USM Working Principle

ULTRASONIC MACHINING
Definition:
Ultrasonic Machining is a non-traditional process, in which abrasives contained in a
slurry are driven against the work by a tool oscillating at low amplitude (25-100
microns) and high frequency (15-30 kHz).
Process:
Ultrasonic machining is a mechanical type non-traditional machining process. It is
employed to machine hard and brittle materials (both electrically conductive and non
conductive material) having hardness usually greater than 40 HRC. The process was
first developed in 1950s and was originally used for finishing EDM surfaces.
In ultrasonic machining, tool of desired shape vibrates at ultrasonic frequency ( 19 to

25 kHz. ) with an amplitude of 15-50 Microns over work piece. Generally tool is
pressed down with a feed force F. Between the tool and work, machining zone is
flooded with hard abrasive particles generally in the form of water based slurry. As
the tool vibrates over the work piece, abrasive particles acts as indenter and indent
both work and tool material . Abrasive particles , as they indent , the work material
would remove the material from both tool and work piece. In Ultrasonic machining
material removal is due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of
material. USM is used for machining hard and brittle materials, which are poor
conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical machining
( ECM) or Electro discharge machining (EDM).
The tool in USM is made to vibrate with high frequency on to the work surface in the
midst of the flowing slurry. The main reason for using ultrasonic frequency is to
provide better performance. Audible frequencies of required intensities would be
heard as extremely loud sound and would cause fatigue and even permanent
damage to the auditory apparatus.
Equipment:
Ultrasonic Machining consists of :

1. High Power sine wave
generator
2. Magneto-strictive Transducer
3. Tool Holder
4. Tool
High power sine wave generator

This unit converts low frequency (60 Hz) electrical power to high frequency (20kHz)
electrical power.
Transducer
The high frequency electrical signal is transmitted to traducer which converts it into
high frequency low amplitude vibration. Essentially transducer converts electrical
energy to mechanical vibration. There are two types of transducer used
1. Piezo electric transducer
2. Magneto-stricitve transducer.
Piezo electric transducer: These transducer generate a small electric current
when they are compressed. Also when the electric current is passed though
crystal it expands. When the current is removed , crystal attains its original size
and shape. Such transducers are available up to 900 Watts. Piezo electric crystals
have high conversion efficiency of 95%.
Magneto-strictive transducer: These also changes its length when subjected to

strong magnetic field. These transducer are made of nickel , nickel alloy sheets.
Their conversion efficiency is about 20-30%. Such transducers are available up to
2000 Watts. The maximum change in length can be achieved is about 25
microns.
Tool holder. OR Horn.

The tool holder holds and connects the tool to the transducer. It virtually transmits
the energy and in some cases, amplifies the amplitude of vibration. Material of tool
should have good acoustic properties, high resistance to fatigue cracking. Due
measures should be taken to avoid ultrasonic welding between transducer and tool
holder. Commonly used tool holders are Monel, titanium, stainless steel. Tool holders
are more expensive, demand higher operating cost.
Tool holder can be classified as :
Amplifying Tool Holder Non-Amplifying Tool Holder

They give as much as 6 times Non amplifying tool holders have
increased tool motion. It is achieved circular cross section and give same
by stretching and relaxing the tool amplitude at both ends.
holder material.
MRR = 10 times the non amplifying
tool.
Tool
Tools are made of relatively ductile materials like Brass, Stainless steel or Mild steel
so that Tool wear rate (TWR) can be minimized. The value of ratio of TWR and MRR
depends on kind of abrasive, work material and tool materials.
OPERATIONS OF
ULTRASONIC CUTTING.
As the tool vibrates with a

specific frequency, an abrasive
slurry (usually a mixture of
abrasive grains and water of
definite proportion) is made to
flow through the tool work
interface. The impact force
arising out of vibration of the
tool end and the flow of slurry
through the work tool interface
actually causes thousands of
microscopic abrasive grains to
remove the work material by
abrasion. Material removal from
the hard and brittle materials
will be the form of sinking, engraving or any other precision shape.

USM Working Principle

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ULTRASONIC MACHINING

In ultrasonic machining, tool of desired shape vibrates at ultrasonic frequency ( 19 to

Ultrasonic Machining consists of :

High power sine wave generator

Magneto-strictive transducer: These also changes its length when subjected to

Tool holder. OR Horn.

Amplifying Tool Holder Non-Amplifying Tool Holder

As the tool vibrates with a

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