Chapter 1

chapter 1
hardware and software:

hardware is a term for physical components that make up a computer
system
software is a term for programs that control the system there are 2
types of softwares application and system.
Examples of application software:

Word processor: software used to manipulate text documents
such as an essay or report.
Functions:
Creating editing saving and manipulating texts, copy paste functions ,
translation into other languages.
Spreadsheet: used to organiseand manipulate numerical data in

the form of integer
Functions:
Produces graphs,models and does what if calculators .
Database: used to organize, manipulate and organize data a typical
data base is usually made up of one or more tables ideo
Functions:Ability to carry out queries on database data and produce

a report, add,delete,modify data in a table.
Apps: software that runs on mobile phones and tablets they are
usually downloaded from an app store
Functions:
Video and music streaming,camera facilities , gps
System software examples:

Linkers: computer program that takes one or more object files
produced by a compiler and combines them into a singular program
that can be run on a computer.
Device driver: it’s the name given to a software that enables one
or more hardware devices to communicate with the computers
operating system.
operating system(os): its an essentially software that runs in

the background of a computer system it manages many of the basic
functions.
What (os) allows:

Input/output opperations
Users to communicate with the computer
Error handling
Loading/running programs to occur
Security management
Utilities: software that has been designed to carry out specific tasks
on a computer.
Internal computer hardware:
Motherboard: printed circuit board found in all computers.
Random access memory(RAM): internal chip where data is
temporarily stored when running applications.
Read-only memory(ROM): memory used to store info that

needs to be permanent.
Videocard: allows computer to send graphical info to a video

display device.
What are video cards made up of?

Processing unit, memory unit (usually ram),cooling mechanism,
connections to display unit.
Sound card: integrated circuit board that provide a computer the

ability to produce sounds.
Main components of a computer system

Central processing unit(CPU): CPU is a complex designed
unit which comprises many hardware components like motherboard
and circuit and works by receiving set of instructions (known as
program).
HDD/SDD
An internal hard drive is the primary storage device located inside a
computer system
A solid-state drive (SSD) replaces traditional mechanical hard disks by
using flash-based memory, which is significantly faster
Command line interface: A command line interface (CLI) is a

text-based user interface (UI) used to view and manage computer files
Graphical user interface: a system of interactive visual

components for computer software. A GUI displays objects that convey
information, and represent actions that can be taken by the user.
Types of computer:
Pc/desktop computers: A desktop computer (or desktop PC) is a
computer that is designed to stay in a single location
Advantages:
•Lots of memory space
•fast processors
•no battery
•large screen
disadvantages
•large footprint
•need keyboard, mouse and monitor
•big and heavy
Laptops: Laptop computers, are portable computers that you can

take with you and use in different environments
Advantages: Weight,Easy to take anywhere ,Can take full advantage
of wifi
Disadvantages:
Power
Cost
Higher risk of theft
Small keyboard
Tablets:
A tablet is a wireless touch screen personal computer (PC) that is
smaller than a notebook but larger than a smartphone.
Features:
A processor
•memory chips
•a storage chip and possibly a slot for additional storage
•a battery
•a graphics processor
•a sound processor and speakers
Advantages:
the handwriting recognition;
can be used as a GPS navigation device;
offer the same functionality as a normal computer
gesture recognition;
a powerful pen recognition
ideal when you are in a conference
smartphones:
a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a computer,
typically having a touchscreen interface, Internet access, and an
operating system capable of running downloaded apps.
Fucntions:
Sends/receives emails, calendar functions, streaming of videos
Advantages:
Small size, leight weight, used to make calls, hundreds of apps
Disadvantages:
Difficult to read from small screen, easy to lose, addiction ,extra work
Smartwatches:
A smartwatch is a digital watch that provides many other features
besides timekeeping
Functions:
Internet connectivity,weather forecast,gps
Advantages:
Easy to use, very light, not easy to lose cause its on your arm
Disadvatages:
Uncomfortable to wear,unattractive design,limited battery
Mainframe computers are a type of computer that generally

are known for their large size, amount of storage, processing power
and high level of reliability.
Features:
Can have several cpus,have very fast processor speeds,huge storage
capacity.
Artificial intelligence biometrics(AL)
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer program or a
machine to think and learn. It is also a field of study which tries to make
computers "smart".
Vision enchantment:
Low vision enchantment: system allows images to be projected inside
the headset in front of the eyes
Night vision enchantment: amplifies infrared light and visible light so
that the image can still be seen in apparent darkness.
Robotics: Design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to
perform tasks done traditionally by human beings. Robots are widely
used in such industries as automobile manufacture to perform simple
repetitive tasks
Quantum cryptography
the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform
cryptographic tasks.
Computer assisted translation
Translates words into other languages.
3d holographic imaging
A 3D hologram displays products, objects, and animated sequences
three-dimensionally and enables seemingly real objects or animations
to appear to float completely freely in space.
Virtual reality
an artificial environment which is experienced through sensory stimuli
(such as sights and sounds) provided by a computer and in which one's
actions partially determine what happens in the environment.

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chapter 1

hardware and software:

Examples of application software:

Spreadsheet: used to organiseand manipulate numerical data in

Functions:Ability to carry out queries on database data and produce

System software examples:

operating system(os): its an essentially software that runs in

What (os) allows:

Read-only memory(ROM): memory used to store info that

Videocard: allows computer to send graphical info to a video

What are video cards made up of?

Sound card: integrated circuit board that provide a computer the

Main components of a computer system

Command line interface: A command line interface (CLI) is a

Graphical user interface: a system of interactive visual

Laptops: Laptop computers, are portable computers that you can

Mainframe computers are a type of computer that generally

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