Nanking, the chief branches of which are church, evangel-
istic, school and orphanage work.
CHANGING SECRETARIES
In the annual meeting of the A. C. Publication Society
of 1900, Rev. F. L. Piper was elected editor of the World's
Crisis and consequently declined to be a candidate for re-
election as mission secretary; also Bro. C. H. Woodman,
who had long served as mission treasurer felt that all his
time was demanded by the work of the Publication Society,
hence a considerable change was made in the Mission
Board, as Chas. W. Wentworth was elected secretary and
Eld. Frank Burr, treasurer, A resolution of heeu^ appre-
ciation of Bro. Piper's faithful services as secretary was
adopted. The society thought the choice of Bro. Went-
worth was happy indeed, as he had been actively connected

with the mission interests of the Scriptural Publication
Society and all felt assured of excellent service from him.
At first he thought he would accept the office, and began
to make arrangements so to do; but circumstances arose
that seemed to hedge his way, and he reported the situation
to the Executive Board, tendering his resignation of the
office. This, with mucih regret, was accepted and since
the Executive Board was duly authorized to fill vacancies,
it proceeded to elect, and the choice fell upon Albert C.
Johnson, who was then serving as pastor of the A. C.

Church at Athol, Mass. This result was to him a great
surprise —like a new call from the Master, "Take thy cross,
and follow." After prayerfully considering the summons
he accepted the election, and entered upon his new duties
the first of January, 1901. To this office and service he
gave the best that was in him for about five years, resigning
therefrom at the annual meeting of 1905 and concluding
his work on the first of December. During these years
there were upon the Executive Board, beside other excel-
lent and beloved members, some practical and successful
business men, and they were a source of much encourage-
ment to the new secretary. Amid the problems and the
progress that followed he was constantly comforted with
the word of Scripture: "The Lord shall be thy confidence"
— and the Lord gave abiding help, gracious answers to
prayer, and the people responded with a goodly measure
of interest and co-operation.
OTHER OUT-GOING MISSIONARIES '
Early Executive Board was

in 1901, the attention of the
and his îfe, Lizzie Cassidy Beals,
called to Z. Charles Beals
returned missionaries from China, who also had formerly
labored for a number of years under the Christian Alii-
ance, holding responsible positions, but owing to the strin-
gent requirements regarding doctrines, before referred to,
they had taken steps toward -independent work and with
the Boxer uprising, had returned to America. Bro. Beals
sought affiliation with the A. A. M. Society, and after
very thorough examination of his character, work, and 'fit-
ness, he and his tvife were accepted by our Board. In the
autumn above year they returned to China and es-
of the
tablished mission headquarters at Wuhu, at once beginhing
what has proven to be a most fruitful and gracious work,
which has also developed into several successful stations at
other points.
In the year 1903, the Mission Board was called to con-
sider the experience and convictions of Miss Flossie M.
Quimby, of Bristol, Vt., and after careful examination of
her case by her church and pastor, and by the Board, she
was in due time accepted, and in the autumn of that year
went to China in company with G. Howard Malone and
wife, who were returning from a furlough. Miss Quimby
had some trials of various kinds in her experience, but per-
severed in her work with the spirit of a true heroine, and
God gave her blessing and success in her labors.
In 1904, Miss Bertha E. Cassidy, daughter of Mrs.
Lizzie Cassidy Beals, who had been tarrying in this country
for further educationand training, after .the depeirture of
her parents to China, having completed her .course of
preparation and having become well known by many of the
people, was accepted by the Mission Board and sent for-
ward to her chosen field of life work. Having spent her
childhood in China, in company with her mother, and re-
turning to the field to join her parents, it seemed to her like
a home-going rather than a trying foreign trip. She has
a natural atpness for the language and has rendered most
faithful and fruitful service on the field.
WESTERN CO-OPERATION
Not only had the Mid-West become, through its Home
Mission Board, earnestly engaged in Gospel work in num-
bers of the Western States, but along with this, and
encouraged by the growing foreign work of the A. A. Mis-
sion Society, an increasing number were taking lively in-
terest in its work in other lands.. As a means of increasing
church activities, ahd to help the Bible Training Depart-
ment of Mendota College, the women of the Mid- West,
under the leadership of Mrs. E. S. Mansfield, assisted by
Mrs. J. R. Boynton, and Mrs. M. K. Prescott Sibley, or-
ganized the Helpers' Union in 1894. This was a general
society, and soon locals were organized in the churches.
These locals did good work in the churches, and under the'
leadership of the general society effectively aided the col-
lege interests. The
inspiration of this service prompted
to larger vision,and they became interested in general
benevolent work and in foreign missions. In 1897-1898 a
goodly number of the members of the Union locals were
sending their offerings for the latter work through various
channels, some within the denomination, some outside,
and the leaders thought it best to unite these donors so far
as possible in aid of the regular work of the body through
the A. A. M. Society. Accordingly their constitution was
revised in 1899, and their object and plans broadened for
larger efforts, and they diligently sought to unify and stim-
ulate mission interest and liberality in their territory. In
pursuance of this purpose the society sent its president,
Mrs. E. S. Mansfield, as a delegate to the East in thejfall
of 1901, with the following application:
"The Helpers' Union and Central Mission Branch, re-

spectfully ask of the Advent Christiap Association and
General Conference of America that their society be oiifi-
:

.daily constituted the Woman's Benevolent and Mission
Society of the Middle West, co-operative with the Western
Advent Christian Publication Aôciation."
The request received favor and the vote of the body as-
sembled granted that which was asked.
The same year, 1901, the American Advent Mission So-
ciety took the following action
"Resolved, That we greatly appreciate the attitude of

the Helpers" Union toward our society; also their desire
to come into aujdliary and co-operative relation with us in
foreign mission work, and that we in annual session assem-
bled do hereby recognize said Helpers' Union, as sustain-
ing said relation to our society, subject to the pleasure of
- the W. A. C. P. Association and to the Western Home Board
of the A. A. Mission Society, and as being the regular and
authorized society for raising and transmitting to the
A. A. M., Society, contributions for foreign work among
the churches in the territory of said Western Publication
Association."
The latter Association at its next annual meeting ap-

proved the action of the General Conference, and also
voted their "hearty sanction and approval" of the resolu-
tion adopted by the Mission Society. Following this
for many years a goodly number of the Western friends,
encouraged by men of vision among themselves and by
and of its mission-
visits of the secretaries of the society,
aries on furlough, heartily and liberally co-operated in the
foreign work, and thus helped to continue and enlarge
the same. The Helpers' Union thus proved a splendid
ally, and without its aid and that of its friends, we cannot
see how the work in China could have gone forward with
the measure of progress that was granted. Its president,
Mrs. Mansfield, and her successor Mrs. Mary E. Smith,
.
and the secretary Mrs. Eva Stevens, and others who have
MRS IC. S. MANSFIELD
MRS. AXXIE E. SMITH

See pane ,12S
followed in the good work, endeared themselves to hundreds

of friends in the East,and to our missionaries, whom they
and their contributors enabled the society to ajd in many
a time of need.
SOME ITEMS OF HOME WORK

In the decade of the nineties, and the years following
there were several vigorous efforts made in the home field,
some of which were noted in the previous mission chapter.
A few other features are here presented. In 1898 Mrs. M.
McKinstry was deeply stirred because of certain "neglected
fields" of which she wrote on this wise:
"There are in the New England States alone over eight

hundred prominent places on the lines of railroads, with a
population ranging from one thousand to eight thousand
where nothing has been done to bring our distinguishing
'faith' before the people; and a similar state of things exists
in other States. As I have considered these facts my
heart has been stirred, arid I have been made to feel that
something must be done to reach the masses in these dif^
ferent places, or we shall not stand clear in the judgment."
Her plan was to rent a large hall in a city, advertise thor-

oughly, give her chart lectures, and follow up with doctrinal
and evangelistic discoursesand to continue the campaign
until apermanent, self-supporting interest was established.
The effort was encouraged and assisted by the Mission
Board, and earnest appeals were made for a liberal support,
but though good was done neither the needful funds nor
such success as to warrant its contiiiuance were given to
the undertaking. The plan, the worker, and the motive
were worthy of a different outcome.
In 1901 the Mission Board appointed by the Southern
Publishing Association organized and took charge of the
work in its territory and its second annual report, which
was rendered in 1902, was one of encouragement and prog-
ress. It gave evidence of a systematie co-operation with
the Southern conferences for the extension of the work in
the great South land, a plan which needed a larger financial
support for its successful operation, but was a beginning in
the right direction. Hearty appreciation was expressed
for the assistance rendered by the A. A. M. Society, this
with what was reused in the South, provided assistance for
four workers, Bren. J. A. Cargile, John T. Johnson, C. A.
Logan, and Geo. C. Minor. These engaged in quite ex-
tensive and fruitful labors.
A NEW CONFERENCE
Taking a far turn to the North we will look into Aroos-

took County, Maine. Up to 1900 about the only foothold
the Adventist faith had in this part of the Pine Tree State
was at Crouseville, where a strong church had been earlier
established by the labors of a number of pioneer workers
among whom mention is made of Eld. Moses Corliss.
This church became the mother of others, and in 1902 an
Advent Christian Conference was organized and named
for the county, which has been called the "Garden of
Maine." About this time Wm. C. Churchill, a native of
the county, but who had labored for some years in Cats-
kill missions in New York State, returned to this field, and
was the work for many
central figure in the conference
years, serving for some time as conference president and
evangelist. In 1911 the conference was reorganized, and
'
named the Northern Maine A. C. Conference, with nine

organized churches most of which were set in order by Bro.
Churchill. He has entered into, and been aided by, the
labors of others, both evemgelists and pastors, and thus
this has become a promising field.
PROGRESS OF MISSION WORK , 463
WORKERS AT REST
In 1898, Eld. L. T. Cunningham, of Newton Upper
passed away in his seventy-seventh year. He
Falls, Mass.,
had been an earnest worker, a frequent writer, and an
ardent lover of the coming of Christ. He was deeply in-
terested in the Mission Society and for some years was
a member of the Executive Board.
In December, 1902, Eld. A. W. Sibley finished his course.
He began life in Wakefield, New Hampshire, July, 1833.
He was long identified with the Adventist wbrk, served
as pastor of several of our churches, and preached ex-
tensively both East and West. His most important official
service was rendered as secretary of the A. A. M. Society
which office he held for about twenty-five years. On his
retirepient from said office and following his death
appropriate resolutions were passed in recognition of
his labors.
About this time Rev. D. T. Call, who was a native of
Ohio, and in the earlier years of his ministry rendered stren-
uous and fruitful service to the cause in that State, had
been for some years an effective laborer in the East, as
pastor of several churches and was for a season president of
the Mission Society. He was a man of vision, faith and
godly zeal, with a unique preacjiing gift. In the Mission
Board his courage and confidence, faith and prayer were a
rich benediction. He wrote strongly for aggressive plans
and enlarged service. In 1903 owing to failing health he
left the East for the Pacific Coast, fondly hoping to regain
strength for future labors, but instead after a little season

he steadily declined, and died at Los Angeles, Cal., in
April, 1904. He was an intense Christian, a rare spirit,
a tender, faithful friend.
464 > ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY
THE INDIA WORK
About the year 1900 the work in India, which for a
number of years had been conducted by the Scriptural
Publication Society and which was described on page 337
and following, had been transferred to the A. A. Mission
Society. This work included schools, evangelistic labor,
press and publications and distribution of literature.
While on the field all was conducted under the chcirge of
Capt. James Spence, it required in the home office a large
amount of care, correspondence, and solicitation to secure
the funds for its continuance and development, and when
later this work was transferred to other hands the press of
office duty was considerably relieved.
I
ANOTHER SECRETARY
At the annual meeting in 1905 Mr. Johnson declined re-
election, whereupon a resolution of hearty appreciation of
services rendered, was adopted, and Rev. A. H. Davis,
then pastor of the A. C. Church, Rocky Brook, R. I., was
elected secretary. Mr. Davis was an able, energetic young
man, who had become deeply interested in the missionary
work and there was serious thought in the Board of employ-
ing him as field agent for the coming year. Being chosen
secretary he took hold of the work with zeal and was suc-
cessful in carrying it forward on progressive lines with in-
crease and- blessing. That he might have time to travel
more extensively among the churches, conferences and
campmeetings, Mr. Johnson was engaged to continue as
editor of the Mission Record for tlie year 1906, and the
secretary entered upon a campaign of field work, which
awakened an increased interest in the cause. He was
able by the help of others to bring to pass a plan of
new
relations with the Woman's Home and Foreign Mission
Society, tending to more unity in efforts, at home and

abroad. He attended the Student Volunteer, and the
Silver Bay summer conference of missions, and made a
study of ways and means for the best promotion of the
work. These were days of progress, for at and following
the annual meeting of 1906 it was recognized that the mis-
sion fbrces were more united, that more of the people were
praying for the work, more were giving of their treasure to
it, and more were feeling it a privilege to present their
sons and daughters to the Lord's service, than formerly;

and it was recorded that during the past six to ten years a
great change had taken place, that a marked advance had
been made on the part of the Adventist people along all
lines of mission interest and activity. This increasing
service was seen in part in the going forth of
NEW MISSIONARIES
In 1906 Bro. Clarence A. Burch and his wife, Miriam

Hewes Burch, after careful educational preparation, in
response to what they felt to be a clear call to China's
needy fields, went This was an occasion
forth to that land.
of great interest for his parents. Rev.and Mrs. Wm. A.
Burch, were widely known among our people. Bro. Clarence
was a graduate from Clark University, and with his able
wife, who was first trained for settlement work in this
country, doing a most effective work in the Chao Hsien

is
Station and district. He has an accurate and trained mind

with a natural aptness for language study, and is said to be
an exceedingly accurate and free speaker in Chinese he —
is certainly free and fluent in English. A large harvest of
souls is expected from their labors.
The following year (190.7) Miss Alice M. Hazard, of
Providence, R. I., and Miss Hannah Stocks of Bristol,
Conn., were sent forth to Nanking, China, with many
prayers for their blessing and success. Miss Hazard was
a trained, expert teacher, who had an excellent gift of
helping children of shaded minds mto light and under-
standing, and was thus especially fitted for work in the
mission schools. Her own conversion and call to the serv-
ice was an experience of rich grace and power, and her
labor on the field is full of promise. Hundreds at home will
ever remember her spul-stirring songs and testimonies.
Miss Stocks prepared for labor among the women and has
rendered both good and faithful service. She goes on many
journeys, especially north of the river to Chao Ling, her
influence extends far and. wide, and she- is ably assisted
by the graduates of the Girls' Schpol.
THE CITY AND- OUR CHURCH
Nanking is a city of learning and has a population of

about two hundred and fifty thousand. The mission
schools are large and up-to-date. The Union Nanking
'
University one of the best in

is Chinai The government
schools too are largeand improving in efficiency. Although
the A. C. Church was organized in a Buddist temple,
and was without a home building until 1906, to-day it is
said to have one of the best in the denomination. Through
personal friends of Bro. and Sister G. H. Mjilone and gifts
from our people thiey were able to build a large Advent
Church. It easily seats on the ground floor six hundred
people and if galleries were built, which are needed now at
times, four hundred more could be accommodated.
This church is located in the best district of Nanking,
being near the large government school buildings and other
public institutions. The students of these schools who
are studying Western science want to know about Western
religions and they go to this church in large numbers.
,
Quite a few of them have become believers and joined the

church.
Mr. David Yang, one of the Wuhu students, is preaching
there and the Lord is blessing his message to many; he is
truly a man of God own people. The street chapel

to his
is also doing a good work among the poorer people; many of
them have been brought into the diurch through it.
In November, 1909, Bro. Joseph Wharton joined the
workers in China. He was born in Ireland, January, 1880.
Through the influence and training of his father, a Meth-
odist lay preacher, he was converted at an early age.
About 1906 he came to America, became interested in Ad-
ventual truths in Seattle, Wash., and joined our church
in that city. Soon after this his divine call to the foreign
field came to him and he immediately sought for an op-
portunity to go. At the suggestion of the Board he went
to Boston to attend the Bible School and receive special
training for his work. During the year he spent there he,
proved his qualifications for missionary labor and was sent
forth with the conviction that he would be a worker of
ability,good judgment and deep consecration of all this —
he has given ample proof. On his furlough in 1916, he
took a special course in the Kennedy School of Missions,
Hartford, Conn. He has rendered excellent service in our
Wuhu Academy, and when he returned to China was qualified
for yet better work as principal of the same.
ASSISTANT WORKERS
In 1907 Bro. W. R. Shaw was engaged to assist in editing

the Record, and to aid in the dispatch of office business.
In this he rendered faithful and worthy service. This
enabled Secretary Davis to make extended trips among
the churches and he started in the last of January to the
Pacific Coast, visiting churches, at Vancouver, B. C, in
Washington, Oregon, in Northern and Southern California
and on his way home visited several churches in the South.
Soon after his return he went to the Middle West on a
lengthy tour among churches in that section. Thus he
came in personal touch with our people at large and had the
opportunity of presenting the mission cause to many who
had not before heard directly about the work.
Early in 1908 Rev. Fim Murra became united with the
office force as educational secretary, moving from the
Middle West where he had rendered promising service in
pastoral and young people's work. His special service
was to awaken interest in and td organize mission study
classes. To this end he corresponded with and visited a
large number of churches, conferences and campmeetings
and also sought to introduce the study of missions into the
Sunday-schobls and young people's societies. In short, he
labored to promote a campaign of systematic mission
education. A large amount of mission study literature
was introduced and numerous classes organized. He with
Mr. Davis made a strong team jointly working for mission
expansion.
CONFERENCE RELATIONS IN CHINA

When Mr. and Mrs. Beals went to China under the Ad-
ventist Mission, theyand the workers already on the field,
planned to have an annual conference for the transaction
of businessand also to hold services for two or three days,
using the native workers very largely as speakers. .They
aimed to thus stimulate and help the Christians and also
to have some evangelistic services for non-Christians.
This plan was continued for several years, then Union
Bible Institutes were organized in Nanking and later in
Wuhu, and the workers spent much time each year at these
Institutes. It, therefore, seemed wise to discontinue the
native conference, and the last one was held in Nanking in

1907.
In the spring of 1908, at a special conference of foreign
workers, plans were discussed for the union of the different
circuits ina society to be known as the China Advent
Christian Mission. Constitution and by-laws were dis-
cussed and passed upon and sent to the Home Board for
approval. This approval being granted the constitution
was finally adopted at the conference held in Kuling in the
summer of 1910, and the same went into effect January,
1911.
Miss S. Bertha Walker went to China with Mr. and Mrs.
Malone, January 23, 1909, and the following year was
engaged as a worker by the Mission Board. She is located
at Nanking and has rendered special help in the schools.
She was baptized Feb. 5, 1913, and is doing excellent evan-
gelistic work among the women.
HOME OFFICE CHANGES
Mr. Davis continued to serve as secretary until the
annual meeting of 1909 when, feeling the wisdom and duty
of entering another field of service, he retired from the
office, and a resolution was adopted testifying the appreci-
ation of the Society for his devotion, his vision, and his
untiring efforts to promote increased mission activities
throughout the denomination. In the election of officers
at that session Rev. Fim Murra was chosen secretary and
he entered upon the general work with the same interest
that he had shown in the educational department, and
under his administration the work continued to go forward
with a goodly measure of progress. He visited several of
the general missionary conventions, made a study of ap-
proved methods, sought to introduce among the churches
the "every member canvass" and continued the promotion
of mission study classes. He served very effectively in
the mission office and with the hearty co-operation of the
people until elected treasurer and business manager of the
publication Society in October, 1912.
At this time Rev. Z. Charles Beals, who had returned
to this country because of the failing health of his wife, was
elected secretary. He was blessed in securing a large
amount of funds for the use of the society, and was greatly
encouraged at being enabled to send out two missioiiaries
to Wuhu, in January, 1913, Rev. and Mrs. T. W. Kenning-
ton, who were to prepare for and to take up the work at
Wuhu which Mr. Beals had left in the care of Mr. Wharton
and Mr. Burch. Later, in the same year, friends of the
mission cause rejoiced in sending forth Dr. Chas. A. Powell
and his wife.
OUR FIRST MEDICAL MISSIONARIES

Dr. Powell had made long and careful preparation for
this work both Bible and medical schools, graduating
in
in surgery and medicine from the Boston University with
high honors. Mrs. Powell had also prepared for mission
service, and their call to that work was most clear and pro-
nounced and their wholehearted consecration was a notable
example of Christian devotion. Mr. Beals continued to
labor as secretary until June, 1915, though he had tendered
his resignation the previous January, feeling that this work
over-taxed his strength and health. At a meeting of the
Executive Board held in May, Rev. Geo. E. Tyler, who had
served for some time as president of the Society resigned
from that office to take up the duties of secretary and treas-
urer in place of Mr. Beals, as he was the choice of the Board
for that position. At thistime Rev. Henry Stone was
elected president and both he and Mr. Tyler have continued
to serve in said offices until the present writing.
G. HOWARD MAIJiXH Z. C. BEALS
CLARENXE A. BURCH CFAS. A. POWELL. M.D.

BIBLE SCHOOL AND ACADEMY
Rev. Z. Charles Beals in 1902, shortly after his going

to China as a servant of the A. A. M. Society, gathered ten
young men into a Bible School to prepare them for evan-
gelistic work. From 1904 to 1907 inclusive, some changes
were made, a few of the students studying at Nanking, and
others acting as colporteurs. This effort prepared the way
for the larger school that was called the Wuhu Acadeniy
and Bible Institute, and which was started during 1908.
Before this they had had their day schools for the poor chil-
dren, both girls and boys, but it was found needful to have
a school of a higher grade for older boys and youn^ men,
hence Rev. C. A. Burch made arrangements for the Acad-
emy. He began with eighteen bright and earnest students.
The second year there were nearly thirty, increasing to
thirty-five before the term ended. A Loyal Workers So-
ciety was organized among them at the end of the first
term five of the scholars and one of the teachers confessing
;
Christ in baptism. The field report shows that in June,

1910, they had fifty-five students, and had outgrown the
capacity of the building in which it was held. In view of
this it seemed best to sell both the Mission Station and
the old Academy and buy a larger tract of land where both
Academy and Station could be located on the same
compound, and in a quieter part of the city. This was
accomplished and in 1912 Bro. Beals reported that the
Academy, home, large dining-room and servants' quarters
were completed and paid for at a cost of about $10,000
gold. The gift of $1,000 from Bro. Joseph Wolfenstetter
of California making them free of debt. Mr. Wharton,
under whose charge it now came, speaks of it as a "school
second to none of its kind along the Yangtze Valley." The
buildings were occupied in September, 1912, and the f
lowing year there were one hundred and twenty students,
mostly boarders, and the attendance and results continue
to be most satisfactory. In 1913 an industrial department
was opened and the school was recognized as of such merit
and promise that in 1913 the Methodist Episcopal and the
Christian Missions proposed to unite "in middle and high
school work," and thus it became a Union Academy, which,
after a fair trial was thought by Mr. Wharton to increase
its efficiency and make its support more economical.
Rev. C. H. Hudson who recently visited that field testifies

that the Academy has over a hundred students, many of
them fine looking young men that they have an excellent
;
student prayer-meeting, a students' branch of the Y. M.

C. A., and he considers the work very promising.
The year 1913 was one of encouragement in Nanking,
as Mr. Malone reported baptizing and receiving forty-one
new members and among them ten government students,
the first of such to join a Christian church; and these he
considered earnest, devoted. Christian young men. The
coming in of this year also witnessed the unmarried mis-
sionary ladies at Nankirtg, happily settled in their new home
called "Temple View," which had been made possible and
a reality by generous friends of the Pasadena, California,
A. C. Church. This was the filling of a need long felt and
was another way-mark of progress. The year 1914 was
a still more fruitful period, there being baptisms from all
the out-stations of this district, and the industrial school
work which was started a few years before was enlarged.
NEW HOME ACTIVITIES
In 1912 on account of renewed interest and discussion

a special committee of three was appointed by the Society,
with Rev. C. O. Farnham chairman, J. S. Purdy secretary
and A. E. Walton. A Home Mission Department was
opened in the Record, and the committee undertook an

earnest campaign of evangeHstic work, seeking to strengthen
weak churches, to supply pastors where needed and possible,
and earnest appeals were made in press and pulpit for a
general advance in the home field. The society at its next
annual meeting opened a special Home Mission Branch,
electing Rev. J. S. Purdy as secretary of said department
to which he was to give his entire time. During the year
following he conducted twelve evangelistic campaigns
with quite encouraging results, besides visiting campmeet-
ings, many churches and conferences, while the society,
as formerly, aided a number of struggling churches. Eld.
Purdy was continued in this office until the annual meeting
of 1915 when this department,* as the work of a separate
secretary, was discontinued and the Home Mission work
was left in the hands of the Executive Board, with instruc-
tions to plan for a strong, aggressive campaign.
THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL
The summer of 1915 filled out fifty years of the A. A.
M. Society's history, and early in the year the Executive
Board by vote requested its president and secretary to
prepare a suitable program in recognition of this event,
and to hold anniversary services at as many of the camp-
meetings as possible. This was a very appropriate plan,
as the Society was organized at the Wilbraham Camp-
meeting in 1865. In due course such services were held
at many of the campmeetinjgs, a brief history of its organ-
ization and an outline of its subsequent work being given.
These meetings were largely attended and an increasing
interest in the work of the society was nbted. Probably
the most impressive of the series was that conducted by
the secretary. Rev. Geo. E. Tyler, at the Central Massa-
chusetts Campmeeting, at Palmer, for as a part of this
exercise an adjournment was taken, and some fifty of the
friends present, took a special trolley and visited the his-
torical site of the old Wilbraham Campground, some six
miles distant, and the closing features of the service were

held there with song, prayer, and reminiscent addresses.
It was an occasion not soon to be forgotten.
THE HOSPITAL ASSURED

At the annual meeting of the Society this year all members
present were made glad by a large gift from a family in
New Jersey, which was contributed for the erection of a
hospital at Chao Hsien, China, for the use of Dr. Chas.
A. Powell's medical mission work. A board of directors
was provided for, and it Vas expected that plans would
soon be prepared and in due season operations would be
begun for the erection of this much needed building.
The outlook for the medical work with this splendid aid
to its full establishment, was greeted with fervent thank-
fulness, and was hailed as, "a fitting initial movement"
marking the society's entrance upon a new period in its
career. According to plans later published it was to be a
nicely arranged building of three story accommodations
and ample porches, built of brick, with local stone trim-
mings, and would provide for "fifty-six patients normally,
but in emergency could take care of almost a hundred."
Its erection was completed in the fall of 1917.
Meanwhile Dr. Powell carried on his work as best he
could under great difficulties, one of thechiefest being Mrs.
Powell's long and critical illness. To the joy of all inter-
ested friends she was spared to him and the work. In the
fall of 1916 Miss Mildred E. Wright of Portland, Oregon,
a trained nurse, who had volunteered for China, was ac-

cepted by the Mission Board, as her friends on the Pacific
Coast obligated themselves to provide for her transit and
support. Miss Wright arrived in China Jan. 3, 1917, and

was soon welcomed at Wuhu and Chao Hsien. After
learning the language she will be of very needful service
in the hospital and elsewhere. Dr. Powell for the last two
years has been training two young men, who have become
quite valuable assistants in his work. One
of them is the
evangelist for the hospital, who also studying medicine,
is
and the other is his adopted boy, having as his English

name Bernard Powell. With these assistants the doctor
took a trip of five days into the country (which he reported
in the Record for January, 1918), traveling about one
hundred and ten miles, during which he treated two hun-
dred and seventy-five patients. We cite this as a hint of
the call and opportunity of service in that field.
IN CHINA AGAIN
Early in 1916, Rev. Z. Chas. Beals and his devoted wife

returned to the land of their choice, in which both of them
*
had spent so many years in faithful service. They had
been in America for a few years as her health was feeble^
and it was thought that she had sufficiently recovered to
safely return. But they had not been long on the field be-
fore she began to decline again, and feel asleep in Jesus
on Aug. IS, 1916. She was anxious to live and serve China's
needy ones longer, but if she must die she wanted to. die
in that land and among the people to whom God had sent
her in the days of her strength.She was a saint indeed;
a woman of wonderful experience in answered prayer, and
divine guidance—on? of the finest Christians characters
the writer ever knew. She gave two husbands, two daugh-
ters, and twenty-seven years and one-half of her life for
China and wanted to give her only son as well—what a
service? And she will come home at last, rejoicing, bring-
ing many sheaves with her. Despite this affliction Bro.
"

Beals took up his work with devotion and perseverance.
His support was assumed by the Life and Advent General
Missionary Society, which had some years before kindly
sought affiliation with the A. A. M. Society in its China
work, contributing through the same, and had for ^me
years sustained the Han Si Men work in the Ncinking
circuit. Eld. Beals opened work at Ho Chow, a city of
some eighteen thousand population, about twenty miles
from Wuhu, and though delayed, soon built a new station.
In the spring of 1917, he reported an enrolled church mem-
bership of twenty and an inquirers' class of over fifty per-
sons. He was not only sad and lonely from the loss of
Mrs. Reals, but found it difficult to be of any help to the
women of the city, as they greatly needed a woman's gift
of approach and care.
In October, 1917, Miss Effie Pinkham of Pcisadena,
California, after a line farewell service at the A. C. Church
of that city, with which she was officially connected, sailed
from San Francisco to Yokahama, Japan, where she was
to be met by Mr. Beals; they were to be married at the
American Consulate, spend a fortnight in Japan on a wed-
ding trip, and then jointly take up the work, as mission-
aries of the A. A. M. Society under the support and direction
of the Life and Advent Union, as above mentioned.
The following is the latest summary we have at hand of
the ~
FORCES IN THE CHINA FIELD
At Nanking: G, Howard Malone, Mrs. G. Howard Ma-

lone, AliceM. Hazard, S. Bertha Walker, and some
twenty-eight native workers.
At Wuhu: T. W. Kennington, Mrs. T. W. Kennington,
Joseph Wharton, Bertha E. Cassidy, and ten native
workers.
At Chao Hsien: C. A. Burch, Mrs. C. A. Burch, Dr.
C. A. Powell, Mrs. C. A. Powell, Hannah Stocks, Mildred

E. Wright, and twelve native workers.
At Ho- Chow: Bethel Mission of the Life and Advent
Union. Z. Chas. Beals, Mrs. Effie Pinkham Heals, and
four native workers.
With a total of about a thousand each of church mem-
bers and Sunday-school scholars, hundreds of day school
attendants and a fine orphanage work which^ has been,
liberally aided by Christian Herald contributors.
We have given but a partial outline of the work repre-

sented by the four stations and their circuits, or districts,
and but brief mention of the very excellent missionaries
on the field, but we trust sufficient has been recorded to
'
enable each reader to appreciate the words of our able and
efficient secretary, Rev. Geo. E. Tyler, who in presenting
reports from the field to the annual meeting of the society
in 1917, said:
No one can read these reports thoughtfully without a

conviction that we have a great mission enterprise on our
hands in China which is calling for more earnest attention,
for greater sacrifices and stronger support than we have
given it heretofore. The best efforts of our people at home
must be enlisted if it is to be carried forward with honor
to the denomination.
ANOTHER EFFORT IN AFRICA
In 1911-12 Rev. and Mrs. W. E. Knapp were home on

a furlough, having served for a numbier of years as mis-
sionaries of the Gospel Mission Society which was connected
with the People's Church of New Britain, Connecticut.
If it be noticed that dates in the foregoing sketches differ from those

given in the Retrospect and Survey, kindly remember that these were
written up from the files of the Quarterly and Record, and we have
taken pains to have them correct.
During this term at home they came into close connection
with friends on the Advent Christian Campground at
Plainville, Connecticut, and also with the Life and Advent
Union people at theii- Bethel Campmeeting. Apparently
from this association former friends became disaffected,
while new and cordial relations of another fellowship were
formed, with the result that the Life and Advent General
Missionary Society adopted them as their missionaries
and, with some assistance from the Wallingford A. C.
Church, sent both Bro. and Sister Knapp and their daughter
Alta, back,to their station in Kambui, British East Africa,
in the fall of 1912. Before this was done, however, a proper
transfer of the missionaries from the Gospel Mission So-
ciety to their new affliliation had been secured. Mr. and
Mrs. Knapp had been in Africa it is reported for thirteen
years, and were well informed regarding the needs cmd possi-
bilities of the field. It is said that the group among whom
they labor numbers one million and it is called the Agikuyu
Tribe. When they went there, the savages had no sj^tem-
atized language; these workers had to learn the native dia-
lect and they evolved a language and series of characters
that made it possible for them to translate half of the Bible,
and one or two other works, so that the instrupted and in-
telligent Christian natives can read. They report fre-
quently through the Herald of Life; their work consists of
evangelistic and medical service, and they are training
native workers for these departments, with fair promise
of good results from patient labor. They are believed to
be thoroughly loyal to the faith and worthy of liberal
support and earnest prayers.
THE WORK IN JAPAN

Gleanings from Foreign Fields, a souvenir number of the
Pacific Coast Loyal Workers Foreign Mission Board, is
before us and therefrom we" learn that Mr.Masazo Iwagoye,

a well-educated native of Japan, went to Oakland, Cal.,
in 1891, and was there converted in a Methodist Japanese
mission, and united with a church of that faith. A few
years later he accepted the trutJi of Christ's second, per-
sonal coming, following this he became dissatisfied with
sprinkling, and in 1896 he was buried with Christ in true
baptism.
The next year he felt called to preach the Gospel, and

about time he received further light under the' teaching
this
of Eld. Miles Grant, who was then conducting a protracted
meeting in Oakland. He was greatly pleased w;ith his new-
found truth, and desired more than ever to return to Japan
to publish the glad tidings of life only through Christ,
.
and the necessity of a resurrection from the dead; declaring

with beaming face that the unconscious state of the dead
was a "great truth" to overthrow the heathen idea of
transmigration of souls. Accordingly, he united with the
A. C. Church of Oakland, and after two years of fellowship
with them, signified his purpose of returning to his native
city in Japan to preach the Gospel.
was ordained by the A. C. Conference

In April, 1898, he
at its Santa Cruz, Cal., and the next week set sail
session in
for his homeland. Kurayoshi, the place of his residence,
and the center of the mission work, is on the south-
western coast of Japan, and is the largest city in the prov-
ince of Huki, reported in 1908 as having a population of
about ten thousand people.
There he went to Work with courage and zeal, though
amid great difficulties, as the people were cold toward the
new religion but he was a man who refused to be discour-
;
aged in the Master's work. The mission there has ever

been supported by the Loyal Workers of the Pacific Coast,
though it seemed best to them later, to place it under the
care of the A. A. M. Society, and it is frequently visited
by our missionaries in China. 'Thus in 1911 Mr. Beals
interviewed the workers and the situation and reported
very favorably regarding the same, speaking in part as
follows:
"I was very much impressed with both Mr. and Mrs.
Iwagoye. They are a very spiritual couple and an in-
spiration to all whom they come in contact with. It was
a joy to meet them in their meetings, and to hear them sing
jn Japanese, which is quite unlike Chinese. I was much
impressed with their plan of house-to-house prayer-meet-
ings, and preaching on the street. They work as we do
in China, principally among the poor and therefore help
from the native Christians cannot be much. He has
gathered around him a fine band of young men, over fifteen
in all, who are real workers. Some time soon these young
men will be preachers and teathers. A doctor and his
family have joined the chufch and he has a hospital for
poor people a few doors from the church."
In 1914 and again in 1916, Bro. Joseph Wharton, one of

our esteemed workers at Wuhu, China, visited this mission,
and freely commended its work, his last report indicating
decided progress.
The following is a summary of results as given in Retro-
spectand Survey, 1913:
"Three mission stations Kurayoshi, Moryoma, Andane.
:
Forty baptized Christians. Three hundred children in

Sunday-school, fifty inquirers, and helpers giving their
time gladly for their own people."
Mr. Tyler's report inNovember, 1916, speaks of an or-
ganized church of some fifty members, with the same
number in the Sunday-school as above.
The work is being continued at present on usual lines,
and is greatly in need of a church building; some steps have
been taken toward providing one for these faithful laborers,
and it is hoped that the difficulties in the way may be
early overcome, and the mission be thus strengthened and
encouraged.
THE WOMAN'S HOME AND FOREIGN MISSION SOCIETY

The above society was organized at Friendship, Maine,
in the summer of 1897, with four active and two honorary
members. It was said to be "separate
and independent
in its organization," and Mrs. Sarah K. Taylor, of Rock-
land, Maine, was its president and founder, and she labored
most diligently for its growth as a society and for the de-
velopment of its work. The purpose in view was thus stated
in its By-Laws:
"The object of this society shall be to engage and unite

the efforts of the Christian women of the Advent Christian
denomination in sending 'the Gospel of the Kingdom'
throughout the world, the deepening of spiritual life among
believers in Christ, and by organization to render more
efficient the work of the women of our churches."
It was incorporated in June, 1901, under the laws of the

State of Maine.
At this time the society is said to have had a membership
of over nine hundred, with representatives in fifteen States
and three Provinces. India was early chosen as the field
of its foreign work, and a needy school was taken in charge,
and soon others were taken over or raised up. In the
summer of 1905, the All Nations Monthly, souvenir number,
reported the society as having fourteen schools, four mis-
sionaries, thirty native workers and two orphanages. And
in the homeland three thousand members, with one hundred
and forty-six locals in as many churches.
'
ADJUSTMENT OF RELATIONS
Soon after the coming in of 1900 the question of relations
between this and other societies began to be raised, and
various were made toward harmony and co-opera-
eflforts
tion, reference towhich was partially made in the previous

part of this chapter. As a result of long consideration,
and the combined action of the General Conference, the
Helpers' Union, the A. A. Mission Society, the W. H. and
F. M. Society, the official boards of each of the latter
Societies, and a joint Board of Appeal, a definite basis of
union and co-operation was drawn, entitled "Articles of
Agreement," and accepted in 1906 by all concerned. The
chief points involved were as follows: That the W. H. and
F. M. Society, in view of concessions on the question of
relations, should be constituted the agent of the A. A. M.
Society and have full charge of all its mission work and
interests in India; said agent being required to report
annually concerning its performance of this agency thus —
the former Society was given a clear field in India, with
unity of administration and there was no longer a double
appeal to be made to the. home churches for said work.
Also the W. H. and F. M. locals in the Middle West, were
to be advised by said General Society, to affiliate with the
Helpers' Union and Central Mission Branch, and the latter
was given a clear field in the territory of the Western A. C.
Publication Association. Each Society concerned, so far
as we know, has lived up to this mutual agreement, and
general good fellowship, blessing and co-operation has
followed.
In 1910 Mrs. S. K. Taylor retired from service as presi-
dent of the W. H. and F. M. Society, and Mrs. Maude M.
Chadsey was elected to that office, and has so served until
the present time.
In October, 1898, a small four-page paijjer called the
All Nations Quarterly was published as the official organ
of the society. This quarterly was enlarged in January,.
1900, to an eight-page paper, and since January, 1901, has
been issued monthly and named the All Nations Monthly.
Each by the missionaries, reports of
issue contains articles
the home work,
the treasurer's report, and many items of
general missionary interest, with one page devoted to the
work of the Young Woman's Auxiliaries and Junior Mission
work.
The Young Woman's Auxiliary branch was organized
in 1907. In
1917 there were one hundred and sixty
locals of the senior society, twenty-four Y. W. A's, and
fourteen Junior societies.
WORKERS ON THE FIELD

In 1910 Capt. James Spence, the first known Adventist
in India, rested from his labors, after nearly thirty years
,
of missionary supervision, for twelve of which he had charge,

or the oversight, of the W. H. and M.
work. His serv-
F.
ices throughout were given freely, and were highly valued.
His death was siilcerely mourned by both rnission societies.
Miss Minnie and Miss Alice G. Spence, his daughters,
were both effective and highly prized workers for sortie years.
As was also Mrs. E. D. Allan, a step-daughter of Capt.
Spence, who was an experienced missionary.
The first missionary sent to India, by this denomination,
was W. I. Edwards, a resident of the Middle West. He
was an earnest and faithful worker while his health per-
mitted hini to remain in that country. He introduced
the industrial work at Vilacherie.
Other missionaries sent forth by this society were Miss
Jess M. Saunders, who has rendered earnest service for
many, years; Mary A. Hulbert, Ella L. Jones, Miss Amy
Tinkham, Bertha E. Keeney, the latter two being unable
to remain long on the field, from lack of health in that
climate. A notable acquisition of this society, was the
sending forth of Rev. and Mrs. C. H, Hudson, in 1910;
also Rev. and Mrs. R. L. Peterson, in 1915. These are
young people of fine training, of studious minds, and
consecrated purpose, who are giving their talent and life
to the service of the Christ in that needy but promising
field.
A NOTABLE FEATURE
The following selection from the Retrospect and Survey

gives a very interesting account of one branch of this
field work;
From a small beginning, the work at Vilacherie has

grown now on the compound, which has been enlarged
until
to nearly twice its original size, there is an orphanage
home, a large industrial building forty by one hundred and
twenty-five feet, a bungalow for the missionaries, a tjiree-
tenement house for the native workers, besides a disperisary,
storehouses, etc. There are accommodations at Vila-
cherie for about one hundred boys. The number, however,
varies from time to time, for. the older ones become self-
supporting and leave, while new ones are taken in as op-
portunity is afforded to do so. The missionaries do not
intend to take into the orphanage any child whose parents
are able to support him, unless the parents pay at least a
part of the expense. Most of the children are orphans.
Each child attends the orphanage school until he has
passed through what is equivalent, or nearly so, to the
grammar schools of America. Those boys who show ability
and desire to pursue their studies further, are then helped
to attend higher schools, and to fit themselves for teachers
6r evangelists. The boys who show no particular scholarly
ability are taught trades .whereby they may become self-
supporting, each boy being taught the trade to which he
is adapted. All boys, while they are attending the orphan-
age school, spend a certain amount of time each day work-
ing in one of the industrial rooms.
The different industries taught at Vilacherie are printing,
carpentry, brickmaking, blacksmithing, ropemaking, and
agriculture.
CAI'T, JAMES SPENCE
\V. i. EDWARDS C. H. HUDSON
MAUDE M. CH-\DSEV JESP M. SAUXDERS

PROGRESS OF MISSION- WORK 485
In the pressroom all the different steps of bookmaking

are taught, from the setting of type to the binding of books.
From June, 1912, to June, 1913, there were printed at
Vilacherie 2,306,000 pages of religious literature for the
use of the mission, besides the school registers and other
school supplies. The earnings of the press for work done
for others during that time was $392. Each week a small
paper is printed for the school children, called the Young
Pilgrim, and each month a magazine, Wayside Helps,
for the use of the teachers.
A SUMMARY
The branches of work conducted are as follows: orphan-
ages and industrial work, evangelistic and zenana, educa-
tional and publication work, with the extensive circulation
of literature For the latter there has been a great call
since the war began, especially for that relating to the Lord's
cpming.
In addition to the missionaries already mentioned, are
the native workers: Evangelists, four; Bible women, eleven;
teachers, forty-three; workers, seven.
industrial There
are ttvo mission two orphanages, three special
stations,
outstations, and twenty schools with some eleven hundred
children attending.
This work has been much enlarged in different depart-
ments in recent years, and with its excellent staff of mis-
sionaries, gives much promise and bldssing
of fruitfulness
for days to come, should the Lord tarry.
This Society has been active in home work as well as in
foreign, the special departments being its aid to the Home
of the New England School of Theology, and the Advent
Christian Orphanage of Florida. It is said that:
The money raised by the local societies for home work

is usually administered by the locals themselves, and that
statistics show that fully as much is raised for the home
as for the foreign work.
CHAPTER XV
SUNDAY-SCHOOLS AND LOYAL WORKERS SOCIETIES
FOR many years Sunday-school

on among Christian people in
work had been
many churches.
carried
Dr.
Bacon, in American Church History speciks of it as the
earliest and to this day the most extensive of the organiza-
tions for utilizing the non-professional ministry in system-
atic religious labors. He further says that about the year
1825 this work began to be organized on a national scale,
but it is since the war that it has sprung into vastly greater
efficiency.
The original Adventists early recognized the importance
of this work, encouraging reference was made to it in the
report of the Albany Conference in 1845, on this wise:
"Nor can we think ourselves justified in neglecting

Sabbath-schools and Bible-class instruction. We would sug-
gest to each congregation the necessity of opening a Sab-
bath-school for the benefit of at least their own children,
and as many more as can be induced to attend. If the
beginning is small, perseverance will accomplish the
object."
In line with the counsel of the above conference a long

editorial was published in the Advent Herald early in 1846,
in which the editor said:
"We are happy to know that in many of our congrega-
tions these schools are established; and we would earnestly
encourage their establishment in all cases where children
enough to form a class, even if there were only a half dozen,
can be collected for that purpose."
SUNDAY-SCHOOLS—LOYAL WORKERS 487
To aid this work it was proposed in the spring of the

same year to publish a Children's Advent Herald, and the
first copy qf this paper appeared about the first of May,
1846, and was hailed with great delight by the children

and young people. The first volume consisting of twelve
numbers, is at hand as we write; each number has four
pages, size about eleven, by fourteen and one-half inches,
with one or more illustrations. In the first issue the story
of the image of Dan. 2 was told in a simple form, illus-
trated by a cut of the full image, then the body without the
head, next minus the breast and arms, then without the
brazen portion, and last only the toes were shown thus —
even the children were taught prophecy and* the kingdom
at hand.
It was also proposed to publish question books and
hymns for the use of the Sabbath-schools.
SUNDAY-SCHOOLS COMMENDED
The A. C. congregations and churches were somewhat
slow in taking up Sunday-school work, but there were not
wanting those who saw its importance and sought earnestly
to promote
it. At a session of the New Hampshire Con-
ference in1857 the following resolution was introduced
and unanimously adopted:
'•'Whereas: The Sunday-school institution is important

to the moral and religious education of the rising genera-
tion, therefore
we recommend the, churches to establish
"Resolved, That
Sunday-schools in their respective places of worship; and
that all the ministers and churches be earnestly invited
to co-operate in this work."
At a session at Lake Village the next year a committee
was .appointed to "inquireinto the condition and number
of Sabbath-schools within bounds of this conference, and
also to suggest any improvement they should deem proper
for their greater prosperity." At the. Illinois Annual
Conference in 1859 it was voted that "we recommend all
of our churches to establish Sunday-schools and Bible
Classes."
In line with these efforts the World's Crisis early had a

"Youths' Department," in which articles for the children
and young people appeared. A form of pledge had been
introduced among the children on this wise, "We, the un-
dersigned, hereby pledge ourselves to abstain from tea,
coffee, tobacco, and all intoxicating drinks as a beverage."
Signers of this pledge were called for through this depart-
ment of the paper and the names of those who signed the
pledge were published from time to time under the title,
"The Try Company." The form of pledge is perhaps
explained by the fact that the Youths' Department was
for a time alternated from week to week with a depart-
—
ment, entitled Hygiene and Gardening âs the question of
health was much and many were interested
to the front
in the teachings of Doctors Jackson, Trail, Dio Lewis and
Rev. George Trask's anti-tobacco and anti-liquor crusade.
Interesting facts and articles relating to gardening were
also published.
THE children's PAPER

In 1863, the need of a child's paper was deeply felt,
especially by Bro. W. B. Herron, who was then serving
in the World's Crisis office and who issued through that
periodical an urgent call for a Sunday-school paper. To
this end, with the publication of Sunday-school books,
hymn and question books, it was proposed to raise a $500
Sunday-school fund, and pledges for this purpose were at
once called for. The response to this call was so encourag-
ing, and the commendation of the effort by friends of vision
and progress was so general, that plans were soon made for
SUNDAY-SCHOOLS^LOYAL WORKERS 489
issuing a paper to be entitled The Young Pilgrim, and the

first number bore the date of September, 1863. Bro.
Herron was ardent and aggressive in this effort and its
success and present continuance is a noble monument to
his memory. It is still loved and welcomed by hundreds,
but few of its present readers can realize the zeal and glad-
ness with which it was first received by the children and
their friends in 1863 and later. A facsimile of the title
page vjas printed on the last page of the World's Crisis for
August 18, 1863. It was first issued as a monthly, but was
changed to a semi-nionthly May 1, 1864.
Dr. H. F. Carpenter's Sunday-school Question Book,
was published this year. This was very excellent and
instructive, and we believe it is still in use in some of our
Sunday-schools. The Child's Bible Question Book by Eld.
C. Goodrich was first published in 1874. ^yeekly Sunday-
school lessons were introduced as a new feature in the
Young Pilgrim in the fall of 1875. It was thought they
would have a wider circulation in this paper than as a
separate issue. Eld. Goodrich's Bible Question Book was
continued many years and a new edition was published in
1915. A new edition of Dr. Carpenter's Scripture Question
Book was published in 1916.
AN URGENT APPEAL
In 1874 a number of the brethren were deeply impressed
that the religious instruction of the children in our churches
was being sadly neglected and that the deficiency in teach-
ing was partly on account of the great lack of Sunday-
schools, and while recognizing the restraints and difficulties
that hindered the work they very urgently appealed to
the Advent Christian Association to consider the propriety
and importance of appropriating $500 or more for the pur-
pose of selecting and preparing an adequate list of Sunday-
school books and literature such as they would feel safe
to put into the hands of the childrien. This appeal was
accepted by the Association and was referred to the Edi-
torial Committee of the Publication Society with the
recommendation that "they devote a thousand dollars to
secure such books as are suitable to instruct our children in
the truths of the Gospel." Several of the leading brethren
spoke in favor of tljis effort but the Publication Society
took little heed to the recommendation. In 1877 af Alton
Bay a call was given for all those interested in Sunday-
school work, to meet for mutual counsel and encouragement
and to see what could be done to promote the interests of
this cause, and an effort was made to organize an Associa-
tion, but it does not appear to have awakened general
interest or to have resulted successfully.
A NEW DEPARTURE
The committee on Sunday-school work and literature
appointed at the Worcester Convention 1881-^through—
its chairman Rev. Wm. A. Burch, called on churches in-
terested in this work to appoint delegates to assemble

with interested ministers for meetings at Alton Bay Camp-
meeting for the consideration of Sunday-school interests
and needs. To prepare the way for this gathering a
mass-meeting was held at Springfield Campmeeting to
awaken increased interest. As a result of the above call,
forty-seven delegates and ministers assembled. They
formed an Advent Christian Sunday-school Union, adoptied
a constitution and elected officers: E. S. Moulton, president
and Wm. A. Burch, -secretary. The lack of proper interest
in Sunday-schools was recognized, and the duty of teach-
ing children the Word of God and the faith of this people
was emphasized. The Young Pilgrim was chosen as the
organ of the Union which requested that the paper be
enlarged and improved. There was a call for a public

meeting at the stand; a committee was appointed to ar-
range a plan for organizing and conducting Sunday-schools
and the Board of Directors was requested to prepare a
series of lesson papers as soon as possible. This was
considered an important step of progress in this work.
For a time Eld. Sibley acted as business agent for the
directors, later W. A. Burch was appointed editor and
business agent, and arrangements were made between this
Board of Directors and the Board of the Advent Christian
Publication Society for the publication of lesson sheets
and a quarterly.
At the annual meeting of the Association this year Rev.
C. E. Barnes declined re-election as editor of the Young
Pilgrim and Dr. L L Leslie was elected to that office,
and at his urgent request Bro. W. A. Burch was chosen
and in this capacity and as secretary of
assistant editor,
the Union he soon began the preparation of Sunday-school
literature. Soon after the organization of the Sunday-
school Union at Alton Bay Campmeeting, or with the be-
ginning of 1882, lesson sheets were prepared and issued and
samples of
THE BLESSED HOPE QUARTERLY

were distributed, and it was reported that "numbers of our
principal Sunday-schools at once subscribed," some eight-
teen such being named. T^he list of subscribers on January
3rd was one thousand, three hundred and forty-four, "with
constant additions." A report of the organization of the
Union was published, with an address, and freely distributed
to awaken larger interest in this branch of the work.
The new Sunday-school literature was received with much
pleasure and highly commended by those interested in this
branch of work. According to the report of the business
manager of the A. C. Publication Society in September,
1882, they were then printing editions of five thou-
sand, five hundred of the Blessed Hope Quarterly in thirty-
two pages and the number of subscribers in February was
—
two thousand, three hundred and ninety and at time of
—
the report three thousand and fifty-six ân increase of
nearly seven hundred in six months. The Association by
vote commended the Young Pilgrim and Blessed Hope
Quarterly to the patronage of the people and also passed
the following resolution: "That this Association does hereby
recommend to the churches constituting, the several con-
ferences represented in this body the
NECESSITY OF MORE EARNEST WORK
in the cause of Sabbath-schools." The question of pro-
viding acceptable Sunday-school libraries was taken up
quite earnestly in a supplement to the World's Crisis issued
in December, 1882, six different libraries" were advertised
along with the books of the Publication Society and the
Sunday-school literature. At the second annual meeting
of the Union Eld. Burch declined to serve longer as editor
and Eld. F. Burr was chosen to that office.
The interest was now on the rapid increase and from year
to year was more strongly urged in conferences and the
Association. In 1884 strong resolutions were passed in
the Massachusetts Conference urging parents to send their
children to A. C. Sunday-schools; that the parents interest
themselves in this work and set their children a good
example, and that the Sunday-school literature and Quarter-
lies be liberally used and supported. In 1885 the Sunday-
school' Committee of the Massachusetts Conference
expressed much pleasure to learn of the increased interest
in their work in the churches of the conference and it urged
that every church and congregation sustain a Sunday-
school, and it was further urged that the ministry should

take more interest in them; encourage them from the
desk and offer prayer for them.
The committee on Sunday-schools at the annual meeting
of the Association in Aurora, Illinois, 1886, took forward
steps regarding the publication of such literature, and voted,
"That we recommend the holding of Sunday-school con-
ventions and the; use of every legitimate and Scriptural
means for arousing and extending the S. S. interest among
our people, both young and old," and they called upon
the ministers and Sunday-school workers everywhere to
urge upon the people the importance of using their own
literature, thereby enlarging its circulation and dissemi-
nating the truth which we love and which the children
should know. The Massachusetts A, C. Sunday-school
Union was organized irt Boston, May, 1889, there were a
good number of ministers and delegates present and a
permanent organization was effected and plans for suc-
cessful Sunday-school work were considered and
AN EARNEST CAMPAIGN
was promoted for a number of years.
Eld. L C. Wellcome who had long pleaded for this cause
wrote in 1890:
"Some of our people are waking up on this important

matter. Good for tke children. My
heart has ached for
many years because of the neglect. Let us seek to rally
. . .
a thousand new Sunday-schools where there are none now.

We must go to 'the regions beyond' in all our work for the
Master."
In 1891 Eld. E. A. Stockman wrote:
"The present revival of interest in Sunday-school work

in some localities is refreshing. Nor has it come too soon.
494 ADVENT CHRISJIAN HISTORY
The inattention of early Adventism to the children and
young people has cost us dearly. Much that we have lost
thereby cannot be regained.
"But we have great occasion to be glad that at length
there seems to be a genuine awakening of concern for the
young; bearing fruit in new ways and means; in concerted
activity and much needed organization. ... It is coming:
to be appreciatively understood that the Sunday-school is
the natural feeder of the church. Let the blessed work go
on."
Conventions and Unions were now being organized, and

a general effort was made for its increase. A column was
soon opened iii the World's Crisis under the head, "Sunday-
school Work and Workers." Later larger space was gpiveii
and for many years there has been a regular department.
From that time onward this work has been recognized as
more and more important, and various grades of quarter-
lies and lesson sheets have been issued, and from time to
time advanced steps have been taken to bring our helps

and schools up-to-date. After Eld. Burr served for some-
years as Editor of the Blessed Hope Qtiarierlies and Young
Pilgrim, Rev. Wm. A. Burch was again elected to that
office (1900) and rendered most able and diligent service.
YOUJfIG PILGRIM WEEKLY

The question of making the Young Pilgrim, whith had
long been a semi-monthly, a weekly isgue, and so enlarging
and grading it as to make it acceptable to our young
people, as well as to the children, was discussed in the
annual meeting of the Publication Society in 1900, and re-
ferred to the Board of Managers with favorable recom-
mendation. The Board, having considered the question,
took positive action on the recommendation, and plans
were made to issue the paper weekly, beginning with Jan-
uary 1, 1901. It was also planned to enlarge the Blessed
FRANK Iii;RR \VM. A. BURCH
WM. B HERRON
Stu vune 2 76
Hope Quarterly with the second quarter of the same year

and to strengthen it.
AN EFFICIENT SERVANT
Mr. Burch was continued as editor of the Pilgrim until
1904, and of the Quarterlies, until 1906, when he withdrew
from that office, and a warm resolution of appreciation
for his excellent work, which also spoke of him as the
originator of the Quarterlies, was adopted by the Publi-
cation Society. He was indeed a master workman in this
line of editorial labor. While we have been writing these
later chapters the sad news of the sickness and death of this
dear man of God, has come to us, and we must here pay
tribute to him as a brother beloved. He was born in Lowell,
Mass., in 1857, and at an early age became a follower of
Christ. He was educated in the city schools, but was all
his life a diligent student. In his. early ministry he was
much given to evangelistic labors, and later held a goodly
—
number of pastorates âlways with blessing to the churches..
We have elsewhere referred to his Gvod, News tract series,
which were exceedingly helpful, useful and are sure to
bring manifold fruit unto life eternal. He was a man of
vision, zeal, sincere consecration and deep spirituality.
He was fiUed with the "blessing of Christ," and he was a
soul-winner, a fisher of men. While he rendered notable
service in several lines,we are inclined to think that his
most suitable enduring memorial is found in the Blessed
arid
Hope Quarterlies of which he was the' founder, and some time
editor. His later service was rendered in his closing
pastorate in Detroit, Michigan, where he labored most dil-
igently in promoting the building of the new church, the
growth of the congregation, and received the cordial fel-
lowship of the Baptist Ministers' Meeting of the city. He
was for some years a member of the Board of Directors
,

of Aurora College, and was deeply interested in its work.
He rests from his labors in the midst of his years, but his
works will follow him with fruitfulness and blessing.
HELPING THE CHILDREN
This prompts us to refer to others who were deeply

interested in Sunday-schools and children's work. Among
those whom we have known we think of Eld. H. L. Hastings,
for so many years editor and publisher of The Little Chris-
tian, and his motherly, sainted wife of blessed memory;
of Rev. C. E. Barnes, who made a point where he preached,
if there was no Sunday-school, of getting the children
together and talking to them; so also did Rufus Wendell
who had a Of special note was Aunt
fine gift in that line.
Abbie Wood with her hundreds of children's meetings, and
special c&mpmeeting services for the little folks, who gave
years of her life to this work* Then there were Revs. H. A.
King, C. R. Crossett, W. N. Tenney, widely known as "the
children's friend," Henry Stone, of Connecticut, a^d many
others, who looked, upon the children somewhat through
the eyes of Christ, and loved and helped them. Suffice it
to record that the Sunday-school interest has, in the pass-
ing years, increased and spread through the churches of
this faith, so that throughout the country there are asso-
ciations and Unions, many of them connected with the
conferences, and a continual agitation is carried on in
numerous States for the extension and larger efficiency of
this work.
Returning to 1906 we note that when Pastor Burch, re-
tired from editorial work on the Sunday-school publica-
tions. Rev. H. E. Thompson, who-had served as editor of
the Young Pilgrim for two years, was also elected editor
and carried the full list of Sunday-school
of the Quarterlies,
publications until the annual meeting of 1908, when a
divisionwas made iti these issues, and Dr. Thompson was

given the Pilgrim and the Primary Quarterly, and Rev.
L M. Blanchard was elected as editor of the Senior and
Intermediate Quarterlies. At this time the Young Pilgrim
was enlarged to eight pages, five of which were to be adapted
to young people, and the balance to children. In 1911 a
series of graded lessons fov the youngest scholars in the
Sunday-school was issued, while all the Quarterlies were
assigned to one editor, Mr. Blanchard. Dr. Thompson
has been continued as editor of the Young Pilgrim until
the present time, and his service has been much appre-
ciated. Editor Blanchard labored faithfully and well
until the annual meeting of 1915, when Rev. L. J. Carter
was elected as his successor, and is the present editor-in-
chief of the Sunday-school Quarterlies.
NEW PLANS
In 1917, the International Sunday-school Lesson Com-

mittee,- after protracted review of conditions, needs and
possible methods, proposed a plan of studies called "The
Improved Uniform Lessons." In line with this new order,
and the needful helps for better teaching in the different
grades, the Publication Society with the begirjning of 1918,
added another Blessed Hope Quarterly, making four instead
of three, that Primary, Junior, Advanced and Senior.
is.
With the thought of having' the very best Quarterly possible

for each grade, three Lesson Writers were secured to prepare
the lessons for the Primary, Junior and Advanced grades,
while all the work is to be under the general supervision of
the editor of the Senior Quarterly, Rev. Linden J. Carter.

The other writers chosen are as follows: Primary, Miss
GussieM. Pierce, Providence, R. I.; Junior, Mrs. N. L.
MacFayden Collins, Santa Cruz, Cal.; Advanced, Rev.
Chas. F. King, D.D., Portland, Maine. This gave an ex-
of writers, well qualified to furnish a first-class
cellerit staff
series of Sunday-school Quarterlies, fully worthy of the
largest patronage.
NOTABLE FORWARD STEPS
For some years our leading Sunday-school workers have

been coming into closer contact with inter-denominational
movements in this branch of Christian service, in various
district. State, and general conventions. As a further step
on this line, and as a result of action taken by the National
Council of our General Conference in 1916, a representative
of this denomination. Dr. H. E. Thompson, principal of
the' New England School of Theology, was duly appointed
and served as a member of the International Sunday-school

Lesson Committee, at its session in Philadelphia in 1917,
and as such he was "cordially received and accorded all the
courtesies extended to any other member of the committee."
Of this kindly welcomed affiliation Dr. Thompson wrote:
"The occasion may be regarded as another, forward step

taken by our denomination, in placing itself in the ranks
of those great evangelical bodies, who are doing so much
ô realize the Great Commisssion given to His followers
by the divine Master nearly nineteen hundred years ago.
Our missionaries have for years been laboring side by side
with theirs on foreign soil; and now we take our place be-
side these branches of the Vine, in the home lands. May
increased fruitfulness be the result of this union in our own
denomination."
This result was made possible through the recognition

of our denomination by the Sunday-school Council of Evan-
gelical Denominations, which is "a national organization
composed of twenty-eight evangelical bodies and having
over eighteen million of enrolled members." It is said that,
"This recognition brings our body as a whole into member-
ship, and gives representatives of the same a seat upon its

various important committees," such as Church Extension,
Young People's Work, Children's Work and Teacher Train-
ing. This action surely opens up new possibilities for the
development of our Sunday-school work, and it appears,
that plans are already underway through the National
Council and several of our State Sunday-school conventions,
to promote a general forward movement at an early date;
YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF. LOYAL WORKERS .
In view of the increasing interest and wide extent of

the Christian Endeavor movement and other orgainizations
of young people iri the evangelical -churches on one hand,
and, on the other, the absence of aiiy adequate plans cal-
culated to appeal to and encourage the young people among
the Advent Christian Churches,' some thoughtful brethren
became anxious that an effort should be made which Would
awaken and direct their activities and anchor them tb the
cause. The first definite move in this direction was made
in the Mid- West in 189L In the East during a Christian
Workers' Convention which was held in the A. C. Church
in Salem, Mass., in the spring of 1892, the question arose,
"What shall we do to save our yolmg people to our body?"
Eld. Frank Burr was president of this meeting and Rev.
G. F. Haines, who was pastor of the church was chosen
vice-president,and Rev. F. L. Piper, secretary pro tem.
After some discussion Bro. Haines moved that a committee
be appointed to consider the advisability of organizing a
denominational society of our young people. The motion
was carried and such a committee was appointed which
after consultation reported favorably and the convention
accepting the report proceeded to appoint a committee
to draft by-laws for such an organization.
Mr. Piper declining to serve as permanent secretary.
Eld. John Ward of Lowell, was elected as secretary-treas-
urer. Later the committee on by-laws met at 144 Hanover
Street, Boston, and drew up a constitution which pro-
vided for the organization of a general Young People's
Society, under the name of Loyal Workers, also another
form providing for local societies of the same name. A
second Christian Workers Cbnvention was held in June,
1892, at Chelsea, at which said committee reported the two
forms of by-laws, and after some discussion the same were
approved, and it was ordered that five hundred copies of
these should be printed and distributed to awaken inter-
est in the movement.
Meanwhile some of the young people of the church at
Lowell, Mass., after consulting with Eld. John Ward and
Bro.- H. A. Mitchell decided to organize in March, 1892,
a Young People's Society which they called the United
Christian Workers, but changed the name to Loyal Workers
in the fall after the issuance of the above named by-laws.
The Mid-Western Young People's Society adopted the
latter name in the summer of 1892, and soon after this local
young people's societies were formed in several different
churches, both East and West. In the spring of 1893 a
mass meeting of Advent Christian young people was called
to assemble in Somerville, Mass., on May 24, and at this
meeting the
GENERAL EASTERN SOCIETY

of Loyal Workers was formally organized, by-laws were
adopted and the further formation of locals was earnestly
encouraged.
The previous organization of the Western General
Society was recognized by Eld. Frank Burr, in opening the
convention, and a resolution of greeting was adopted, to be
sent to the president of said society.
SUNDAY-SCHOOLS—LOYAL WORKERS SOI
In some churches and sections there was considerable

opposition to this movement, but in many others it was
hailed with rejoicing, and as a sign that there were some
who had "understanding of the times and knew what Israel
ought to do."
It was a notable step of progress, which ought to have
been taken much earlier, and its wisdom and blessing has
been more and more apparent and appreciated with the
passing years.
CONFERENCE INDORSEMENT
At the annual session of the Massachusetts Conference,
in 1894, the following resolution was adopted:
"Whereas: The activities and strength of the younger
members of our churches can be utilized in promoting the
growth and efficiency of these churches to an extent not
yet realized, because responsibilities have not been thrown
upon them calculated to draw forth the latent spiritual
possibilities which they possess, therefore,
"Resolved, That we encourage the organization of our
young people for spiritual work into Loyal Workers So-
cieties, not as independent of the church, or as an annex
to the church, but as part of, and under the supervision
and parental care of the church."
For a time two conventions a year were held in the East,
but in 1896 the territory was divided into districts, and in
each of these a mid-season convention is expected to be
held, with one General Eastern Convention in the early
summer of each year. In 1898 Rev. G. F. Haines, who had
served a,s president since the organization of the General
Eastern Society, declined re-election, a cordial resolution
in appreciation of his "estimable service," was adopted,
and Rev. M. G. Nelson, then pastor of the A. C. Church
in Springfield, Mass., was elected as his successor. The
movement continued to increase in extent and blessing,
and in 1901 the General Conference of America recognized
the Loyal Workers organization as the denominational
Young People's Society.
When Bro. Nelson declined to serve longer as president
of the Eastern Society, Rev. Lester F. Reynolds was chosen
to that office, and was continued in the same until 1917,
when, since he declined Rev. J. Wm. Denton,
re-election.
was elected to that position, with Rev. C. O. Farnham
as vice-president.
For many years this society has assisted in the support
of Miss Bertha E. Cassidy, one of our China missionaries,
and a Loyal Worker in both name and deed. For a season
a field worker was employed. At the conventions and
through the influence of the society, not to speak of the good
done by the locals, young people have been converted,, many
have been led to new consecration, and numbers, through
activities thus inspired, have been led into public service
in the ministry or the mission fields. It is said that "a
soul kept is a soul saved." Also that a "tree is known by
its fruit." This, then, is a' good tree, whose planting was
of the Lord, that He might be glorified.
THE GENERAL WESTERN SOCIETY

It appears that the
first organization of the young people
of the Middle West was perfected at Savannah, Illinois,

August, 1891, under the name of the "Young People's
Blessed Hope Union." It was started as a general society,
consisting of individuals who signed its constitution.
At that time no locals existed. Rev. W. P. Shamhart
was the first president and Miss Lucy L. Sheldon secretary.
The next year the society assembled on the newly pur-
chased campground at Mendota, 111., and the name was
changed to the General Western Society of Loyal Workers.
The churches were urged to form local societies and Eld.
SUNDAY^SCHOOLS-rLOYAL WORKERS 503
G. W. Wright organized the first on.e at Sparta, Wis., in

October, 1892. Soon others followed and in August, 1893,
seven locals had been formed and reported to the General
Society. In 1895 its secretary was appointed as fraternal
delegate to the annual meeting of the Eastern young people,
and in return. Rev. G. F. Haines was sent as a delegate to
the Western society the next year, and this practice has
been followed somewhat through the years, especially by
the Eastern society.
In 1896 a special line of work was taken up by the former
society, it being agreed to help- support students who were
taking the Bible training course at Mendota College and

quite asum was raised and used for this purpose. In 1900
the society appointed two field workers, to organize and
strengthen the locals, and since that time frequent similar
efforts have been put forth. ,For a time the partial support
of a missionary in China was given, and numerous other
worthy activities were promoted. The General Society
was recognized by the Western A. C. Publication Asso-
ciation in 1897 and
COMMENDED TO THE CONFERENCES

and churches, and in turn the conferences gave their approval
to the movement. For some years the above society held
its annual sessions in connection with the campmeeting
at Mendota, 111., but about 1913 a change was made, and

since these assemblies have been held in June, with con-
vention features and an increasing interest. In 1915 the
secretary reported thirty-one locals, with nine hundred
members, and the field worker stated that one hundred
persons had begun tithing through her efforts. In 1916
the plan of enrolling isolated young people as life members
upon the payment of five dollars was adopted. The society
also undertook evangelistic work, engaging Stanley H.
Perry and Ernest D. Brawner for this purpose, and they
rendered very acceptable and fruitful service. Being called
into other fields for a season, they were succeeded by Rev.
Isaac Crecelius and his wife, both of whom were gifted work-
ers whose labors gave promise of abundant blessing. In
1917 the society voted to adopt a budget of $1000 for
evangelistic work and benevolences. A new departure
was made by assigning to each officer the charge of a special
department: the president, evangelism; the vice-president,
advertising; second vice-president, the canvass for life
members: while the two first officers and the secretary-
treasurer, were to constitute the business committee for
This
the conduct of the society affairs during the year.
trio, J.H. Crouse, C. J. Kearney and F. E. White, are
putting up a live campaign for a large convention the
current year, and for a vigorous forward movement for
coming days.
PACIFIC COAST LOYAt WORKERS

According to accounts at hand the first young people's
society on the Coast was organized in the A. C. Church

at Napa, California, in 1889, by Rev. M. MacFadyen, who
was pastor at the time it was connected with the Christian
;
Endeavor work, and its meetings were full of interest and

Other societies were formed in Northern
spiritual bleissing.
Californiaand in 1894 they united under the name of the
Christian Endeavor Conference of the Young People of
the A. C. Churches. In 1898 -the name was changed to the
Loyal Workers Union. In Southern California a union
was formed in the early nineties, and in 1897 these two were
joined in a Foreign Mission Board, for the purpose of sus-
taining Mr. Masayo Iwagoye in his work in Japan, upon
which he entered in 1898, and which mission was men-
tioned in the previous chapter.
The young people responded to this effort so liberally

that in 1899, there was a surplus in the treasury of the
Board, and they assumed the support of a native evangelist
in China. Concerning this work A. G. Corson, treasurer
reported as follows in 1908:
'
OUR WORK IN CHAO LING
When the Loyal Workers of this Coast authorized Eld.

G. H. Malone to employ a Chinese to preach the Gospel
in the neglected country surrounding Nanking, they did
not realize to what proportions this small beginning would
develop. ...
The work was prospered and we felt justified in pur-
chasing property for a church. In the year 1905 Bro.
Malone secured, for us, land located on the main thorough-
fare with a building which would serve our purpose tem-
porarily, for $200.
The growth of the church at Chao Ling and the condi-
tion of the building caused us to decide in 1908, to endeavor
to raise funds for a new building. As a result we raised
$1,000 with which a chapel was built.
We thus have a monument in China to the faithful
endeavor of our Pacific Coast Loyal Workers. May this
be but a beginning of their accomplishments for the spread
of the Gospel.
In 1907 the'young people of Oregon gladly accepted an

and the Mission
invitation to assist in this promising work,
Board was further aided in 1908 when the young people of
Washington voted also to help this cause. In 1912 the
four unions joined under the name of the Pacific Coast
Loyal Workers Union, and were supporting a, Chinese
student who was training to act as eyangelist at Chao
Ling. Also nine locals are now supporting Miss Mildred
Wright, who is to act as nurse at Chao Hsien, assisting Dr.
Chas. A. Powell.
The Loyal Workers Societies of the Pacific Coast, have
now six representatives in the foreign field, and it is esti-
mated that they have contributed at least $10,000 to the
work of foreign missions, besides assisting in some branches
of the home work. This splendid Christian service and zeal
is most inspiring. We trust that they will in no wise be
narrowed in vision, or hindered in service, but continue on
the broad lines, as above followed, with increasing blessing.
SOCIETIES IN INDIA
Our young people on this field are organized into Christian
Endeavor Societies, because this name giyes important
convention privileges and a cordial affiliation with other
Christian workers. There are about thirty members in
the society at Guindy, they go out in groups, under
all girls;
suitable watchcare, to help in Gospel services and the dis-

tribution of tracts. At Vilacheri there are about the same
number, all boys, who are very active assisting in village
preaching services as conducted by the missionary or a
native evangelist.
LOYAL WORKERS IN CHINA
About 1902 our missionaries began to organize these
custom of the churches at home.
societies, following the
"From that time onward as new fields have been opened and
new churches organized, in nearly every place, the young
people have been formally recognized and .have been led
into active service in the church as well as outside. The
last annual report from Mr. Malone, speaking of Nanking,
said this, "These societies control their own funds, buy their
own supplies, and are often called on to help the poor mem-
bers of the church."
SUMMARY IN MANUAL 1916

General Eastern Society 2855 members
General Western Society 908 members
Pacific Coast Union 488 members
China Societies 345 members
Isolated Societies 54 members
CHAPTER XVI
EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS: THE BIBLE SCHOOL,
ACADEMY AND COLLEGE
MOST of the early efficient leaders of this faith were

men who had received a goodly measure of prepa-
ration and training for the work of the ministry, and, not a
few of them had rendered successful service therein, before
they accepted the doctrines of this people. It is recorded
that after 1843 the preachers of the Evangelical Adventist
class entered into an arrangement to study together for
mutual improvement, and it was recognized that this in-
creased their power in the sphere of intellectual and spiritual
thought. But later on many were called into service from
field, fireside, and shop, with but little if any preparation
for the work, some of them without studious habits and dis-
posed to make light of study and education. Of these
days Eld. Wellcome wrote: "They had no system of the-
ology matured and pledged to, .neither had they any con-
. .
certed plan for a theological course of study for their rapidly

increasing young and inexperienced ministers, who seemed
suddenly called ... to preach the good news of Jesus'
soon coming." Hence at an early day, there were serious
thoughts, in the minds of men of vision as to ways and
means of helping young men to make needful preparation
for effective service, or at least to counsel and assist them.
The earliest formal recognition of this need thafc we
observe is from the records of the New Hampshire Con-
ference, at its session in 18S7, when the following resolutiqn
was adopted:
"Whereas: There are pious young men within the
bounds of this' conference, who are impressed with the
duty of entering upon the Gospel ministry and :
"Whereas: Such persons need the sjnnpathy, counsel

and assistance of fathers in the ministry:
"Resolved, That a standing committee of three be ap-
pointed to advise with and give assistance to such persons
among us as are called to this solemn and responsible work;
and that the church and ministry are earnestly invited to
co-operate in this work, and to pray the Lord of the har-
vest that He will multiply pastors and teachers to proclaim
the Gospel of the Kingdom."
It is significant to note that at the close of the ensuing

year, and some measure the result of assistance
likely in
given, four young men were ordained to the ministry, the
first ordination in the conference.
Eld. D. T. Taylor, writing in 1860, spoke regretfully of
the fact that there were "no theological seminaries or schools
among us and less attention is paid to learning than our
cause demands." A short article in the World's Crisis
of Nov. 20, 1861, entitled "School of the Prophets," called
attention to the need of such, and the writer stated that
in his opinion, novel and devisive views were accepted and
advocated by some preachers from lack of instruction and
training; hence, for more careful teaching and the unity of
the body, a school was needed for the training of those who
thought they were called to preach.
Eld. H. L. Hastings, in talking over matters with the
writer, said more than once that Elds. Edwin Bumham,
D. T. Taylor, J. D. Brown, I think also Professor Hudson,
and himself had spent hours together at different times
considering how a school could be established for the
TRAINING AND BETTER PREPARATION
of men who were called of God to the ministry, —

an in-
stitution where they could receive an education consistent
EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS 509
with the faith so vital and yet so new to those times. An
article at hand written by Eld. Brown in 1881, confirms
this, for pleading for an enlarged missionary work, "and an
able, cultivated ministry, peers in knowledge with any,"
he said, "Years ago when we werein the Christian Publi-
cation Society we had these dreams for our work, and were
in communication with men of education and power to
put them into practical shape." Had these men, with
their broad vision and large plans, been continued in the
,
leadership of the body, it is likely that this recognized
need would have been supplied at an early date. But in
those days the minds of the people were mostly occupied •
with other lines of thought, some were blind to this need,

many were indifferent, and some were strongly opposed
to what they were pleased to call "minister factories."
Hence for long years this great need was ignored or neg-
lected, though there were always some who felt the burden
of it on their hearts, and in various ways called attention
to it.
In the first session of the General Advent Christian Con-

ference of North America, 1869, was pre-
this resolution
sented :
"Resolved, That we regard a suitable education of those

who enter the ministry as an important means of rendering
the ministry more effective," and though after a "somewhat
spirited debate," this was laid on the table, likemost of
the important questions brought before that assembly,
yet the fact that it was presented and earnestly discussed,
shows that some then deeply felt the necessity of action
on this line.
In the spring of 1872 the editor of the Advent Christian
Times was spending a Sabbath at Harvard, Illinois, and
while there Judge E. G. Ayer said to him, that in laying
out a portion of the town he had reserved a block in a
beautiful grove for a seminary, and remarked: "Mr. Himes,
I will give it to your people if they will build upon
you for
it and establish a school," and one of Mr. Ayer's sons also
said, "And I will give you $100 towards it." Eld. Himes'
reply was, "It had been my hope to establish a school at
some eligible point, and the trustees of Norwood Park
had given me encouragement for a lot there. But we are
not able to go into this work now." Probably the expense
of moving the publishing work from Buchanan, Mich.,
to Chicago, and the lack of support for progressive efforts,
had made Mr. Himes feel that the school project would
not as yet be supported but we note that it was a question
;
that occupied his thought.
A SCHOOL ADVOCATED
In the Advent Christian Times of December, 1872, there
was a long article, entitled, "A School," written by one
wlio had himself been blessed with seminary training, and
who pleaded for this for the young men and boys of the
Adventual faith. Among many good things he said,
"We have the men to fill the place in a seniinary as indi-

cated: O. R. Fassett, J. H. Whitmore, A. A. Phelps, and
others who might be named, would, I am confident, most
creditably fill the chairs respectively assigned to them if
they would accept. ... It is in the nature of such institutions
to produce a beneficial reflex action on the body of pro-
fessing Christians."
This writer referred to those who would object to this

effort, briefly replied to their objections, and suggested
ways by which the plan could be carried out. He believed
that this would encourage young men, who felt called to
the Adventist ministry, so that a large number would dedi-
cate themselves to the service of the body. Eld. J. V.
Himes writing in 1876, and referring to the establishing of
the Western publishing work in 1864, and following, to

which he gave the best years of his life, said: "It was my
intention all the while to connect with it a 'school of the
Prophets,' for the training of young men for the ministry

of the Word, which was also in an incipient stage of prog-
ress."
Notwithstanding this earnest intent and the above
strong appeal for definite action, a period of twenty years
or more passed without any worthy and substantial efforts
in educational work (that we know of) among this people.
Alas: what
VISIONS OF NEGLECTED POSSIBILITIES
these years reveal to us! If candidates for the ministry

were anxious for any proper education and training for the
work they must seek it in schools of other religious bodies
or at least in Correspondence Courses of other faiths, which
were then coming into use. Strange as it may seem, for
some years the majority of the older ministers seemed
quite indifferent to the needs and progress of the young
men, who, going into the work without suitable training,
often met an undue measure bi trials and discouragements.
So deeply did some of these young men feel the pressure of
this situation that after conference and prayer they de-
cided to band themselves together for mutual encourage-
ment and to secure the assistance of those who were willing
to give them aid.
This purpose first breathed into life in the early spring
of 1884, in the study of Rev. N. P. Cook, who was then

pastor of the A. C. Church at Providence, R. I. As a
result of this, after correspondence with numbers of the
younger ministers, and the issue of an "Important Call,"
a convention assembled in Manchester, N. H., in July
of that year, at which the
YOUNG ministers' CHRISTIAN UNION
was organized. Rev. Geo. R. Kramer was chosen president

and N: P. Cook secretary. The Union had several vice-
presidents, a, preparatory and an educational committee.
The object of the Union was, "The educational and spir-
itual improvement of its members with a view of enabling
them the more successfully to meet the gi"owing scientific
scepticism and theological errors of the present day. ..."
Its second annual convention was held at Providence,
R. I. The opening lecture was by Rev. Geo. R.. Kramer,
its president. Other speakers were Elds. J. D. Brown,
Edwin Burnham, N. P. Cook, D. T. Call, S. T. Frost, J. H.
Pettingell, C. W. Smith (of the West), H. L. Hastings and
Dr. Dip Lewis. Later Rev. W. N. Pile served for a time
as secretary. Strong edifjring conventions were held for
a dozen years; numerous able lectures were given by
such men as are named above and by D. T. Taylor, E. P.
Woodward, Prof. L. T. Townsend, Dr. Andrew Gray and
many others. Later, through the loss of several of the
active promotors of the Union, its meetings ceased, but its
agitation and influence for better educational preparation
for the ministry, and in making a place and a welcome for
young- men in the same, has borne much fruit through the
years.
In the late summer of 1884, the Advent Christian Asso-
ciation in session at Amboy,
appointed among its
III.,*
standing committees, one on "Ministerial Preparation,"

but this committee in its recommendation proposed only
the holding of conventions East and West "for the purpose
of mutual examination of the Scriptures," on the chief
doctrinal points of the faith, "in order that the younger
brethren in the ministry may be encouraged and assisted
in their important work;" and also "that a list of the best-
known books'" on those subjects "be prepared for the con-

venience of those who desire such aids." Accordingly
Elds. E. A. Stockman, J. Couch, and M. Grant were ap-
pointed a committee to arrange for such conventions, and
in the November following a session was held at Worcester,
which was designed in part to serve the above purpose.
Each New England State, and three others were represented
and some forty-five ministers were present. At the Massa-
chusetts Conference in 1885, the question of ministerial
improvement was considered, and a standing committee
was appointed to this end. This committee arranged for
and held a Bible Class in Lynn, Mass., June 9-11, and Elds.
E. A. Stockman, J. S. White, John Couch, L. C. McKinstry,
and Frank Burr served as teachers.
But these efforts were quite insufficient to meet the needs
of the case, and in view of this Eld. L. C McKinstry,
an energetic worker in the caused soon undertook to es-
tablish in Haverhill, Mass.,
A SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE
which was later called the A. C. General Biblical In-

stitute. At first this was looked upon as largely a personal
enterprise, but was later given considerable endorsement.
The real need was at last beginning to be acknowledged.
In the spring of 1888, the Massachusetts Conference by
vote recognized and commended the institute. A few
months later at the annual meeting of the Association held
in Aurora, 111., it was voted to commend the efforts of Eld.
L. C. McKinstry in his General Biblical Institute to the
favorable consideration of the Adventist people. At the
request of Eld. McKinstry for assistance a committee was
appointed to confer with him in his institute work. The
Association in 1889, through its committee on ministerial
education, which consisted of N. P. Cook, G. H. Wallace,
F. L. Piper, received and adopted the following:
"Resolved^ That we hail with pleasure the effoVt being
put forth by the General Biblical Institute, and other
agencies, for the higher mental discipline and spiritual de-
velopment of our ministerial brethren and that it is the
;
sense of this body that all

SUCH EFFORTS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
with a view, should the Lord tarry, of establishing some
still more tangible and efficient means of securing minis-
terial education."
In 1892 there were about forty names on the institute list.
About time Rev. Arthur E. Hatch, who, in spite of

this
total blindness, had worked his way through Bates College
and received his master's degree, the second blind man to
so complete an education, an energetic, unique characterj
formed the purpose of promoting a school that should have
more than a Biblical or religious study department. He
was persuaded to locate the effort in Concord, N. H., and
to unite with Advent Christian interests; hence in No-
vember, 1890, a School Board was orgcinized at 144 Hanover
Street, Boston, with Rev. A. E. Hatch, A.M., as princi-
pal. And the school began in the vestry of the Concord,
A. C. Church in February, 1891 for a term of sixteen weeks.
,
The attendance of students -was small at first, but soon

increased considerably, the second term numbering about
forty. In 1891 the school was incorporated under the name
of the "Merrimack County Academy." The Catalogue
issued 1892-93, gave the names of Rev. Wm. H. Mitchell
as principal, and Prof. A. E. Hatch, A.M., as instructor in
Ancient Languages, with other teachers more or less con-
nected with the Academy, and about this time Eld. Mc-
Kinstry proposed to merge his institute into the same.
C. H. Woodman and Elds. J. Ward, E. P. Woodward, N.
P. Cook, A.B,, F. Burr, E. A. Stockman and Joseph Miett,

were listed as a "Board of Regents." At this time they
had some forty to fifty students, and among them we note
the names of Wm.
C. Churchill, M. G. Nelson, J. W.
Russell, C. F. L. Smith and W. S- Bezanson. In the
summer of 1892, Prof. Hatch resigned, one of his reasons
being that l;ie "did not believe in narrowing it down to a
mere Bible School for ministers," as it seems that some
desired to do, but he was persuaded to serve, another term
after which he retired from the school, as did also Eld.
Mitchell. Soon serious difficulties beset the effort, and in
the summer of 1893 the school closed permanently.
Though the Academy at Concord ceased its sessions, it
had served, with other agencies, to awaken a new desire

in the minds of some for further" schooling, in preparation
for Christian work, and had aroused among some of the
older ministers a more likely interest to. meet this need.
Hence, the Massachusetts Conference at its annual session
in 1895 appointed a committee to "consider the desirability
of having a
BIBLE TRAINING SCHOOL IN THE EAST
for the benefit of those who are preaching, or wish to preach

the Gospel of the Kingdom." And the committee proposed
to "hold a session for training in connection: with the
campmeeting at Springfield -and at Alton Bay." At the
meeting of the Advent Christian Association held in Chel-
sea, Mass., in October of the sajne yejar the question of a
Biblical Institute was introduced by Eld. E. A. Stockman;
and it was voted, "That it is the sense of this Association
that we need in the East a training scjiool for Gospel
Workers." And a committee or two were appointed to this
end. Just what was done on this line for, the balance of
1895 or early in 1896 we cannot state.
During the winter of 1896-97 a Training School was
conducted by W. H. Mitchell at 144 Hemover Street in a
room occupied by the A. C. Publication Society, sessions
being held in the evening. At this time Eld. Mitchell also
conducted a correspondence school for a season. The
sessions were soon removed from Hanover Street to the
vestry of the A. C. Church of Warren Street. Dr. N. M.
Ransom served as an instructor for a time, then he re-
signed and Rev. J. A. Nichols of Maine was appointed as
principal, and later he was followed by Rev. G. F. L.
Smith. At the session of the A. C. Association in 1898
the founding of the School was authorized and a "Board of
Regents" was appointed to permanently establish the semie.
The Massachusetts Conference at its session in the
spring of 1899, recognized the Boston Bible School as es-
tablished by the action of the Association and resolved,
"That we as a conference do hereby heartily approve of
the work of the school," and it also requested, "Our people
to consider the financial needs of said school and to contrib-
ute heartily and willingly to its support." And the same
or similar resolutions were passed at the next two annuaCl
sessions of this conference.
WESTERN EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS

While interest was slowly developing in the East the
West had taken decided and vigorous action. The fol-
lowing resolution was adopted in 1887:
"The Advent Christian Conference of Central Illinois
hereby recommends to the Adventist people at large the es-
tablishment of an educational institution at the earliest
possible date, and does also pledge thereto as a conference
its influence and pecuniary support to the extent ability
will permit." Eld. H. Pollard, the conference secretary,
wrote that the above was intended to voice the sentiment
that existing denominational schools, by reason of their
:

subtle tendency to bias young minds in favor of unscriptural
philosophy, were unsuitable for the patronage of believers
in Conditional Immortality, and that even some secular
schools tended in their teaching to skepticism, and there
was, therefore, great need of a school with "literary, scien-
tific, classical and theological departments," where young
people of Advdntual faith could safely secure the needful
education. It was thought that while there were other
needs this one ought also to be recognized and that steps
should be taken for its early supply.
But there was an insistent and growing desire on the

part of some for the founding of an institute or college, as
indicated in the above resolution, and there were those who
felt that this need was more urgent than the establishment
of a new paper, as was frankly stated to the Western con-
vention of January, 1890 (which was called for the latter
purpose) by Mr. Thomas S. Parks, in his letter in which,
after speaking of the proposed paper, he said
"We have a greater need of a college to educate the

rising generation of the church in the. doctrines advocated
by our people. This is paramount to all other claims;
it is
THE GREAT NEED
. .Our old ministers are passing away; who will take their
.
places unless we prepare for the emergency? We

must
wake up to the demand made upon us. ... I am advancing
in years, and for many years have studied on this subject,
thought much, and speak from experience of the evils of
having our children taught by those who have no sym-
pathy with our faith. I have been compelled to spend
thousands of dollars for educational purposes in other
institutions. Now, I propose to be one of fifty who will
subscribe one thousand dollars each to endow a college
... to be called the Advent Christian College, for the pur-
pose of educating young men and women in the doctrines
of our faith, said institution to give a liberal course of in-
struction, as is given in other colleges, but to be managed
by our own church. ... If we had had a college of our own,
we would now have a company of young men ready to
take the places of those passing away."
After receiving Mr. Parks' proposition, the convention

voted that, "Steps be taken by us to secure this offer by
"
setting on foot measures to establish a 'Pastors' College.'
This became a live question at this time, and others prom-
ised to give a like amount. Such was the sentiment
awakened that the committee which had been appointed
to consider "Our denominational interests," in their
report, named three departments of work: 1. Educational;
2. Church extension; 3. Publication; which should have
their respective committees and these combined should,

"Constitute a Board of Trustees to receive, hold and dis-
burse funds," for the three branches of work, "especially
for founding a school or college to assist the cause of Scrips
tural truth, . .also to locate and make all the arrange-
.
ments necessary to establish such a school or college."

But this was met by others who wished to follow a more
careful and conservative course and the influence of the
;
when the report of the com-

latter class so prevailed, that
mittee on Resolutions was presented to the meeting of
the Association in August it was voted, "That we are not
at this time prepared tofix the location or purchase property
for a college," but "that we take no backward steps in

. . .
this important work, but continue to agitate the subject

until success shall crown our efforts." However, the edu-
cational committee was continued and consisted of A. S.
Calkins, M. A. Stevens, and J. F. Adair. The spirit of
advance along the line of a better prepared ministry had
now more friends to its cause than at any previous time
in the history of the denomination.
LOOKING FOR A COLLEGE SITE

During the year 1891-92 friends sought to find some
opening where a school could be started. The result was
quite encouraging. A small college property was found
in the town of Mendota, Illinois, which formerly had been
occupied by the German Lutherans, who for some years
successfully conducted a college at this place. ' But
when the need of larger buildings became urgent an offer
from the city of Dubuque, Iowa, induced them to move
to the latter location. After several years this property
in Mendota came into the market for sale, and through the
efforts of Elds. McCulloch and J. August Smith, a sufficient
amount to make the purchase was raised, and the old
college property was transferred to a body of men who
secured a charter under the laws of the State of Illinois,
as the "Western Advent Christian -Association." After
holding the property for a season this Association offered
to transfer its title to the Western Advent Christian
Publishing Society, which in due time became an incorpo-
rated Association and which specified education as one of
•the objects of its existence.
The members of the former Association believing the
above property an excellent site on which to hold the
General Western meetings offered the use of it for that
purpose, inviting both the campmeeting and the Publish-
ing Society to assemble there. This offer was cordially
accepted and the above meetings were held, in August,
1892, "under the trees of Mendota campus." Thus the
Western Publishing Society was brought into close contact
with the school question and one of its proposed locations,
and in due time action thereon was called for in its
sessions. In view of
:

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE QtJESTION
and certain critical features involved therein a special
committee of five consisting of M. A. Stevens, F. A. Baker,
J. H. Nichols, J. F. Adair and Andrew Armour was ap-
pointed to consider it thoroughly. Eld. Pollard, Editor
of Our Hope, writes as follows regarding a session of said
committee
"It was after much hesitation, earnest prayer, and
strong crying for wisdom, that it was at last decided that
God was saying by His gracious providence, 'Go forward.'
. . Finally the question was put and no one dared cast
.
an opposing vote. All felt that it was now or never for

this people, and that we must rely upon God and move on,
and the vote was unanimous to start the school."
Accordingly the committee reported that
THE MENDOTA SEMINARY PROPERTY

was judgment, "eminently suitable and desirable
in their
for such a school as is needed among us," and \he educa-
tional committee was enlarged and instructed by the Asso-

ciation to at once begin, the preliminary work for the
establishment of an academical and theological seminary at
that place; that the school begin its work as soon as the
necessary funds could be raised for its support, and that
the same be graded up and improved as fast as the means
should be provided. Following this, steps were soon taken
toward establishing a school a faculty was chosen, courses
;
of study were mapped out, and extensive repairs were made

on the building. On January 9, 1893, the school was
opened under the name of Mendota Seminary, with three
students in attendance; but before the close of the year in
June, forty-six students had been enrolled.
The first classes in the Biblical department, as the
theological division was at first called, were registered in

the summerof 1893, and were under the instruction of Dr.
O. R. Fassett and Eld. William Sheldon. Beginning with
September, 1893, the, Biblical work was made a regular
part of the school, its year being the same as that
of the other departments. The interest manifested in the
work of the new institution encouraged the Board of Edu-
cation to broaden its scope. It was therefore decided to
offer full college courses in addition to those that had
been carried during the first six months. The name of the
institution was now changed to "Mendota College" arid
an invitation was extended to the public for patronage.
Mendota was a small city of five thousand population,
situated at a junction of three railroads, eighty-three
miles west of Chicago; and 'the college was in the middle of
a fine five-acre campus. From 1895-1899 the work of the
college was successfully carried on under the charter of
the Western Advent Christian Publication Association.
In December, 1899, application was made by the Board of
Directors of the college for a separate charter, which was
granted and thenceforth the institution had independent
;
corporate existence.
In 1895 Professor George V. Clum became president;
he was a graduate from the Ohio State University and
brought with him the methods and plans of a modern
college. As an instructor and an earnest Christian gentle-
man he had few superiors, and he gave the college work a
genuine advance. During the same year Rev. Norman P.
Cook, a graduate of the University of Michigan, and also
of the Union Theological Seminary, and who had held
extended pastorates at Providence, R. I., and Chelsea,
Mass., became principal of the Biblical Department of the
college. The devoted life, friendly and frank disposition,
and the refined and cultured attainments of
PROFESSOR COOK
appealed to all who met him. He served at the same time

as pastor of the Mendota Advent Christian Church, which
had been organized in the year 1893, and thus the bonds
between the college and the church were strengthened, and
the union was mutually helpful. Prof. Cook was honored
by all and loved by every personal acquaintance. Students
under his instruction felt the influence of a fully equipped
intellect and the supreme worth of a well-grounded religious
faith, and had a fine example of a sanctified, Spirit-
filled life. After a long illness he fell asleep March 21, 1899,
and in his sickness and death the whole denomination
suffered a great loss. After his decease his library became
the property of the institution for which he had labored cuid
to which he had bequeathfed an invaluable heritage in
teaching and exemplary living.
A little previous to this, in the year 1898, the friends of
the college were made to mourn by the death of Eld.
Marshall A. Stevens who was one of the founders of the
college and who while he lived never relaxed his labors
for its material supportand educational progress. In spite
went oh for several
of these serious losses, the institution
years with a goodly measure of increase and blessing. In
1905 and 1907 some further steps were taken in perfecting
the college corporation, arranging its property affairs and
for its further development in educational facilities and
patronage. Meanwhile the churches were beginning to
realize
THE BENEFITS AND STIMXJLUS
of the educational work through the service of young men
who were entering and effectively laboring in the ministry,
and both the general interest in its success and the at-
tendance of students, was increasing from year to year
so that the college buildings and dormitories were filled

and an -enlargement of the old, or the erection of new build-
ings, were soon seriously considered.
OTHER EFFORTS
A four-year course of reading was adopted by the General
Eastern Society of Loyal Workers at their annual conven-
tion, Boston, Mass., October, 1900. A faculty, was ap-
pointed to conduct the same,, consisting of Rev. Geo. E.
Tyler, principal; Rev. L. F. Reynolds, secretary; Revs.
H. E. Thompson, A. H. Kearney, and Geo. H. Dewing
members. This course was also endorsed and adopted
by the General Western Society, at IVêndota, 111., August,
190 L This was called the Loyal Worker's Institute and
was a course of reading to be' pursued at home by young
people, or older ones, who were associated with the Loyal
Workers of the Advent Christian Church.
As many of our preachers had not received what could «
be called a theolpgical training for their work, steps were

taken to provide a four-year course of study for them and'
for candidates for the ministry. Hence at a meeting of the
Advent Christian Association and General Conference held
at Chelsea, Mass., October, 1900, a course of study was
adopted. The purpose and plan being that all ministers
thereafter ordained by the State conferences should begin
the course of study as arranged, and that at the end of each
year they should be examined by a committee of their
conference, questions on the works studied during the year
having been submitted for them to answer. A committee
of nine was chosen of which Rev. Geo. E. Tyler was chair-
man, to see that the provisions of this act of the Associa-
tion were carried out in the various States. Some of the
conferences adopted more or less of this plan, but we fear
that only a few did so heartily and effectively.
THE BIBLE SCHOOL CORRESPONDENCE INSTITUTE
This correspondence school grew out of the experience

of Rev.H. E. Thompson, in his first pastorate at Fall River,
Mass., which he accepted in 1895, with a realization that
he needed a better training for his work. While praying
over the matter, he picked up a local paper and read that
the Primitive Methodist denomination had started a Non-
Resident School of Theology, for the benefit of those, in
their own denomination-, who had been forced by circum-
stances to enter the ministry without adequate theological
training. Mr. Thompson called on the president of this
new school and after learning of its full plans enrolled, as
one of its early students, in a four years' course of prepara-
tory training. As severa;l of the members of the faculty
lived in or near Fall River, he had the benefit of almost
constant touch with the instructors, during the four years
of his study. After securing the diploma of this school,
in October, 1900, on the suggestion and recommendation
of the faculty, Mr. Thompson enrolled for three years of
post graduate work under the direction of Taylor Univers-
ity; Upland, Ind., and during these, he received degrees
from the University. A sketch of what this brother had
done, while carrying on the work of a busy pastorate, was
published and a considerable correspondence followed.
Then came a suggestion that Mr. Thompson arrange a
course in essentials for men in his own denomination.
This was done and several began studying the Christian
Workers' Course, under his guidance. The rest of the
story is simply the development of that single course into
the various studies later offered by the institute. As the
work increased, Mr. Thompson found it necessary to invite
others to labor with him as instructors.
ASSOCIATE DEPARTMENT
About this time, tfie work became affliliated with Men-

dota College which laterbecame Aurora College, that
institution agreeing to pass on the final examinations of
all the major studies, and to carry the credits on its perma-
nent records. This association still continues. In order
that the courses might be available to many, the price
was made very low; the instructors receiving a sum so small,
as to render their work pra;ctically a labor of love in the
interests of the cause of righteousness. The studies now
offered are: The Christian Workers' Course,
original
a course in Systematic Theology, one in New Testament
Greek, another in Interpretative Theology; a short
course in Outline Bible Study; two grades of work in
Sunday-school Teacher Training; a course in Archae-
ology, and a course in Theoretic Nursing, for parish
visitors. Some of the leading pastors in our own and
other denominations have expressed themselves as being
much benefitted by their studies with this institute.
southern educational work

We will here 'briefly narrate the progress of an interesting
branch of Southern effort, the facts being mostly gathered
from a sketch furnished by friends of that cause.
The beginning of the work among the colored people at
Memphis, Tenn., was under the American Advent Mission
Board. The namies of I. I. Leslie, J. V. Himes, D. D. Reed,
Miles Grant and A. W. Sibley are well remembered among
the people of the A. C. Church now in Memphis. Nearly
forty years ago a building was erected, on leased land on
Seventh Street, at an expense of about seven hundred
dollars. The lease was one hundred dollars a year. These
people had enough of the spirit of independence and the
conviction of what they believed to be true to hold them
together as a body of Christian worshippers, though aid
from the North was withdrawn; and they also possessed
sufficientsound judgment to propagate the truth they held.
Under the grace of God, they succeeded in holding their
children in the church relationship, and in adding others
from the ranks of the unconverted. In the year 1881,
A. J. Sanderlin, who had become converted and leaving the
practice of law, had become a preacher in the Disciple
Church, embraced the distinctive doctrines of the Advent
Christian people, and united with the church at Memphis.
Through his efforts the church purchased the land on which
their chapel stood, and thus stopped the payment of annual
rents.
THE SANDERLIN ACADEMY
Eld. Sanderlin saw the need of better education among

his own people, and prepared himself the best he could to
teach the needed courses of study. He organized a school
in his own house, a little cabin such as the colored people
lived and started the educational work with seven
in,
students. This work prospered, and soon the students

became too many for the little home, and other and larger
quarters were sought. Their first school building, however,
was an old church at White's Station, a few miles out from
the city of Memphis. This building was twenty-two feet
wide by forty feet long, and was first used for school pur-
poses in the year 1900. Later, an additidn was made to
this building, which was used for a recitation room. "A visit
to this school, a few years afjter it found its home in this
old church, would be a revelation of the real vivacity and
perseverance which characterize the colored people of the
section from which the students came. Pertiaps we may
say, the same marks belong to the whole race in our country.
Seats cost money, and money with the colored people,

in the educational work at least, was not abundant. For
this reason, every seat was made to do service to the ut-
most. Pupils always stood during their recitations, and
those who had seats were required to let the less fortunate
occupy them while the rightful occupant was at recitation;
even then some were always standing, but going to school
and 'standing up' was not strange to these people."
At the annual gathering of the Western Publication
Association in 1904, Eld. Sanderlin appeared as a dele-
gate from the conference of Western Tennessee, Northern
Mississippi and Eastern Arkansas, and asked admission
for his conference to the Western Association. This re-
quest was granted, and Eld. Sanderlin was admitted to all
the privileges and rights of an elected delegate. In 1905
an agreement was made by the Western Association and
Eld. A. J. Sanderlin and his wife by which the Sanderlin
Academy at White, Tennessee, together with ten acres of
land where the academy was situated, were transferred to
the Association. In this agreement it was understood that
a committee of three members elected by the Association,
should be aippointed to co-operate with the trustees of the
Sanderlin Academy in conducting said school for the colored
people, and to aid in making such needed improvements
as were "possible, from time to time." Later the members
of this committee were mkde trustees of the Academy
conjointly with the other trustees.
NEW BUILDINGS
In the year 1910 a new building two stories high was

erected for the school, and the following year a dormitory
for the girls was built. The new dormitory is called Winsley
Hall. Several teachers are required to take care of the
students at the academy now. During the school year
1912-13, over one hundred and twenty students were
enrolled, andstill the limit is far from being reached.
Eld. Sanderlin should have the credit of taking the initi-

ative in this work. But he has been aided and supported
by the best gifts of his own people; who have complete
confidence in him. He had a home and over one hundred
acres of land, and could have lived a quiet and comfortable
life. This, however, he did not -choose, and he was en-
couraged and aided by a noble wife, who made their house
a real home for girls, taught them the use of the needle
in making clothing and bedding, A few years since, her
life went out, but her work still remains a monument to
her usefulness and a testimony to her devotion to the cause
for which she had sacrificed much.
Referring to the eleven churches and eight missions of the
conference it is said "These churches and missions all sprang
:
from the work in Memphis, Tennessee. That little church,

which, in 1881, numbered not more than seventy souls, has
multiplied itself more than twenty times in the past thirty-
four years. But the numerical growth is not the greatest
evidence. Education in one generation probably increased
more than one hundred fold. Many of the young men
and young women are now teaching in public schools for
the colored people.. The colleges that will receive the col-'
ored youth, have several students from this school at
White's Station, Tennessee. Nearly every trade and pro-
fession, known to modern life, has been aided from this
movempnt."
The church at Memphis now numbers between one hun-
dred and twenty-five and one hundred and fifty. They
own their chapel, and have repaired and improved it. The
school at White is raising its standard of educational re-
quirement every year. It has more room^ furniture, and
more students than ever before. A library of abouit one
EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS .529
thousand volumes is on the shelves, and they are learning

to use it. The books were almost entirely donated by Dr.
N, C. Twining, an instructor in Aurora College, and for
that reason, it was called the "Twining Library." One of
the most important departments of the Sanderlin Academy
is its Bible Classes; with education along the coihmon
lines is mixed the thorough training in the use and teaching

of the Holy The prospect is' good, the fruitage is
Bible.
not meager, and the demand is urgent. This work is heart-
ily commended by the Western brethren who were duly
'
appointed to investigate and report thereon, and who have
frequently visited the school.
FURTHER PROGRESS IN THE EAST

We here resume the narrative of the Boston Bible School
and Ransom Institute which was incorporated in 1902,
the charter members being, N. Morton Ransom, M.D.
,
(who before his death gave the school $3000 and his library),
Frank Burr, Abial W. Sibley, Warren J. Hobbs, John W.
Evans, Albert C. Johnson, William H. Mitchell, Fred L.
Piper and Horace E. Thompson. Its constituency was
further composed of the members of the Advent Christian
Publication Society, and its management was placed in the
hands of a Board of Regents: this board being elected in
part from the members of the Publication Society, and-
,
partly from the Woman's Home and Foreign Mission

—
Society of Massachusetts this latter feature obtaining
after the Woman's Society became responsible for the
property of the school home.
In the summer of 1902 Rev. A. A. Phelps, A.M., of
Plainfield, N. J., was elected principal of the school. Prof.
Phelps was a graduate of Genesee College (now Syracuse
University). He gave himself earnestly and efficiently
to the work of building up the school. Energy and time.
and at last life itself, were given for the sake of this institu-
tion; resisting disease and he labored diligently
suffering
until he fell at his post in October, 1904. He was a fine
embodiment of thorough scholarship, humility, self-sacrifice,
—
courage, purity, piety and prayer a true man of God in-
deed. His death seemed a great misfortune and loss to
the cause in many ways.
Following the death of Prof. Phelps, Rev. D. H. Wood-
ward who had spent two years at Williams College and had
served as school teacher and pastor, was called to the prin-
cipalship, and in that capacity he served with honor to
himself, and to the satisfaction of the governing board until
the end of the school year, 1910, when he resigned and again
engaged in pastoral work. The next principal chosen was
Dr. H. E. Thompson, who has served continuously and
acceptably for seven years. He has proved a resourceful
and diligent worker, an excellent administrator, and under
his labors the school has slowly but steadily increased in
attendance, service ai^d- public interest. Dr. Thompson's
immediate faculty associates are Geo. A. Coburn, A.B., and
Guy L. Vannah, B.D. the latter entering the faculty in 1914.
;
Among those who have attended this school during the

comparatively brief period of its history, we note the names
of a goodly number who have becortie prominent and effi-
cent pastors, and also several excellent missionaries, be-
side those who are rendering valuable assistance to the
cause in various associate relations. And this means much
added strength and promise of good to the body at large,
and is an excellent return for the investment made through
the gifts and offerings of interested friends of the work.
BIBLE SCHOOL HOME

During the summer of 1904 several loyal women, among
whom Mrs. ^ÎcFadyen, then in the State, was a leader,
became especially interested in opening a Home

in Boston
for the students of the Bible School. A
committee was
appointed by the W. H. and F. M. Society of Massachusetts
to superintend the work. Donations were solicited,
and there was a ready response by societies and individuals.
In 1905 the property at 17 Rockville Park was pur-
chased for $6000, and has since been the home of the school.
Noble was the faith and zeal of the members of the above
society which made this step possible. A substantial
portion of the purchase price was paid down, and the debt
was reduced from time to time till the autumn of 1916
when a rally was made, the amount needful for the final
payment was secured and the original property was cleared
of debt.
In 1914 the school had outgrown its "Home" and it was
therefore necessary in order to accommodate the growing
student body, to erect an additional building or annex on
land in the rear of 17 Rockville Park, and the Board of
Regents proceeded to have the needed structure built, at
a probable cost of about $5000 and the project went through
successfully though the cost of the new, with the revision
and repairs of the older building amounted to about
$9000. But' the headquarters thus enjarged furnished at
once much more room and convenience for faculty and
students and an incentive to the growth of the school, and
the current year has witnessed the largest enrollment in
its history. It is a preparatory, Bible or Theological School;
not a college, giving a four-years' course as a preparation
for Christian work.
,
At the meeting of the Qorporation
in 1917, its constitution was revised and it was voted to
change the name to The New England School of Theology.
The Regents and. Faculty are seriously considering raising
the entrance requirements and grading up, or adding to the
courses of study and thus, in addition to the very creditable
work already done, we may expect still larger and better
service in the days to come, if the Lord tarries.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WEST

Subsequent to the service of Prof. Cook, Eld. F. A,
Baker, a stanch and able preacher, who, going from the East
in earlier days, had valiantly served the Western cause,
was made principal of the Biblical department of Mendota
College wherein he rendered faithful service. From 1907
to 1911, B. Joseph Dean, B.S., was president and in the
latter year Rev. O. R. Jenks, A.B.,who had followed Eld.
Baker was chosen
as principal of the Biblical department,
president of the college.
Such was the progress made in those years that the old ,
and dormitories were insufficient to meet

college building
the needs of the students, and the inconveniences were
working injury to the welfare of the college and of the
people who supported the institution. As early as the
annual meeting of 1908 it was decided to push every prac-
tical scheme to raise sufficient funds for the erection of a
new hall for college purposes, and building plans were
drawn and discussed. Several of those who could give the
larger sums offered to support the enterprise: To add to
the probability of securing the required amount, Mr.
Charles Eckhart, of Auburn, Indiana, placed his note for
ten thousand dollars in the hands of the treasurer, to be
paid when thirty thousand dollars had been secured.
The dawn of a new era in the educational field was revealed
in that pledge of Mr. Eckhart.
A NEW LOCATION PROPOSED .
At a more prom-
this juncture thp question of securing
than that at Mendota was raised.
ising place for the college
This new issue became of sufficient importance to make it
advisable for the Executive Board of the college to appoint

a committee on "College location." It was also learned
by the board that other cities than Mendota were willing
to contribute toward procuring a new site, and the erec-
tion of new college buildings, provided the college should
be established in their midst. This matter was kept be-
fore the people in correspondence and otherwise, and when
the subject was called up the following year (1909) the
committee was prepared to report. Rev. Q. R. Jenks, the
chairman of the committee, reported in favor of moving
the college to the city of Aurora, Illinois, a city thirty-
nine miles from Chicago, where a new site and other val-
uable inducements were offered by enterprising citizens of
that city.
This move of the committee aroused the whole body.
The Publication Association and the college had become
separate societies, but it was voted at the August meeting
(1909):
"That the matters pertaining to a new building for
Mendota College be left in the hands of the Board of Di-
rectors of the Western Advent Christian Publication Asso-
ciation, they to investigate all conditions,! submit the facts
to the body, and call a special session of the Association for
its decision."
The special meeting was called to convene at Mendota,

111., on the fifth day of January, 1910. The committee
on college location reported three possible sites. The first
was the old site at Mendota. The second was a tract of
land at the edge of Aurora coupled with the promise of
strong financial aid in the erection of new buildings and the
maintenance of the school. This proposition was put be-
fore the delegates by a committee of five of the leading
citizens of Aurora. The third proposition came from Zion
City, 111., in the shape of a large stone college building and
grounds which could be purchased for fifty thousand
dollars. It was argued that this city would give strong
support to the college in the way of students. After long
and careful consideration had been given to the question
of location it was voted to accept of the Aurora proposition.
THE ACTION RECONSIDERED

Inasmuch as the Zion City proposition had come in at
it seemed to
the eleventh hour, and in view of the fact that
require a much smaller sum of money, agitation was con-
tinued in favor of Zion City. A number also felt that
further consideration should be given the question of loca-
tion before abandoning Mendota. After many had visited
the two cities of Aurora and Zion City, and the old location
at Mendota had been recanvassed, the Board of Trustees
decided to call a second meeting of the delegates of the
Association to convene in Chicago, June 28, 1910, to re-
consider the question of location. When the delegates
assembled, all felt that a matter of grave importance to
the educational interests of the denominational group was
to be decided. Careful consideration was given to the
claims of the three cities, with the result that the vote was
almost unanimous for Aurora.
When this decision was reached, every delegate joined
in a hearty response to the outcome. The finance Commit-
tee pushed the work of raising funds aggressively. Within
one year the sum of one hundred thousand dollars was
raised fornew buildings. On May 31, 19lO, ground was
broken for the buildings, the corner stone of the main
building was laid on July 23, and the buildings were com-
pleted and ready for occupancy by April, 1912.
AURORA AND ITS WELCOME

Aurora is situated in Kane County, Illinois,
thirty-nine
miles west of Chicago, being closely connected with the
O. R. JEXKS
(. TiLLECtE HUlLDIXl^S
metropolis of the West by rapid suburban railway service.

It has.a population of forty thousand, and is situated in
the heart of perhaps the greatest agricultural section of the
world. It is easily accessible from all parts of the United
States, which is of the greatest importance from the view-
point of the educational work which Aurora College îms
to carry on. The on the west side of
college is located
Aurora and on an elevated ridge commanding a picturesque
view of attractive surroundings. It is thought that no more
appropriate or convenient site could be procured in the
State. The school was moved from Mendota to Aurora
on April 3, 1912. When the faculty and students arrived
in Aurora they were met by a large number of its citizens
who extended a most hearty welcome. A program of ad-
dresses had been arranged in which the mayor, the superin-
tendent of schools, representatiyes of the business men and
citizens gave addresses of welcome to which responses
were made by Rev. B. Forester, then of Mendota, who had
been a most ardent friend and promoter of college interests.
Editor Pollard of the Publishing Association, arid Rev. Wm.
A. Burch of Detroit, Mich., president of the College Board
of Directors.
THE NEW BUILDINGS
Eckhart Hall, the main college building, is one hundred

and ten feet long by seventy-two feet wide, has four floors,
with every room fully equipped for the purpose intended,
and this hall will accommodate four hundred students.
Davis and Wilkinson Halls are each about seventy feet long
and thirty-five feet wide, and have the same number of
floors as the main hall. These halls afford excellent homes
for students, and will accommodate sixty to seventy per-
sons. The buildings and equipment are of the first class
and fully up-to-date.
THE PROPOSED ENDOWMENT
It was soon realized that no school such as the Advent
Christian people need, could be properly maintained with-
out a permanent endowment fund. Schools of this class
usually have an endowment of not less than $200,000.
In 1913 it was recognized that the Lord was moving upon
the hearts of friends of the college, as letters were received
from different parts of the country advocating such a fund
and offering help to this end. At first it was thought to
aim fund of from fifty or one hundred thousand dol-
for a
lars. There was considerable correspondence regarding
this and many friends favored the effort, and a movement
was conducted which resulted in raising the permanent
endowment from $5,550 to $40,000.
Early in 1917 it was realized that the welfare of the
college required immediate and strenuous effort, in part
because through the influence of State universities rules
had been adopted regarding standard college work which
should be accepted by the universities, and among the
.
requirements was the endowment fund. In view of this

the College Board, faculty, and friends launched a vigorous
endowment campaign in May of 1917, a thoroughly or-
ganized and systematic canvass covering nearly the whole
country. The response was quite encouraging. At this
writing the campaign has considerably passed the $100,000
mark, and plans are underway to secure the full amount
as early as possible.
The college has had an able and self-sacrificing faculty
who have put their best years and efforts into the work.
Especially is this true of President Jenks, who with vision,
faith, and prayer has labored to the limit of his strength.
Also its success has been made possible by many liberal
minded and consecrated benefactors. This educational
work is of the very highest importance, as an aid in answer-
ing prayers and providing efficient workers for the churches
and mission fields, and should have a chief place in the
prayers and gifts of all the people. As expressing the senti-
ment of scores of indorsements and hearty commendations
of this work we cite the words of Rev. D. H. Woodard,
present pastor of Aurora A. C. Church, who has well said:
"A
splendid foundation has been laid here for an insti-
tution of great usefulness in the future as long as we may
need colleges, and I hope it will receive unstinted support
from every quarter. Put Aurora College in the front rank
and it will reflect honor on every Advent Christian
Church in the land, besides helping every one of our min-
isters in his work."
The National Councilof the A. C. General Conference

in a strong resolution adopted in December, 1917, urged
our editors, pastors and churches to co-operate heartily
in an immediate effort to complete the "Endowment fund
arid thus make worthy school in every way a standard
this
college." Its continued and hearty support in gift and
prayer is one of the most vital essentials to the success of
the Adventist cause.
A THREEFOLD COMMENDATION
The Advent Christian General Conference, at its session
in 1916, passed the following indorsement of the educational
work:
This General Conference desires to express its high ap-
preciation of our several educational institutions, Sanderlin
Academy, The Boston Bible School and* Ransom Institute
[which is now called the New England School of Theology],
and Aurora College. Because these schools are training
young men for our ministry and affording a means of edu-
cation where Adventists may safely send their young peo-
ple, this conference commends their good work and asks
for them that adequate support that their increasing needs
require.
CHAPTER XVII
EUROPEAN WITNESSES AND KINDRED MOVEMENTS
THIS history would certainly not be "comprehensive,"

if it failed to record related events, or to briefly cite
the service of some of those leading advocates who have
given similar testimony in lands beyond the sea. The
account is most inviting, varied and interesting, and we
regret that space does not permit a fuller narrative. In
the first chapter, after mentioning some of the earlier
witnesses, we referred (p. 22) to the notable Prophetic
Conference of 1826, and here give further items regarding
the same.
"The first conference of this kind was called, and held

in the county of Surrey, England, at the residence of Henry
Drummond, Esq., then the high sheriff of the county, and
subsequently a member of the British Parliament. Min-
isters of all denominations were invited, and twenty
jjersons, men of every rank, church and orthodox commun-
ion in the realm, met in session for eight days. Rev.
Hugh McNeile, M. A., rector of the parish, afterwards a
widely known preacher, sometimes called the 'Star of
London', presided. Joseph Wolff, the well-known con-
verted Jew, and missionary in Eastern lands, with Edward
Irving, minister of the Caledonian chapel, London, were
among the notable persons present."^
PLAN of; first prophetic conference
The order of their meetings was as follows: Having

apportioned a separate subject for each day, the conference
met at eight o'clock each morning for prayer, communion.
'The Reign of Christ, p. 346.

EUROPEAN WITNESSES 539
and to seek the gift and grace of the Holy Spirit, some one
of the clergymen leading the exercises. Before parting
for breakfast, one of the number, chosen for the work in
advance, opened the subject of the day in order, with ar-
guments, and cited Scriptures to support his conclusions,
notes of the same being taken by the others present. They
met again at eleven a.m., for discussion of the theme set
forth by the morning speaker. After prayer the chair-
man. Rev. Hugh McNeile, questioned each as to his con-
clusions, when each with full liberty, reverence and delight
preceded to give his convictions. No appeal was allowed
but to the Scriptures; their statements were final. This
session lasted four or five hours, closing with prayer and
thanksgiving.
At seven p.m. they came together again around the open
fireof the great library room, and in an easy, familiar
manner continued their discussions until the hour of eleven
at night, when "came a hymn, the prayer, and parting.
The sessions were- long and laborious, the themes weighty,
the convictions of the body were firm, and the meetings
were marked by an extraordinary enthusiasm and harmony.
The grand questions investigated were:
First: The doctrine of Holy Scripture concerning the
Gentiles.
Second: The duties of Christian ministers and people
growing out thereof towards the Gentile churches.
Third: The doctrine concerning the present and future
condition of the Jews.
Fourth The duties growing out of the same towards the
:
Jews.
Fifth: The system of the prophetic visions and numbers
of Daniel and the Apocalypse.
Sixth: The Scripture doctrine concerning the future
Advent of the Lord.
Seventh The duties to the church and the world
:
arising out of the same.

They studied around a massive table with their English
Bibles and the original Hebrew and Greek Scriptures open
before them. They came together as strangers to one
another, of different churches and different countries, but
in sweet temper and large charity, and parted in wonderful
agreement, and with the solemn, lasting cpnviction that
the end of the dispensation and the personal second Advent
of the Lord was "hard at hand.''^ As a result of this
gathering and the influence of its members, this doctrine,
long neglected, and by many un thought of, took "a front
place on human lips and in thoughtful hearts; a great cry
went forth that was never to cease. Pulpits rang with the
alarm, pens were busy, the awakening was wide and great.
In 1829, 1830, 1831, 1833, and 1834, no less than six
prophetical journals were established in London, Dublin,
and Edinburgh, conducted by
ABLE PENS AND CULTURED MINDS

Between the years 1828 and 1834, some forty or fifty
differentvolumes on prophecy were issued in Great Britain.
Besides these, over thirty well-known godly men put forth
fully sixty works in defense of the premillennial Advent.
"The agitation of the grand question was intense. . . .
Within fifteen years after the first conference at Albury,

three hundred ministers of the church of England alone,
were proclaiming the speedy end."" Notable laymen and
able preachers of other churches were also giving strong
testimony.
We
have at hand Observations upon the Prophecies of
Daniel,by Sir Isaac Newton, edited by P. Borthwick, Esq.,
of Downing College, Cambridge, and published in 1831,
Utems gathered by Rev. D. T. Taylor, from writings of Rev.

Edward Irving.
^Reign of Christ, p. 347f.
the volume being dedicated by the editor, "most fitly and

respectfully," to Henry Drummond, Esquire, of Albury
Park. On two pages of this book at its close, thirteen
works relating to prophecy and the second coming of
Christ are advertised- as recently issued by the publisher;
James Nisbet, London.
In 1835 the Rev. Hugh McNeile, M.A., published in
London a book of Sermons on the Second
Advent of the
Lord Jesus Christ, the same having been preached by him
in St. Jude's Church, Liverpool. In the face of recog-
nized prejudice he eloquently gave his prophetic message.
In closing his preface he said : .
"The world is asleep, immersed in the perishing things

of this life. The church is dreaming of the conversion of
the world, by means which never yet converted any one
nation or city, and which were never intended for more
than the taking of a people out of the world. The time
is short. The danger is urgent. The Lord is at hand!"
. It is said that about this time William Cunningham,

Esq., a Scottish layman, published twenty volumes on
prophetic and Adventual subjects that the talented Char-
;
lotte Elizabeth became an ardent advocate of the Lord's

coming and remained such until her death that Rev. John;
Cuniming, who preached the funeral sermon of Edward

Irving in 1834, though not then a premillennialist, soon
'
embraced this view, and he gave it a most notable advocacy

of which we shall soon write.
A REMARKABLE CAREER
From sketches given some years ago by Revs. P. B.
Morgan and D. T. Taylor we gather the following facts re-
garding Rev. Joseph Wolff, D.D., LL.D., who was born
in Weilersbach, near Hamburg, Bayaria, 1796. His
father was a Jewish rabbi, but he attended a Christian or
Gentile School in Halle where he was told of the true Mes-
siah. He made good progress in his studies especially in
Latin, Greek and Hebrew. His Christian leanings becom-
ing known he was persecuted and fled to Prague, Vienna,
and Presburg and returned to Vienna in great poverty.
At length he fell in with the Roman Catholics and in their
schools continued his studies, seeking light, from all whom
he thought able to give it, often with great disappointment.
After associating with college professors and cardinals, he
received a position at the Ligorian Convent, Switzerland,
where he taught the students Latin, Greek and Germany
but he persisted against great opposition, in reading the
whole Bible, and without ceasing a voice said to him, or
within him, "Leave this convent and preach the Gospel
of Christ to your brethren." In 1819 hernade his way to
London, England, was brought into touch with the London
Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews, and
entered on the study of the Oriental languages, under
Ptofessor Lee, Cambridge, and later at Stanstead. He
became a member of the Episcopal Church of England and
began as a missionary to labor and preach among the Jews
in 1821, and continued to do so until' 1844r-45, visiting
Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Crimea, the
Ottoman Empire, Arabia, the Mediterranean, Turkey, Bok-
hara, Afghanistan, Cashmeer, Hindbostan, Holland, Scot-
land, Ireland, and America, as well as other places. He
preached among the Jews, Turks, Mohammedans, Parsees,
Hindus, Chaldeans, Syrians, Sabeans, Persians, and others,
heralding to all men everywhere, Christ and His speedy,
glorious coming, and it is said that probably no one indi-
vidual has given greater publicity to the doctrine of the
second coming of the Lord Jesus Christy than did this well-
known missionary to the world. He spent his latter years
as vicar in Isle Brewers, Somersetshire, England, where he
died in 1862.
ANOTHER WITNESS
Edward Bickersteth gave up the practise of law to enter
the ministry and was given full orders in 1815, and the
same year received appointment under the church Mis-
sionary Society, and was soon chosen secreta,ry of the
same, in which ofifice he rendered able service for a long
term. He was a leader of the "Evangelicals," and one of
the founders of the Evangelical Alliance. In 1823 he is-
sued a work entitled Practical Remarks on Prophefcy, which
was A Practical Guide to the Prophecies; seven
later called
editions were published, the seventh in 1844. In his
preface to the sixth edition, issued in 1839, in which the
work was enlarged, he speaks of a "continually increasing
number of Christian ministers, through our country,"
who, "acknowledge and testify of that blessed hope, 'the
glorious appearance of the great God and our Saviour
Jesus Christ.' " He further remarks that, "to neglect
prophecy is to neglect our surest light." He was a clear,
candid and broad-minded writer, author of numerous works,
and close friend of Rev. T. R. Birks, who in 1851 issued a
two-volume Memoir oi his life and labors. Mr. Bickersteth
was a devout student of prophecy, a fervent lover of the
personal second coming of Christ and the great restitution,
of which he bore faithful and able testimony.
MORE ASSEMBLIES
The Albury Conferences were continued for several
years, and in days came the General Prophetic
later
assembly at St. George's Hall, London, in 1873 'and the
Mildmay gatherings, the Conference on the Advent held
there in 1878, being of special interest. The wide-spread
awakening that had been going on for over thirty years,
was then noted, in religious journals, and was spoken of
with words of commendation by the Messenger and Mis-
sionary Record of the Presbyterian Church of England,
and by the London Christian. But there came to be so
much extreme teaching regarding the restoration of Israel
according to the flesh, a personal infidel antichrist, and
various futuristic fancies, that the faith was made diffi-,
cult to many of more sober mind, and more careful of New

Testament order and doctrine. Yet the testimony on the
central truth, the second personal, impending Advent of
the Christ, was of great value and of international interest.
However, we cannot go into any large account of the gen-
eral premillennial movement in European countries, but
will briefly refer to a number of notable advocates, chiefly
of the historical school of interpretation.
A FAMOUS PREACHER
Dr. John Cumming was a diligent and distinguished
student of King's College and University, and was ordained
as minister of Crown Court Church by the London Pres-
bytery in 1832. When he entered this ministry the church
had a membership of a little over ninety and he was so
blessed and successful that this number was increased to
over nine hundred communicants. The decade from 1853
onward is spoken of as a period of great prosperity, when
every Sunday at both services the church was crowded to
the doors and many had to go away for lack of accommo-
dation; it was one of the largest congregations in the
metropolis. He had also' a notable reputation ar philan-
thropist and controversialist.- In his native Scotland his
name, it is said, was always associated with Dr. Guthrie
and Dr. Caird as one of their great preachers. In 1847
it was found that the church, which had already been ren-
r B!/^^.
^ffm^,,
jciHN cl^:^;lx(., d.d., f.r.s.e.

EUROPEAN WITNESSES. 545
ova ted, needed further expansion in order to accommodate

the crowds which desired the benefit of Dr. Cumming's
ministry, and while efforts to this end were in progress, steps
were taken to secure the large room in Exeter Hall for the
Sunday services; he being the first to introduce Gospel
preaching into that famous place of assembly. For over
six months he there preached and his hearers every Sunday
numbered some four thousand individuals, including many
distinguished and influential personages, among them being
the Prime Minister, Lord John Russell.
In 1834 he joined the British, later called the Protestant
Reformation Society, and for over forty years he was con-
nected with its various activities, during which time he
lectured in all the most important cities and towns of Eng-
land and Scotland he was a heroic, popular, and effective
;
opponent of the aggressions of Romanism, apd carried his

banner into the very front of the conflict.
In 1866 he was requested to preach before the Prince and
Princess of Wales who were then residing at Dunrobin
Castle; he accepted and preached in the old Cathedral of
Dornoch from 1 Cor. 7: 29-31, and the sermon was subse-
quently published under the title, "The Time is Short."
It is recorded that in 1872 Dr. Cummirtg, at the request of
the Duchess of Sutherland, had the honor of preaching be-
fore Her Majesty, the Queen, who was then visiting at
Dunrobin Castle. The occasion was most imposing, and
after the blessing was pr'onounced Her Majesty walked from
her throne chair to Dr. Cumming and said^ "I thank you
for the discourse to which I have listened with great pleas-
ure," and added, "It is just twenty-two years this month
since you preached before me at Balmoral."
During these years there .were manifold forms of ac^
tivity, very progressive in character, connected with Crown
Court Church, and Dr. Cumming was fervently preaching.
in addition to many earnest practical Gospel messages, the
great doctrine of the Second Coming and the restitution,
giving many and prophetic lectures. His
expository
teaching was largely free from Judaism and futurism and
he was in cordial correspondence with some of the Ad-
ventual leaders in America and his testimony was greatly
prized by many here. He was a voluminous author, having
published over fifty books, twenty-five pamphlets, twenty-
six sermons and addresses, besides editing numerous other
publications; his sermons and addresses were issued for
years in various current publications and many of his books
were reprinted and widely circulated in this country. He
was a noble man of God, loved and honored, especially by
those of like faith, to the end. Owing to feeble health he
resigned from Crown Court Church in 1879, and died in
the summer of 1881.
AN ABLE WRITER
On prophecy whose works have been highly valued by
those of the historical school, was Rev. T. R.
Birks, M.A.,
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Professor of Moral
Philosophy, who in 1843 published a work of over four
hundred pages entitled First Elements of Sacred Prophecy,
which was a thorough examination and defense of the year-
day theory and which in recent times was highly com-
mended by H. Grattan Guinness. In 1845 he published
another book of four hundred and fifty pages named The
Four Prophetic Empires and the Kingdom of the Messiah,
being an exposition of the two first visions of Daniel.
This was followed in 1846 by another work of nearly four
hundred pages entitled The Two Later Visions of Daniel.
These volumes are in the possession of the A. C. Publica-
tion Society of Boston, among the many rare books of the
Jbhn M. Orrock library.
BROTHERS IN FLESH AND FAITH

Both Drs. Horatius and Andrew A. Bonar, able and
learned men, bore long and fervent testimony for the per-
sonal, premillennial coming of the Lord Jesus. Soon after
Dr. David Brown's notable volume in defense of the post-
millennial theory appeared. Dr. Horatius Bonar issued an
able and comprehensive reply ientitled Coming and Kingdom
of the Lord Jesus Christ, which was issued in 1849 and was
handled by publishers in Kelso, Edinburgh, and London.
The same year he founded The Quarterly Journal of Proph-
ecy, which for many years bore weighty testimony in de-
fense of the ancient hope. He was the author of many
valuable works and famous for his hymns and poems
which have been widely circulated on both sides of the sea.
His brother, Andrew, was also the author of many works,
a commentator of some note, and among his earlier writings,
he issued in 1847, a volume named Redemption Drawing
Nigh, a Defense of Premillennialism. In a conference in
Scotland in later years he related how he and some fellow-
students consulted Dr. Chalmers with reference to Christ's
teaching on the Second Coming. "No harm to be feared
from studying that subject," Said the great professor.
"Go on, gentlemen; I am at it myself." And before his
death Dr. Chalmers placed himself with those who looked
for the premillennial advent, loved and cherished the
blessed hope.
"a cloud of witnesses"
The well-known Dean Alford, famous preacher, scholar,

critic and commentator, should be named as one of the
witnesses to this faith. He was the founder and first editor
of the Contemporary Review, 1866-1870. He was noted for
his Greek New Testament, the great work of his life, and also
for critical and exegetical volumes. It is recorded of him
that, "He was an humble Christian while enjoying a world-
wide fame," and he was very liberal in his fellowship. A
little volume is at hand The Coming Bridegroom,
entitled
published in 1871, the year of his death, by Hodder and
Stoughton, London. It is a gracious and comprehensive
sermon on the parable of the Ten Virgins. The closing
words of part first are very- appropriate for these days:
"To meet the Bridegrooms-then He is coming. Yes,
He is coming. Let it be no scom to any of us to avow
and to act on this simple belief. But there we take
. . .
our stand we know that that glorified Form of the Son of

:
mcui and the Son of God lives and upholds all thingsty the
word of His power: and is waiting to visit this earth in
His Person. We cannot say when but this touches not our
faith.
"This knowledge, this hope, we will yield for no man;
persuaded that when other knowledge fails it shall stand;
when all the rest of human hopes are disappointed, it alone
shall end in perfect fulfillment."
Reference should also be made to Canon J. C. Ryle,

later Lord Bishop of Liverpool, who for long years bore
fervent witness. His Expository Thoughts on the Gospels
were issued country by Robert Carter and Brothers,
in this
in 1866. and sermons of recent
In these, and in writings
years he gave strong witness concerning the perils of the
last days and the one great hope of the Church. He wrote
about one hundred theological tracts of which more than
two million were circulated, many having been translated
into foreign languages. The famous Rev. Chas. Haddon
Spurgeon was also a pronounced premillennialist, clearly
recognizing the last-day perils in Church and State, and,
more and more frequent testimony
in his later years, bore
to the imminent Advent of the Lord, which through the
press was carried far and wide.
Among noted English laymen who gave widespread wit-

ness we would speak of Lord Radstock, who for twenty-
fiveyârs labored as a lay evangelist of the Church of
England, both at home and abroad: Earl Shaftesbury,
who while something of a statesman and politician dis-
tinguished himself more as a leader in philanthropy and
religious work; he was president of many religious and
philanthropic societies but from the long list we name only
"The British and Foreign Bible Society:" and Henry Varley
who labored very extensively as evangelist on both sides of
the sea, was a most able and impressive preacher who loved
and taught earnestly the personal apd near-coming of Christ
as the Christian's hope. On the other hand, if one is
looking for the testimony of critical scholarship we would
refer, in addition to Dean Alford mentioned above, to
H. A. W. Meyer and his notable commentaries; Franz
Delitzsch, D.D., who contributed a valuable letter to the
Chicago Prophetic Conference in 1886; and Dr. E. B.
Pusey because' of his critical and able defense of Daniel
the Prophet (as published by Funk and Wagnalls, Londdn,
Toronto and New Yprk, 1885-1891).
A PROPHETIC LIBRARY
We close this branch of the testimony with reference to
the works of H. Grattan Guinness, D.D., Fellow of the
Royal Society, a devout and able advocate of the historical
school, decidedly opposed to many of the teachings of the
futurists and author of several weighty volumes, as follows:
The Approaching End of the Age, Viewed in the Light of
History, Prophecy and Science, prepared in 1878, a book of
seven hundred pages, the tenth edition of which was called
for and published in 1887. The latter year he issued Light
for the Last Days, a volume of some four hundred and fifty
pages, and also his lectures entitled Romanism and the
Reformation. In 1888 he published The Divine Program of
the World's History with more than four hundred and fifty
large pages The City of the Seven Hills, in 189 1 Creation Cen-
; ;
tered in 1896 (in two volumes), And later Key to the

Christ,
Apocalypse and History Unveiling Prophecy. Dr. Guinness
is a learned, clear and comprehensive writer, whose works
show great research, sobriety of thought and ardent faith

in the premillennial coming and kingdom of our Lord
Jesus, a very timely, marked and weighty contribution to
the literature on this question. From his combined sur-
vey of prophecy, history and science he bears a most con-
vincing, momentous witness to the accuracy and full
divine authority of the Word of God. He has also been a
diligent and extensive promoter of evangelism and mission-
ary effort.
There have been scores and hundreds of other witnesses
but space forbids further account and the foregoing are
cited as a few of the leaders, who, though in no wise con-
nected with the Adventists, have given an "extensive kin-
dred testimony across the sea.
They belong to the large and precious fellowship of the
primitive faith and hope, and though differing in some
points of doctrine, we cherish them as beloved brothers in
the love of our Lord's imminent, personal, glorious appear-
ing.
Having taken a view of general, undenominational move-
ments, we now turn to a brief account of a local and limited
work, which though not large is worthy, and doubtless has
the faithful care of Him who nourishes the bruised reed and
fosters the smoking flax.
ADVENT CHRISTIAN WORK

In 1843 Rev. Robert Winter, before referred to in con-
nection with the mission to England (p. 110) having re-
turned from America, visited Uckfield, Sussex, and began

to preach the second coming of Christ. It is said of him
that "he was an exceedingly able man, mighty in the
Scripture, gifted with a fine voice and all the arts that make
up a successful orator. Crowds attended his ministry
-
wherever he went and it is safe to assert that the stir made

in America by the preaching of Miller was little if any
greater than here." In December, 1845, the first Advent
Christian Church in England was established at Piltdown,
No. Uckfield, Sussex. The formal opening of the church
was on July 19, 1846, by Eld. J. V. Himes from Boston,
U. S. A. Later a few other small churches were formed,
but were short-lived owing chiefly to lack of pastoral over-
sight and leadership, also, to the crippling "influence of
Calvinism." The churchat Piltdown was later divided
over the doctrine of Conditional Immortality and a new
chapel was built in 1863-1864 for those of the latter faith
with Henry Farley as elder. He was succeeded by Henry
Warleigh, who in turn was followed by Henry Hudson,
grandfather of C. H. Hudson, our missionary to India.
In 1887 an urgent appeal from Macedonia for mission
help appeared in the World's Crisis and was commended
by some It looked like an op-
of its leading contributors.
portunity to do good work'for the Master and was responded
to J. C. Smith, M. L. Cunningham and
by Rev. and Mrs.
his Miss Alice Cunningham, who left America
sfster.
December 22, 1887. It proved to be like "a word sent into
Jacob that lighted upon Israel," for, being disappointed in
opening a work in Macedonia, they came back to England
the next year and were a blessing to the cause there. It
was during the year 1888, when Henry Hudson was in

charge, that Eld. Miles Grant first visited England and
gave encouragement to these believers. He also held
meetings in Eastbourne. This place was later, in the same
year, visited by the friends from America, who are men-
tioned above. Eld. Smith organized a church in East-
bourne and through his preaching T. P. WiUiams embraced
these truths, and, returning to his hortle in Wimbledon,
near London, aroused an interest that resulted in the or-
ganization of a church in that place by Eld. Miles Grant,
when there in 1890, and for some years Bro. Grant was a
frequent visitor. Rev. H. W. Bowman also visited these
churches in 1894. Another American friend who was
welcomed by the English brethren was Geo. W. Brown.
In the summer of 1889 Rev. S. Forsey was earnestly at
work in England scattering tracts by the thousand in vari-
ous cities and towns, and holding open-air meetings. He
was encouraged and aided in his work by Mr. Smith of
Steyning, where he held some services in the "Towers,"
and especially by Rev. and Mrs. Kellaway at Weymouth,
, where he found a small band of earnest workers. While
staying at Weymouth he visited sixteen towns and vill?iges
with tracts; of which he had received twenty thousand
since leaving his home in Eastbourne some weeks before.
Eld. Forsey was a diligent worker for a number of years,
and at times was aided by the American Advent Mission
'
Society. Later he removed to the United States and has

rendered earnest service on the Fcicific Coast.
A conference of the churches was formed in 1898 and
continued a few years, when it was re-organized in 1906
as "The Association of Second Advent Christians."
In 1907 J. Comley Page reported in the World's Crisis
a conference session of these churches, as just ended; "two
truly happy days were closed with a delightful meeting
of praise and testimony." He also spoke of the new house
of worship at Wimbledon, "a substantial brick edifice,"
but failed to add that.it was largely due to his interest
and generosity that the lot and building were secured.
We have kind and helpful letters from Bren. Charles

Dawes, and S. H. Shury, and here we quote from the latter,
as follows:
"In 1911 Rev. G. F. Haines, president of the Advent

Christian Publication Society, visited England, and spent
several weeks at Winibledon, to the great benefit of the
church. His visit coincided with the annual conference
at which greetings were interchanged with the church in
America, and he was appointed as an Honorary vice-
president of the Association and its representative in the
United States. Though the results of his work were not
immediately apparent, after his departure ten baptisms
took place in the space of two months."
According to report in 1913 the Association, which was

then entering upon its eighth year, had seventy-three
members upon its roll. Delegations therefrom visit each
of the churches upon stated occasions and these sessions
are very helpful and encouraging to the local members and
friends. It was also proposed that a home missionary be
supported by the Association to labor in the interests of
the faith.
The report of the Advent Christian Manual oi 1916 gives
five affiliated churches with one hundred and eighty-one
members. There has been little growth in numbers in
recent years as the policy has been not to proselyte from
other denominations, but to instil the Adventist doctrines
into their churches as much as possible, and this is so suc-
cessful that several evangelical churches are honeycombed
with these Scriptural truths, but the believers do not care
to come out and ally themselves with the weak churches.
In 1917 the annual session of the Association convened
at Wimbledon. Those who attended reported "much
encouragement and blessing." The chairman of the meet-
ingwas Mr. E. W. Gadd, and addresses were given by A.
Dallaway, S. W. Blackwell, Mr. Willing, J. Garratt, A. J.
Mills, and J. Comley Page. A special feature of this
meeting was the gathering of the children with addresses
for their interest and instruction.
There are pleasant fraternal relations between the A.
C. Church at Wimbledon and those of other denominations
because of the common faith. It is felt that an able
preacher and pastor might readily gather a large following
here,, and that if the A. C. Churches could have suitable
pastoral leadership there would be early and large results,
especially if the winning of the unsaved was made the
leading feature of the work.
Bren. Charles Dawes, E. W. Gadd, S. H. Shury and
others, who have served as elders of the churches while
daily engaged in manual labor, and Bro. J. Comley Page
who has so kindly assisted the cause, deserve very grateful
appreciation.
GENERAL. WITNESSES FOR CONDITIONAL IMMORTALITY
We begin this sketch regarding the above question by an

extract from a letter of Dr. Alexander Vinet, the eminent
Swiss Professor of Practical Theology at Lausanne, who
died at Clarens in 1847. In his correspondence published
in 1882, the following letter addressed to an inquiring lady
appears:
"To tell you the truth. Madam, the lights which are
derived from nature on the 'inimortality of the soul' are
woefully lacking in the power either to console or to fortify;
and all that the ancients knew about it amounted to a
very small matter, and of little comfort. Moreover, it
is not the 'immortality of the soul' that I believe in, it is
the immortality of the man, who is both soul and body in
one, complete and mingled. That is to say, I hold with
St. Paul the resurrection of the body which is a dogma far
more rational than the other. I equally believe, at least.
:

there is no proof to the contrary, that God can dissipate
this breath ,_ efface this personahty, and destroy this ego
or composition of soul and body, if indeed it be a compo-
sition. For this article of my
faith, as for all the rest, I
require that God should manifest himself in flesh."i He
further testifies that it was only in the revelation of Jesus
Christ that he found "a firm hope which gives life, impulse,
support and power."
We must allude to the eminent theologian, Richard

Rothe, who was recognized at once as a profound thinker,
a veritable, philosopher and a humble Christian. Like
Vinet, he said:
"I fciôw
NO OTHER FIRM GROUND
on which I could anchor my
whole being and, particu-
larly, myspeculations, except that historical phenomenon,
Jesus Christ. He is to me, the highest Being known
. . .
to man, and a sun-rising in history whence has come the

light by which we see the world."
Concerning the end of the wicked he said
"No conceivable reason can be given why the hopelessly
wicked should be kept in being: the notion that their end-
less suffering is required as a warning is groundless. . . .
The only satisfactory solution of the problem is found in

the supposition of a "gradual wearing out and extinction
of their being."
DEVOTED ADVOCATES
It is recorded that
. Rev. Edward White was born in
England in 1819,and studied at Glasgow University.
Early in his Gospel work he was, as he believed, Provi-
dentially led to the faith of immortality as the gift of God
in Christ and in 1846 ventured to publish a small volume
in advocacy of that view. After years of further study he
'A similar translation is given in Problem of Immortality, p. 420.

—

issued his excellent book called Lije in Christ in 1875, and
a third edition, revised and enlarged, early in 1878. And
a French translation, the work of Rev. Charles Byse, was
also published at Geneva in 1880. Through his books,
press writings and by able preaching he bore a most ef-
fective witness for the faith and though severely Nperse-
cuted at first, later became highly respected and honored
by those who were fair-minded and truly Christian in spirit.
His influence was decidedly felt in this country. It is
said that The Christian Union, the predecessor of the Out-
look, named him as the ablest expounder of the doctrine of
Conditional Immortality. He was for a season chairman
of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, and
in the eighties professor of homiletics in New College,
London.
Another worthy champion of the cause was Dr. Emmanuel
Petavel of Geneva, Switzerland. He was the son of an
eminent and influential leader in evangelical religion in
his country. The text for his first sermon was given to
him by the president of his theological college, and it
prompted him to that research which led him into the Con-
ditional faith. Beginning with one or two small books on
this line he later prepared his large work of six hundred
pages which was published in French in two volumes in
1890-1891, while its English translation, the work of
Fred'k A. Freer, was published in London in 1892. This
is a very learned, comprehensive book, a worthy companion
and supplement of the volumes by Dr. White, and Debt

and Grace by the late Prof. Hudson. In his books, in lec-
tures,, sermons, and abundant writings Dr. Petavel has
rendered conspicuous and inestimable service to the Scrip-
ture doctrine of the Life Eternal and in this he gave his
fortune and the strength of his life a. living sacrifice indeed.
Prof. White referring to Dr. Petavel, in a convention said
KDWAKU WHITE G. i; STOKES
WILLIAM I.EASK
,,;,„. 1^
J, COMLEV PAGE
of him, "He a scholar and gentleman worthy of high
is
respect, whom I greatly esteem." His writings

and one
on the origin, nature and end of evil, on the atonement,
as well as on immortality, are exceptionally profound,
reasonable and Scriptural.
Again we note the testiinony of Rev, Henry Constable,
A.M., an able divine, ait one time chaplain to the City of
London Hospital, and Prebendary of Cork, whose effective
volume Duration and Nature of Future Punishment, was in
its fourth edition in the early seventies, and it was some
years prior to this that he first brought the question before

the public. Since we have i-eferred to him on pp. 155 and
169, and he has been so well known, we pass with but a
word concerning his earnest testimony and able writings
which were widely read both in Europe and America.
DILIGENT SERVICE
Dr. Wm. Leask, in spite of a childhood of poverty and

by diligence of study secured
limited ediicational privileges,
a rich fund of critical cuid general knowledge. He was
ordained in 1839 and for years gave fruitful pastoral serv-
ice among English Congregationalists. He was the
author of many works that were highly appreciated arid
cordiallycommended and it was said that "His name be-
came well known to a large number of the reading Christian
public both of Great Britain and America." He early
wrote two works in advocacy of the Lord's soon coming
entitled, Royal Rights of the Lord Jesus, and Happy Years
at Hand, which were the means of directing many minds
to the faith of His coming. In 1864 he began the publica-
tion of The Rainbow, as a monthly magazine of forty-eight
pages, which was especially devoted to "The Revealed
Future of the Church and the World;" a periodical which
was ably conducted, chiefly for some years in the interests
of the coming of Christ. About 1866 or soon after, by
careful Bible study he was led to revise his faith on the
Immortality question and to accept and faithfully advo-
cate the Conditional view, though he suffered considerable
persecution for his new teaching. Many so-called friends
in his church and among his subscribers left him, he was
—
called an infidel and a fallen star ^but in his strait he clung
to God, prayer, and the truth. In due tinie some returned
to his helpand the Lord raised up new friends, some strong
men rallied to his assistanceand The Rainbow was contin-
ued until 1884, when Dr. Leaskdied and the paper did not
much longer survive. In his later labors he was minister
of Maberly Chapel, London. His death was deeply re-
gretted and felt to be a great loss.
OTHER WITNESSES
There was also considerable advocacy of this faith in
Scotleind conducted, so far as we learn, chiefly by M. W.
Strang of Glasgow, editor of the Messenger, which was a
monthly magazine devoted to the return of the Lord and
the hope of eternal life. Mr. Strang was thoroughly
educated for the ministry and was really an able preacher
of the Gospel, but refusing to accept the Platonic philos-
ophy which underlay the creed of the Scotch Presbyterian
Church he found himself precluded from its ministry, but
nevertheless gave himself heartily to the work of the
Gospel and the promotion of the truth as it was given to
him to see it. He contributed an able article to the Sym-
posium which was included in Rev. J. H. Pettingell's large
work, The Life Everlasting, under the topic, "Despoiled
Through Philosophy." He is said to have written many
valuable articles in support of the truth. He was ably
assisted by Mr. Wm. Laing one of the veteran leaders in
the cause in Scotland, who also wrote numerous tracts
;

and papers on the question of Conditional Immortality.
He refers to W. G. Moncrieff, pastor of an independent
church at Musselburgh who was led into the faith about
1848 and became an earnest advocate of the same, both as
preacher and author. In 1852 he removed to Edinburgh,
where he gave public lectures and began to publish in sup-
port of the faith. He soon removed to Canada, but the
seed sown by him and others continued to bear fruit. In
1882 The Messenger was prospering, increasing in circula-
tion, had been enlarged and still further enlargement was
contemplated. It was said at this time that The Rainbow
and The Bible Standard were read by many in Scotland.
Also Rev. M. Macrae, who had been brought under trial
and condemnation for heresy on this question about 1880,
was at once invited to take charge of an independent church
at Dundee and there he had great success, having a church
with an enroUefd membership of nearly fourteen hundred and
still increasing. While many in Scotch pulpits had fallen
out with the doctrine of eternal misery yet there was an
almost unbroken silence regarding Conditional Immor-
tality and a strong leaning toward restorationism. More
recent reports indicate that there are still some workers
in Scotland seeking to promote the truth of life in Christ.
IN ANOTHER FifiLD
Testimony was given to this faith by Rev. Charles Byse,

called a learned French linguist, who was born in Switzer-
land, educated at Lausanne, was for a time minister of
the Free Chiirch at Paris and other cities and later pastor
of the Free Evangelical Church in Brussels, Belgium.
He Mr. Charles Lambert of Paris, a deep and
also speaks of
original thinker, who was a strenuous advocate of the faith
also the philosopher Mr. Charles Renouvier who is greatly
pleased with the faith, thinking it "a doctrine of liberty and
a common ground on which theology and' philosophy, these
two sisters so long at enmity, may
be ultimately recon-
ciled." He also speaks of Cesar Malan
of Geneva, a son
of the celebrated Dr. Malan, as one of the^ foremost de-
fenders of immortality through faith in Jesus. He found
the opposition very strong in several places, expecially in
Belgium; nevertheless they were of good cheer. The
publication of Edward White's Life in \Christ in French
proved an event that awakened a deep interest. The
writings of Mr. Byse are recognized at length by Dr. Pe-
tavel, who esteemed him an able co-laborer.
ONE OF THE MOST NOTABLE TESTIMONIES

ever given against soul -immortality and in favor of life in
Christ was that of the late Honorable Wm. E. Gladstone,

"the grand old man" who was widely known as "the great-
est living Edglishmcln," He was called by a writer in
The Westminster Review in 1898, "The greatest parliamen-
tary leader and debater that any country has yet pro-
duced." But notwithstanding his greatness as a statesman
and an orator he was also a theologian of high order. John
Philo Trowbridge, writing of his life and work, says, "He
held fast to his belief in God as the Ruler of nations, and
he acknowledged Christ; as the Son of God and Saviour of
the world. A large proportion of all his publications are
devoted to religious topics, and he never touched a topic
that he did not enrich and elucidate it by the use of his
pen."
In 1896 Mr. Gladstone published a work of three hundred
and seventy pages entitled. Studies Subsidiary to the Works
of Bishop Butler. Some chapters of this volume relating
to a future life were previously published in magazine form
in both England and America. On this subject he declares
that the natural immortality of the soul is not taught in
HON. \VM. E. GLADSTONE
Holy Scripture, that was never affirmed by the councils
it
of the undivided church, and that it came into the church
from the Platonists just when the coming of Christ was
being denied or began to be lost sight of (about the time of
Origen), and came in as a substitute, for the true doctrine
of the resurrection. He was
deeply convinced that the
immortality of the soul was a source of grave error in the
church and should be displaced by the Gospel doctrine of
the resurrection and the life eternal through Jesus Christ.
All of this faith should be grateful to have such a weighty
testimony given in its behalf.
Record should be made here of the teaching of Joseph
Agar Beet, D.D., a theologian and scholar of high rank
whose work, The Immortality of the Soul: A Protest, ap-
peared in 1901. In this volume he enters a protest indeed
against the popular teaching of natural immortality,
classing as Grecian a;nd heatherv, rather than Christian
it
and Scriptural. On page thirty-six he says: "We have now

seen that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, i.e.,
the essential and endless permanence of all human sou1s,j

so prominent in the teaching of Plato, has no place in the
teaching of Christ and His apostles. ... To appeal now
to the immortality. of the soul in support of the Christian
hope, is to illumine the light of the Gospel with the dini
torch of Greek philosophy." This work aroused great
interest and must have been the means of leading many
to look to Christ alone as the source of life and immortality.
A valued helper in this faith was Frederick A. Freer,
author of Edward White, His Life and Work, also translator
of the Problem of Immortality into English who in addition ;
to his other writings prepared a brief but very able

work which was published by "The Faith" press in 1906,
entitled, To Live or Not to Live?:a popular discussion of the
conditions of human, immortality. He considered the
subject from the scientific, philosophic and Scriptural
viewpoints, and argued earnestly for the advantages of
Conditionalism.
A work has been conducted for many years in
fruitful
New Zealand by Rev. Geo. Aldridge who has for yeiars
ably and successfully promoted Life and Advent truths,
editing at Auckland, a twenty-page monthly. The Bible
Standard, and also preaching the faith.
ASSOCIATION AND MISSION
In May, 1876, a Conditional Immortality Conference,

said to be the first of the kind, was held in Cannon Street
Hotel, London, purpose being to "frateriiize one with
its
another, and to giste a distinct and emphatic testimony

that the Lord Jesus is the only hope of a vital and conscious,
as well as a holy and 'happy eternity." The venerable
General Goodwyn, who had spent some thirty or forty
years of his life among the "heathen" in mission lands, was
chairman. Forty-one names of those attending were
—
given ând "many others" were said to have been present.
Among those mentioned we note the familiar names:
Samuel Minton, M.A., Henry Constable, M.A., Edward
White, Wm. Leask, D.D., J. B. Heard, B.A., and W.
Kellaway. It appears that prepared addresses were given
by Messrs. Minton, Leask and White, while Mr. Con-
stable, Heard and others spoke- in the open discussion.
Prof. Stokes, Mr. Dale, Prof. Barlow, Mr. Heard, Dr.
Petavel, the late Dr. Rothe and Prof. Hudson were referred
to by Mr. White as able advocates of this faith. Rev.
Minton gave a strong address on the "Main Position."
Dr. Leask spoke on "Life in Christ and Christian Mis-
sions." Rev. White, on "The Conduct of the Religious
Press in Relation to the Subject of Conditional Immor-
tality," referring especially to the difficulties of adequate
publicity. According to Mr. Heafd, Archbishop Whately,

whom he knew intimately for many years and this was
one of the happiest memories of his life, was the author of
—
a book entitled Sermons by a Country Parson being dis-
courses which the Reverend Bishop delivered to his con-
gregation at Hadleigh, in SuflFolk, and they advocated
precisely the views of Conditional Immortality. He re-
gretted that Mr. Whately did not put his name to them,
that he seemed to fail of quite the courage to do it. Mr.
Heard felt it duty to speak out freely. Dr. Leask said that
a full report would be published in pamphlet by W. Kella-
way & Co., a report would also appear in the Christian
World and in The Rainbow. Mr. Kellaway stated that
about one hundred works bearing on the truth of im-
mortality through Christ, from tract to volume, had been
issued from his repository within the last three years,
amounting to about twenty-five mfllion pages, and this
matter had been distributed to thoughtful men, much of
it to ministers, and large fruit therefrom was expected to
appear in due time. The conference was a season of great

interest, and an occasion of the most cordial fellowship
and unity.
The Bible Echo, published by Kellaway & Co., was a
monthly magazine of Christian literature especially de-
voted to immortality and the coming kingdom, was con-
tinued through the fourth volume and was then, in 1876,
discontinued from lack of support. But there was such a
protest against its being abandoned and so many pledged
support and urged its continuance that its issue was re-
sumed again in the spring of 1877 as a Quarterly. How
long it was thus continued the writer is not able to state.
Growing out of previous activities and the vigorous
advocacy of The Rainbow there was formed in Mint Lane
Baptist Chapel, Lincoln, in 1878, a Conditional Immor-
tality Association, the object being "To disseminate Bib-
lical truths, especially the truth of life and immortality
through Christ alone; to proclaim the literal resurrection
of the dead; the final destruction of the wicked; the second
coming of Christ and His personal reign on eatth." At
the Conference held in London in 1879, some of the speakers
were Rev. Dr. W, Leask, the Rev. Henry Constable, the
Rev. Thomas Vasey, Messrs. W. Laing, Edinburgh, James
Waylen, R. J. Hammond, George A. Brown, H. B. Murray,
and Major-General Armstrong.
At the gathering in 1887 it was thought best to change
the word "Association" to "Mission" and since then it
has been known as the "Cbnditional Immortality Mission."
Mr. Cyrus E. Brooks, who for' a long time was an official
of the mission and "rendered a distinct service to the cause,"
was also for many years editor of a periodical, called The
Faith, published ractensively and maintained a headquar-
ters for Conditional Immortality literature. The organ
of the Mission is a monthly magazine called Words of Life
and the issue of September, 1917, Vol. 21, No. 9, contained
a historical sketch by Andrew S. Cunningham from which
we have obtained the foregoing items regarding the
Association and Mission. While many of the early mem-
bers have finished their labors, a goodly number of others
have arisen who are interested to continue the advocacy of
the truth.
As in the section regarding the coming of the Lord we
have been able to cite but a few of the large number who
have borne witness in favor of the Scripture doctrine of
life eternal through the great redemption. The names of
many other learned advocates, as well as those of
worthy believers less widely known, could be given
did space allow. We trust the testimony cited will
remove prejudice, promote faith and commend the truth.
,
CHAPTER XVIII
THE WIDE EXTENT AND SALUTARY RESULTS OF THE

TEACHING
CONCERNING the wide dissemination of Adventual

teaching we can add butlittle more than a summary
of accounts already given. Those who have followed the

narrative of preceding chapters and have noted the exten-
sive labors of William Miller and his co-workers; their
various and vigorous use of the press; the general circula-
tion of numerous publications; the early and later dis-
tribution of literature in nearly all parts of the earth;
the extension of the cause in this country from the East
to the West, the Pacific Coast and the South the tours of
;
leading workers to and in other countries; the sending forth

of missionaries to several foreign lands with the growing
service therein, have good evidence that the work was not
"done in a corner" or confined thereto.
EARLY PROGRESS
Dr. H. K. Carroll, writing of the Adventists some years
ago and speaking of Mr. Miller's work, said:
"He made many converts to his views, both among
ministers and laymen of the Baptist, Christian, Methodist,
and other denominations, and the new doctrine was widely
proclaimed."
And he might well have added that he gained many

converts from the ranks of infidelity and sin.
Mary D. Wellcome, a gifted writer of the early days,
said in 1854:
"This grand and deeply interesting subject (the coming
of Christ near at hand) is far frorri being confined to a small
class in the United States well known by the epithet of
'Millerites.' There are multitudes in other lands, who are
confidently looking for the second coming of Christ about
this time," and, "it has become a doctrine of interest, in-
vestigation and belief to many learned men."
In 1862 a conspicuous leader among this people, then on

a tour of the West and writing from Wisconsin, in giving
a brief summary of his labors for the past year said: "The
Advent cause is advancing. The important works of Dr.
Cumming have given the cry, 'Behold He cometh,' a
world-wide circulation. Large numbers of others on both
sides of the Atlantic, have also published their faith of the
coming kingdom at hand."
Rev. D. T. Taylor, writing about 1861 said:
"No less than sixteen different prophetical sheets have
been started within the past quarter of a century, in ad-
vocacy of the premillennial and speedy coming of Christ,
whose period of existence has varied from one to twenty
years. Eight or nine are still published, whose average
weekly, monthly, and quarterly issues form a circulation
of about twenty thousand copies. It is computed that
since the year 1834, the number of Adventist and prophet-
ical sheets published and circulated in America is not less
than fifteen millions; probably double this amount."
After further research and writing near the close of 1877
after referring to other publications that had been started
and were published for a longer or shorter time he said:
"Probably forty million copies of these monthlies, week-
lies and quarterlies have been scattered all over the world."
LATER ESTIMATES
In 1860 Eld. Taylor made the first census ever taken of
the ministry of the American Adventists, and at that date,
RESULTS OF THE TEACHING 567
the count was five hundred and eighty-four preachers of
all branches. But
1890 in making a careful census of
in
the Adventist denomination for Dr. H. K. Carroll, ordered
by the United States Government, he found that the total
ministry of the Advent Christians alone numbered eight
hundred and ninety-five, - with churches in forty States
(also in Canada; and the Provinces) and that the total
Adventist ministry could not be less than fifteen hundred.
Mr. Taylor said:
"That all Adventists, if not exactly premillehnial, still

shut out post-millennialism. A few make little or nothing
of the thousand years, but all earnestly preach Christ's
second coming. Many ministers in other denominations
are preaching the same, and the warning waxes loud, and
spreads wide."
Dr. Carroll presenting, about that time, a summary of

by States and conferences, gave total estimates
statistics
as follows:
"Number of Advent Christian organizations, 580;
number of church edifices, 294; seating capafcity, 80,286;
number of communicants, 25,816. The number of com-
municants connected with the Evangelical Adventists,
1,147; of Seventh Day Adventists, 28,991; Life and Ad-
vent Union, 1,018. He also classed as under the general
name of Adventists, the Church of God, a branch of the
Seventh Day Adventists, communicants, 647 and Churches
;
of God in Christ Jesus (known as Age- to-Come Adventists),

2,872. In a summary of all Adventists, the number of
communicants is given as 60,491. Value of church prop-
erty, $1,236,345."
In the report of religious bodies in the United States

given in the Christian Herald Almanac in 1914, apparently
gathered from the census of, 1910, "the Advent Christians"
were credited with 528 ministers, 550 churches, and 26,-
799 communicants; and it was added: "This body carries
on a considerable work in foreign missions." It seems
that this report concerning the number must
of ministers
be quite deficient — more than
probaibly including but few
the settled pastors. According to statistics gathered by
Rev. E. Z. Ellis for the ^4. C. Manual of 1916 the number of
ordained ministers reported by conferences was 602.
Ministers not reported, 49, licensed ministers reported
by conferences 177 — total 828. Number of churches re-
ported 617. Number of church members reported 30,316.
This movement has never met with general popular
favor and has no large numbers to boast of, but the size
of the denomination is
NO INDICATION BY WHICH TO JUDGE

the extent of its influence or the acceptance of its doctrines.
Who would think of trying to measure the influence of the
Greek language and literature, or that of the Hebrew na-
tion, by the numbers of those ancient peoples or the size
of their lands? Small bodies sometimes set in motion forces
that extend far and wide, like ripples and waves of lakes
and seas. It is well known that there are large numbers in
various evangelical churches in all the cities where the
faith is maintained (and the same is doubtless true in many
other places), who remain in those churches under other
teaching with their lights under the forbidden "bushel,"
instead of giving the truth they confessedly accept, the bene-
fit of open and definite support. It is only those who have
a deep sense of the importance of these truths, and a hearty
conviction of the duty to maintain and disseminate what
they believe, that identify themselves with and loyally
serve the Adventist cause. Multitudes receiving this faith
have been put to sleep in varipus churches by the popular
and oft-repeated saying that "it makes no difference what
you believe," though this is an utterly false and misleading
:

claim judged in the light of New Testament instruction
and the history of the opposite results of truth and error.
Besides great tides of opposing influence have been met and
DIFFICULTIES CONFRONTED
which were well stated (we judge about 1885) by one

who was in the front of the battle; and was always kind
in spirit and liberal in fellowship, Rev. D. T. Taylor, who
wrote
"It is true, and sadly so, that thousands in the denoinina-
tions do not believe these things; and the following are
among the reasons: (1) The general worldliness, irreligion
and apostasy that prevails; (2) unread, and unstudied
ignorance of Biblical truth; (3) wrong and pernicious
methods of Biblical interpretation; (4) popular prejudice
and dislike of any view of a nearing judgment day and
coming wrath (5) because the popular churches have fallen
;
in love with death, and put reward there that belongs

solely to the advent and resurrection era. Nevertheless,
the great doctrine has and will ever have a warm hold on
the hearts of the true lovers of Jesus. During the past
forty years it has obtained a place in tens of thousands of
hearts, and there are lovers of His appearing and ex-
pectants of speedy redemption in all the world. By books,
pamphlets, tracts, and papers, as well as by the living voice,
the blessed doctrine is everywhere proclaimed."
Another hindrance that may be recorded, specially

active in recent years, is that religious philosophy of evo-
lution, according to which the goal of the church in this
age is to be reached by a spiritual process of development
and wholly without the personal Advent of the Christ,
and which denies entirely that He will ever come in any
personal, visible, bodily manner. This is nearly or quite
the view taken by Dr. Horace Bushnell in Hartford, Conn.,
about 1850, as the ground on which to oppose the advanc-
ing tide of Adventist teaching. If we mistake not
. this
.

effort to dissipate the doctrine of the second coming of
Christ nearly cost the doctor a vote of censure in the general
Congregational Association of Connecticut. But it is a
convenient and logical position for those who disregard
the plain promise of the personal advent and who take their
doctrine from philosophy instead of Revelation, and it
has now become quite general and popular.
And yet another difficulty is the fact that multitudes
still cling to the heathen speculation of universal soul-
immortality, in spite of its evil history as a source of error
and schism in the church, to frown upon
and continue all
who advocate Endless Life only through the Divine re-

demption. Notwithstanding this opposition
LARGE NUMBERS HAVE ANSWERED THE CALL

of truth on both lines, and have fearlessly given life,
strength, and means to the support of "the faith which was

once for all delivered unto the saints."
We cannot trace all the connections between the Advent

Christian cause and its co-workers, and the various kindred
movements in this and other countries, but we cite a few
illuminating examples, suggestive we believe .of many
-
similar instances. Rev. H. Dana Ward, one of the early,

strong, able advocates of this faith (see p. 70), though never
connected with the denominational work, gave a series of
lectures on prophecy in Freeman Place Chapel, under the
auspices of the Old South Church, Boston, in 1869. From
a very interesting report of his last discourse it appears
that Dr. Blagden, senior pastor of the Old South Church,
opened the service by Scripture reading and prayer, and
the topic of Eld. Ward's lecture was, "The New Heaven
and New Earth." In the discourse he spoke at length of
the resurrection, the restoration and the kingdom of God on
earth. He was one of the signers of the call for the noted
Prophetic Conference, held in the Church of the Holy

Trinity,New York City in 1878, later erroneously called
by its secretary the first Bible and Prophetic Conference
held in America. (The first was held in Boston, 1840, of
which Mr. Ward was himself chairman). In his long min-
istry in the Episcopal Church he must have interested many
others in the faith -y^rhich he ably and earnestly advocated.
EXTENDING LINES
We learn that Wm. Kellaway was a member of the
Massachusetts A. C. Conference in 1872. We next note
that he was in the midst of publication activities in England,
as told in the preceding chapter, and a co-worker with Dr.
Wm. Leask in promoting the interests of the Conditional
Immortality Conference of 1876. In Mr. Cunningham's
historical sketch of last year concerning the Association
and Mission he is spoken of as one who "did excellent serv-
ice as editor of the Bible Echo." For years he helped to
spread the truth abroad. Capt. James Spence is another
name on the roll of honor in said historical report, whose
entrance to the faith in India, and his life of service, are
mentioned in the Mission chapters. His efforts to extend
the faith were constant and long continued, and he had
wide opportunities.
The above Conditional Immortality Mission has exerted
a very wide influence both by the ability and scholarship
of its leading representatives, and by its repeated assem-
blies and reports of the same. When it was first formed
it was decided to make the annual conference a movable
one; this plan has been followed through the years and
said sessions have been held in Lincoln, London and sub-
urbs, Liverpool, Bradford, Salisbury, Eastbourne, Glasgow,
Edinburg, Birmingham, Dartmouth, Bacup, Brighton,
Gravesend, Nottingham, Keswick, Huddersfield, Leeds,
Dunfermline, Wolverhampton, Bournemouth, Preston,
and the Mission has over forty agencies in different parts,
including those at home and abroad.
Everybody has known of the remarkable career of Dwight
L. Moody, and the wonder of it grows with passing years.
Think of the results of his wide-spread evcuigelism; his
foresight and the fruitfulness of his work as seen in the
Northfield meetings, the Mount Hermon schools, the Bible
Institutes, and the Student Volunteer Movement ^mar- —
velous sequences of a humble, consecrated life. But he
confessed that his faith in the coming of the Lord, which
he so widely preached, was one of his chief inspirations to
service. He was a very warm friend of Rev. H. L. Hast-
ings (who was often one of his chosen conference speakers),
and his publications, and he had a beloved sister who was
—
a member of the ,A. C. Church Mrs. Dr. Walker of
Worcester, Mass. There are those who believe these
things indicate, in some measure at least, the means by
which he was led to love and'preach this truth.
The late Rev. A. J. Gordon, D.D., for over twenty years
the beloved pastor of the Clarendon Street Baptist Church,
Boston, was a rare preacher, and excellent author of most
helpful books, among the number Ecce Venit —Behold He
Cometh. He was -intensely interested in missions as those
familiar with the Gordon Training School well know.
He wrote preached and practised, and led his church
of,
to practise, the spiritual life; deeply loved and earnestly

preached the coming of the Lord, and was reported, by
those who ought to know, to be a Condi tionalist at heart..
His life was one of power, of extensive, lasting influence
and gracious memory. Whence his leaning to these great
truths? Doubtless in part because he had a brother in
the flesh who was an earnest Adventist believer.
These instances are lines of light whose full scintillations
we cannot trace— ^but they, with other portions of the nar-
rative, indicate that by various means and agencies the
influence of the Adventist movement has gone far and
wide. At a morning session of the Massachusetts Con-
ference some years ago^ held in inclement weather and with
rather a small attendance, some of the brethren who
seemingly took comfort in thinking that the cause was
unpopular and of small extent were so speaking, when a
minister of another denomination arose and expressed sur-
prise at the remarks he had heard, bade them be of good
cheer, and said: "Brethren, you have spread your doctrine
through all Christendom."
The foregoing chapters of history furnish no small evi-
dence that God by His Providence has been working
jointly through the Miller and Advent movement and
through American and English conferences of notable
divines of the evangelical churches, so called, and through
other able witnesses leaning more closely to Adventist
views, to give the glad tidings of the Coming One, and the
solemn judgment warning to all the church and to all the
world. The same is true regarding the cumulative testi-
mony on the question of inunortality and destiny. And it
is surely incumbent on all who have the stewardship of

these doctrines to be true and faithful, as those who shall
give account to the God of all truth.
Especially have the Adventist people, whose work has
been so plainly marked by Divine call and leading, with
their organized agencies, a notable qpportjunity to unitedly
and diligently support and more largely disseminate these
truths.
SALUTARY RESULTS
Considerable has already been written regarding the
conditions under which the Adventist testimony began,
showing the need of and something of the service rendered
by the prophetic message given (p. 86), and also the need
and providential appearance of the revived doctrine of
immortality in Christ only (pp. 134r-136, 178, 179). It
is difificult for those who have recently come into the faith,
and especially so for those born in it, to realize how greatly

this teaching was needed, how opportune its coming was,
and the relief, inspiration and comfort it afforded to those
who early received and advocated it. Especially is this
true regarding Conditionalism. It was like the freedom
and blessing that came to multitudes through the teaching
of free grace and free will, as set over against Calvinism
with its extreme, exclusive doctrine of election and repro-
bation. A careful reading of Rev. Edward White's two
anniversary discourses, given in 1882, and published in
this country by Eld. I. C. Wellcome, entitled, "The End-
less Life," or a study of Dr. Petavel's Problem of Immor-
tatity, will go far to make one realize the true state of the
case. A careful recognition of the present prevalence of

Universalism, in one form or another both in and out of
the church, on one hand, and on the other, of some of the
rabid teachings regarding "hell," as given out by certain
popular evangelists to-day, would help us to sense the need
both of the early and of the present teaching of the true
Scripture faith.
Those who preached the doctrine of the imminent com-
ing of Christ were charged with "cutting the nerve of mission
interest" and hence hindering the work of the church.
This was proven untrue by the large and ceaseless labors
of those who for years were engaged in promoting the
cause, saving souls, and maintaining a wide-spread evan-
gelism. Any lack of zeal shown among this people has
arisen from a perverted or half-hearted view of truth, and
• RESULTS OF THE TEACHING 575
not from a sincere, well-balanced faith in the doctrine.

Its normal effect is greatly
QUICKENED INTEREST AND SERVICE

It is cited for that very purpose in manifold Scripture ex-
hortations. It was
this hope which thrilled the martyr
church with dauntless courage and enabled them to go
forth far into the darkness of paganism with the glad tidings
of salvation, and kept them faithful unto death. It was
this faith that gave us the marvelous example of Moravian
mission zeal and sacrifice. Rev. Dr. E. R. Craven said
in 1878:
"This was the hope that inspired Heber, the great mis-
sionary bishop of the English Church, who gave us that
glorious missionary hymn: 'From Greenland's Icy Moun-
tains,' and who spent his strength and rested from his
labors on 'India's coral strand.' This was the hope that
energized Gutzlaff, the opener of China, and Bettleheim,
the opener of Japan. This was the hope that inspired and
cheered and overjoyed McCheynte and our own noble
Poor, and Lowrie, and Rankin, and Lowenthal, and hosts
of others whom time would fail me to mention."^
George Muller wrote that:

"Ever since 1829 the certainty of the return of the Lord
Jesus has been a stimulus for good to my soul, quickening
me to exertion."
Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon said, earnestly:
"Brethren, we must preach the coming of the Lord,

and preach somewhat more than we have done, because
it
it is the divine power of the Gospel. For many have kept
back these truths, and thus the bone has been taken out
of the arm of the Gospel, its joint has been broken, its edge
blunted."
^Premillennial Essays, p. 468.

576 ADVENT CHRISTIAN HISTORY,
D. L. Moody said:
"For my
part, I have done three times as much work
since I saw this doctrine. I never met with anything be-
fore that so stimulated me to work."
As further showing its quickening effect a worthy writer

said some years. ago:
"No men on earth are doing so much to fit workers for

evangelical and missionary operations as J. Hudson Taylor
of China, Guinness and MuUer of England, and Moody
and Pierson of our country. Already have these rapidly
accelerated all Gospel enterprise everywhere. And all
these teach their pupils to look for the premillennial return
•of the Saviour and to love His appearing."
A word should here be said concerning the
BLESSING OF THE LIGHT OF PROPHECY
especially in its present development. While there have

been among this people some differing viewson the details
of prophecy yet there has been unity in its general inter-
pretation —a strong testimony and warning has been given
to the church and to the world. The converging lines of
prophecy have been noted, the fulfillment of the signs have
been recorded and testified. Thus in the dark days of
1914-1918 with the unprecedented world war on, they
have -taken heed according to St. Peter's exhortation (2
—
Peter 1 19), to the word of prophecy already made more
:
sure by manifold fulfillments, as to a "light shining in a

dark place," and they have found that prophetic Word,
not as some have been said to think, "a darkness in a light
—
place" ^but indeed as a lamp shedding much neieded light in
the midst of world darkness and consternation. They
have thus been instructed, confirmed in faith and comforted
while watching more intently than ever for His coming
Who has promised to bring eternal life, righteousness and

peace.
PERILS ENCOUNTERED
In order to set forth clearly the advantages of Condi-

tional Immortality teaching it is well to note some of the
perils which the Platonic philosophy of natural, universal,
immortality brought to the church and from which Con-
ditionalism gives deliverance, but we can tarry only to
name them: 1. The peril df Origen's Restorationism, with
its later developments and the latter day Universalism.
2. The exploits of the Roman Catholic priesthood with the
doctrine of purgatory, and its long continued use for de-

frauding the common people. 3. The unjust and reaction-
ary teaching of an eternal burning and suffering hell, with
consequently an eternally divided universe. 4. It has
also fostered a spiritualizing tendency and a philosophical
trend which has robbed popular religious teaching of any
strong doctrine regarding expiation, resurrection, judgment
and destiny. 5. This philosophy has also discounted the
authority of the Bible and has enervated our religion, by
a comparative exaltation of natural or heathen religion,
and by teaching that all men, good or bad, are the immortal
sons of God and only need a few good works to absolve
their sins and save their souls. 6. It has left the Church
unduely exposed to the ravages of Spiritualism, Christian

Science, and so-called "New Thought." Against such evil
tendencies the Holy Spirit gave warning beforehand
through St. Paul (Col. 2: 8), and Conditionalism directly
tends to remove these perils and bring back to the church
the authority of Revelation and the simplicity of Christ.
RESULTS OF CONDITIONAL TEACHING
Those who promoted this doctrine in the early Advent

cause were often called infidels, were charged with pro-
moting heresy,, and many of them suffered great and long-
continued persecution. As one act in defense of the course
'
taken, Professor C. F. Hudson wrote his tract "Life in

—
Christ ^The Doctrine Safe and Salutary." There has
been ample occasion through lapse of time, and the spread
of the teaching to all parts, to test its results. And there
is first-class testimony to its benefit and blessing. It is a
help to settled faith in the vital doctrines of the New
Testament.
Rev. R. W. Dale, D.D., of Birmingham, England, a
scholar of high rank, was honored in his own country as
chairman of the Congregational Union of England and
Wales, and invited to lecture on preaching at Yale Uni-
versity in this country in the seventies, though recognized
as a Conditionalist. After his return from a visit to Egypt
and the Holy Land, and speaking before said Congrega-
tional Union in 1874, he openly and fully committed
himself to the faith and he declared:
"I wish, with the greatest possible emphasis, to state,
that in my own experience, -the reception of this doctrine
has not only not enfeebled my belief in the great doctrines
of the Incarnation, the Atonement, and Regeneration, but
has given to all these doctrines a firmer hold on my intellect,
my conscience, and my heart."
Other able adherents have testified to the same effect;
to verymany it has helped to clarify and harmonize Chris-
tian faith in general.
The missionary field has served as
A TESTING PLACE OF DOCTRINES

and from there we have testimonies as to how Condition-
alism works. Rev. W. A. Hobbs, missionary in Bengal
at Sewry, and afterwards at Calcutta, in writing to the late
Rev. Edward White, spoke of the scorn with which the
educated natives reject the idea of endless misery, and said:
"To a man, so far as my observation has extended, they
refuse to believe in the doctrine of unending suffering."
On the other hand their minds are disabused of prejudice
by the teaching of Conditional Immortality. He further
says: "It astonishing how this view of divine truth com-
is
mends itself to the almost instant apprehension and appre-

ciation of the unprejudiced native Christian mind."
Rev. L. Skrefsrud was missionary among the hill tribes
of northern India, and sometimes called the apostle of the
Santhals, an accomplished linguist, who could speak over
twenty languages, and was employed by the English Gov-
ernment to prepare a grammar that was to include no less
than seventeen dialects. His testimony is that of an
expert. He states that the old teaching of eternal hell
for their unsaved ancestors was "a terrible incubus"
upon his native Christians, but that since he and they
received the primitive doctrine concerning life in Christ,
they have been greatly relieved of that burden and:
"They understand better than they did before that for

their salvation there need of a communion of soul with
is
Jesus Christ as the only Source of eternal life. They
understand also much better the supreme danger that
threatens the unbelievers, and they have redoubled their
efforts to bring over their compatriots to the Christian
faith."
An experience and testimony comes .from Rev. Evan

Bryant (associate of Griffith John) who after fifteen years
of missionary life in China, said: "I have preached the
Gospel in China on the lines of Conditional Immortality
for ten years. This teaching gave to me definiteness and
. . .
freedom in my work, and great was my joy in being thus

able to preach the Gospel of everlasting life to all sorts and
to untold numbers of China's sinful people. ... I believe
that the doctrine of life eternal in the ever-abiding Christ
(to him that believeth in that Christ), with its correlated
ideas, is profoundly meet and sweep away the
fitted to
falsehood of Buddhism, Tauism, and Confuscianism, and
to whatever is true connected with them."*
fulfill
At first Conditional
the Immortality Conference in
London, 1876, General Goodwyn who presided, in closing
the Conference testified from an observation of some thirty
or forty years which he had spent among the people in
missionary lands, that "the chief difficulty in presenting
the Gospel to the faith of the heathen was the teaching of
an eternal hell of suffering —^with this removed far greater
progress could be made."
AN AID TO SCRIPTURAL FAITH

was not alone in heathen lands that the doctrine of
It
eternal torment was a stumbling block in the way of men,
but it was such in multitudes of cases in this and other Chris-
tian lands, and Conditionalists performed a large service
in valiantly promoting its removal from popular churchly
teaching. Of course, liberalists and Universalists of
various grades fought against that view, but so far as they
have displaced it they have left little or nothing in its stead
and their teaching has
as a doctrine of restraint or penalty,
belittled the gravity of sin and its consequences, and has
helped to induce a state of moral and religious indifference
which is becoming more and more manifest and perilous.
Conditionalists on the other hand have presented a just
and preachable doctrine of penalty in the clear designed
words of Holy Scripture, adequate to give effective restraint
to all sound minds. And it is now well recognized that it
is not so much the enormity of threatened punishment that
•See Problem of Immortality, pp. 583, 584.

deters from sin, as

its certainty and finality. It is a growing
conviction of hosts of able, candid and learned ininds that
Conditionalism, as well as the teaching of the personal,
imminent Advent of the Christ, has proven itself a doctrine
at once safe, Scriptural and salutary.
A Baptist pastor in one of the leading cities of Rhode
Island, whose father. Eld. S. S. Snow, was an earnest
worker in the later days of William Miller, writes as fol-
lows: "The influence of the Advent niovement upon the

thought and spiritual life of the religious world has never
(in my opinion)been sufficiently valued." It is hoped that

at an early day a just appraisal may be granted.
CHAPTER XIX
THE SITUATION, OUTLOOK, NEEDS
THE narration was

historical
with the former but at
chapter,
practically completed
the risk of exceeding
somewhat the province of the History, we want to write
regarding present conditions, the outlook and needs of the
cause.
We will note first the situation Prophetically. History
has established a rule of interpretation that we cannot
depart from with sense or safety. Old Testament proph-
ecies of the first Advent of our Lord were fulfilled in the
—
most simple, plain, literal manner and His coming in
human flesh, in humiliation, as a Preacher, as a sufiêring
Servant, as an expiatory and redeeming Sacrifice, was far
more improbable than is a second glorious Advent. The
ineffaceable fact of such fulfillment establishes a precedent
to guide us unerringly in the interpretation of the great
prophecies of His second appearing. And further, the
predictions of the overthrow and the down treading of
Jerusalem; of the persecutions of Christians; of the apostacy
and tribulation of the church; of the preservation and the
latter day world-wide spread of the Gospel; the signs of
the time of the end; the last day perils, and the great
world-war, have been literally fulfilled in their course
through the sweep of long centuries and to this hour and —
these facts furnish an unshakable foundation for faith and
hope in the glorious, personal, visible, impending Advent
of the Lord Jesus Christ. Amid the present tragic distress
of nations we may indeed be certified that the great re-
SITUATION, OUTLOOK, NEEDS 583
demption draweth nigh (Luke 21: 25-28). It is no time

for doubt, but high time for renewed faith, girded loins,
burning lamps, and the valiant use of the armor of light.
The situation as to Doctrine. The two great central
doctrines, those of the imminent personal Advent, and
immortality the gift of God in Christ, were concurrently
revived in various parts of the world (as before narrated).
These have met a widely felt and urgent need, especially
the latter teaching; have proven sound, salutary, and of
practical efiEcient assistance in winning men of all classes
to the Christ and the church. They have been most ably
supported by many scholars and Christian workers of the
first rank —
only a small number of whom have been named
in this History. This teaching, unmixed with the dreams
• of futurists and harmonious with the New Testament
warnings of final separation and judgment at the Advent,
is now as urgently needed as ever —
as will appear to any
serious student of the moral and religious conditions and
tendencies of the times in this nation. This need is deeply
felt by those of kindred faith across the sea, especially in
France and Switzerland, where they confess that evangel-
icalProtestantism must have a new system of dogmatics
as related to human nature and destiny —strong, preachable
doctrines of redemption and retribution — if to be a
it is
vitaland commanding force. The home and

situation at
abroad is thus full of appeal and challenge to us to give
good proof of the faith by adequate works until the Master
shall appear.
ADVENT CHRISTIAN CONDITIONS

A careful survey shows that in several features these
conditions are much improved.

1. While there may be a lesd number of small scattered
meetings, there are more and better organized churches

than ever before in the history of the body. The churches
are far better housed, many ofthem have excellent up-to-
date edifices, and a larger number are served by pastors
than in other days, and an excellent ratio of these are men
whose labors give promise of increasing fruitfulness.
2. The Sunday-school work is progressively develop-
ing, its importance is more and we
realized than formerly
have a first-class full series of Quarterlies, and a fine corps
of workers connected therewith. Ample facilities are
thus furnished for further advance on this line of Christian
activity.
3. The Young People's Loyal Workers Societies are a
comparatively recent feature of our organizations, but
they have for some years been a blessing in their locals,
and the General Societies have given excellent assistance
to the cause, some of them showing courage and capacity
to carry forward sizable and worthy efforts. They are
responsive, we believe, to the challenge of service, and ready
for larger undertakings.
4. A what has been recorded regarding the
reference to
Publication Societies will abundantly show that most
of these now have far better printing plants and outfit
than in former days, some are showing a goodly spirit
of enterprise and readiness for increased service. These
can undertake much larger tasks with prompt despatch
than ever before.
5. Compared with even as recent a date as 1900 the
present development of our foreign mission work as par- —

tially narrated in the last mission chapter is most en- —
couraging. God has graciously blessed with goodly results
in the different fields, the work is well organized, and gives
promise of abundant results. There is urgent need es-
pecially in China for more workers, larger plans, and more
liberal financial support.
;
6. Interest in the educational work, though coming

late, has in the last three decades, considerably increased,
and in the last ten years, has most decidedly advanced.
Now with our fine College buildings, outfit and faithful
faculty, at Aurora, Illinois; the growing School of Theology
at Boston, Mass., with the Academy for colored students
in the South, and the Union Academy in China, promising
history making in this important branch of the cause.
is
And with goodly numbers of young men and women

this
consecrating themselves to and preparing for Christian
work and the service of the truth, is a feature of great en-
couragement and promise.
With this combination of organization and facilities the
Advent Christian body is like a manufacturing plant,
with buildings erected, improved machinery installed, and
ready for a new departure in operations. With these
promising advancements made and increased facilities at
hand with pressing needs and opportunities on every side
;
with the terrible world-war running its fearful course, and

the conditions about us most ominous; with the prophetic
periods running close to their latest extent, and the signs
of the times in unprecedented development, we have a
loud and mighty call to let go of the world, its treasures
and its pleasures, and to give ourselves and our all, whether
in the North, South, East or West, to prayer, conse-
cration and service, as never before.
The outlook for successful work and increase is then
one of encouragement and goodly promise if the Lord —
further tarries, and we must believe that this preparation
for larger service is Providential, and designed to enable
us to meet the duties of the hour. To labor to the best
ends and the largest results there should be a well-consid-
ered, wisely drawn plan or program of service to God and
men, in which the whole denomination, and the friends of
'
kindred faith on this side and beyond the sea, can unite,
and there are those who are carefully considering such a
plan.
SOME SPECIAL NEEDS
The writer takes the liberty to mention in this closing

section a number of the things which he is impressed to
class under the above sub-head.
1. A Revived Evangelism. This is one feature which
is lacking in the foregoing summary of recent gains —
and
it is a serious deficiency. In earlier days this body was
intensely evangelistic, had more evangelists than pastors.
The change to settled pastors was wisely made, and was
followed by a larger growth in the churches, but the re-
action has carried us too far, and we have not continued,
to be as evangelistic or to raise up new churches in such
iheasure as is needful. The present number engaged in
—
such labors needs to be greatly increased and to this end
there should be fervent and increasing prayer in all our
churches.
We further need a strong doctrinal evangelism, filled with
Bible teaching. The appeal to sentiment and emotion
will bring people to the altar, but you are likely to look in
vain for the converts after the evangelist is gone. General
revival work is breaking down at this point, and our own
churches are suffering somiewhat from the same experience.
Evangelism at large and with us will die, and so will our
churches, unless there is a renewal of strong doctrinal.
Scripture-filled preaching, and people are so converted to
the truth that they will stick to it and it will stick to them.
A strong man must have strong bones; an enduring build-
ing must have big, strong timbers, or their equivalent,
and a rugged, steadfast Christian is a person of deep con-
victions, and deep convictions are born of great truths
sealedby the blessing of the Holy Spirit. This evangelism
should include a revival of tent and general home mission
work; like the early campaigning with its willingly borne
hardships and sacrifice, except that time and means should
be used in places where permanent work and organized
churches of adequate membership may result, and as a
rule only where there is reasonable assurance of self-sup-
porting churches in due season.
2. Larger Foreign Mission Activities. What we have
written above must not be construed as favoring any re-
trenchment in our foreign work. The call for the world-
wide preaching of the Gospel is Divine and imperative;
no man or people who neglect to do their share in this work
can justly expect any large measure of blessing from God.
His commands are sovereign, and are absolute conditions
of Divine favor. He has said, "Go," and we must go in
interest, faith, prayer and purse, if we would have the
promised presence even unto the end. If we want larger
blessing at home we must increase our foreign undertakings.
The call to-day is to world-wide service; but let us not for-
get that the greatest blessing we can give to any man, com-
munity or na,tion, is the pure Gospel of Jesus Christ; that
is what He gave to the Roman world of His time with its
cruelty, corruption, slavery and war. And it proved to

be the power of God unto salvation to all who received it
in true living faith.
3. Increased Publication Efforts. It has been quite
generally recognized that this people fell short in their
publication activities for many years of their middle history
—especially in the call for and the and
issue of strong
weighty books, and in vigorously propagating the faith
by this means. There has been a little quickening on this
line' within a few years, but there, should be a far more vig-
orous advance movement. If the Lord further tarries

this must be a item in the future program; for if we
vital
we must produce a com-
are to be really a strong people
manding book literature. Meanwhile our papers should
be more liberally sustained and circulated and the books
and tracts that we have should be extensively distributed.
4. Our Duty to Multitudes of Misled Men. I am more
and more deeply convinced that as Watchmen on Zion's

Walls, we have a solemn duty to do by thousands of men,
who have borrowed, either from ancient philosophy or from
the modern popular church, the notion of universal immor-
tality and, adopting it into their fraternity rituals, are
counting on universal salvation without expiation or re-
generation; without Christ or the Church. Millions of
well-meaning men are thus deceived, and this is why they
are satisfied with a substitute for the Christian religion.
The popular church has no vital message for them, for it
has aided them to build their hopes on sinking sand. Will
our full mission be performed and our souls be clear of re-
sponsibility, if seeing this peril, we do not devise some sa-
gacious means of at least warning, thousands of their danger
and their need? The great Master and Lord of us all said,
"I am the way, the truth, and the life; no man cometh
unto the Father but by Me." Is there not here an urgent
call to prayer and service?
5. The Need of more General Interest in the Work of
the Whole Body. It is an old but very true saying that,
"No whole is greater than the sum of its factors." Each in-
dividual, each local church and conference, and all the
other larger organizations, should seriously consider their
relation to the whole cause, and recognize their measure of
responsibility for its success. In this relation surely no
one liveth or dieth to himself alone. We fervently hope
that as the General Conference and National Council
become more a real leadership of the body, that closer co-
operation may ensue, and that all, from ocean to ocean,

North and South may take a more direct, lively and ef-
fective interest in the unity and prosperity of all the work.
The cause surely needs and is worthy of this.
6. The Need of Broad Vision and Large, Unselfish
Fellowship. At some seasons in the past this cause, like
others, has sufferered from a lack of these, but it is surely
high time to take to heart this lesson and to pray and seek
for grace to appreciate big-minded, broad-visioned men,
who really have the capacity for wise leadership and con-
structive work and who are willing to give life and all to
the service of God and His truth. Such men are God-given,
they aire not self-seekers, they should be helped, not ham-
pered or hindered. Let us love and pray for those we have
of this kind, and pray that God may give us more as the
need may be. It is not only essential to have such leaders,
but just as necessary to have good followers and lifters.
We should each accept our place and gladly do the work
at hand. We must bear with minor differences, keep to
the main truths and lines of service, and keep the unity of
the Spirit in the bonds of peace.
7. Need of More Men for Our Ministry. A few years
ago r received the following note from a successful city
pastor in the West, and I cannot do better than pass it
on with most hearty indorsement:

"Our great need this way is men; men of intelligence,
spirituality,industry and catholic sympathies, such as
will lead them to. study our work from the standpoint of
the church and world at large. We have excellent men,
but we need more. ... I hope you will be led to make an
appeal for young men for the ministry."
Let all who

read these lines take this appeal to the Lord
of the harvest. In connection with this we must add that
a far better support. of the ministry of this faith is urgently
needed. A very few churches are duly awake to this.
Others should note and at once follow their example.
8. Need of Genuine Persistent Work. In a few places
we have recorded or iioted the adoption of excellent plans,
or calls for enlarged commanding action, which
effort, for
were not carried out. These things show the absolute need
of resolute, insistent, abiding push in the work. We must
not only plan the work but work the plan, and the latter
is the only thing that really counts. We have had a sur-
plus of those who were willing to advise, but that was the
end of the matter. We need more patient, persistent
workers. Our greatest opportunities are now before us,
if the Lord further tarries. Let us now arouse anew to the
service. To fail at this time would be a calamity, a tragedy!
After all, "It is not by might nor by power, but by My
Spirit, saith Jehovah." We can do nothing without the
presence and power of the Holy Spirit.
In the course of this History many instances of special
blessing —
and power are recorded it is hoped that each
case will prompt those who read to pray earnestly
days; for surely God
for visitations of the Spirit in these
waits to bless His consecrated people, and, "It is time,"
as said an ancient prophet, "to seek Jehovah till He come
and rain righteousness upon us." It is a matter of record
in the past that whenever wise plans have been applied
with prayer, faith and contagious enthusiasm, God has
given blessing and increase in spite of difficulties. Let us
have faith, courage, and loyalty for the time that remains.
We believe it is wise to seek closer affliliation with Eu-
—
ropean kindred workers for if we mistake not the cause
there, through the death of many leading and learned
advocates, is now in need of increased stimulus and would
appreciate sjmipathetic co-operation. Giving timely as-
sistance to our small churches there, and cordial aid to the
larger testimony, appears to be an opportunity for ef-

fective service.
It would seem that this unprecedented, fearful world-
war must bring the end, that these are the early travail
pains of earth's last catastrophe, and of creation's second
birth. But if we learn wisdom by past experiences we shall
not be rash in our predictions, and we must guard against
laying excessive stress on any one line of prophecy. If
this state of things does not directly issue in the final crisis,
it be but a further extension of the tarrying time, and
will
of God's long^suflFering to a judgment-bound world (2
Peter 3: 9, IS). We must therefore have an adequate,
sagacious program of service and occupy till He shall come.
The spirit of the earliest Adventists was, "The Lord is
coming, let us plan great things; let us do great things."
In that purpose they gave themselves to the work to the
utmost. This is the true spirit may it fall on all our people
;
in this momentous time.
"Worlds are charging, heaven beholding;

Thou has but an hour to fight;
Now the blazoned cross unfolding,
On—aright onward for the right!
On! let all the soul within you,
For the truth's sake go abroad!
Strike! let every nerve and sinew
Tell on ages—tell for God!"
—Arthur Cleveland Coxe.
APPENDIX I
On page 152 a further mention of "Millennial Views" was promised,

arid thiswas in recognition of changes that have taken place in the views
of a considerable number of the Advent Christian people on this subject.
All the early teachers, so far as we know, held the view, as stated by
Rev. D. T. Taylor, on page 151, that the thousand years of Revelation
XX are to follow the Advent of Christ, lying between the resurrection
of the righteous and the wicked, and that it is to be a period of judg-
ment, and of transition from the Gospel age to the eternal kingdom.
Many still hold this view, and it had such a strong place in the faith of
the early Church, among the Reformers, the Premillennialists and all
the early Adventists that it calls for respect among all candid students
and teachers. This interpretation stands squarely against the claims
of the Roman Catholics, who hold that the thousand years is a
symbol of an which began with the passion and resur-
indefinite period,
rection of Christ and was more fully introduced upon the fall of pagan
Rome, and has been fulfilled in the reign of departed souls with Christ
in heaven and in the reign of the Popes on earth—the Holy Roman

Empire., Adherents of this teaching have little difficulty in finding a
place in the past where the church has lived and reigned with Christ.
But all Premillennialists have denied this, as also that Protestant
heresy, the Whitbyan theory of a temporal millennium, and have, with
most of the Adventists, put the one thousand years beyond the personal
—
Advent of Christ insisting that the true church has been and is to be
a suffering, serving" and waiting church until her King returns.
About the time the teaching appeared which denied the resurrection
of the wicked, a new view of Rev. XX was sought for, and an increasing
'number, even of those holding to the reliving of all the dead, have since
taught that there is no period of time between the resurrection of the
just and unjust, that Rev. XX is wholly symbolical, that the thousand
years should be located in the past, and should be applied, as to the

binding of the dragon, to the restraint of pagan Rome.
APPENDIX II
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
Encouraging Unity. While there has been some difference of

teaching on the above question, and on a few other points of doctrine,
details of prophecy, and methods of service, there has been on the whole
a considerable unity on the main doctrines and principal lines of work
— especially so for a people of independence,among whom every man
is privileged to do his own With due regard for the prayer
thinking.
of the Christ, and the spirit of service which is the call of the hour, we
may expect to see this unity still more manifest.
Another Able Witness. Students of the Senior Blessed Hope
Quarterly have likely noticed that Editor Carter has quoted freely
from E. W. BuUinger, D.D., referring to the Companion Bible, Part V,
published by the Oxford University Press, and to his Critical Lexicon
and Concordance. Dr. BuUinger is, we are assured, a pronounced ad-
vocate of the sleep of the dead.
Notable Conventions. As we go to press reports are at hand
from the notable Queen's Hall Meetings, held in England last Decem-
ber, and from the great inter-denominational Prophetic Conference,
held in Philadelphia, May 28-30, just passed. The large attendance,
the intense interest shown and the fervent witness borne regarding the
imminent, personal coming of the Christ are most cheering. We re-
though we regret that the testimony is mixed with so much
joice in this,
that we are compelled, by sober rules of interpretation, to consider
serious error. The Christ and His Apostles talked of judgment and
doom at the Advent, for the unsaVed, not of evangelism.
"Declaration of Principles." To any friends who would inquire
further regarding the faith represented in this History, we would
commend the above tractlet, and other works for sale at the A. C.
Publication Office.
1
PARTIAL INDEX
A PAGE PAGE
Adams, George T. 273, 277 Brown, F.G. 119
Advent Christian Quarterly 286 Brown, J. D. 272, 296, 303
Advent Christian Times Brooks, J. H. 130
287, 293 Burnham, Edwin 172, 216, 221
Adventist Statistics Bush, Prof. George 73
233, 234, 267, 567 Bushnell, Dr. Horace . 569
Aldridge, George 562 Burr, Frank 403, 456, 492
Albany Conference 124 Burch, Wm. A. . 405, 490, 495
Albury Conference 543 Burch, C. A. 465
Alford, Dean 547 Burke, M. Bessie 456
Association Organized 269 Bursell, W. J. 263
Auberlen, Daniel 14 Butler, P. S. 218
Aurora College 534 Byse, Charles 559
Aurora College Endowment 536
B Call, D. T. 463
Baker, F. A. 265, 532 Calkins, A. S. 263
Bankson, F. R. 366 Campmeetings, First 112, 282
Baptist Confession of Faith 18 Canright, D. M. 199
Bartlett, S. C. 184 Cargile, J. A. 364, 366
Beals, Mr. and Mrs. Z. C. Carpenter, H. F.
457, 475 272, 374, 377, 427
Beet, J. Agar 561 Carroll, H. K. 565, 567
Bellows, E. 218 Cassidy, Bertha E. 458
Bible Convention, Hartford 226 Chadsey, Mrs. M. M. 462
Bible Training School 515 Chalmers, Dr. Thomas 547
Bible Banner 291,-294, 297, 316 Chapman, Dr. Wm. 381, 382
Bickersteth, Edward 543 Chapman, J. B. 423
Birks, T. R. 546 Christ's Coming 141
Bixler, Burr A. L. 431 Churches 209, 583
Blain, Jacob 222 ChurchUl, W. C. 462
Blanchard, I. M. 497 Conditional Immortality 162
Blessed Hope Quarterly 491 Conditional Immortality, Tes-
Bliss, Sylvester 72 timony in Great Britain
Bonar, H. and A. A. 547 562, 564
Boston Bible School 529 Constable, Henry 155, 557
Boston Bible School Home 530 Conference, First Prophetic
Bowman, H. W. 428 22, 95
Bowman, P. G. 359 Conference, Ministerial 220, 284
Boutell, Luther 106, 434 Conferences Organized 211
Brewer, S. S. 433 Conferîce, General Western 281
Briggs, Charles A. 15 Conventions 298, 301, 309, 443
Brown, W. Adams 13 Constructive Work 124, 137
INDEX 595
PAGE
Cook, N. p. Sll, 522
Couch, John 191, 232, 303, 400
Craven, Dr. E. R. 575
Gumming, Dr. John 400, 544
Cunningham, L. T. 463
Cunningham, Andrew S. 564
Correspondence Institute 524
D
Dale, R. W.
596 INDEX
I PAGE PAGE
Imrtiortality, Protest 163 McCuUoch, Brothers 419
Immortality, Teaching 162 McFadyen, M. 382, 428
"Important Truths" 125, 148 McKinstry, L. C. and
Israel, Views Regarding 144 Mrs. M. 353, 461
Itinerant Labors 232 McKinstry, L. C. 513
ives, C. L., M. D. 185 McNeile, Hugh 26, 538, 541
Ives, W. M. 367 Mede, Joseph 17
Mendota College 519
J . Merriam, Jonas 392
Jackson, S. M. 16 Messiah's Advocate 374
Japan, Mission 479 Midnight Cry, The 237
Jenks, O. R. 206, 417, 532 Miles,M. R. 231, 346
Jones, Henry 71, 146 Millennium, No Temporal 143
Journal of Prophecy 336 Millennium, Views Regard-
ing 54, 151, 152
K Miller, William 33-65
Kellaway, William 563,• 571
Apology and Defense 58
Kendrick, Bishop Timothy 169
Public Influence 45
Kennington, T. W. 470
Lecture Tours 87
Kiiig, H. A. 230, 262
Influence With Infidels 93
King, J. P. 360
Decline and Death 62
Knapp, W. E. 477
Tributes of Esteem 63
Knox, John IS
Kramer, George R. 161, 292
Summary of Work 94
Miller, George W. 258, 264
Mission to England 110, 551
Leask, Dr. William 156, 577 Mission Society Organized 321
Leslie, I. I. 323, 491 Missions in South 323
Libby, A. 440 Missions, Early Summary 325
J.
Litth, Josiah 66, 120, 238 Missions, Home Fields 343-350
Livingston, W. W. 366 Missions, Home Work at
Loyal Workers 584 Large 329
Loyal Workers, General East- Missions, Foreign 331, 335, 481
ern 500 Missions, A. A. M. S., in
Loyal Workers, General West- India 339
ern 502 Missions, Africa 341, 477
Loyal Workers, Pacific Coast 504 Missions, China 454, 471, 473
Loyal Workers' Summary 506 Mission, Japan 478
Lummis, Prof. H. 161 Missions, Semi-Centennial 473
Luther, Martin 15, 178 Mission Qiiarterly and Record
453 454
M Mitchell, Wm H. 403^ 516
Mabey, S. E. 252 Moody, D. L. 572, 576
Malone, G. Howard 455 Morgan, P. B. 215, 245
Mansfield, D. R. 243, 262, 416
'
Morse, Amasa / 153
Mansfield,, Mrs. E. S. 459
Massillamani, G.
Mundy, S. A. 358
337, 338
Mather, Cotton 15 Munger, Hiram 114, 437
Mathewson, Dr. D. 441 Munhall, L. W. 131
Mathewson, S. G. Muller, George 575
235,. 259, 273, 434 Murra, Fim 442, 443, 468
INDEX 597
N PAGE R PAGE
Name Question 274 Radstock, Lord 549
Nelson, M. G. 501 Ramsey, William 1 16
New England School of The- Ransom, N. M. 506
ology 531 Reasons for Separate Exist-
Newton, Sir Isaac 18, 540 ence 120, 132
Newton, Thomas 20 Reed, D. D. 369, 371, 378, 383
Nichpls, J. A"; 516 Reimer, L. 256
Restitution, Doctrine of 157
O Rewards, Time of 152
Ongley, J. T. 215,217 Reynolds, L. F. 445
Organ, T. H. 428 Ridley, J. 265
Orrock, John M. 388 Rothe, Richard 555
Our Hope 409, 416, 422 Ryle, Canon J. C. 548
Page, J. Comley -552,554 Sanderlin Academy - 526-529

Pancost, C. E. 420 Sanderlin, A. J. 326, 368
Parks, T.S. 517 Schaumburg, J. J. 426
Peabody, A. P. 48 Sederquist, Geo. W. 351, 368
Petavel, Dr. E. 172, 556 Service to Church and Truth
Peterson, R. L. 484 181, 228, 580
Pettingell, J. H. 180, 186, 297 Seventh Day Schism 196
Phelps, A. A. Shaftsbury, Earl 549
157, 292, 298, 365, 404, 529 Sheldon, Wm. 252, 365, 414, 418
Pile, Wm. N. 188, 202 Sherrill, G. D. 361
Piper, F.L. 188,332,446,452 Shut Door Theory 59, 193
Plans Proposed 250, 260, 264, 587 Sibley, A. W. 235, 452, 463
Pollard,Henry 330, 414, 422 Signs of the Times 68, 107, 388
Powell, Chas., M. D. 470 Signs of the Times 188, 191
Pratt, Walter 245 Simmons, V. P. 179, 368
Preble, P. M. 198, 441 Skrefsrud, Rev. L. 579
Prophecy, Its Light and Power Smith, C. F. L. 516
139, 576 Smith, C. W. 294
Prophetic Conference 26, 95, 151 Smith, Elias 164-168
Providential Leading 26, 29, 573 Smith, J. A. 448
Provinces, In the 235 Smith, J. C. 266,381,551
Publication Society 271, 316, 584 Smith, P. A. 367
Western 411,419,422 Smith, Rebecca J. 202
Eastern 316,438,443 Southard, Nathaniel 74, 108
Pacific Coast 374 Southern Mission Board 461
Southern 430 Spaulding, Joshua 22
Publications, Early Spence, Capt. J. 331, 337, 483
106, 110, 387, 566 Spurgeon, C. H. 548, 575
Purdy, J. S. 473 S. S. Papers and Helps
Pym, William W. 115 487, 489, 497
Steers, A. W. 379, 382
Q Stevens, M. A. 522
Quarterlies, BlesSed Hope Stockman, E. A.
491, 497 161, 401, 402, 412, 437
Quimby, Flossie M. 432, 458 Stocks^ Hannah 465
598 INDEX
PAGE PAGE I
Stokes, G. G. 156 Wellcome, I. C.

Stone, Henry 470 29, 121, 197, 333, 396, 397
Storrs, George Wellcome, M. 415
169-171, 200. 203, 227 Wendall, Rnfus 188, 201, 203
Strange, M. W. 558 Wentworth, C. W. 45.6
Sturdevant, H. S. 380 Wesley, Chas. and John
19, 122, 178
Western Leaders 289
West, Nathaniel 12, 16, 25
Taylor, D. T. 13, 21, 81, 151, Wharton, Joseph 467
163, 177, 182, 266, 389, 39.1, 566 Whatley, Archbishop
Teeple, G. L. 220, 441 155, 169, 563
Tent, The Big 113, 239, 240 Whitbyan Theory 86
Tenth Volunteers 448 Whitby, Daniel 24
Thomas, John, M. D. 115 White, Edward 171, 555
Thompson, H. E. 496,524,530 White, J, S. 434
Time, Effect of Definite 136 Whiting, N. N. 75
Time, Many Set the 81 Whitney, E. L. 417
Tract Work 333 Whitney, S. P. 355
Truths, Revival of Neglected 178 Wilkinson, W. A. 421
Turner, C. B. 231 Winter, Robert 110,550
Turner, J. 227
,
Wolff, Joseph 26, 541
Tyler, Geo. E. 470 Woman's Association 327
_
Woman's Mission Society 481

Woodman, Chas. H.
317, 432, 439, 442
Vaughan, Dean 12
554
Woodward, D. H. 530, 537
Vinet, Dr. Alexander
Woodward, E. P. 198, 405
Voice of the West 280
World's Crisis, The 137, 175, 392
Wright, G. W. '
266
W
Wallace, G. H. 216, 444
Ward, H. Dana 70, 97, 149, 570 Young Ministers' Union 512
Wardsworth, J. B. 358 Young Pilgrim, The 489, 494
Watkins, R. A. 420, 422 Young, W. R. 376, 377, 426

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3 1924 006 725 950

ADVENT CHRISTIAN PUBLICATION SOCIETY

and fellowship, and energetically and wisely push the work

I have been specially aided in the preparation of this

efficient assistance of Miss Lucy Sheldon, Pres; O. R.

In Christ's love and service,

exists in the leading Protestant denominations that does

cherish this blessed hope. And as to the doctrine of Con-

endeavoring to keep in step with other denominational

tian Publication Society endeavored to give an accurate

in the face of strong opposition have persisted for nearly a

Aurora, Illinois, June 22, igi8.

Introduction by Rev. O. R. Jenks v

PREPARATORY CONDITIONS AS RELATED TO

in furtherance of this thought and order, the New Testa-

the climax of faith, and the 'goal of hope, beloved *nd

return. This hope supplied them with an extraordinary

'In What is Christianity?

common inheritance of both Jewish and, Gentile Christians,

"hundred years is an assertion not invalidated by any

II. This faith and doctrine largejy declined after the

terpreted Scripture according to the allegorical method,

the acceptance of this identification by the Roman Church,

^History of Premillennial Doctrine, in. Premillennial Essays, Revelf,

and narrates facts showing conclusively the exercise of

THE TRUTH CAME TO PERIL

^Reign of Christ, pages 111-120.

a different goal of hope is set up and the whole trend of

in itself and in all its tendencies.

HI. The primitive faith, because of Papal influence,

BUT AT LENGTH WAS REVIVED

day. I hope, too, that it will not be much longer before it

come for want of true and faithful ministers of the Wofd.

Doctor Cotton Mather, in 1702, wrote, "So the mystery

^Ecce Venit (Dr. A. J. Gordon), pages 185, 186.

16 ADVENT CHRISTIAN, HISTORY

'Quoted by D. T. Taylor, in Early New England Adventism.

is kindred to the Papal view, is. the Whitbyan theory which

a celebrated dissenter, and a member of the Westminster

dent of Magdalen College, Oxford, was a voluminous

RESOLVED TO SUFFER PERSECUTION

'Duffield, Dissertations on the Prophecies, page 258.

He thought it a part of the prophecy of Daniel and

"A little philosophy will make a man an infidel but .a great

pleased to bless the itinerant plan, the last year most of

d^igent student of prophecy, and his notable work, Dis.-

without referring to Rev. John Fletcher (1729-1785),

England's famous "Christian Poet," of Dr. Thom.as Coke

"In sun and moon and stars

"The world is grown old, and judgment is near," . . .

"The Lord will come; the earth shall quake;" , . .

IV. This faith was prominent in European and American

NEW ENGLAND CHRISTIANS

knew nothing of a postmillennial advent; and he states

England churches—the men who first planted them.