7

Mathematics
First Quarter – Module 1
Introduction to Sets
This module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Introduction to Sets and Ways on How to Describe

a Set
 Lesson 2 – Kinds of Sets, Notations, and Symbols and How to Solve for
Subsets and Venn Diagram.

Based on the competency, this module is crafted to help the students illustrate well-defined sets,
subsets, universal sets, null set, the cardinality of sets, union, and the intersection of two sets and difference of
two sets (M7NS-Ia-1).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define and illustrate different sets;
2. enumerate the three ways of describing a set ;
3. identify subsets of a given set;
4. define and describe
a. equivalent sets
b. equal sets
c. empty sets
d. universal sets
e. cardinal of sets.

Pre Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of your answer and write it in your Mathematics
notebook.
1. Which of the following is a well – defined set?
A. The set of happy people.
B. The set of good teachers.
C. The set of enjoyable subjects.
D. The set of Philippine Presidents.
2. Which of the following is an INFINITE set?
A. {a,b,c,d,e}
B. {2,4,6, 8,…,800}
C. (xIx is an integer between -60 and 60}.
D. {xIx is a whole number greater than 20}
3. How many subsets will the set below have?
T = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday}
A. 5 B. 10 C. 32 D. 64
4. What do you call a set that contains no element?
A. Subset C. Universal Set
B. Superset D. Empty or Null Set
5. What is the cardinality of P = the set of English names for the months of the year?
A. 4 B. 8 C. 12 D. 24
6. Which of the following is NOT a subset to given set M = {1, 2}?
A. { } B. {0} C. {1} D. {1, 2}
7. How will you write the given set below in roster method?
H = { xIx is a counting number between 7 and 10 }
A. {8, 9} C. {6, 7, 8, 9}
B. {7, 8, 9} D. {7, 8, 9, 10}

8. What is the equivalent set builder form of the given set below?
D = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A. {xIx is an odd number less than 11}
B. {xIx is a whole number less than 11}
C. {xIx is an even number less than 11}
D. {xIx is a counting number less than 11}
 9. Which of the following statements below is NOT correct?
A. {2} ⊆ {2, 4, 6}
B. {7} ⊂ {1, 3, 5, 7}
C. {a, b, c, d} ⊂ {a, b, c, d}
D. {2, 4, 6} ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
10. What are the elements of the given set below?
F = {x I x > 7, x is an odd number}
A. {9, 11, 13, 15, …}
B. {8, 10, 12, 14, …}
C. {7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, …}
D. {8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, …}
11. How many subsets does the set containing 10 elements have?
A. 128 B. 256 C. 512 D. 1,024
12. Which of the following statements below is NOT correct?
A. b ∈ {a, b, c, d, e, f}
B. h ∈ {a, b, c, d, e, f}
C. Cagayan River ∈ {rivers in the Philippines}
D. Mickey Mouse ∈ {characters created by Walt Disney}
13. How will you write the given set below in the verbal method?
P = {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune }
A. Set P is the set of stars in Earth’s solar system.
B. Set P is the set of planets in Earth’s solar system.
C. Set P is the set of comets in Earth’s solar system.
D. Set P is the set of meteorites in Earth’s solar system.
14. What is the symbol used for the universal set?
A. ∈ B. ⊆ C. U D. ⊂

15. What is the cardinality of K = the set of vowels in an English alphabet?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Were you able to answer all the questions?

If not, don’t worry because the next activity will help you better understand the lesson.

Lesson
Introduction to Sets and Ways to Describe a Set
1

Set is one of the most fundamental concepts in Mathematics. The set theory which was developed in
th
the 19 century is now a common part of Mathematics and can be used as a foundation from which nearly all
Mathematical concepts can be derived.

What’s In

Before we proceed to our lesson let me ask you these questions.

Activity 1: Identify Me!

Let’s Find Out: Identify the given below.

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics notebook and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. What comes into your mind when you hear about the following words?
1. library
2. Kpop
3. social media

The above words are examples of a group.

b. Can you think of your examples of a group and its members? The first one has been done for you.
Write the answer in your Mathematics notebook.
Group’s Name Group’s Members
1. Flowers Gumamela, Kalachuci, Rose,
Sampaguita
2.
3.

Great work! You are ready for the next activity.

What’s New

Activity 2: Find Me!

Let’s Find Out: Find the objects in the given picture.

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics notebook and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. Observe closely the pictures below.

b. Copy and fill in the table below by writing the name of the objects in the appropriate column.

c. Answer the given questions.

d. Write the answer in your Mathematics notebook.

The first one is done for you!

 Transportation Animals Fruits
ship
bus
helicopter
airplane
bicycle

a. How many belong to the transportation group?

b. How many belong to the animal group?
c. How many belong to the fruits group?

Congratulations you have grouped them correctly! In Mathematics, a group can

also be called “SET”. "If you understand the concept of the group then you will
also understand the concept of sets.

You did great! Now, we will write and name a set.

How to Write and Name a Set

A set is represented by a capital Examples:
letter.
Elements are usually represented
by small letters, numbers, words,
or representations of the members
A = {a, e, i, o, u } Braces

of a given set.
Braces are used to enclose the
Braces Commas
elements.

Commas are used to separate the

elements. Set Elements

K = { red, blue, yellow }

R = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }

P = { +, - , ×, ÷ }
 Three Ways to Describe a Set
Ways Description Examples
 Listing each element of the set
1.The Roster A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
inside the symbol { }.
Notation or Listing B = {p, h, i, l, n, e, s}
 Each distinct element is listed once
Method C = {5, 10, 15, …}
and the order of listing the elements
D = {Oppo, Vivo, Samsung}
does not matter.
Distinct element means unique
elements or has no duplicate
elements.

Three Ways to Describe a Set

Ways Description Examples
2. The Verbal  A method of describing a 1. Set A is the set of counting
Description set in words. numbers less than 5.
Method 2. Set B is the set of letters in the
word “Philippines”
3. Set C is the set of positive
multiples of 5.
4. Set D is the set of mobile phones.
3. The Set Builder  A method that lists the 1. A = { x l x is a counting number
Notation or Rule rules that determine less than 5 }.
Method whether an object is an “read as “the set of all x’s such
element of the set rather that x is a counting number less
than the actual elements. than 5”.
The vertical bar ( ) after the
first x is translated as
“such that”.
2. B= {x l x is a letter in the word
“Philippines”}
3. C= {x I x is a positive multiple of 5}
4. D= {x I x is a mobile phone}

Activity 3: Describe Me!

Let’s Find Out: Ways to Describe a Set
Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics notebook and ballpen
Let’s Do It This Way:
a. Copy and fill in the table below with the correct translation of the given description of sets.
b. Write the answer in your Mathematics notebook.
The first one is done for you!
Verbal Statement
Set Builder Notation
Roster Method
Set R is a set whose elements are even positive integers less than ten
R= {x I x, x is an even positive integer less than ten}
R= {2, 4, 6, 8}
 1.
W= {x I x, x is a counting number between 2 and 15}
2.
3.
4.
P= {Cory Aquino, Gloria Arroyo}
Set V is a set whose elements are colors of the rainbow.
5.
6.

Lesson
2
 Kinds of Sets
 Notations & Symbols
 How to Solve for Subsets and Venn Diagram

Observe closely the following sets:

1. T = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}

Do you know that set T is different from set R? Have you noticed that there are three (3) dots (...) in set
R? The three (3) dots (...) also known as ellipsis, which means that there are still numbers that follow after 5
such as 6, 7, 8, and so on. To understand more about these kinds of sets, let us proceed to the next lesson.

Kinds of Sets
Kinds of Sets Description Examples
1. Finite Sets  Sets with a defined number of elements. 1. A = {a, b, c, d, e }
 A defined number of elements means that it is
countable, or we can count the number of
elements. Elements are
countable.

2. L = {0, 1, 2, 3}

2. Infinite sets  Sets with an infinite number of elements. 1. V = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}

 An infinite number of elements means that the
number of elements cannot be counted.
 The ellipsis (…) is being added to indicate that There are more even
numbers that follows after
there are more elements of the same kind that 8 like 10, 12, 14 and so
follows after the last identified element in the on.
 set.

2. H = {x I x > 0}
3. Joint Sets  Sets having at least one common element. 1. D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

and

E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 9}

The common element

of Set D and E is 9.

2. A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B =
{a, e, i, o, u}

4.Disjoint Sets  Sets having no common element. 1. W = {a, b, c, d}

and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}

No Common
Element

2. C = {2, 4, 6, 8} and D =
{1, 3, 5, 7 }

The following are notations and symbols used in sets.

Set A contains 5
elements. Notations and Symbols

n(A)Symbols
= 5. Meaning Example How to Read
∈ Element If A = {5, 10, 15, 20} then 5∈A
 Element means that it 5 ∈ A, 10 ∈ A, 15 ∈ A, “5 is an element of A”
belongs to a given set
or member of a set. 20 ∈ A.

∉ Not an element If A = {5, 10, 15, 20} then a∉A

∉ A, and 7 ∉ A. “a is not
an element of A”
n(A) Cardinality of A A = {a, e, i, o, u}, n(A) = 5
“The cardinality
 The number of of set A is 5.”
elements in the set

≈ Equivalent Sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, and A≈B

B = {m, a, t, h}
 Two sets that  Both sets contain four  Set A is equivalent
contain the same elements. to set B.
number
of elements.
= Equal Sets C = {a, e, i, o, u} and C=D
D = {e, o, i, u, a}
 Two sets that  Sets C and D contain the  Set C is equal to
contain the same same elements. set D.
elements.
 A⊆ Notations and Symbols
AB⊈
A ⊂B
B Symbols Meaning Example How To Read
A⊆B
C ⊄D ⊆ Subset 1.{ 9,14,28 } ⊆ { 9,14,28 }
 Every element in A
is also an element 2. If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, …}
in B. and B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }, then  A is a subset
A ⊆ B. of B.

⊈ Not a Subset If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and A⊈B

 Set A does not B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }, then  A is not
belong to
A ⊈ B. a subset
Set B.
of B.
⊂ Proper Subset A = {a, b, c} and A ⊂B
B = {a, b, c, d},
 There is at least  Set A is a
one element in B proper subset
not included
 Each element in A is also an
element in B. to set B.
in A.
 There is at least one element
in B not contained in A and
that element is “d”.
⊄ Not a Proper Subset C = {1, 2, 3 } and D = { 1, C ⊄D
2, 3}
 The elements in C  All elements in D are also
are equal to the elements in C.  Set C is not
elements a proper
in D. subset
to set B.

Notations and Symbols

Symbols Meaning Example How to Read

∅ or { } Empty set or Null set M={ } Set M is an empty set or
 A set with no null set.
element
U Universal Set U Universal Set
 The set of all
possible elements
of any set.

Did you understand the topic “Notations How and

to Solve for Subsets?
Symbols in Sets”? If not, go back to this
topic and read it again because you will need it in the next
Given M = {x, y }, write the complete topic.
list If
ofyes, then it’s time to
subsets.
move to our next topic which is “How to Solve for Subsets and Venn Diagram”.
Note that Set M has two (2) elements. In symbol, n (M) = 2.
Zero at a time One at a time Two at a time
 { } {x} {x, y}
{y} Every set is a
subset of
An empty set
itself.
is a subset of
all sets.

The complete list of subsets are { }, { x } , { y } and { x, y }. There are four subsets of the given set M
= (x, y }
How to Solve for Subsets?
Given F = {1, 2, 3}, write the complete list of subsets.
Note that Set F has three (3) elements. In symbol, n(F) = 3.
Zero at a time One at a time Two at a time Three at a time
{ } {1} {1, 2} {1, 2, 3}
{2} {1, 3}
Every set is
An empty
{3} {2, 3} a subset of
set is a
itself.
subset of all

The complete list of subsets are { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 } ,

{ 2, 3 } and { 1, 2, 3 }. There are eight subsets for the given set F = { 1, 2, 3 }.
How to Solve for Subsets?
The subset of a given set can be solved using the formula 2n, where n is the number of elements in a
given set.

Number of Elements Formula Number of Subsets

n 3
3 2 =2 =2¿2 ¿2 8
4 2n = 24= 2 ¿ 2
¿2¿2 16
n 5
5 2 = 2 = 2 ¿ 2 ¿ 2¿ 2¿ 2 32

Venn Diagram
Meaning Representation Explanation
 These are diagrams that make  All elements in A
use of geometric shapes to and B are
show relationships contained in the
between sets. universal set.
 It is very useful in showing the
relationship between sets.
  Sets A and B are
disjoint sets.

Excellent! Now, you are ready for more exercise.

Activity 4: Solve Me!

Let’s Find Out: Finite or Infinite, Set Notations and Symbols, Cardinality of
Sets and Subsets
Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics notebook and ballpen
Let’s Do It This Way:
a. This exercise is divided into three parts. Answer what is asked.
b. Write the answer in your Mathematics notebook.

I. State whether the given set is FINITE or INFINITE. The first one is done for you.
{2, 4, 6, 8, … 20} - FINITE
1. {0}
2. {3, 5, 7, … }
3. {x I x is a prime number}
4. Set of fractions between 1 and 2.
5. {x I x is a whole number greater than 100}
II. Supply the appropriate set notation and symbol to make the statement correct. Choose from the given choices
besides the given. The first one is done for you.
5 __ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Answer 5∈__{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1. {o, n, e} __ {n, e, o} ∈ ¿ ≈
2. {2, 4} __ {2, 4, 6} ∈ ⊆ ¿
3. red __ {pink, green, purple} ⊆ ¿ ∉
4. {a, b, c, d} __ {a, b, c, d} ∉ ⊆ ⊂
5. {1, 2, 3} __ {a, e, i } ∈ ¿ ≈

III. Identify the cardinality of the given set below and list its subsets. The first one is done for you.
M = {1, 2}
Cardinality: n(M ) = 2
Subsets: 2n = 22 = 4
The complete list of subsets: { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 1, 2 }
1. Y = {a, e, i}
2. G = {x I x is a whole number between 7 and 12 }

Activity 5: Complete Me!

Let’s Find Out: Terms Involved in Introduction to Sets
Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics notebook and ballpen
Let’s Do It This Way:
a. Complete the following sentences.
b. Write the answer in your Mathematics notebook.
1. A/An ______ is a well- defined collection of objects.
2. There are three ways in which we can describe a set. These are ______, ______, and______.
3. Two sets that contain the same number of elements are ______.
4. Two sets that contain the same elements are said to be ______.
5. A subset of a given set that is not the set itself is called ______.
6. The set of all possible elements of any set is called ______.
7. Sets with a defined number of elements are called ______.
8. A method that lists the rules that determine whether an object is an element of the set rather than the
actual elements are called ______.
9. A set with no element is ______.
10. A method of describing a set in words is called ______.
Activity 6: Apply Me!
Let’s Find Out: Sets in Our Daily Life
Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics notebook and ballpen
Let’s Do It This Way:
a. Apart from their Mathematical usage, we use sets in our daily life.
b. Give three (3) everyday life examples of sets and explain briefly why you give such an example.
c. Write the answer in your Mathematics notebook.
d. The first given below is your guide.
In the Kitchen  The kitchen is the most relevant example of sets.
 Our mother always keeps the kitchen well-arranged.
 The plates are kept separate from bowls and cups.
 Sets of similar utensils are kept separately.
Your task begins here:

1.

2.

3.

Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and answer the questions carefully. Write the answer in
your Mathematics notebook.
1. Which of the following is a well – defined set?
 A. The set of big people.
B. The set of happy people.
C. The set of prime numbers.
D. The set of intelligent teachers.
2. Which of the following is a FINITE set?
A. {3, 5, 7, …}
B. {… , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 }
C. Set of prime numbers.
D. Set of fractions between 1 and 12.
3. Which of the following pairs of sets given below are equal?
A. Y = {a, b, c}
Z = {7, 9, 10}
B. T = {algebra, geometry, trigonometry}
V = {geometry, trigonometry, algebra}
C. W = {grapes, apples, oranges}
X = {grapes, peaches, apples, oranges}
D. R is the set of letters in the world bank.
S is the set of letters in the word post.
4. How will you write the given set below in the roster form?
P is the set of vowels used in the word “MONDAY”.
A. {o, a} C. {m, n, d, y}
B. {o, a, y} D. {m, o, n, d, a, y}
5. What is the cardinality of P = the set of English names for the days in a week?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

6. How will you express the given set below in the verbal method?
M = {January, June, July}
A. M is the set of months of the year.
B. M is the set of the first three months of the year.
C. M is the set of months of the year that has a holiday.
D. M is the set of months of the year that starts with letter J.
7. Which of the following pairs of sets given below are NOT equivalent?
A. Y = {a, b, c}
Z = {7, 9, 10}
B. T = {algebra, geometry, trigonometry}
V = {geometry, trigonometry, algebra}
C. W = {grapes, apples, oranges}
X = {grapes, peaches, apples, oranges}
D. R is the set of letters in the word bank.
S is the set of letters in the word post.
8. If F = {1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 }, then which of the following is a subset of F?
A. {0} C. {2, 3, 4, 5}
B. {2, 4} D. {1, 9, 5, 13}
9. Which of the following statements below is CORRECT?
A. Quadrilateral ⊆ Polygon
B. Even Numbers ⊆ Odd Numbers
C. Whole Numbers ⊆ Natural Numbers
D. Natural Numbers ⊈ Whole Numbers
10. What does the given statement below mean?
K={}
A. Set K has one element.
B. Set K has infinite elements
C. The cardinality of set K is zero.
D. Set K contains all the elements under consideration.
11. What is the cardinality of A = { 5, 6, 3, 2, 3 }?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

12. If P = {p I p is a prime number less than 10 }, then what are the possible elements of P?
 A. {2, 3, 5, 7} C. {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B. {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} D. {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
13. If M represents the set of even numbers, then which of the following is CORRECT?
A. { } ⊆ M C. { 1, 3 } ⊆ M
B. 200 ∉ M D. {2, 4, 5 } ⊂ M
14. What is an example of disjoint sets?
A. E = {even numbers} and F = {odd numbers}
B. G = {multiples of five} and H = {multiples of ten}
C. C = {even numbers} and D = {multiples of nine}
D. A = {multiples of two} and B = {multiples of three}
15. How many subsets does the set containing 10 elements have?
A. 128 C. 512
B. 256 D. 1,024

References

BOOKS:

Von Anthony G. Toro, et.al. Smart in Math( Grade 7 ). ISA – JECHO PUBLISHING INC. 2017, pp. 2 –
9.

Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O. Mendoza. e – math 7 ( K to 12 Worktext in Mathematics) Third

Edition 2012. Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI) 2013. pp. 2 – 5.

Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro – Yu, Ed.D. Grade 7 Math Learning Guide. Department of
Education (2013). pp. 1 – 5.