Lab Manual CNT 2019 20

Software Laboratory –I Lab Manual TE IT, Sem- II
Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
S. No. 18, Plot No. 5/3, Karvenagar, PUNE – 411 052
Tel: 020-25473160 Fax: 020-25470909
Website: www.mmcoe.edu.in
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY MANUAL
TE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) (SEMESTER – I)
SOFTWARE LABORATORY-IV
2015 course
Teaching Scheme: Practical 2hrs/week

Examination Scheme:Term Work: 25 Marks
Practical: 25 Marks
Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 1

Marathwada Mitra Mandal's

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Karvenagar, Pune – 52
Vision of the Institute
To aspire for the welfare of society through excellence in science and technology.
Mission of the Institute

 Mould young talent for higher endeavours.
 Meet the challenges of globalization.
 Commit for social progress with values and ethics.
 Orient faculty and students for research and development.
 Emphasize excellence in all disciplines.
Vision of the Department

To emerge as a centre of excellence in IT education, research and innovation in
Information Technology for enrichment of society.
Mission of the Department

 To cater IT industry with engineers having theoretical and practical background
with rich skill set.
 To pursue advancement in knowledge in field of information technology.
 To inculcate budding IT engineers with logical thinking, analytical aptitude,
leadership and creativity.

Marathwada Mitra Mandal's COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Program Outcomes (POs)

The students of Information Technology Engineering will be able to:
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
PO1
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
PO2 problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
PO3 system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
PO4 including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5 engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
PO6 health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
PO7 societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
PO8
the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
PO9
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PO10 community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
PO11 management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Marathwada Mitra Mandal's COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The students of Information Technology Program after passing out will:
Possess adequate knowledge and skills in Mathematics, Engineering and
PEO1 Information Technology for analyzing, designing and implementing
complex problems of any domain with innovative approaches.
Possess an inclination and technical competency towards professional
PEO2 growth, research, entrepreneurship and higher studies in the field of
Information Technology at global level.
Possess interpersonal and leadership skills along with ethical practices,
PEO3
societal contributions through communities and life- long learning.
Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

The students will be able to:
Develop and analyze quality computer applications by applying knowledge
PSO1 of software engineering, algorithms, programming, databases and
networking.
Pursue advanced knowledge and professional development in the field of
PSO2
information technology.

Course Outcomes
Course Statement
Outcome
On completion of this course the student should be able to
314450.1 Understand responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at network layer, understand
different addressing techniques,networking commands and implement a small size network
314450.2 Understand responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at transport layer and use
networking and simulation tools and explore protocol design
314450.3 Understand and explore the different protocols at application layer and configure client
server environment to use application layer protocols.
314450.4 Understand the different wireless technologies and IEEE standards.
314450.5 Understand, explore and implement adhoc networks and study network & transport layer
protocols for wireless network
314450.6 Understand, explore and implement applications on recent trends in network domain.

Assignment List of Assignments POs Mapped PSOs
No.
Mapped
1. Explore and Study of TCP/IP utilities and Network Commands PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,
on Linux. Ping, Tracert/Traceroute/Tracepath, ipconfig / ifconfig, PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
NSlookup, Hostname,Arp, Whois,Finger, Netstat, Port Scan /
nmap, Route
2. Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

sub-netting of a given network ,Super-netting of a given PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
networks.
3. Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure A PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

router using router commands, Access Control lists – Standard & PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
Extended.

EIGRP – Explore Neighbor-ship Requirements and Conditions, PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
its K Values Metrics Assignment and Calculation, RIPv2 and
EIGRP on same network. WLAN with static IP addressing and
DHCP with MAC security and filters

VLAN, Dynamic trunk protocol and spanning tree protocol PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
OSPF – Explore Neighbor-ship Condition and Requirement,
Neighbor-ship states, OSPF Metric Cost Calculation. Network
Address Translation : Static, Dynamic & PAT (Port Address
Translation)
6. Socket Programming in C/C++ on Linux. TCP Client , TCP PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

Server UDP Client , UDP Server PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
7. Introduction to server administration (server administration PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

commands and their applications) and configuration any three of PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
below Server: (Study/Demonstration Only) FTP, Web Server,
DHCP, Telnet, Mail, DNS
8. Using any open source Network Simulator, Implement MANET / PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,
Wireless Sensor Network PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
9. Write a program using Arduino / Rasberry Pi Kit for PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

Demonstration of IOT Application on any one of the following PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
Topics.Appliance Remote Control,Time Lapse Camera
Controller,Security / Automation Sensors,The Traffic Light
Controller,Temperature Controller
10. Design and implement small size network PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2
11. To learn the wireless communication between the sensor nodes. PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,
PO4,PO5,PO12 PSO2

Assignment No. 1
Aim: Explore and Study of TCP/IP utilities and Network Commands on Linux.
Ping, Tracert/Traceroute/Tracepath, ipconfig / ifconfig, NSlookup, Hostname,Arp, Whois, Finger,
Netstat, Port Scan / nmap, Route
Objectives:To understand networking commands in Linux
Course Outcome achieved:
CO1. To know responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at network network layer, understand
Theory:
1. ifconfig - configure a network interface
Ifconfig is used to configure the kernel-resident network interfaces. It is used at boot time to
set up interfaces as necessary. After that, it is usually only needed when debugging or when
system tuning is needed. If no arguments are given, ifconfig displays the status of the currently
active interfaces. If a single interface argument is given, it displays the status of the given interface only;
if a single -a argment is given, it displays the status of all interfaces, even those that are down.
Otherwise, it configures an interface.
OPTIONS
-a display all interfaces which are currently available, even if down
-s display a short list (like netstat -i)
-v be more verbose for some error conditions
Viewing The Configuration Of A Specific Interface
To view the configuration of a specific interface, specify its name as an option. For instance,
ifconfig eth0
...will display the configuration of device eth0 only.
Enabling And Disabling An Interface
When a network interface is active, it can send and receive data; when it is inactive, it is not able to transmit
or receive. You can use ifconfig to change the status of a network interface from inactive to active, or
vice-versa.

To enable an inactive interface, provide ifconfig with the interface name followed by the keyword up.
Enabling or disabling a device requires superuser permissions, so you will either have to be logged in as
root, or prefix your command with sudo to run it with superuser privileges.
To activateinterface eth0, the command is :
sudo ifconfig eth1 up
To disable the wireless network interface wlan0, use the command:
sudo ifconfig wlan0 down
Configuring An Interface
ifconfig can be used at the command line to configure (or re-configure) a network interface. This is often
unnecessary, since this configuration is typically handled by a script when you boot the system. If you'd like
to do so manually, you will need superuser privileges, so we'll use sudo again when running these
commands.
To assign a static IP address to an interface, specify the interface name and the IP address. For example, to
assign the IP address 69.72.169.1 to the interface wlan0, use the command:
sudo ifconfig wlan0 69.72.169.1
To assign a network mask to an interface, use the keyword netmask and the netmask address. For instance,
to configure the interface eth1 to use a network mask of 255.255.255.0, the command would be:
sudo ifconfig eth1 netmask 255.255.255.0
To assign a broadcast address to an interface, use the keyword broadcast and the broadcast address. For
instance, to configure the interface wlan1 to use a broadcast address of 172.16.25.98, the command would
be:
sudo ifconfig wlan1 broadcast 172.16.25.98
These configurations can combined in a single command. For instance, to configure interface eth0 to use the
static IP address 192.168.2.5, the network mask 255.255.255.0, and the broadcast address 192.168.2.7, the
command would be:
sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.2.7
2. Ping
Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by sending Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) Echo Request messages. The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages are displayed, along
with round-trip times.
OPTIONS

-t : Specifies that ping continue sending Echo Request messages to the destination until interrupted.
-a : Specifies that reverse name resolution is performed on the destination IP address. If this is successful,
ping displays the corresponding host name.
-n Count : Specifies the number of Echo Request messages sent. The default is 4.
-l Size : Specifies the length, in bytes, of the Data field in the Echo Request messages sent. The default is
32. The maximum size is 65,527.
-f : Specifies that Echo Request messages are sent with the Don't Fragment flag in the IP header set to 1.
-i TTL : Specifies the value of the TTL field in the IP header for Echo Request messages sent. The
default is the default TTL value for the host-v TOS : Specifies the value of the Type of Service (TOS)
field in the IP header for Echo Request messages sent. The default is 0. TOS is specified as a decimal value
from 0 to 255.
-r Count : Specifies that the Record Route option in the IP header is used to record the path taken by
the Echo Request message and corresponding Echo Reply message.
-s Count : Specifies that the Internet Timestamp option in the IP header is used to record the time of
arrival for the Echo Request message and corresponding Echo Reply message for each hop. The Count must
be a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 4.
-j HostList : Specifies that the Echo Request messages use the Loose Source Route option in the IP
header with the set of intermediate destinations specified in HostList.
-k HostList : Specifies that the Echo Request messages use the Strict Source Route option in the IP
header with the set of intermediate destinations specified in HostList.
-w Timeout : Specifies the amount of time, in milliseconds, to wait for the Echo Reply message that
corresponds to a given Echo Request message to be received.
TargetName : Specifies the destination, which is identified either by IP address or host name.
3. Whois - whois searches for an object in a WHOIS database. WHOIS is a query and response protocol
that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users of an Internet resource, such as a
domain name or an IP address block, but is also used for a wider range of other information.Most modern
versions of whois try to guess the right server to ask for the specified object. If no guess can be made, whois
will connect to whois.networksolutions.com for NIC handles or whois.arin.net for IPv4 addresses and
network names.
OPTIONS
-h HOST Connect to WHOIS database host HOST.
-H Suppress the display of legal disclaimers.
-p PORT When connecting, connect to network port PORT.
--verbose Operate verbosely.
--help Display a help message, and exit.
4.finger - user information lookup program
DESCRIPTION
The finger displays information about the system users.
OPTIONS

-s Finger displays the user's login name, real name, terminal name and write status (as a ``*'' after
the terminal name if write permission is denied), idle time, login time, office location and office phone
number.
Login time is displayed as month, day, hours and minutes, unless more than six months ago, in
which case the year is displayed rather than the hours and minutes.Unknown devices as well as
nonexistent idle and login times are displayed as single asterisks.
-l Produces a multi-line format displaying all of the information described for the -s option as
well as the user's home directory,home phone number, login shell, mail status, and the contents of the files
“.plan”, “.project”, “.pgpkey” and “.forward” from the user's home directory.
-p Prevents the -l option of finger from displaying the contents of the “.plan”, “.project” and
“.pgpkey” files.
-m Prevent matching of user names. User is usually a login name; however, matching will also
be done on the users' real names,unless the -m option is supplied. All name matching performed by finger
is case insensitive.
5. traceroute - print the route packets trace to network host
DESCRIPTION
traceroute tracks the route packets taken from an IP network on their way to a given host. It
utilizes the IP protocol's time to live (TTL) field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED
response from each gateway along the path to the host.
This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to some internet host by
launching probe packets with a small ttl (time to live) then listening for an ICMP "time exceeded" reply
from a gateway. We start our probes with a ttl of one and increase by one until we get an ICMP
"port unreachable" (or TCP reset), which means we got to the "host", or hit a max (which defaults to 30
hops). Three probes (by default) are sent at each ttl setting and a line is printed showing the ttl, address
of the gateway and round trip time of each probe. The address can be followed by additional
information when requested. If the probe answers come from different gateways, the address of each
responding system will be printed. If there is no response within a 5.0 seconds (default), an "*" (asterisk)
is printed for that probe.
6. nslookup - command is used to query Internet name servers interactively for information.
nslookup, which stands for "name server lookup", is a useful tool for finding out information about a named
domain.By default, nslookup will translate a domain name to an IP address (or vice versa). For instance, to
find out what the IP address of microsoft.com is, you could run the command:
nslookup microsoft.com
...and you would receive a response like this:
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:

Name: microsoft.com
Address: 134.170.185.46
Name: microsoft.com
Address: 134.170.188.221
Here, 8.8.8.8 is the address of our system's Domain Name Server. This is the server our system is onfigured
to use to translate domain names into IP addresses. "#53" indicates that we are communicating with it on
port 53, which is the standard port number domain name servers use to accept queries.
Reverse DNS Lookups
We can also perform the above operation in reverse by providing the IP address rather than the domain
name. For instance, the command:
nslookup 134.170.185.46
...will return information resembling the following:
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
46.185.170.134.in-addr.arpa name = grv.microsoft.com.
7. hostname - command shows or sets the system hostname.hostname is used to display the system's
DNS name, and to display or set its hostname or NIS (Network Information Services) domain name. When
called without any arguments, hostname will display the name of the system as returned by the
gethostname function. When called with one argument or with the --file option, hostname will set the
system's host name using the sethostname function. Only the superuser can set the host name. The host
name is usually set once at system startup in the script /etc/init.d/hostname.sh normally by reading the
contents of a file which contains the host name, e.g., /etc/hostname.
8. Arp - manipulates or displays the kernel's IPv4 network neighbour cache. It can add entries to the table,
delete one, or display the current content.ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol, which is used to
find the address of a network neighbor for a given IPv4 address.
MODES
arp with no mode specifier will print the current content of the table. It is possible to limit the
number of entries printed, by specifying an hardware address type, interface name or host address.
arp -d address will delete a ARP table entry. Root or netadmin priveledge is required to do this. The
entry is found by IP address.If a hostname is given, it will be resolved before looking up the entry in the
ARP table.
arp -s address hw_addr is used to set up a new table entry. The format of the hw_addr parameter
is dependent on the hardware class, but for most classes one can assume that the usual presentation can be
used. For the Ethernet class, this is 6 bytes in hexadecimal, separated by colons. When adding proxy
arp entries (that is those with the publish flag set a netmask may be specified to proxy arp for entire subnets.
This is not good practice, but is supported by older kernels because it can be useful. If the temp flag is

not supplied entries will be permanent stored into the ARP cache. To simplyfy setting up entries
for one of your own network interfaces, you can use the arp -Ds address ifname form. In that case the
hardware address is taken from the interface with the specified name.
9. Netstat - command is used to print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade
connections, and multicast memberships.netstat ("network statistics") is a command-line tool that displays
network connections (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network interface
(network interface controller or software-defined network interface) and network protocol statistics.
It is used for finding problems in the network and to determine the amount of traffic on the network as a
performance measurement.
10. nmap - It is a network exploration tool and security / port scanner.nmap ("Network Mapper") is an
open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. It was designed to rapidly scan large
networks, although it works fine to scan single hosts. nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine
what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are
offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls
are in use, and dozens of other characteristics.
Conclusion:
In this way, we studied Studied TCP/IP utilities and Network Commands on Linux
FAQ
Q1. Explain ICMP request reply protocol using in PING command.
Q2. How nslookup makes use of name server?\
Q3. Why is arp protocol required ?
Q4. Explain IP header.

Assignment No. 2
Title of Assignment:
Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure Sub-netting of a given

network ,Super-netting of a given networks.
Objectives: To design and implement small size network by sunetting and supernetting
Course Outcome :
CO1: To know responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at network network layer, understand
different addressing techniques, networking commands and implement a small size network
Theory:
Network ID
First address of subnet is called network ID. This address is used to identify one segment or broadcast
domain from all the other segments in the network.
Block Size
Block size is the size of subnet including network address, hosts addresses and broadcast address.
Broadcast ID
There are two types of broadcast, direct broadcast and full broadcast.
Direct broadcast or local broadcast is the last address of subnet and can be hear by all hosts in subnet.
Full broadcast is the last address of IP classes and can be hear by all IP hosts in network. Full broadcast
address is 255.255.255.255
The main difference between direct broadcast and full broadcast is that routers will not propagate local
broadcasts between segments, but they will propagate directed broadcasts.
Host Addresses
All address between the network address and the directed broadcast address is called host address for the
subnet. You can assign host addresses to any IP devices such as PCs, servers, routers, and switches.
Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C
network. If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A, B, or C network,
which is unrealistic.

Each data link on a network must have a unique network ID, with every node on that link being a member
of the same network. If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C) into smaller subnetworks, it allows
you to create a network of interconnecting subnetworks. Each data link on this network would then have a
unique network/subnetwork ID. Any device, or gateway, that connects n networks/subnetworks has n
distinct IP addresses, one for each network / subnetwork that it interconnects.
In order to subnet a network, extend the natural mask with some of the bits from the host ID portion of the
address in order to create a subnetwork ID. For example, given a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 which has a
natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this manner:
204.17.5.0 - 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000
255.255.255.224 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
--------------------------|sub|----
By extending the mask to be 255.255.255.224, you have taken three bits (indicated by "sub") from the
original host portion of the address and used them to make subnets. With these three bits, it is possible to
create eight subnets. With the remaining five host ID bits, each subnet can have up to 32 host addresses, 30
of which can actually be assigned to a device since host ids of all zeros or all ones are not allowed . So,
with this in mind, these subnets have been created.
Network address Subnet Mask host address range
204.17.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30

Supernetting is the opposite of Subnetting. In subnetting, a single big network is divided into multiple
smaller subnetworks. In Supernetting, multiple networks are combined into a bigger network termed as a
Supernetwork or Supernet.
Supernetting is mainly used in Route Summarization, where routes to multiple networks with similar
network prefixes are combined into a single routing entry, with the routing entry pointing to a Super
network, encompassing all the networks. This in turn significantly reduces the size of routing tables and also
the size of routing updates exchanged by routing protocols.

Supernetting, also called Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), is a way to aggregate multiple Internet
addresses of the same class. The original Internet Protocol (IP) defines IP addresses in four major classes of
address structure, Classes A through D. Each class allocates one portion of the 32-bit Internet address
format to a network address and the remaining portion to the specific host machines within the network.
Using supernetting, the network address 192.168.2.0/24 and an adjacent address 192.168.3.0/24 can be
merged into 192.168.2.0/23. The "23" at the end of the address says that the first 23 bits are the network part
of the address, leaving the remaining nine bits for specific host addresses. Supernetting is most often used to
combine Class C network addresses and is the basis for most routing protocols currently used on the
Internet.
FAQ:
Q1.State IPv4 classful addresses scheme, no. of blocks in each class,no. of host that can be connected in
each block and default mask for each class.
Q2. State Advantages of Subnetting and Supernetting?
Q3. What is CIDR?

Assignment No. 3
Title of Assignment:
Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure a router using router commands, Access Control
lists – Standard & Extended
Objectives: To Study Configuration of a router (Ethernet & serial Interface )
CO1: To know responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at network network layer, understand
Theory:
Introduction to access list:
An access list is essentially a list of condition . Packets can be very useful when u need to
do exercise control over network traffic . An access list would be your tool of choice for design making in
these situation .One of the most common and easiest way to to understand uses of lists is filtering
unwanted packet when implementing security policy.
1. Access Control List Types

Cisco ACLs are divided into types. Standard IP, Extended IP, IPX, Appletalk, etc. Here we will just go over
the standard and extended access lists for TCP/IP.
As you create ACLs you assign a number to each list, however, each type of list is limited to an assigned
range of numbers. This makes it very easy to determine what type of ACL you will be working with.
2. TCP/IP Access Lists

You can have up to 99 Standard IP Access Lists ranging in number from 1 to 99, the Extended IP Access
Lists number range is assigned from 100 to 199. The most common use of the Extended IP access list to is
create a packet filtering firewall. This is where you specify the allowed destinations of each packet from an
allowed source.
3. Standard IP Access Lists
A Standard Access List only allows you to permit or deny traffic from specific IP addresses. The destination
of the packet and the ports involved do not matter.
Here is an example:
access-list 10 permit 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255
This list allows traffic from all addresses in the range 192.168.3.0 to 192.168.3.255

You can see how the last entry looks similar to a subnet mask, but with Cisco ACLs they use inverse subnet
masks. Also realize that by default, there is an implicit deny added to every access list. If you entered the
command:
show access-list 10
The output would be:
access-list 10 permit 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255

access-list 10 deny any
4. Extended IP Access Lists
Extended ACLs allow you to permit or deny traffic from specific IP addresses to a specific destination IP
address and port. It also allows you to specify different types of traffic such as ICMP, TCP, UDP, etc.
Needless to say, it is very grangular and allows you to be very specific. If you intend to create a packet
filtering firewall to protect your network it is an Extended ACL that you will need to create.
Typically you would allow outgoing traffic and incoming initiated traffic. In other words, you want your
users to be able to connect to web servers on the internet for browsing but you do not want anyone on the
Internet to be able to connect to your machines. This will require 2 ACLs. One to only limit our users on the
company network to only use a web browser (so this will block outgoing FTP, e-mail, Kazaa, napster,
online gaming, etc.) The other access-list will only allow incoming traffic from the Internet that has been
initiated from a machine on the inside. This is called an established connection. Let's see what our access
list would look like for starters:
Assumptions:
internal network: 63.36.9.0
access-list 101 - Applied to traffic leaving the office (outgoing)
access-list 102 - Applied to traffic entering the office (incoming)
ACL 101
access-list 101 permit tcp 63.36.9.0 0.0.0.255 any eq 80
ACL 102
access-list 102 permit tcp any 63.36.9.0 0.0.0.255 established
1. Rename the Router

To specify or modify the host name for the router, global configuration command HOSTNAME is used.
Hostname is case sensitive. The host name is used in prompts and default configuration filenames.
Router(config)# hostname How2Pass
The factory-assigned default host name is router.
Setting the System Clock
The system clock runs from the moment the system starts up and keeps track of the current date and time
based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), also known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The system

clock can be set from a number of sources, and in turn can be used to distribute the current time through
various mechanisms to other systems. To manually set the system clock, use one of the formats of the clock
set EXEC command.
clock set hh:mm:ss day month yyyy
clock set hh:mm:ss month day yyyy
In the following example, the system clock is manually set to 1:32 p.m. on May 12, 2001:
Router# clock set 13:32:00 12 May 2001
Show System Time
To display the system clock, use the show clock EXEC command. If time has not been set by the clock set
command then this command will show the time lapsed since router is up.
Router# show clock
Setting the Banner
To specify a message-of-the-day (MOTD) banner, use the banner motd global configuration command. The
no form of this command deletes the MOTD banner. When someone connects to the router, the MOTD
banner appears before the login prompt.
Router(config)# banner motd # message #
Here (#) sign is used as delaminating character. You can use any character.
Setting the Description for an Interface
To add a description to an interface configuration, use the description interface configuration command. Use
the no form of this command to remove the description.
The description command is meant solely as a comment to be put in the configuration to help you remember
what certain interfaces are used for.
The following example shows how to add a description for a T1 interface:
Router(config)# interface serial 0
Router(config-if)# description T1 line to How2Pass - 128 Kb/s
The description "T1 line to How2Pass - 128 Kb/s" appears in the output of the following EXEC commands: show
startup-config, show interfaces, and show running-config
Setting the Line Password
To specify a password on a line, use the password line configuration command. Use the no form of this
command to remove the password. The first character cannot be a number. The string can contain any
alphanumeric characters, including spaces, up to 80 characters.
Console Password
Console password is needed when logging into router at user EXEC mode from console.

Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# password How2pass2004
vty lines password
Virtual terminal lines (vty) are used to allow remote access to the router (by telneting through its interfaces).
The router has five virtual terminal lines by default.
Router(config)# line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)# password How2Pass2004
Setting Privileged Access Password
To set a local password to control access to various privilege levels, use the enable password global
configuration command. Use the no form of this command to remove the password requirement.
An enable password is defined as follows:
Must contain from 1 to 25 uppercase and lowercase alphanumeric characters.
Must not have a number as the first character.
Can have leading spaces, but they are ignored. However, intermediate and trailing spaces are recognized.
Router(config)# enable password How2Pass2004
Setting Secret (Encrypted) Password
To set an encrypted local password to control access to various privilege levels, use the enable secret global
configuration command. Use the no form of this command to remove the password requirement.
Router(config)# enable secret How2pass2004
Conclusion:
Hence we have successfully studied router configuration with standard and extended access list.
FAQ:
1. Differentiate between router and a switch?
2. How do router route packets?
3. What is a firewall, proxy server ?

Assignment No. 4
Aim: Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure EIGRP – Explore Neighbor-ship Requirements and
Conditions, its K Values Metrics Assignment and Calculation, RIPv2 and EIGRP on same network. WLAN with
static IP addressing and DHCP with MAC security and filters
Objectives: To understand protocol used at different layers of network

CO1:To know responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at network network layer, understand
CO4:To know the different wireless technologies and IEEE standards.
Theory:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employ
the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of
hops allowed in a path from source to destination. The largest number of hops allowed for RIP is 15, which
limits the size of networks that RIP can support.RIP implements the split horizon, route poisoning and
holddown mechanisms to prevent incorrect routing information from being propagated.In RIPv1 router
broadcast updates with their routing table every 30 seconds. In the early deployments, routing tables were
small enough that the traffic was not significant. As networks grew in size, however, it became evident there
could be a massive traffic burst every 30 seconds, even if the routers had been initialized at random times.
In most networking environments, RIP is not the preferred choice for routing as its time to converge and
scalability are poor compared to EIGRP, OSPF.RIP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its transport
protocol, and is assigned the reserved port number 520
1)RIPv1 is Classful routing protocol and RIPv2 Classless routing protocol.
2) In RIPv1, subnet masks are NOT included in the routing update and In RIPv2 Subnet masks are included
in the routing update.
3) RIPv2 multicasts the entire routing table to all adjacent routers at the address 224.0.0.9, as opposed to
RIPv1 which uses broadcast (255.255.255.255). Unicast addressing is still allowed for special applications.
Configure RIP routing protocol
It requires only two steps to configure the RIP routing.
 Enable RIP routing protocol from global configuration mode.

 Tell RIP routing protocol which networks you want to advertise.
Eg: Router0(config)#router rip

Router0(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EIGRP is hybrid protocol, it has advantages of both link state and distance vector protocol. It uses
composite metric calculation formula to select the best route for destination. It sends partial or full update
only when something is change in network. It maintains three tables for ultra-fast convergence.
Neighbor Table: EIGRP shares routing information only with neighbors. To know who the neighbors
are, it uses neighbor table. When a new neighbor is discovered, EIGRP would add its address and interface
on which neighbor is connected in neighbor table. EIGRP uses separate neighbor table for each routed
protocol.
Topology Table: EIGRP uses this table to store all routes which it learned from neighbors. It contains a
list of all destinations and routes advertised by neighboring routers. EIGRP selects single best route for each
destination from this list. That route goes in routing table. Remaining routes are marked as backup routes.
EIGRP refers selected route as Successor and backup route as Feasible Successor. EIGRP uses separate
topology table for each routed protocol.
Routing Table: EIGRP stores single best (Successor) route for each destination in this table. Router uses
this table to forward the packet. There is a separate routing table for each routed protocol.
Default-metric (EIGRP) and K Values
EIGRP may use five metric components to select the best route for routing table. These are Bandwidth,
Load, Delay, Reliability and MTU. By default EIGRP uses only two components; Bandwidth and delay.
With K-Values we can control which components should be used in route metric calculation. For five metric
components we have five K values.
Minimum bandwidth of the route in kilobits per second. It can be from 1

bandwidth
to 4294967295. K1
Route delay in tens of microseconds. It can be 1 or any positive number
delay
that is a multiple of 39.1 nanoseconds. K3
Likelihood of successful packet transmission expressed as a number
reliability between 0 and 255. The value 255 means 100 percent reliability; 0 means
no reliability. K4
Effective bandwidth of the route expressed as a number from
loading
1 to 255 (255 is 100 percent loading). K2
Minimum maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the route in bytes. It
mtu
can be from 1 to 65535. K5
Enabling EIGRP is a two steps process:-
1. Enable EIGRP routing protocol from global configuration mode.

2. Tell EIGRP which interfaces we want to include.

Eg: Router(config)# router eigrp autonomous_system_#
Router(config-router)# network IP_network_# [subnet_mask]
Configuring RIP and EIGRP on same network

When we use both RIP and EIGRP together then the most accurate metrics to determine the best path to
destination automatically gets changed with change in network topology.This type of routing is allowed for
rapid convergence but consume less memory and lesser processing power.
FAQs:
Q1. How does RIP work?
Q2. State working of EIGRP?
Q3. What is DHCP?
Q4. What id WLAN?

Assignment No. 5
Aim: Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure VLAN, Dynamic trunk protocol and
spanning tree protocol OSPF – Explore Neighbor-ship Condition and Requirement, Neighbor-ship states,
OSPF Metric Cost Calculation. Network Address Translation : Static, Dynamic & PAT (Port Address
Translation)
Objectives: To understand services offered at different layers of network

CO1:To know responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at network network layer, understand
Theory:
A VLAN is a group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured to communicate as if they were
attached to the same wire, when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because
VLANs are based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.
VLANs define broadcast domains in a Layer 2 network. A broadcast domain is the set of all devices that
will receive broadcast frames originating from any device within the set. Broadcast domains are typically
bounded by routers because routers do not forward broadcast frames. Layer 2 switches create broadcast
domains based on the configuration of the switch. Switches are multiport bridges that allow you to create
multiple broadcast domains. Each broadcast domain is like a distinct virtual bridge within a switch.
VLAN Membership
VLAN membership can be assigned to a device by one of two methods. These methods decide how a switch
will associate its ports with VLANs.
Static :Assigning VLANs statically is the most common and secure method. It is pretty easy to set up and
supervise. In this method we manually assign VLAN to switch port. VLANs configured in this way are
usually known as port-based VLANs.
Dynamic: In dynamic method, VLANs are assigned to port automatically depending on the connected
device. In this method we have configure one switch from network as a server. Server contains device
specific information like MAC address, IP address etc. This information is mapped with VLAN. Switch
acting as server is known as VMPS (VLAN Membership Policy Server). Only high end switch can
configured as VMPS. Low end switch works as client and retrieve VLAN information from VMPS.
Dynamic VLANs supports plug and play movability. For example if we move a PC from one port to another
port, new switch port will automatically be configured to the VLAN which the user belongs. In static
method we have to do this process manually.
VLAN Connections

During the configuration of VLAN on port, we need to know what type of connection it has.Switch supports
two types of VLAN connection
Access link:Access link connection is the connection where switch port is connected with a device that has
a standardized Ethernet NIC. Standard NIC only understand IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet II frames. Access link
connection can only be assigned with single VLAN. That means all devices connected to this port will be in
same broadcast domain.For example twenty users are connected to a hub, and we connect that hub with an
access link port on switch, then all of these users belong to same VLAN. If we want to keep ten users in
another VLAN, then we have to purchase another hub. We need to plug in those ten users in that hub and
then connect it with another access link port on switch.
Trunk link:Trunk link connection is the connection where switch port is connected with a device that is
capable to understand multiple VLANs. Usually trunk link connection is used to connect two switches or
switch to router. Remember earlier in this article I said that VLAN can span anywhere in network, that is
happen due to trunk link connection. Trunking allows us to send or receive VLAN information across the
network. To support trunking, original Ethernet frame is modified to carry VLAN information.
Trunk Tagging: In trunking a separate logical connection is created for each VLAN instead of a single
physical connection. In tagging switch adds the source port’s VLAN identifier to the frame so that other end
device can understands what VLAN originated this frame. Based on this information destination switch can
make intelligent forwarding decisions on not just the destination MAC address, but also the source VLAN
identifier.Since original Ethernet frame is modified to add information, standard NICs will not understand
this information and will typically drop the frame. Therefore, we need to ensure that when we set up a trunk
connection on a switch’s port, the device at the other end also supports the same trunking protocol and has it
configured. If the device at the other end doesn’t understand these modified frames it will drop them. The
modification of these frames, commonly called tagging. Tagging is done in hardware by application-specific
integrated circuits (ASICs).
Switch supports two types of Ethernet trunking methods:
ISL [ Inter Switch Link, Cisco’s proprietary protocol for Ethernet ]
Dot1q [ IEEE’s 802.1Q, protocol for Ethernet]
Spanning Tree Protocol
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 protocol that runs on bridges and switches. The specification for
STP is IEEE 802.1D. The main purpose of STP is to ensure that you do not create loops when you have
redundant paths in your network. Loops are deadly to a network. STP runs on bridges and switches that are
802.1D-compliant. There are different flavors of STP, but 802.1D is the most popular and widely
implemented. You implement STP on bridges and switches in order to prevent loops in the network. Use
STP in situations where you want redundant links, but not loops. Redundant links are as important as
backups in the case of a failover in a network. A failure of your primary activates the backup links so that

users can continue to use the network. Without STP on the bridges and switches, such a failure can result in
a loop.
Open shortest path first
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state
routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a
single autonomous system (AS).OSPF detects changes in the topology, such as link failures, and converges
on a new loop-free routing structure within seconds. It computes the shortest-path tree for each route using a
method based on Dijkstra's algorithm. The OSPF routing policies for constructing a route table are governed
by link metrics associated with each routing interface. Cost factors may be the distance of a router
(round-trip time), data throughput of a link, or link availability and reliability, expressed as simple unitless
numbers. This provides a dynamic process of traffic load balancing between routes of equal cost.
Enabling OSPF is a two steps process:-
1. Enable OSPF routing protocol from global configuration mode.
Syntax: Router(config)# router ospf process ID
This command will enable OSPF routing protocol in router. Process ID is a positive integer. We can use any
number from 1 to 65,535. Process ID is locally significant. We can run multiple OSPF process on same
router. Process ID is used to differentiate between them. Process ID need not to match on all routers.
2. Tell OSPF which interfaces we want to include.
Router(config-router)# network IP_network_# [wildcard_mask] area [area number]
Network command allows us to specify the interfaces which we want to include in OSPF process. This
command accepts three arguments network number, wildcard mask and area number.
OSPF Metric cost
Logically a packet will face more overhead in crossing a 56Kbps serial link than crossing a 100Mbps
Ethernet link. Respectively it will take less time in crossing a higher bandwidth link than a lower bandwidth
link. OSPF uses this logic to calculate the cost. Cost is the inverse proportional of bandwidth. Higher
bandwidth has a lower cost. Lower bandwidth has a higher cost.
OSPF uses following formula to calculate the cost
Cost = Reference bandwidth / Interface bandwidth in bps.
Reference bandwidth was defined as arbitrary value in OSPF documentation (RFC 2338). Vendors need to
use their own reference bandwidth. Cisco uses 100Mbps (108) bandwidth as reference bandwidth. With this
bandwidth, our equation would be
Cost = 108/interface bandwidth in bps

Default cost of essential interfaces.
Interface Type bandwidth Metric Calculation Cost

Ethernet Link 10Mbps 100000000/10000000 = 10 10
FastEthernet Link 100Mbps 100000000/100000000 = 1 1
Serial Link 1544Kbps(default) 100000000/1544000 = 64.76 64
NAT
In Router R1,global configuration mode
R1(config)#access-list 10 permit 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

Here,interface fastethernet0/0 is inside and interface fastethernet1/0 is outside.
R1(config)#interface fastethernet0/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat inside
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface fastethernet1/0
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside
R1(config-if)#exit
configure the NAT PAT with access list 10
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 10 interface fastethernet1/0

(or)
R1(config)#ip nat inside source list 10 interface fastethernet1/0 overload

First is command will not force the router to use ports but in Second command 'Overload' will force
the router to use ports from 1024-65535 for the translation.So,this is called as Port Address Translation.
Configure static default route to forward all packets to any network to next hop 20.0.0.2 or exit interface.
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 20.0.0.2
(or)
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 fastethernet1/0
FAQ’s
Q1. State types of links in OSPF.
Q2. What are private and Public addresses?
Q3. State advantages of VLAN ?

Assignment No. 6
Aim:
Socket Programming in C/C++ on Linux. TCP Client , TCP Server UDP Client , UDP Server
Server accepts operation and floating point numbers from the clients; performs arithmetic
operations and sends the result back to client. Server application must handle at least five clients
simultaneously. Both the server and client should display input and output numbers as well as the
operation. The server and client processes should be run on different machines. During evaluation,
students will demonstrate via creating multiple client processes on different machines.
Objectives: To know the applications of network and use concepts for new
application development

CO2:To know responsibilities, services offered, protocol used at transport layer and use networking and
simulation tools and explore protocol design
Theory:
 Sockets are used for interprocess communication.
 Most of the interprocess communication follow a Client-Server
 Model, where client and server are two separate processes in itself.
 Server and Client exchange messages over the network through a common Socket API
Server Examples
• Web server (port 80)
• FTP server (20, 21)
• Telnet server (23)
• Mail server (25)

Client Examples
• Examples of client programs
– Web browsers, ftp, telnet, ssh
How does a client find the server?

 The IP address in the server socket address identifies the host
 The (well-known) port in the server socket address identifies the service, and thus implicitly
identifies the server process that performs that service.
Examples of well know ports

• Port 7: Echo server
• Port 23: Telnet server
• Port 25: Mail server
• Port 80: Web server
What is an API ?
API expands as Application Programming Interface.
A set of routines that an application uses to request and carry out lower-level services performed by
a computer's operating system.
What is a socket?
 An interface between application and network which is used for communication between
processes
 Once configured the application can
o pass data to the socket for network transmission
o receive data from the socket (transmitted through the network by some other host)
 To the kernel, a socket is an endpoint of communication.
 To an application, a socket is a file descriptor that lets the application read/write from/to the
network.
 Clients and servers communicate with each by reading from and writing to socket
descriptors.
 Remember: All Unix I/O devices, including networks, are modeled as files.
Two essential types of sockets

SOCK_STREAM
 TCP
 connection-oriented
 reliable delivery
 in-order guaranteed
 bidirectional
SOCK_DGRAM
 UDP
 no notion of “connection” – app indicates dest. for each packet

 unreliable delivery
 no order guarantees
 can send or receive
Socket Primitives
socket()
The function socket() creates an endpoint for communication and returns a file descriptor for the socket.
socket() takes three arguments:
 domain, which specifies the protocol family of the created socket. For example:
o AF_INET for network protocol IPv4 or
o AF_INET6 for IPv6.
o AF_UNIX for local socket (using a file).
 type, one of:
o SOCK_STREAM (reliable stream-oriented service or Stream Sockets)
o SOCK_DGRAM (datagram service or Datagram Sockets)
o SOCK_SEQPACKET (reliable sequenced packet service), or
o SOCK_RAW (raw protocols atop the network layer).
 protocol specifying the actual transport protocol to use. The most common are IPPROTO_TCP,
IPPROTO_SCTP, IPPROTO_UDP, IPPROTO_DCCP. These protocols are specified in file
netinet/in.h. The value 0 may be used to select a default protocol from the selected domain and type.
The function returns -1 if an error occurred. Otherwise, it returns an integer representing the newly assigned
descriptor.
Prototype:
 int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
bind()

bind() assigns a socket to an address. When a socket is created using socket(), it is only given a protocol
family, but not assigned an address. This association with an address must be performed with the bind()
system call before the socket can accept connections to other hosts. bind() takes three arguments:
 sockfd, a descriptor representing the socket to perform the bind on.

 my_addr, a pointer to a sockaddr structure representing the address to bind to.
 addrlen, a socklen_t field specifying the size of the sockaddr structure.
Bind() returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs.
Prototype:
 int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *my_addr, socklen_t addrlen);
listen()
After a socket has been associated with an address, listen() prepares it for incoming connections. However,
this is only necessary for the stream-oriented (connection-oriented) data modes, i.e., for socket types
(SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET). listen() requires two arguments:
 sockfd, a valid socket descriptor.

 backlog, an integer representing the number of pending connections that can be queued up at any
one time. The operating system usually places a cap on this value.
Once a connection is accepted, it is dequeued. On success, 0 is returned. If an error occurs, -1 is returned.
Prototype:
 int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
accept()
When an application is listening for stream-oriented connections from other hosts, it is notified of such
events (cf. select() function) and must initialize the connection using the accept() function. The accept()
function creates a new socket for each connection and removes the connection from the listen queue. It takes
the following arguments:
 sockfd, the descriptor of the listening socket that has the connection queued.
 cliaddr, a pointer to a sockaddr structure to receive the client's address information.
 addrlen, a pointer to a socklen_t location that specifies the size of the client address structure passed
to accept(). When accept() returns, this location indicates how many bytes of the structure were
actually used.
The accept() function returns the new socket descriptor for the accepted connection, or -1 if an error occurs.
All further communication with the remote host now occurs via this new socket.

Datagram sockets do not require processing by accept() since the receiver may immediately respond to the
request using the listening socket.
Prototype:
 int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *cliaddr, socklen_t *addrlen)
connect()
The connect() system call connects a socket, identified by its file descriptor, to a remote host specified by
that host's address in the argument list.
Certain types of sockets are connectionless, most commonly user datagram protocol sockets. For these
sockets, connect takes on a special meaning: the default target for sending and receiving data gets set to the
given address, allowing the use of functions such as send() and recv() on connectionless sockets.
connect() returns an integer representing the error code: 0 represents success, while -1 represents an error.
Historically, in the BSD-derived systems, the state of a socket descriptor is undefined if the call to connect()
fails (as it is specified in the Single Unix Specification), thus, portable applications should close the socket
descriptor immediately and obtain a new descriptor with socket(), in the case the call to connect() fails.[3]
Prototype:
 int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *serv_addr, socklen_t addrlen)
gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr()
The gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr() functions are used to resolve host names and addresses in the
domain name system or the local host's other resolver mechanisms (e.g., /etc/hosts lookup). They return a
pointer to an object of type struct hostent, which describes an Internet Protocol host. The functions take the
following arguments:
 name specifies the name of the host. For example: www.wikipedia.org

 addr specifies a pointer to a struct in_addr containing the address of the host.
 len specifies the length, in bytes, of addr.
 type specifies the address family type (e.g., AF_INET) of the host address.
The functions return a NULL pointer in case of error, in which cPractical: 25 Marks ase the external integer
h_errno may be checked to see whether this is a temporary failure or an invalid or unknown host. Otherwise
a valid struct hostent * is returned.
These functions are not strictly a component of the BSD socket API, but are often used in conjunction with
the API functions. Furthermore, these functions are now considered legacy interfaces for querying the
domain name system. New functions that are completely protocol-agnostic (supporting IPv6) have been
defined. These new function are getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo(), and are based on a new addrinfo data
structure.
Prototypes:

 struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name)
 struct hostent *gethostbyaddr(const void *addr, int len, int type)
Socket programming with TCP
Socket programming with UDP

Conclusion: TCP & UDP socket programs are studied and executed.
FAQs:
1. What is socket?
2. Why port number require for communication?
3. Which are the different types of sockets?
4. Difference between TCP socket and UDP socket.

Assignment No 7
Aim : Introduction to server administration (server administration commands and their applications) and
configuration any three of below Server : (Study/Demonstration Only) FTP, Web Server, DHCP, Telnet,
Mail, DNS
Objective: To configure server and learn server configuration

CO3: To know and explore the different protocols at application layer and configure client server
environment to use application layer protocols.
Theory:
Web server
The Apache HTTP server is the most widely-used web server in the world. It provides many powerful
features including dynamically loadable modules, robust media support, and extensive integration with other
popular software.
Install Apache
Apache is available within Ubuntu's default software repositories, so we will install it using conventional
package management tools.
We will begin by updating the local package index to reflect the latest upstream changes. Afterwards, we
can install the apache2 package:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install apache2
After confirming the installation, apt-get will install Apache and all required dependencies.
Manage the Apache Process
To stop your web server, you can type:
 sudo systemctl stop apache2
To start the web server when it is stopped, type:
 sudo systemctl start apache2
To stop and then start the service again, type:
 sudo systemctl restart apache2

Apache keeps its main configuration files within the "/etc/apache2" folder:
apache2.conf: This is the main configuration file for the server. Almost all configuration can be done from
within this file, although it is recommended to use separate, designated files for simplicity. This file will
configure defaults and be the central point of access for the server to read configuration details.This file is
divided into three main sections: configuration for the global Apache server process, configuration for the
default server, and configuration of Virtual Hosts.The "Include" directive allows Apache to read other
configuration files into the current file at the location that the statement appears. The result is that Apache
dynamically generates an overarching configuration file on startup.
The default Virtual Host declaration can be found in a file called "default" in the "sites-available" directory.
We can learn about the general format of a Virtual Host file by examining this file. Open the file with the
following command:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/default

<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
DocumentRoot /var/www
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride None
Order allow,deny
allow from all
</Directory>
. . .
The default Virtual Host is configured to handle any request on port 80, the standard http port. This is
defined in the declaration header where it says "*:80", meaning port 80 on any interface.
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from All
</Directory>
This will deny access to all content unless specified otherwise in subsequent directory definitions.
The next directory definition is for the document root, so it specifies the "allow from all" option that
overrides the "/" option for this directory.
The "AllowOverride" option is used to decide whether an ".htaccess" file can override settings if it is placed
in the content directory. This is not allowed by default, but can be useful to enable in a variety of
circumstances.

FTP
Installing VsFTP Server in Ubuntu
First, we need to update the system package sources list and then install VSFTPD binary package as
follows:
$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get install vsftpd
Once the installation completes, the service will be disabled initially, therefore, we need to start it manually
for the mean time and also enable it to start automatically from the next system boot:
# systemctl start vsftpd

# systemctl enable vsftpd
OR
# service vsftpd start
# chkconfig --level 35 vsftpd on
Configuring and Securing VsFTP Server in Ubuntu
Few configurations to setup and secure our FTP server, first we will create a backup of the original config
file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf :
$ sudo cp /etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd.conf.orig
Next, let’s open the vsftpd config file.
$ sudo vi /etc/vsftpd.conf
OR
$ sudo nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
anonymous_enable=NO # disable anonymous login

local_enable=YES # permit local logins
write_enable=YES # enable FTP commands which change the filesystem
local_umask=022 # value of umask for file creation for local users
dirmessage_enable=YES # enable showing of messages when users first enter a new
directory
xferlog_enable=YES # a log file will be maintained detailing uploads and
downloads
connect_from_port_20=YES # use port 20 (ftp-data) on the server machine for PORT style
connections
xferlog_std_format=YES # keep standard log file format
listen=NO # prevent vsftpd from running in standalone mode
listen_ipv6=YES # vsftpd will listen on an IPv6 socket instead of an IPv4 one
pam_service_name=vsftpd # name of the PAM service vsftpd will use
userlist_enable=YES # enable vsftpd to load a list of usernames
configure VSFTPD to allow/deny FTP access to users based on the user list file /etc/vsftpd.userlist.

Note that by default, users listed in userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.userlist are denied login access with
userlist_deny=YES option if userlist_enable=YES.
But, the option userlist_deny=NO twists the meaning of the default setting, so only users whose username
is explicitly listed in userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.userlist will be allowed to login to the FTP server.
userlist_enable=YES # vsftpd will load a list of usernames, from the filename

given by userlist_file
userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.userlist # stores usernames.
userlist_deny=NO
When users login to the FTP server, they are placed in a chrooted jail, this is the local root
directory which will act as their home directory for the FTP session only.
chroot_local_user=YES
allow_writeable_chroot=YES
The option chroot_local_user=YES importantly means local users will be placed in a chroot jail, their
home directory by default after login.
And we must as well understand that VSFTPD does not permit the chroot jail directory to be writable, by
default for security reasons, however, we can use the option allow_writeable_chroot=YES to disable this
setting.
Save the file and close it. Then we have to restart VSFTPD services for the changes above to take effect:
# systemctl restart vsftpd OR

# service vsftpd restart
Testing VsFTP Server in Ubuntu
Creating a FTP user with useradd command as follows:
$ sudo useradd -m -c "Aaron Kili, Contributor" -s /bin/bash aaronkilik

$ sudo passwd aaronkilik
Then, we have to explicitly list the user aaronkilik in the file /etc/vsftpd.userlist with the echo command
and tee command as below:
$ echo "aaronkilik" | sudo tee -a /etc/vsftpd.userlist

$ cat /etc/vsftpd.userlist
Testing anonymous logins: we can clearly see from the output below that anonymous logins are not
permitted on the FTP server:
# ftp 192.168.56.102
Connected to 192.168.56.102 (192.168.56.102).
220 Welcome to TecMint.com FTP service.
Name (192.168.56.102:aaronkilik) : anonymous
530 Permission denied.
Login failed.
ftp> bye

221 Goodbye.
# ftp 192.168.56.102
Connected to 192.168.56.102 (192.168.56.102).
220 Welcome to TecMint.com FTP service.
Name (192.168.56.102:aaronkilik) : aaronkilik
331 Please specify the password.Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls
TELNET (Teletype Network) is the service that allows you to access another computer by logging in to
the remote system, such that, you can pass commands to another system by sitting back at your place. It
allows you to send the instructions to a remote client, but in a plain-text format. Telnet listens to all the
requests by the user usually on TCP port 23, but you can change it accordingly.
Telnet is one of the oldest communication protocol to perform this activity, later on with the advancement of
technology “SSH” came into existence, which is a secure method as it sends all the data in an encrypted
format. SSH is used by the professionals in the public network where they can’t take a chance to expose
their credentials to everyone. But with this, it doesn’t mean that Telnet is vanished. There are many
situations where people use Telnet specifically for testing and debugging, in a local or private network.
Install Telnet in Ubuntu
$sudo apt-get install telnetd
“telnetd” is a daemon that gets invoked by “inetd” or its extension “xinetd”, both are the internet servers.
To restart “inetd”
$ sudo /etc/init.d.open-bsd-inetd restart
“inetd” is daemon used for dealing with incoming network and it is responsible for deciding which program
to run when a request comes.
To connect with any remote client
$ telnet hostipaddress”.
For an example: “telnet 122.175.140.221”
FAQs:
1. What is persistent and non persistent connection in HTTP.

2. State and explain commands in FTP
3. Why FTP needs two port, describe working?

Assignment No 8
Aim : : Using any open source Network Simulator, Implement MANET / Wireless Sensor Network
Objective: Using Network Simulator 2 simulate MANET
CO4:To know the different wireless technologies and IEEE standards.

CO5:To study adhoc networks and network & transport layer protocols for wireless network
Theory:
What is ns?
It is Object-oriented, discrete event-driven network simulator
■ Written in C++ and OTcl
ns Architecture

Hello World – Interactive mode
bash-shell$ ns
% set ns [new Simulator]
_o3
% $ns at 1 “puts \“Hello World!\””
1
% $ns at 1.5 “exit”
2
% $ns run
Hello World!
bash-shell$
NS-2 Generic Script Structure

1. Create Simulator object
2. [Turn on tracing]
3. Create topology
4. [Setup packet loss, link dynamics]
5. Create routing agents
6. Create application and/or traffic sources
7. Post-processing procedures (i.e. nam)
8. Start simulation
Step1: Create Simulator Object

■ Create event scheduler
 set ns [new Simulator]

Step2: Tracing
■ Insert immediately after scheduler!
■ Trace packets on all links
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns trace-all $nf
$ns namtrace-all $nf
Step 3: Create network

 Two nodes, One link
n0
n1
■ Nodes
● set n0 [$ns node]
● set n1 [$ns node]
● Links and queuing
● $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms RED
● $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 <bandwidth> <delay> <queue_type>
<queue_type>: DropTail, RED, etc.
Step 4 : Creating a larger topology

for {set i 0} {$i < 7} {incr i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]
}
for {set i 0} {$i < 7} {incr i} {
$ns duplex-link $n($i) $n([expr ($i+1)%7]) 1Mb 10ms RED
}

Step 5: Creating UDP connection
set udp [new Agent/UDP]

set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp
$ns attach-agent $n1 $null
$ns connect $udp $null
Sensor networks VS ad hoc networks:

■ The number of nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes
in an ad hoc network.
■ Sensor nodes are densely deployed.
■ Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities and memory.
■ Sensor nodes are prone to failures.
■ The topology of a sensor network changes frequently.
■ Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast, most ad hoc networks are based on p2p.
■ Sensor nodes may not have global ID.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): A wireless sensor networks (WSN) is Group of sensor Nodes,
Monitoring & recording physical condition of the environmental & organize the collected data at central
location. There are number of application where sensor network use likes environmental monitoring,
healthcare and medical research, homeland security, military.
Applications:
➢ Environmental monitoring
➢ Seismic activity detection;
➢ Industrial monitoring and control

➢ High-precision agriculture
➢ Structural health monitoring
➢ healthcare and medical research
➢ Homeland security.
➢ Military applications
MANET:
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: It is Formed by wireless hosts which may be mobile.There is no pre-existing
infrastructure
• Routes between nodes may potentially contain multiple hops
– Nodes act as routers to forward packets for each other
– Node mobility may cause the routes change

Why MANET?
• Advantages: low-cost, flexibility
– Ease & Speed of deployment
– Decreased dependence on infrastructure
• Applications
– Military environments
• soldiers, tanks, planes
– Civilian environments
• vehicle networks
• conferences / stadiums
• outside activities
– Emergency operations
• search-and-rescue / policing and fire fighting
Challenges
• Collaboration
– Collaborations are necessary to maintain a MANET and its functionality.
– How to collaborate effectively and efficiently?
– How to motivate/enforce nodes to collaborate?
• Dynamic topology
– Nodes mobility
– Interference in wireless communications
Conclusion:Thus we have simulated a mobile adhoc network using NS2
FAQ:
1. What is VANET, how is it different from MANET?

2. State routing protocols for MANET.
3. Explain AODV and DSR routing Protocol.

Assignment No. 9
Aim: Write a program using Arduino / Rasberry Pi Kit for Demonstration of IOT Application on any one of the
following Topics.Appliance Remote Control,Time Lapse Camera Controller,Security / Automation Sensors,The
Traffic Light Controller,Temperature Controller
Objective :To design and implement IOT application
Course Outcome
CO6: To understand, explore and implement applications on recent trends in network domain.
Theory:
Hardware Requirements:
Raspberry Pi B+/2/3
HDMI Monitor or HDMI to VGA converter
Digital Relay switch
12V Battery supply
Jumper cables(Male to Male (10), Male to Female(10), Female to Female(10)
Bread Board
Ethernet Cable or Wi-Fi adaptor
USB web-cam
Starting Raspberry Pi:

Connect power supply, USB Keyboard and Mouse and HDMI display to connectors as shown in figure 9.1.
Insert NOOBS (New Out Of the Box Software) preinstalled Micro SD card in Micro SD card slot (Please
Note: Micro SD slot is at backside of board). If you don’t have NOOBS preinstalled Micro SD card or it is
corrupted then follow steps in section 9.2.1 otherwise go to section 9.2.2 directly.
Figure 9.1 Raspberry Pi

Loading NOOBS in SD Card

1. Using a computer with an SD card reader, visit the www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/ page.
2. Click on the Download ZIP button under ’NOOBS (offline and network install)’, and select a folder to
save it to.
3. Extract the files from the zip.
4. Format your SD card.
5. Drag and drop NOOBS files.
Installing Operating Systems using NOOBS

Now turn on power supply, Raspberry PI will start with NOOBS to install
operating system. NOOBS screen is shown in figure 9.2.
Select Raspbian and click on Install.

Please note that default login for Raspbian is username pi with the
password raspberry . Command to start graphical user interface is startx
Installing Prerequisite Packages on Raspberry Pi
Update system repositories using following command
sudo apt-get update

Installing python development kit using following command
sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev python-openssl
Install Pygame for Camera using following command
sudo apt-get install python-pygame
Install GPIO Libraries using following commands
wget http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/R/RPi.GPIO/RPi.GPIO-0.1.0.tar.gz
tar -xvf Rpi.GPIO-0.1.0.tar.gz
cd Rpi.GPIO-0.1.0
sudo ./setup.py install
Pin-out Diagram of Raspberry Pi B+/2/3

Assignment No. 10
Aim: Installation of Local Area Network

a. Cross-over cable
b. Star Topology
c. Hierarchical Topology
Objective :To design and implement small size network and to understand various networking
commands
Course Outcome
CO1: Students will implement small size network and its use of various networking commands
Theory:
Hardware Requirement:
RJ 45 Connector
Crimping tool
Cable
Network: A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together.

LAN - Local Area Network :A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A
networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building
will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room)
WAN The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a geographically-dispersed
collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the
router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.
MAN A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network larger than a local area network,
covering an area of a few city blocks to the area of an entire city, possibly also including the surrounding
areas. A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of
buildings to entire cities.
Straight cable Straight Cable:
You usually use straight cable to connect different type of devices. This type of cable will be used most of
the time and can be used to:
1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.
2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the other one using
normal port.

Figure 1.1 Color code for Cable
Cross over cable A crossover cable connects two devices of the same type, for example DTE-DTE
or DCE-DCE
1) Connect 2 computers directly.
2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port. (Normally used for expanding network
Figure 1.2 Cross Over Cable
Connector:
An connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a
mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection
may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a
permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.
RJ 45 connector RJ45 is a standard type of connector for network cables. RJ45 connectors are most
commonly seen with Ethernet cables and networks.RJ45 connectors feature eight pins to which the wire
strands of a cable interface electrically. Standard RJ-45 pin outs define the arrangement of the individual
wires needed when attaching connectors to a cable.

BNC:
The BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector is miniatures quick connect/disconnect radio frequency
connector used for coaxial cable The BNC connector is used for signal connections such as:
The BNC was originally designed for military use and has gained wide acceptance in video and RF
applications to 2 GHz
 analog and serial digital interface video signals

 amateur radio antennas
Topology:
Figure 1.3 Topology
Bus topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are
relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systemsuse a bus topology.
Ring topology :All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is
connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and
difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.
Star topology: All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and
manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all datamust pass through the hub.
Tree topology: A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of
groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable.
Switches
A network switch (sometimes known as a switching hub) is a computer networking device that is used to
connect devices together on a computer network by performing a form of packet switching. A switch is
considered more advanced than ahub because a switch will only send a message to the device that needs or
requests it, rather than broadcasting the same message out of each of its ports.A switch is a
multi-port network bridge that processes and forwards data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model
HUB
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub,multiport repeater or hub is a device for
connecting multiple Ethernetdevices together and making them act as a single network segment

Conclusion: The cabling layout used to link devices is the physical topology of the network. This refers to
the layout of cabling, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the
cabling. The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices
and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or
telecommunications circuits
FAQ:
1. Which are the different types of cables?

2. Describe advantages of star topology.
3. What is the sequence of colors of straight cable and cross over cable?

Lab Manual CNT 2019 20

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab Manual CNT 2019 20

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab Manual CNT 2019 20

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Software Laboratory –I Lab Manual TE IT, Sem- II

Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

TE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) (SEMESTER – I)

Teaching Scheme: Practical 2hrs/week

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 1

Marathwada Mitra Mandal's

Mission of the Institute

 Meet the challenges of globalization.

 Commit for social progress with values and ethics.

 Orient faculty and students for research and development.

 Emphasize excellence in all disciplines.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Vision of the Department

Mission of the Department

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 2

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Program Outcomes (POs)

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 3

Marathwada Mitra Mandal's COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 4

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 5

2. Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

3. Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure A PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

4. Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

5. Using a Network Simulator (e.g. packet tracer) Configure PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

6. Socket Programming in C/C++ on Linux. TCP Client , TCP PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

7. Introduction to server administration (server administration PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

9. Write a program using Arduino / Rasberry Pi Kit for PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

10. Design and implement small size network PO1,PO2,PO3, PSO1,

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 6

Objectives:To understand networking commands in Linux

Course Outcome achieved:

1. ifconfig - configure a network interface

-s display a short list (like netstat -i)

-v be more verbose for some error conditions

Viewing The Configuration Of A Specific Interface

...will display the configuration of device eth0 only.

Enabling And Disabling An Interface

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 7

To activateinterface eth0, the command is :

sudo ifconfig eth1 up

To disable the wireless network interface wlan0, use the command:

sudo ifconfig wlan0 down

sudo ifconfig wlan0 69.72.169.1

sudo ifconfig eth1 netmask 255.255.255.0

sudo ifconfig wlan1 broadcast 172.16.25.98

sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.2.7

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 8

4.finger - user information lookup program

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 9

5. traceroute - print the route packets trace to network host

...and you would receive a response like this:

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 10

Reverse DNS Lookups

...will return information resembling the following:

Department of Information Technology, MMCOE, Pune-52Page 11