mODULE # 2. Indl Air Cond'ng .Midterms
mODULE # 2. Indl Air Cond'ng .Midterms
mODULE # 2. Indl Air Cond'ng .Midterms
Subject: Industrial Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems Teacher: Emmanuel P. Miguel
The common processes involved in air conditioning are at practically constant pressures
and can be illustrated by lines on a psychrometric chart.
The first two processes, sensible heating and cooling, involve only a change in the dry
bulb temperature. Humidifying and dehumidifying involve a change in humidity ratio (moisture
content). The last four processes involve both changes in temperature as well as in humidity
ratio.
It is the energy moving from one system to another that changes the temperature rather
than changing its phase. For example, it warms water rather than melting ice. In other words, it is
the heat that can be felt standing near a fire, or standing outside on a [[sunny day. Sensible heat is
used in contrast to latent heat (the heat needed to change from one form of matter to another,
which doesn't change temperature), as the two are essentially opposite.
Adding heat to water can either raise the temperature or change the phase. The heat that changes
the temperature is sensible heat, the heat that changes the phase is latent heat.
Example Problem:
1. Determine the quantity of heat required to raise 14 m3/min. if air at 20°C and 80 per cent
relative humidity to 35 0C. What is the final relative
humidity?
Solution:
1. Psychrometric Chart
Q = 4.27 KJ/s
2 = 34 %
Example Problem:
1. Determine the quantity of heat removed from 14 m3 per minute of air when cooled from 37°C
dry bulb and 21 0C wet bulb temperatures to 15°C. What are the initial and final relative humidity?
3. Psychrometric Chart
Air can be simultaneously heated and humidified by either drawing it through a spray, or over
trays of warm water. The water must be heated during the process in order to supply the latent heat
needed for evaporation. Trays of warm water can be kept at constant temperature by steam. However,
when warm water is sprayed into the air stream, as in an air washer, the water must be heated as it is
circulated.
Air Washer
In an air washer, air flows through a spray of water as shown in above. As the air flows, it may be
cooled or heated, humidified, or dehumidified, or simple adiabatically saturated, depending on the mean
surface temperature of the water. The water is externally cooled or heated or simple recirculated by a
pump. Make-up water is added to compensate for any loss in the case of humidification of air. Eliminator
plates are provided to minimize loss of water droplets.
Example Problem:
Solution:
4. Heat Required, Q
Q = m (h2 - h1)
5. Moisture Added,
Q = 23.73 KJ /s
When cooling coils are used, the temperature of the film of air in
contact with the surface of the metal pipe wall determines the condition of the air flowing through the
coil. The temperature of this surface film is always at some point between the temperature of the air and
the temperature of the water, or other refrigeration, inside the coil.
Exampe Problems:
Solution:
4. Heat Removed, Q
Q = m (h2 - h1)
= (31.25) (40.5 - 80)
Q = -1234.4kJ/min . or -20.57 kJ/s
5. Moisture Remove
Air can be simultaneously cooled and humidified. This action takes place in an ordinary air washer
in which the same water is continuously re-circulated, but is neither heated not cooled.
Figure above shows the changes occuring in the dry bulb and dew point temperatures of the air
flowing through an air washer in which the same water is constantly re-circulated without; being either
heated or cooled. In a perfect washer, the final dry bulb and dew point temperatures of the air would be
equal to each other, and equal to initial wet bulb temperature of the air. The efficiency of an air washer is
defined as the ratio of the actual drop in dry bulb temperature to the maximum theoretical drop in dry bulb
temperature that could take place if the washer were 100 per cent efficient, and the air emerged saturated.
In such a case, the final dry bulb temperature of the air would be equal to its initial wet bulb temperature.
Example Problems:
1. Air at 33°C dry bulb and 19°C wet bulb temperatures is cooled and humidified by passing it through
an air washer in which the water is continuously re-circulated. The air leaves the air washer at 23°C dry
bulb temperature. Determine the moisture added per kg of dry air. What is the efficiency of the air
washer?
Solution:
1. Psychrometric Chart
W1 = 0.0081 kg/kg
W2 = 0.0122 kg/kg
Moisture added = W2 - W1
= 0.0122 - 0.0081
33 23
Air washer efficiency = 33 19 = 71.43 %
CHEMICAL DEHUMIDIFYING
Air can be dehumidified by passing it over chemicals that have an affinity for moisture. Usually in
so doing the moisture is condensed and gives up its latent heat, raising the dry bulb temperature of the air.
The air leaves drier and warmer. The wet bulb temperature may increase or decrease. Units employing
such chemicals are used in some comfort air conditioning installations but mainly for industrial air
conditioning. Since the leaving-air temperature is usually higher than wanted, it is necessary to add a
sensible cooling process to get the desired final air condition.
Example Problems:
1. Air at 24°C dry bulb and 15°C wet bulb temperatures enters a dehumidifier and leaves at 41 0C dry
bulb and 19°C wet bulb temperatures. How much moisture has been removed per kilogram of dry air?
Solution:
3. Moisture Removed,
When air at one condition is mixed with air at another condition, the condition of the final mixture
can be shown on the psychrometric chart by a point on the line joining the points indicating the original
condition. The exact location of the final point will depend upon the masses of the original air quantities.
The following equations apply to the mixture of two For the second stream quantities of air.
Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two streams of air and subscript 3 refers to the mixture.
m = mass
h = enthalpy
W = humidity ratio
Example Problems:
1. One half cubic meter per second of air at 15°C dry bulb and 13°C wet bulb temperatures are mixed
with 0.20 m3 per second of air at 25°C dry bulb and l8°C wet bulb temperatures.
Determine:
(a) the dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew point temperatures of the mixture,
(b) the enthalpy of the mixture.
td1 = 15 0C tw1 = 13 0C
a. air stream 1
b. air stream 2
b. humidity ratio, W
c. and the other properties can be determined using the psychrometri chart
4. For units awareness, Perform unit analysis.
The quantity of air circulated must be adequate to handle the cooling load as the air warms up to
room temperatures from its supply temperature. The lower the supply temperature, the less quantity which
must be circulated, but the minimum temperature is determined by the system arrangements, the necessity
of avoiding drafts and cold regions, the ceiling height, and the throw required.
SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD, Qs
QT QS QL
QT m(h2 h1 )
QS Q
SHR S
QS QL QT
Example Problems:
1. An auditorium is to be maintained at a temperature of 25°C dry bulb and 19°C wet bulb temperatures.
The sensible heat load is 88 kW and 58 kg per hour or moisture must be removed. Air is supplied to the
auditorium at 18°C.
Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of supply air,
(b) the relative humidity, dew point, and wet bulb temperatures of the supply air,
(c) the sensible heat ratio.
Solution:
The use of all outside air with no recirculation is uneconomical unless the outside conditions are
close in temperatures and humidity to the inside conditions maintained. Recirculation is impracticable in
spaces where objectionable odors arise.
Recirculating part of the air is more economical than using all outside air, as the temperature of the
re-circulated air is usually more favorable than that of the outside air. In the ordinary conditioner, the air
must be cooled to a relatively low temperature to condense the surplus humidity, and when this
temperature is too low for comfortable delivery to the conditioned space, some reheating of the
dehumidified air is necessary.
Example Problem:
1. An air conditioned theater is to be maintained at 26.7°C db temperature and 50% relative humidity.
The calculated total sensible heat load in the theater is 126,240 kcal/h and latent heat load is 82,920
kcal/h. The air mixture at 28.9 0C db and 22 .2 0C wb temperature is cooled to 17.22°C db and 15°C wb
temperature by chilled water cooling coils and delivered as supply air to the theater. Calculate the tons of
refrigeration required.
Solution:
Answer
1. Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic meters per kilogram of dry air at the
following conditions
t = 32°C, W = 0.016 kg/kg, and Pt == 100 kPa.
2. Moist air at a dry bulb temperature of 25°C has a relative humidity of 50 per cent when the barometric
pressure is 101.4 kPa.
Determine :
(a) the partial pressures of water vapor and dry air,
(b) the dew point temperature,
(c) the specific humidity,
(d) the specific volume, and
(e) the enthalpy
(Ans. (a) 1.5855 kPa, 99.81 kPa; (b) 13.9°C, (c) 0.00988 kg/kg, (d) 0.857 cu m/kg, (e) 50.32 kJ/kg)
(Ans. (a) 24.5°C, (b) 21.4°C, (c) 0.016 kg/kg, (d) 74 kJ/kg, (e) 0.887 cu m/kg)
4. How much heat must be removed to cool 30 cu m per minute of air from 34°C dry bulb and 18°C dew
point to a wet bulb temperature of 19°C? What is the final relative humidity?
5. How much heat and moisture must be added to 15 cu m per minute of air at 21°C dry bulb and 30 per
cent relative humidity to raise it to 37°C and 40 per cent relative humidity?
6. A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an air conditioning system that operates
at 101 kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor air is 2 kg/s, and its condition is 35°C dry bulb temperature
and 25°C wet bulb temperature. The flow rate of return air is 3 kg/s, and its condition is 24°C and 50 per
cent relative humidity.
Determine :
(a) the enthalpy of the mixture,
(b) the humidity ratio of the mixture, and
(c) the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.
7. In a certain space to be air conditioned the sensible and latent heat loads are 20.60 kW and 6.78 kW,
respectively. Outside air is at 33°C dry bulb and 24°C wet bulb temperatures. The space is to be
maintained at 25 0C with a relative humidity not exceeding 50 per cent. All outside air is supplied with
reheater. The conditioned air enters at 18°C.
Determine :
(a) the refrigeration load required,
(b) the capacity of the supply fan, and
(c) the heat supplied in the reheater
(Ans. (a) 106.6 kW, (b) 2.44 m3/s, (c) 16.06 kW)
8. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.50 cu m per second of air from 19°C dry bulb
and 15°C wet bulb to 36°C? What is the final dew point temperature?