CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
TRIGONOMETRY AND
ANGULAR MEASURES

Trigonometry deals with the study of angles, triangles, and trigonometric functions.
Taken from the Greek words trigonon (triangle) and metria (measure), the word literally
means triangle measurement and the term came into use in the 17th century—the period when
trigonometry, as an analytic science, started; but its real origins lie in the ancient Egyptian
pyramids and Babylonian astronomy that date back to about 3000 BCE.

Trigonometry was first invented by the Greeks and was first used in navigation and
astronomy. During 150 BC, Hipparchus of Nicaea, an astronomer and mathematician started
creating tables with ratios. He went on to start to define chords, sine and cosine. He was
considered as the founder and father of trigonometry. According to Theon, Hipparchus wrote
a 12-book work on chords in a circle, since lost. That would be the first known work of
trigonometry.

1|Trigonometry
 Lesson 1.1 Vertical angles are pair of opposite angles made by two interesting lines. All vertical angles
REVIEW ON BASIC GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA are always congruent with each other.

Two angles are said to be complementary angles if their sum is equivalent to 90°

Objectives Two angles are said to be supplementary angles if their sum is equivalent to 180°

At the end of this module, students should be able to: Figures for reference:

 recall the basic geometric concepts and rectangular coordinate system INTERSECTING PERPENDICULAR PARALLEL
POINT LINE
 categorize triangles according to its interior angles and sides LINES LINES LINES

BASIC GEOMETRIC CONCEPTS

A point in geometry is a location. It has no size - no width, no length and no depth. A point is
shown by a dot. It is named using an uppercase Alphabet. LINE ADJACENT VERTICAL
RAY ANGLE
SEGMENT ANGLES ANGLES
A line is defined as a set of points that extends infinitely in two directions. It has one
dimension, length. Points that are on the same line are called collinear points. A line is
defined by two points and is written as shown below with an arrowhead.
Two lines that meet at a common point are called intersecting lines.
Perpendicular Lines are formed when two straight lines intersect and form four right angles.
The measure of the angle formed is 90°.

Two lines that never meet on the same plane are called parallel lines.
A line segment is part of a line that denotes a definite length. The endpoints used to name the
line segment.
A ray or a vector is a line with one end. It indicated by one endpoint and a direction through
an arrowhead on the other end.
An angle is made up of two rays that have the same beginning point called the vertex and the
two rays are called the sides of the angle.
Two angles are said to be adjacent angle angles if they share a common side and vertex.

2|Trigonometry
Types of Angles according to measure of angles: Side A Can it be
Side B Side C Is it a Triangle?
deformed?
4 units 4 units 4 units
4 units 3 units 2 units
3 units 2 units 1 unit

2. Suppose you were asked to make a triangle with sides 4, 4, and 10 units long. Do you think
you could do it? Explain your answer. Keep in mind the goal is not to try to build the triangle,
but to predict the outcome.

3. Come up with a rule that describes when three lengths will make a triangle and when they
 Acute Angle – angle that measures less than 90°
will not. Write down the rule in your own words.
 Right Angle – angle that measures 90°
 Obtuse Angle – angle that measures more than 90° but less than 180°
 Straight Angle – angle that measures 180°
 Reflex Angle – angle that measures more than 180° and less than 360°
 Full or Complete Angle – angle that measures 360°
4. Suppose you were asked to make a triangle with sides 13.2, 22.333, and 16.5 units long. Do
you think you could do it? Explain your answer.
Active-ity!

Linkage Strips
What do you need:
 3 pieces One-inch strip of card with 10 holes that are1 inch apart
 Brass fastener 5. Can a set of three lengths make two different triangles?

Answer the following questions.

1. Fill in the table below. Try to build triangles with the given lengths. Write "yes" or "no" in
the fourth column of the table to indicate whether you can or cannot make a triangle from
those three lengths. Experiment with different sets of lengths. When you build a triangle, see
if you can deform it (change its shape) into a different triangle while keeping the side lengths
the same.

3|Trigonometry
TRIANGLES RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

A triangle is a plane closed figure formed by three line segments. It has three angles and Cartesian Coordinate System was discovered by Rene Descartes during the 17th century
three sides. which consists of two Perpendicular Number Lines intersecting their origins. The horizontal
number line is called the x-axis and the vertical number line is called the y-axis. The
Types of Triangles according to measure of interior angles: intersection of the two number lines is called the origin.

 Acute Triangle – a triangle which has three acute angles

 Right Triangle – a triangle which has one right angle and two acute angles
 Obtuse Triangle – a triangle which has one obtuse angle and two acute angles

Types of Triangles according to measure of sides:

 Equilateral Triangle – a triangle which has three congruent sides

 Isosceles Triangle – a triangle which has at least two congruent sides
 Scalene Triangle – a triangle which has no congruent sides

4|Trigonometry
Lesson 1.1 – Concept Review 5. ___________________
a
A. Identify each triangle according to its sides and measure of its interior angles based on the ___________________
figures given in each item. c
b
1.

a c ___________________
B. Using your knowledge about basic concepts of algebra, decode the following.
___________________
In 1961, this Russian cosmonaut orbited the earth in a spaceship. Who was he? To find out,
b match each item carefully with each letter on the box corresponding to your answer. These
letters will spell out the name of this Russian cosmonaut.
2.
a 1. An angle that has 90°
___________________
2. An angle between 90° and 180°
___________________
a a 3. A triangle with three different side measure

4. Two angles that share a common side

3.
5. Two angles that has a sum of 90°
___________________
a 6. An angle that completed one revolution
___________________
7. The four regions defined by the two reference axes

a 8. The point of intersection of the axes

9. Distance from the x-axis

4.
10. Set of points that infinitely extends in opposite directions
__________________
b b 11. The longest leg of a right triangle
___________________

5|Trigonometry
 R. origin I. acute angle For nos. 4-8, refer to the figure below.

N. right angle A. scalene triangle B

Y. obtuse angle S. reflex angle 𝛽

I. adjacent angles U. complementary angles

𝜃
P. supplementary angles G. full angle 𝛼 𝛾
A
C
G. quadrants I. abscissa 4. 𝛾 + 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 180°.

R. hypotenuse A. line 5. 𝛼 + 𝛾 = 𝜃.

C. line segment E. ordinate 6. If AC is the longest side, then ∠𝐶 has the largest angle.

7. If 𝛽 = 85° and 𝜃 = 107°, then 𝛼 = 33°.

8. AB + BC < AC.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 9. In a right a right isosceles triangle, the base angles measure 45°.

2 5 11 9 7 10 6 3 8 4 1 10. All isosceles triangles are equilateral, but not all equilateral triangles are
isosceles.

C. Write T if the statement is true. Otherwise, change the underlined word or group of words
to make the statement true. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

1. 25° is supplementary with 65°.

2. The supplementary angle for 85° is 95°.

3. An angle which measures between 180° and 360° is called straight angle.

6|Trigonometry
 Lesson 1.2
ANGLE AND ANGULAR MEASURE
1
Example 1 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; counterclockwise
2
Objectives
At the end of this module, students should be able to:
 illustrate angles by revolution, degree and radian system
 convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa

In trigonometry, angles are defined in terms of rotation. An angle is a figure formed

1 1
by the rotation of a ray from an initial position to a terminal position. An angle drawn in a 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
counterclockwise rotation has a positive angle and an angle drawn in a clockwise rotation has 2 2
a negative angle. 1
(360°) = 180°
2
ANGLE MEASURES
The initial side makes a straight line with the terminal side of the angle, thus making a one-
1. Revolution System – An angle is measured by the number of rotations or fraction of a half revolution.
revolution made by the terminal side in relation to the initial side. The unit of measurement in
this system is revolution (rev) and one full rotation is equal to one revolution. 2
Example 2 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; clockwise
3

2. Sexagesimal System – The basic unit in this system is degree (°). One full
counterclockwise rotation equals 360°. 1 degree (°) = 60 minutes (ʹ) and 1 minute (ʹ) = 60
seconds (ʺ).

1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 360°

1
1° = 𝑟𝑒𝑣
360

60ʺ
1° = 60ʹ( )
1ʹ
2 2
− 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1° = 3600ʺ 3 3

2
− (360°) = −240°
3

7|Trigonometry
 5 In adding and subtracting degree measures, decimal measures must first be converted
Example 3 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; clockwise
4
into minute measures. Next, align the corresponding measures and then add.

Example: Find the sum of 15°18ʹ and 32.175°.

60ʺ
32.175° = 32° + 0.175( ) = 32° + 10.5ʹ = 32°10.5ʹ
1ʹ

15°18ʹ

+ 32°10.5ʹ

47°28.5ʹ

5 5 1
− 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1 𝑛𝑒𝑔. 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4 4 4 In most of the scientific calculators, the function key ° ʹ ʺ . This key is used in
the conversion from decimal degrees to equivalent minutes and seconds. Before proceeding in
5
− (360°) = −450° converting the calculator must be set to Degree mode. The symbol DEG appears on the
4
screen in this mode.

Example 1
Fractional Degree
To convert 35.275° into its equivalent fractional degree measure using the calculator, follow
Fractional part of a degree is expressed in two ways: the following function keys.

a. Decimal Form – Divide the numerator by the denominator to express a fraction as a. 35.275 °ʹʺ 35°16ʹ30ʺ
a decimal.
Example 2
b. Minutes and Seconds Form - 1 degree (°) = 60 minutes (ʹ) and 1 minute (ʹ) = 60
seconds (ʺ). To convert 78°15ʹ into its equivalent fractional degree measure using the calculator, follow
the following function keys.
5 60ʹ 60ʺ
( °) ( ) = 37.5ʹ = 37ʹ + 0.5ʹ( ) = 37ʹ + 30ʺ
8 1° 1ʹ a. 78 °ʹʺ 15 °ʹʺ 78.25°

5
° = 37ʹ30ʺ
8
3. Radian System – This system provides a link between the measure of an angle and the
length of an arc of a circle.

8|Trigonometry
 M
Given a circle of radius 𝑟, with angle MBY such that the length Conversions: Degree to Radian and Vice Versa
of arc MY is s, the radian measure of the central angle θ is the
ratio of the arc length 𝑠 to the radius 𝑟. In relating radian measure to degree measure, consider a circle with radius 𝑟. An
angle with one full rotation has a degree measure of 360°. In geometry, circumference of a
B
𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ circle is determined as 2𝜋𝑟, which is the length of the arc subtended by a full rotation.
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = B
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
2𝜋𝑟
If 𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟, then 𝜃= = 2𝜋
𝑠 Y
𝑟
𝜃=
𝑟
or 360° = 𝟐𝝅 radians 180° = 𝝅 radians

In converting angle measures from degrees to radians, the conversion factor is:
Example:
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 0.0175
Given circle O with radius 3 in and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 intercepting arc AB, 180° 𝑑𝑒𝑔
find the radian measure of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 if the length of arc AB is 6 in.
In converting angle measures from radians to degrees, the conversion factor is:
Since 𝑟 = 3 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑠 = 6 𝑖𝑛, then
180° 𝑑𝑒𝑔
= 57.296
𝑠 6 𝑖𝑛 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃 = = = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑟 3 𝑖𝑛
For succeeding modules, when the angle measure is given as a number, it means that it is in
radians. For example, an angle with a measure of 3 actually means an angle of 3 radians.

When the length of the intercepted arc is equal to the radius of the circle, the measure of the Radian measure of an angle is expressed as a multiple of 𝜋.
central angle in radians is
Example 1
𝑠 𝑟
𝜃 = = = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝑟 𝑟 M Find the equivalent degree and radian measures for each angle given the rotation.
Hence, a radian is the measure of a central angle of a circle 2 1
a. rotation, clockwise b. rotation, counterclockwise
intercepting an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. 3 4

B θ
𝐵𝑌 = 𝑀𝑌, then 𝜃 = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 Solution:
B B
2
a. rotation, clockwise
3
Y
2
(360°) = 240°
3

9|Trigonometry
 𝜋 Lesson 1.2 – Concept Review
−240° = −240 ( )
180° A. Find the equivalent degree measures for each angle given the rotation.
4𝜋
−240° = 3
3 1. 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; clockwise
2
9
1 2. 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; counterclockwise
b. rotation, counterclockwise 4
4 7
3. 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; counterclockwise
9
1 4.
1
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; clockwise
(360°) = 90° 6
4
𝜋 B. Express each angle in nearest seconds.
90° = 90 ( ) 5
180° 1. °
4
𝜋 119
90° = 2. °
4
2 625
3. °
8
395
4. °
6
Example 2
C. Convert each radian measure degree measure.
Convert each radian measure to degree measure. 7𝜋
1.
4
𝜋
5𝜋 𝜋 2.
a. b. 4
4 3 3𝜋
3.
2
7𝜋
4.
8
2𝜋
Solution: 5.
9

5𝜋 180°
a. ( )( ) = 225° B. Convert each degree measure radian measure.
4 𝜋
1. 280°
𝜋 180°
b. (− ) ( ) = −60°
3 𝜋 2. 135°
3. 720°
4. 540°
5. 105°

10 | T r i g o n o m e t r y
 LESSON 1.3 An angle in standard position is called a second-quadrant angle if its terminal side lies on the
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION AND IN FOUR QUADRANTS second quadrant. It measures between 90° and 180°.

Objectives

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

 illustrate angles in standard position

ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

An angle is in standard position when it is illustrated in rectangular coordinate system with its An angle in standard position is called a third-quadrant angle if its terminal side lies on the
vertex as the origin and positive x-axis as its initial side. third quadrant. It measures between 180° and 270°.

ANGLES IN THE FOUR QUADRANTS

An angle in standard position is called a fourth-quadrant angle if its terminal side lies on the
An angle in standard position is called a first-quadrant angle if its terminal side lies on the fourth quadrant. It measures between 270° and 360°.
first quadrant. It measures between 0° and 90°.

11 | T r i g o n o m e t r y
An angle in standard position is called a quadrantal angle if its terminal side lies on the x-axis Lesson 1.3 – Concept Review
or y-axis. It’s measure is multiple of 90°.
A. Identify each angle according to its quadrant position. Write Q1 if the given angle is a first-
quadrant angle, Q2 if second-quadrant angle, Q3 if third-quadrant angle, Q4, if fourth-
quadrant angle and Q if quadrantal angle.

1. 64° 6. -512°

2. 187° 7. 198°

3. 630° 8. -22°

4. -810° 9. 300°

5. 121° 10. 215°

B. Illustrate the following angles according to its quadrant position.

𝜋
11. 315° 12.
2

To find the quadrant position of angles that has a negative measure, determine its coterminal
angle.

Example

Identify −135° according to its quadrant position.

Since −135° is coterminal with −135° + 360° =

225° and 180° < 225° < 270°, therefore 225° lies
on the third quadrant and so does −135° because
coterminal angles have the same terminal side.

12 | T r i g o n o m e t r y
13. 400° 14. -190°

5𝜋
15. −
2

13 | T r i g o n o m e t r y
 Lesson 1.4 If two angles are coterminal, the difference between their measure is 360° or a multiple of
COTERMINAL ANGLES 360°. That is, 𝛼 and 𝛽 are coterminal if

Objectives 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 𝑛(360°)

At the end of this module, students should be able to: where n is an integer.

 define and determine coterminal angles To find an angle 𝛼 that is coterminal with a given angle 𝛽, add the multiples of 360° or
𝑛(360°), where 𝑛 is a positive integer when the direction is counterclockwise and 𝑛 is
negative when the direction is clockwise. That is,

𝛼 = 𝛽 + 𝑛(360°)
Coterminal angles are two angles in standard position which have the same terminal side.

Example

Suppose ray AR is on the terminal side of ∠𝐴𝑅𝐺 which is in standard position. Find the
measure of the angle θ coterminal with ∠𝐴𝑅𝐺 under the give rotation:

a. 2 rotations, counterclockwise
b. 1 rotation, clockwise

A
135°
In the given figure, angles that measure -315°, 45°, and 405° are coterminal angles because
they share the same terminal angle.
R G

Note the following:

45° − (−315°) = 360°

45° − 405° = −360°

−315 − 405° = −720°

14 | T r i g o n o m e t r y
Solution: Lesson 1.4 – Concept Review
a.
𝜃 = 135° + 𝑛(360°) A. Assuming that all angles are in standard position, determine whether the given pair of
angles are coterminal or not.
𝜃 = 135° + (2)(360°)
1. 10°, 370°
𝜃 = 135° + 720°
2. 125°, 475°
𝜽 = 𝟖𝟓𝟓°
3. 73°, -287°

4. 240°, -240°

5. 30°, -750°

b.
𝜃 = 135° + 𝑛(360°)
B. Let θ be the measure of ∠𝐼𝐿𝑌 in standard position. With the given number of rotations,
𝜃 = 135° + (−1)(360°) find the measure of an angle coterminal with ∠𝐼𝐿𝑌.
𝜃 = 135° − 360°
6. 𝜃 = 45° ; 2 rotations, counterclockwise
𝜽 = −𝟐𝟐𝟓°
7. 𝜃 = 45° ; 2 rotations, clockwise

8. 𝜃 = −30° ; 1 rotation, clockwise

9. 𝜃 = −90° ; 1 rotation, counterclockwise

10. 𝜃 = 10° ; 1 rotation, counterclockwise

15 | T r i g o n o m e t r y