Assingement of Psychology and Sociology
Assingement of Psychology and Sociology
Assingement of Psychology and Sociology
SOCIOLOGY
Attitude towards illness and treatment
In psychology, attitude is a psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres
in, or characterizes a person. They are complex and are an acquired state through experiences. It
is an individual's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a
responsive expression towards oneself, a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object) which
in turn influences the individual's thought and action.
Attitude Formation:
There are a number of factors that can influence how and why attitudes form. Here is a closer
look at how attitudes form.
Experience:
Attitudes form directly as a result of experience. They may emerge due to direct personal
experience, or they may result from observation.
Social Factors
Social roles and social norms can have a strong influence on attitudes. Social roles relate to how
people are expected to behave in a particular role or context. Social norms involve society's rules
for what behaviors are considered appropriate.
Learning
Attitudes can be learned in a variety of ways. Consider how advertisers use classical
conditioning to influence your attitude toward a particular product. In a television commercial,
you see young, beautiful people having fun on a tropical beach while enjoying a sports drink.
This attractive and appealing imagery causes you to develop a positive association with this
particular beverage.
Conditioning
Operant conditioning can also be used to influence how attitudes develop. Imagine a young man
who has just started smoking. Whenever he lights up a cigarette, people complain, chastise him,
and ask him to leave their vicinity. This negative feedback from those around him eventually
causes him to develop an unfavorable opinion of smoking and he decides to give up the habit.
Observation
Finally, people also learn attitudes by observing people around them. When someone you admire
greatly espouses a particular attitude, you are more likely to develop the same beliefs. For
example, children spend a great deal of time observing the attitudes of their parents and usually
begin to demonstrate similar outlooks.
Disease and illness
Health is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity”. WHO
The Italian dictionary Devoto Oli, defines illness as “an abnormal condition of an organism
(body) caused by organic or functional impairments developing towards death, recovery, or a
new, different life condition”.
Each and every illness is clearly identifiable through specific physical tests that can identify
abnormalities in the body, organs, tissues or cells. The illness is not determined on the basis of
someone’s opinion.
A lot of people now know how to keep the health but do nothing to support it .It looks like they
have special defense mechanisms from the diseases. That the most marked level of defense from
the diseases could be in people with good health and in people with chronic diseases. The most
adequate attitude to the diseases could be in people who are on a board between health and
chronic diseases. Illness varies from society to society due to difference in socio-cultural ground.
View’s on Health
Biomedical scientists: They stress mainly on germ theory that is they believe disease occur as a
result of microorganisms’ invasion. Their thought is rejected as it doesn’t solve some major
health problems as malnutrition, accidents mental illness
Ecologists: They view health as a harmonious equilibrium between man and his environment.
Disease is said to be the individuals’ maladjustment to his environment.
Sociologists: They believe health is not only biomedical phenomenon but is also influenced by
social, psychological, cultural, economical and political factors.
Holistic View: this view is synthesis of views of all experts. This views health as a
multidimensional process involving well-being of the whole person in the context of his
environment.
Internal factors
Biologic dimension genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level all significantly
influence a person's health.
Psychological dimension emotional factors influencing health include mind-body
interactions and self-concept.
Cognitive dimension include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs.
External factors
Environment
Standards of living
Reflecting occupation, income, and education.
Family and cultural beliefs
Patterns of daily living and lifestyle to offspring( children)
Social support networks
Family, friends, or confidant (best friend) and job satisfaction helps people avoid illness.
Nurses Responsibilities
To help the client to identify their place on the health-continuum
To assist the clients to adopt some measures in order to reach a well state of health
Social learning theory is the concept of learning from other people through observation,
questions, collaboration, and knowledge sharing. Social learning is happening all around us.
Nurses can apply learning theories at the individual, group, and community levels to understand
and teach new material and tasks, solve problems, change unhealthy habits, build constructive
relationships, manage emotions, and develop effective behavior
Theories used for patient teaching include:
Health Belief Model
Self-efficacy theory
Locus of control theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Diffusion theory
Stress and coping theory and
Adult learning theory
Socio-cultural theory
Assumes learning to be a social process where learning happens in a social context. The learner
is involved in apprenticeship in the community practice or as a full member in the community.
Learning is in relationship between people and environment. An increasing amount of medical
education occurs in workplace contexts; hence, this learning theory can be an appropriate
explanation in this setting.
Overall, the importance of social learning in health is enlisted below:
Social learning is important because life (and work) is social. Social learning helps
replicate the realities that learners are likely to face when they are required to make actual
decisions and solve actual problems in the workplace.
Social learning also helps to improve communication, improves collaboration between
individuals.
To understand patient and family behaviors, trauma and loss, palliative care and issues of
terminally ill patient.
It is importance to understand the behaviors of others people and to identify the
psychosocial problems of the patient.
Social learning theory can be applied by teachers of resident physicians or medical school
students in a clinical setting to maximize teaching opportunities from informal,
unplanned, and opportunistic situations to formal and planned lessons.
Social learning theory is based partially on behaviorist principles; the self-regulation and
control that the individual exerts in the process of acquiring knowledge and changing
behavior are considered more critical and are more reflective of cognitive principles.
Nurses can apply learning theories at the individual, group, and community levels to
understand and teach new material and tasks, solve problems, change unhealthy habits,
build constructive relationships, manage emotions, and develop effective behavior.