No:1 - abdomen

(L., possibly from abdere to hide) that portion of the body which lies between the
thorax and the pelvis; called also belly and venter. It contains a cavity (abdominal
cavity) separated by the diaphragm from the thoracic cavity, above and by the
plane of the pelvic inlet from the pelvic cavity below, and lined with a serous
membrane, the peritoneum. This cavity contains the abdominal viscera and is
enclosed by a wall (abdominal wall or parietes) formed by the abdominal
muscles, vertebral column, and the ilia. It is divided into nine regions by four
imaginary lines projected onto the anterior wall, of which two pass horizontally
around the body (the upper at the level of the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower
at the tops of the crests of the ilia), and two extend vertically on each side of the
body from the cartilage of the eighth rib to the centre of the inguinal ligament, as
in A below. The regions are : three upper - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left
hypochondriac; three middle - right lateral, umbilical, left lateral; and three lower
- right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal).
No:2 - abdominal
(L. abdominalis) pertaining to the abdomen.
No:3 - aberrant
(L. aberrans, ab from + errare to wander) wandering or deviating from the usual
or normal course.
No:4 - abnormal
(ab- + L. norma rule) not normal; contrary to the usual structure, position,
behaviour, or rule.
No:5 - abortion
(L. abortio) 1. the premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of
conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms,
usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine
haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion
of all or part of the products of conception. 2. premature stoppage of a natural or a
pathological process.
No:6 - abrasion
(L. abrasio) 1. the wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or
the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. an area of
body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal
mechanical process.
No:7 - abrupt
sudden and unexpected.
No:8 - abscess
(L. abscessus, from ab away + cedere to go) a localized collection of pus caused
by suppuration buried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces.
No:9 - absence
see petit mal epilepsy, under epilepsy.
No:10 - absorption

1
 (L. absorptio) 1. the uptake of substances into or across tissues, e.g., skin,
intestine, and kidney tubules. 2. in psychology, devotion of thought to one object
or activity, with inattention to others. 3. in radiology, the taking up of energy by
matter with which the radiation interacts.
No:11 - abstinence
a refraining from the use of or indulgence in food, stimulants, or sexual
intercourse.
No:12 - accidental
happening unexpectedly or by chance.
No:13 - accommodation
(L. accommodare to fit to) adjustment, especially that of the eye for various
distances.
No:14 - accumulation
the action or process of accumulating; state of being or having accumulated; a
collecting together.
No:15 - acidity
L. aciditas) the quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions).
No:16 - acidosis
a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the
alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and
characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.
No:17 - acne
(possibly a corruption of Greek akm a point or of achn chaff) an inflammatory
disease of the pilosebaceous unit, the specific type usually being indicated by a
modifying term; frequently used alone to designate common acne, or acne
vulgaris.
No:18 - acrocyanosis
(acro- + cyanosis) a condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the
extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discoloration of the skin
of the digits, wrists, and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the
digits. Called also Raynaud's sign.
No:19 - ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
No:20 - activate
1.to render activity. 2.to become active. 3.to convert (a compound, as a
provitamin or enzyme) into an active form or different compound, esp. into one
that has a particular biological action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2
for use in treating rickets).
No:20 - activate
1.to render activity. 2.to become active. 3.to convert (a compound, as a
provitamin or enzyme) into an active form or different compound, esp. into one
that has a particular biological action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2
for use in treating rickets).

2
No:21 - active
characterized by action; not passive; not expectant.
No:22 - activity
1. the state of being active; the ability to produce some effect; the extent of some
function or action. 2. a thermodynamic quantity that represents the effective
concentration of a solute in a nonideal solution; if concentrations are replaced by
activities, the equations for equilibrium constants, electrode potentials, osmotic
pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressures
of volatile solutes are converted from approximations that hold only for dilute
solutions to exact equations that hold for all concentrations. The activity is equal
to the product of the concentration and the activity coefficient, a dimensionless
number measuring deviation from nonideality. Symbol a. 3. radioactivity; the
number of disintegrations per unit time of a radioactive material, measured in
curies or becquerels. Symbol A. 4. optical activity.
No:23 - acuity
(L. acuitas sharpness) clarity or clearness, especially of the vision.
No:24 - acute
(L. acutus sharp) 1. sharp, poignant. 2. having a short and relatively severe
course.
No:25 - adaptation
(L. adaptare to fit) 1. the adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the
process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. the normal ability of the eye to
adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such
variations. 3. the decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a
receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. in dentistry, (a) the proper
fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative
material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. in
microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment.
No:26 - addiction
the state of being given up to some habit, especially strong dependence on a drug.
No:27 - additional
existing or coming by way of addition; added, further.
No:28 - additive
1. characterized by addition. 2. a substance, as a flavouring agent, preservative, or
vitamin, added to another substance to improve its appearance, increase its
nutritional value, etc.
No:29 - adenitis
inflammation of a gland.
No:30 - adenoma
(adeno- + -oma) a benign epithelial tumour in which the cells form recognizable
glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular
epithelium.
No:31 - adequate

3
 satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient.
No:32 - adhesion
(L. adhaesio, from adhaerere to stick to) 1. the property of remaining in close
proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction of molecules to a
substance, or the molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of contacting
bodies. 2. the stable joining of parts to each other, which may occur abnormally.
3. a fibrous band or structure by which parts abnormally adhere.
No:33 - adjuvant
(L. adjuvans aiding) a substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy;
in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune
response.
No:34 - adnexitis
inflammation of the adnexa uteri.
No:35 - adolescent
an individual during the period of adolescence.
No:36 - adrenergic
activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar
activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a
synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres.
No:37 - adrenolytic
(adreno + Gr. lysis a loosening) inhibiting the action of adrenergic nerves;
inhibiting the response to epinephrine.
No:38 - adsorption
(L. ad to + sorbere to suck) the attachment of one substance to the surface of
another; the concentration of a gas or a substance in solution in a liquid on a
surface in contact with the gas or liquid, resulting in a relatively high
concentration of the gas or solution at the surface. Cf. absorption.
No:39 - adult
(L. adultus grown up) a living organism which has attained full growth or
maturity.
No:40 - adverse
harmful.
No:41 - advice
the way in which one regards something : view, opinion; recommendation
regarding a decision or course of conduct : counsel.
No:42 - aerobic
1. having molecular oxygen present. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the
presence of molecular oxygen. 3. requiring oxygen for respiration.
No:43 - aerophagy
(aero + Gr. phagein to eat) excessive swallowing of air, usually an unconscious
process associated with anxiety, resulting in abdominal distention or belching,
often interpreted by the patient as signs of a physical disorder.
No:44 - aerosol

4
 a solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy.
No:45 - aetiology
study of the causes of disease.
No:46 - affinity
(L. affinitas relationship) 1. inherent likeness or relationship. 2. a special
attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. chemical affinity; the force
that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical
reaction. 4. the strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances
as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. in immunology, a
thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-
binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical
compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among
simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the
association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of
affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually
represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. the reciprocal
of the dissociation constant.
No:47 - afterload
the tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction.
No:48 - agalactia
(a neg. + Gr. gala milk + ia) absence or failure of the secretion of milk; called
also agalactosis.
No:49 - agammaglobulinaemia
(a neg. + gamma globulin + -emia) absence of all classes of immunoglobulins in
the blood.
No:50 - agent
(L. agens acting) any power, principle, or substance capable of producing an
effect, whether physical, chemical, or biological.
No:51 - aggravation
an increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or
makes worse.
No:52 - aggregation
massing of materials together as in clumping.
No:53 - aggressiveness
the quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant;
enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable).
No:54 - agitation
a state of anxiety accompanied by motor restlessness.
No:55 - agonist
in anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and
stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally
occurring substances.
No:56 - agranulocytosis

5
 a symptom complex characterized by marked decrease in the number of
granulocytes and by lesions of the throat and other mucous membranes, of the
gastrointestinal tract, and of the skin; called also granulocytopenia and Schultz's
disease.
No:57 - akathisia
(a- neg. + Gr. kathisis a sitting down + -ia) 1. a condition of motor restlessness in
which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly,
and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic
drugs. 2. an inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of
doing so.
No:58 - akinesia
(a neg. + Gr. kinsis motion + ia) 1. absence or poverty of movements. 2. the
temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine.
No:59 - albumin
(albumen + -in) 1. any protein that is soluble in water and moderately
concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. serum albumin; the major
plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for
much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein
carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and
also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific
binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum
levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and
renal disease.
No:60 - alcoholism
a disorder characterized by pathological pattern of alcohol use that causes a
serious impairment in social or occupational functioning. In DSN III-R this is
termed alcohol abuse or, if tolerance or withdrawal is present, alcohol
dependence.
No:61 - alert
attentive and quick to think or act.
No:62 - alimentary
pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion.
No:63 - alkaline
(L. alkalinus) having the reactions of an alkali.
No:64 - alkaloid
(alkali + -oid) one of a large group of nitrogenous basis substances found in
plants. They are usually very bitter and many are pharmacologically active.
Examples are atropine, caffeine, coniine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine.
The term is also applied to synthetic substances (artificial a's) which have
structures similar to plant alkaloids, such as procaine.
No:65 - alkalosis
a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of base, or from loss of acid
without comparable loss of base in the body fluids, and characterized by decrease
in hydrogen ion concentration (increase in pH). Cf. acidosis.

6
No:66 - alkylate
to treat with an alkylating agent.
No:67 - allergen
(allergy + -gen) a antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type
hypersensitivity (allergy).
No:68 - allergic
pertaining to, caused by, affected with, or of the nature of allergy.
No:69 - allergy
(Gr. allos other + ergon work) 1. a state of hypersensitivity induced by exposure
to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on
subsequent exposures; the term is usually used to refer to hypersensitivity to an
environmental antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) or to drug allergy; the
original meaning, now obsolete, included all states of altered immunologic
reactivity, immunity as well as hypersensitivity. Gell and Coombs used the term
'allergic reaction' to mean any harmful immunologic reaction causing tissue
injury. 2. the medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of allergic
disorders.
No:70 - alopecia
(Gr. alpekia a disease in which the hair falls out) baldness; absence of the hair
from skin areas where it normally is present.
No:71 - alternate
cause to occur or appear one after the other.
No:72 - alternative
available in place of something else.
No:73 - alveolitis
inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis.
No:74 - amblyopia
(ambly + -opia) impairment of vision without detectable organic lesion of the eye.
No:75 - ambulant
(L. ambulans walking) walking or able to walk.
No:76 - amenorrhea
(a neg. + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow) absence or abnormal stoppage of the
menses; called also amenia.
No:77 - amine
an organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical
compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the
hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished
as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three
hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine,
ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other
compounds.
No:78 - amino acid

7
 any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)
group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids
from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during
ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not
optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in
proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational
enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are
also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric
acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA.
No:79 - amnesia
(Gr. amnsia forgetfulness) lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past
experiences.
No:80 - amnion
(Gr. "bowl";"membrane enveloping the fetus") the thin but tough extraembryonic
membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the
fetus and the amniotic fluid around it; in mammals it is derived from trophoblast
by folding or splitting.
No:81 - ampoule
a small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its
contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral
solutions (American English: ampule).
No:82 - anabolic
relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism.
No:83 - anaemia
(Gr. an neg. + haima blood + -ia) a reduction below normal in the number of
erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of
packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between
blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed.
No:84 - anaerobic
1. lacking molecular oxygen. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the absence of
molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe.
No:85 - anaesthesia
(an neg. + Gr. aisthsis sensation) loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is
used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied
especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance
of surgery or other painful procedures.
No:86 - anaesthetic
1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. a drug or agent that
is used to abolish the sensation of pain.
No:87 - anal
pertaining to the anus.
No:88 - analeptic
(Gr. analepsis a repairing) a drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine,
amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc.

8
 No:89 - analgesic
an agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness.
No:90 - analogous
(Gr. analogos according to a due ratio, conformable, proportionate) resembling or
similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or
development; cf. homologous.
No:91 - analysis
(ana + Gr. lysis dissolution) separation into component parts or elements; the act
of determining the component parts of a substance.
No:92 - anamnesis
(Gr. anamnsis a recalling) 1. recollection. 2. a medical or psychiatric patient
history, as opposed to catamnesis (follow-up). 3. immunologic memory.
No:93 - anaphylactic
pertaining to anaphylaxis.
No:94 - anastomosis
(Gr. anastomosis opening, outlet) an opening created by surgical, traumatic or
pathological means between two normally separate spaces or organs.
No:95 - anatomical
pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism.
No:96 - androgenic
producing masculine characteristics.
No:97 - anergic
(an + Gr. ergon work) 1. characterized by abnormal inactivity; inactive. 2. marked
by asthenia or lack of energy. 3. pertaining to anergy.
No:98 - aneurysm
(Gr. aneurysma a widening) a sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an
artery, a vein, or the heart. The chief signs of arterial aneurysm are the formation
of a pulsating tumour, and often a bruit (aneurysmal bruit) heard over the
swelling. Sometimes there are symptoms from pressure on contiguous parts.
No:99 - angiitis
(angi- + -tis) inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel;
called also vasculitis.
No:100 - anginal
pertaining to or characteristic of angina.
No:101 - angina pectoris
a paroxysmal thoracic pain, with a failing of suffocation and impending death,
due, most often, to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by effort or
excitement.
No:102 - angioedema
a vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal
tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased
permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals.
No:103 - angioneurotic

9
 denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema.
No:104 - anhydrous
(an neg. + Gr. hydor water) deprived or destitute of water.
No:105 - anionic
pertaining to or containing an anion.
No:106 - anisocoria
(aniso- + Gr. kor pupil + -ia) inequality in diameter of the pupils.
No:107 - anogenital
pertaining to the anus and external genitals.
No:108 - anomaly
(Gr. anomalia) marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result
of congenital defects.
No:109 - anorectal
pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two.
No:110 - anorexia
(Gr. 'want of appetite') lack or loss of the appetite for food.
No:111 - anosmia
(an neg. + osm smell + -ia) absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia
and olfactory anaesthesia.
No:112 - anovular
not accompanied with the discharge of an ovum.
No:113 - anoxia
a total lack of oxygen; often used interchangeably with hypoxia to mean a reduced
supply of oxygen to the tissues.
No:114 - antacid
(ant- + L. acidus sour) a substance that counteracts or neutralizes acidity, usually
of the stomach.
No:115 - antagonist
(Gr. antagonists an opponent) a substance that tends to nullify the action of
another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological
response.
No:116 - antecedent
existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects.
No:117 - anterograde
(antero- + L. gredi to go) moving or extending forward; called also antegrade.
No:118 - anthelmintic
(ant- + Gr. helmins worm) an agent that is destructive to worms.
No:119 - anthrax
(Gr. 'coal', 'carbuncle') an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease usually acquired by
ingestion of Bacillus anthracis or its spores from infected pastures by herbivores
or indirectly from infected carcasses by carnivores. It is transmitted to humans
usually by contact with infected animals or their discharges (agricultural a.) or

10
 with contaminated animal products (industrial a.). Anthrax is classified by
primary routes of inoculation as : cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational.
Called also charbon, milzbrand and splenic fever.
No:120 - antiacid
an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (as an alkali or absorbent).
No:121 - antiallergic
counteracting allergy or allergic conditions.
No:122 - antianginal
counteracting angina or anginal conditions.
No:123 - antiarrhythmic
an agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia.
No:124 - antiasthmatic
an agent that relieves the spasm of asthma.
No:125 - antibacterial
a substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction.
No:126 - antibiogram
an examination that measures the biological resistance of substances causing
disease; performed prior to chemotherapy so as to make it more efficient.
No:127 - antibiotherapy
a therapy that uses antibiotics to treat infections.
No:128 - antibiotic
(anti- + Gr. bios life) a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which
has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other
microorganisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as
chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of man, animals
and plants.
No:129 - antibody
an immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of
which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the
lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with antigen closely related to it.
Antibodies are classified according to their ode of action as agglutinins,
bacteriolysins, haemolysins, opsonins, precipitins, etc.
No:130 - anticholinergic
(anti- + cholinergic) an agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also
parasympatholytic.
No:131 - anticoagulant
any substance that prevents blood clotting. Those administered for prophylaxis or
treatment of thromboembolic disorders are heparin, which inactivates thrombin
and several other clotting factors and which must be administered parenterally,
and the oral anticoagulants (warfarin, dicumarol, and congeners) which inhibit the
hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Anticoagulant solutions
used for the preservation of stored whole blood and blood fractions are acid
citrate dextrose (ACD), citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD), citrate phosphate

11
 dextrose-adenine (cPDA-1) and heparin. Anticoagulants used to prevent clotting
of blood specimens for laboratory analysis are heparin and several substances that
make calcium ions unavailable to the clotting process, including EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), citrate, oxalate, and fluoride.
No:132 - anticonvulsant
an agent that prevents or relieves convulsions.
No:133 - antidepressant
an agent that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient, including tricyclic
antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
No:134 - antidiabetic
an agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes.
No:135 - antidiuretic
suppressing the rate of urine formation.
No:136 - antidopaminergic
preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine.
No:137 - antidote
(L. antidotum, from Gr. anti against + didonai to give) a remedy for counteracting
a poison.
No:138 - antiemetic
(anti + Gr. emetikos inclined to vomit) an agent that prevents or alleviates nausea
and vomiting. Also antinauseant.
No:139 - antiepileptic
an agent that combats epilepsy.
No:140 - antiexudative
counteracting a process of exudation.
No:141 - antifibrinolytic
inhibiting fibrinolysis.
No:142 - antifungal
destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against
fungal infections.
No:143 - antigen
(antibody + Gr. gennan to produce) any substance which is capable, under
appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting
with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically
sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as
toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells;
however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the
antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a
lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag.
No:144 - antihistamine
a drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two
types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine
receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic.

12
No:145 - antihypertensive
an agent that reduces high blood pressure.
No:146 - anti-infective
an agent that so acts.
No:147 - anti-inflammatory
counteracting or suppressing inflammation.
No:148 - antimicrobial
killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth.
No:149 - antimitotic
inhibiting or preventing mitosis.
No:150 - antimycotic
suppressing the growth of fungi.
No:151 - antineoplastic
inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation
and proliferation of malignant cells.
No:152 - antioestrogenic
counteracting or suppressing oestrogenic activity
No:153 - antioxidant
one of many widely used synthetic or natural substances added to a product to
prevent or delay its deterioration by action of oxygen in the air. Rubber, paints,
vegetable oils, and prepared foods commonly contain antioxidants.
No:154 - antiphlogistic
an agent that counteracts inflammation and fever.
No:155 - antiproliferative
counteracting a process of proliferation.
No:156 - antipruritic
relieving or preventing itching.
No:157 - antipsychotic
effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also
neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including
phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines,
dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar
class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other
psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during
induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with
Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat
intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to
dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin
receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to
be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the
mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia,
akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia;
and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the

13
 medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred
vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of
histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors.
No:158 - antipyretic
(anti + Gr. pyretos fever) an agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also
antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge.
No:159 - antiseptic
a substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without
necessarily killing them. Cf. disinfectant and germicide.
No:160 - antispasmodic
an agent that relieves spasm.
No:161 - antithrombotic
preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts.
No:162 - antitoxin
a purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a
toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a
specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria.
No:163 - antitumour
counteracting tumour formation.
No:164 - antitussive
an agent that relieves or prevents cough.
No:165 - antiviral
destroying viruses or suppressing their replication.
No:166 - anuria
(an neg. + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) complete suppression of urinary secretion by the
kidneys; called also anuresis.
No:167 - anus
(L. 'ring', 'circle') the distal or terminal orifice of the alimentary canal.
No:168 - anxiety
the unpleasant emotional state consisting of psychophysiological responses to
anticipation of unreal or imagined danger, ostensibly resulting from unrecognized
intrapsychic conflict. Physiological concomitants include increased heart rate,
altered respiration rate, sweating, trembling, weakness, and fatigue; psychological
concomitants include feelings of impending danger, powerlessness, apprehension,
and tension.
No:169 - anxiolytic
an anxiolytic or antianxiety agent.
No:170 - apathy
(Gr. apatheia) lack of feeling or emotion; indifference.
No:171 - aphasia
(a neg. + Gr. phasis speech) defect or loss of the power of expression by speech,
writing, or signs, or of comprehending spoken or written language, due to injury
or disease of the brain centres.

14
 No:172 - aplasia
(a neg. + Gr. plassein to form) lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the
cellular products from an organ or tissue. Cf. hypoplasia.
No:173 - aplastic anaemia
a form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often
accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone
marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce
adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive
and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes.
No:174 - apnoea
cessation of breathing.
No:175 - application
employment as a means; specific use.
No:176 - approximate
approximal
No:177 - aqueous
watery; prepared with water.
No:178 - aromatic
(L. aromaticus; Gr. aromatikos) having a spicy odour.
No:179 - arrhythmia
(a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm) any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart
beat, including sinus arrhythmia, premature beat, heart block, atrial fibrillation,
atrial flutter, pulsus alternans, and paroxysmal tachycardia.
180 - arrhythmogenic
(a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm + gennan to produce) producing or promoting
arrhythmia.
No:181 - arterial
pertaining to an artery or to the arteries.
No:182 - arteriography
(artery + Gr. graphein to write) roentgenography of arteries after injection of
radiopacque material into the blood stream.
No:183 - arteriolar
pertaining to or resembling arterioles.
No:184 - arteriolosclerosis
sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline
arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the
arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic
arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive
narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension,
nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma.
No:185 - arteriovenous
both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein.
No:186 - arthralgia

15
 (arthr- + -algia) pain in a joint.
No:187 - arthritis
(Gr. arthron joint + -itis) rheumatism in which the inflammatory lesions are
confined to the joints.
No:188 - arthropathy
(arthro + Gr. pathos disease) any joint disease.
No:189 - arthrosis
(arthro- + -osis) a disease of a joint.
No:190 - articular
(L. articularis) of or pertaining to a joint.
No:191 - artificial
(L. ars art + facere to make) made by art; not natural or pathological.
No:192 - ascites
(L; Gr. askits from askos bag) effusion and accumulation of serous fluid in the
abdominal cavity; called also abdominal or peritoneal dropsy, hydroperitonia,
and hydrops abdominis.
No:193 - asepsis
(a neg. + Gr. spesthai to decay) 1. freedom from infection. 2. the prevention of
contact with microorganisms.
No:194 - aseptic
(a neg. + Gr. spsis decay) free from infection or septic material; sterile.
No:195 - aspiration
(L. ad to + spirare to breathe) the act of inhaling.
No:196 - assay
determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the
biological or pharmacological potency of a drug.
No:197 - assist
to give support or aid; to be present as a spectator.
No:198 - association
(L. associatio, from ad to + socius a fellow) 1. in neurology, correlation involving
a high degree of modifiability and also consciousness. 2. in genetics the
occurrence together of two or more phenotypic characteristics more often than
would be expected by change. To be distinguished from linkage (q.v.). 3. in
dysmorphology, the nonrandom occurrence in two or more individuals of multiple
anomalies not known to be a polytopic field defect, sequence, or syndrome.
No:199 - asthenia
(Gr. asthens without strength + -ia) lack or loss of strength and energy, weakness.
No:200 - astringent
(L. astringens, from ad to + stringere to bind) causing contraction, usually locally
after topical application.
No:201 - asymptomatic
showing or causing no symptoms.

16
No:202 - asystole
cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome.
No:203 - ataxia
(Gr. from a negative + taxis order) failure of muscular coordination; irregularity
of muscular action.
No:204 - atheromatosis
a diffuse atheromatous disease of the arteries.
No:205 - athetosis
(Gr. athetos not fixed + -osis) a derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of
slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands, and performed
involuntarily; it may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic
chorea. Called also mobile spasm.
No:206 - atony
(L. atonia from a neg. + Gr. tonos tension) lack of normal tone or strength.
No:207 - atopic
(a neg. + Gr. topos place) pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic.
No:208 - atoxic
(a neg. + Gr. toxikon poison) not poisonous; not due to a poison.
No:209 - atrial
pertaining to an atrium.
No:210 - atrioventricular
pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle.
No:211 - atrium
(L.; Gr. atrion hall) a chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a
chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to
designate an atrium of the heart.
No:212 - atrophy
(L.; Gr. atrophia) a wasting away; a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ,
or part.
No:213 - atypical
(a neg. + Gr. typos type or model) irregular; not conformable to the type; in
microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type.
No:214 - auditory
(L. auditorius) pertaining to the sense of hearing.
No:215 - aura
(L. 'breath') a subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks
the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set.
No:216 - aural
(L. auris, q.v.) pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus.
No:217 - auricular
(L. auricularis) pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium
of the heart.

17
 No:218 - auscultation
the act of listening for sounds within the body, chiefly for ascertaining the
condition of the lungs, heart, pleura, abdomen and other organs, and for the
detection of pregnancy.
No:219 - autoimmune
pertaining to autoimmunity.
No:220 - automatism
(Gr. automatismos self-action) aimless and apparently undirected behaviour that
is not under conscious control and is performed without conscious knowledge;
seen in psychomotor epilepsy, catatonic schizophrenia, psychogenic fugue, and
other conditions. Called also automatic behaviour.
No:221 - autonomic
self-controlling; functionally independent.
No:222 - azoospermia
(a neg. + zoosperm) absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation
of spermatozoa.
No:223 - azotemia
(azote + Gr. haima blood + -ia) an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds
in the blood.
No:224 - bacillus
(L. 'little rod') a genus of bacteria of the family Bacillaceae, including large
aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped cells, the great
majority of which are gram-positive and motile. The genus is separated into 48
species, of which three are pathogenic, or potentially pathogenic, and the
remainder are saprophytic soil forms. Many organisms historically called Bacillus
are now classified in other genera.
No:225 - bacteraemia
(Gr. baktrion little rod + haima blood) the presence of bacteria in the blood.
No:226 - bactericide
an agent that destroys bacteria.
No:227 - bacteriologic, bacteriological
pertaining to bacteriology.
No:228 - bacteriostatic
1. inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. an agent that inhibits the
growth or multiplication of bacteria.
No:229 - bacteroid
(bacteria + Gr. eidos form) 1. resembling a bacterium. 2. a structurally bacterium.
No:230 - balanitis
(balano- + -itis) inflammation of the glans penis; it is usually associated with
phimosis.
No:231 - barrier
an obstruction.
No:232 - basal

18
 pertaining to or situated near a base.
No:233 - base
(L., Gr., basis) in chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines
with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in
aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton
(hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for
the formation of a coordinate covalent bond.
No:234 - benign
(L. benignus) not malignant; not recurrent; favourable for recovery.
No:235 - betablocker
a drug that induces adrenergic blockade at either ß1- or ß2-adrenergic receptors or
at both.
No:236 - betamimetic
stimulating or mimicking the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors of the
sympathetic nervous systems; an agent that so acts.
No:237 - bilateral
(bi- + L. latus side) having two sides, or pertaining to both sides.
No:238 - biliary
pertaining to the bile, to the bile ducts, or to the gallbladder.
No:239 - bioavailability
the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target
tissue after administration.
No:240 - biochemical
relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical
reactions in living organisms.
No:241 - biodegradation
the series of processes by which living systems render chemicals less noxious to
the environment.
No:242 - bioequivalent
having the same strength and similar bioavailability in the same dosage form as
another specimen of a given drug substance.
No:243 - biologic, biological
pertaining to biology.
No:244 - biopsy
(bio- + Gr. opsis vision) the removal and examination, usually microscopic, of
tissue from the living body, performed to establish precise diagnosis.
No:245 - biosynthesis
the building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living
organism.
No:246 - biotransformation
the series of chemical alterations of a compound (e.g., a drug) which occur within
the body, as by enzymatic activity.
No:247 - biphasic

19
 having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the
life cycle.
No:248 - blepharitis
(blephar- + itis) inflammation of the eyelids.
No:249 - blister pack
a package consisting of a clear plastic overlay affixed to a cardboard backing for
protecting and displaying a product.
No:250 - block
an obstruction or stoppage.
No:251 - bolus injection
the injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the
opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion).
No:252 - borborygmus
a rumbling noise caused by the propulsion of gas through the intestines.
No:253 - bradycardia
(brady- + Gr. kardia heart) slowness of the heart beat, as evidenced by slowing of
the pulse rate to less than 60.
No:254 - bradykinesia
(brady- + Gr. kinsis movement) abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of
physical and mental responses.
No:255 - bradypnea
(brady- + Gr. pnoia breath) abnormal slowness of breathing.
No:256 - broad-spectrum
effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic.
No:257 - bronchial
(L. bronchialis) pertaining to one or more bronchi.
No:258 - bronchiectasis
(bronchus + Gr. ektasis dilatation) chronic dilatation of the bronchi marked by
fetid breath and paroxysmal coughing, with the expectoration of mucopurulent
matter. It may effect the tube uniformly (cylindric b.), or occur in irregular
pockets (sacculated b.) or the dilated tubes may have terminal bulbous
enlargements (fusiform b.).
No:259 - bronchitis
(bronchus + -itis) inflammation of one or more bronchi.
bronchoconstriction
the act or process of decreasing the calibre of a bronchus; bronchostenosis.
No:261 - bronchodilatation
a dilated state of a bronchus or the site at which a bronchus is dilated.
No:262 - bronchopneumonia
(bronchus + pneumonia) a name given to an inflammation of the lungs which
usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. These become clogged with a
mucopurulent exudate forming consolidated patches in adjacent lobules. The
disease is frequently secondary in character, following infections of the upper

20
 respiratory tract, specific infectious fevers, and debilitating diseases. In infants
and debilitated persons of any age it may occur as a primary affection. Called also
bronchial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchoalveolitis, bronchopneumonitis,
catarrhal pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, capillary bronchitis and vesicular
bronchiolitis.
No:263 - bronchopulmonary
pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary.
No:264 - bronchospasm
spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma.
No:265 - bronchus
(L.; Gr. bronchos windpipe) any of the larger air passages of the lungs, having an
outer fibrous coat with irregularly placed plates of hyaline cartilage, an interlacing
network of smooth muscle, and a mucous membrane of columnar ciliated
epithelial cells.
No:266 - buccal
(L. buccalis, from bucca cheek) pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In
dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth.
No:267 - buccopharyngeal
pertaining to the mouth and pharynx.
No:268 - bulbar
pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar
paralysis.
No:269 - bullous
pertaining to or characterized by bullae.
No:270 - bursitis
inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the
underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa.
No:271 - cachexia
(cac- + Gr. hexis habit + -ia) a profound and marked state of constitutional
disorder; general ill health and malnutrition.
No:272 - calcaemia
(calcium + Gr. haima blood + -ia) hypercalcaemia, an excess of calcium in the
blood; manifestations include fatigability, muscle weakness, depression, anorexia,
nausea, and constipation.
No:273 - calcification
(calcium + L. facere to make) the process by which organic tissue becomes
hardened by a deposit of calcium salts within its substance.
No:274 - calciuria
the presence of calcium in the urine.
No:275 - calculus I
(L. 'pebble') an abnormal concretion occurring within the animal body and usually
composed of mineral salts.
No:276 - calculus II

21
 also called tartar. Dentistry a hard, yellowish to brownish-black deposit or teeth
formed largely through the mineralization of dead bacteria in dental plaques by
the calcium salts in salivary secretions and subgingival transudates.
No:277 - candidiasis
infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection
of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans;
it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous
membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina
(vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also
moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis.
No:278 - cannula
(L. dim. of canna 'reed') a tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion
its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar.
No:279 - capacity
(L. capacitas, from capere to take) power or ability to hold, retain, or contain, or
the ability to absorb.
No:280 - capillary
(L. capillaris hair-like) any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles
and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as
semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including
fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare (NA).
No:281 - carbohydrate
an aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the
pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen
and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most
important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are
classified into mono-, di-, tri-, poly- and heterosaccharides.
No:282 - carcinogenic
producing carcinoma.
No:283 - carcinoma
(Gr. karkinoma from karkinos crab, cancer) a malignant new growth made up of
epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to
metastases.
No:284 - cardiac
(L. cardiacus from Gr. kardiakos) pertaining to the heart.
No:285 - cardiogenic
(cardio + Gr. gennan to produce) originating in the heart; caused by abnormal
function of the heart.
No:286 - cardiological
relating to the study of the heart.
No:287 - cardiomegaly
(cardio- + Gr. megas large) cardiac hypertrophy.
No:288 - cardiomyopathy

22
 (cardio- + Gr. mys muscle + pathos disease) a general diagnostic term designating
primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology.
No:289 - cardiopathy
(cardio- + Gr. pathos disease) any disorder or disease of the heart. In addition to
heart disease of inflammatory origin, there are arteriosclerotic cardiopathy, due
to arteriosclerosis; fatty cardiopathy, due to growth of fatty tissue; hypertensive
cardiopathy, due to high blood pressure; nephropathic cardiopathy, due to kidney
disease, thyrotoxic cardiopathy, due to thyroid intoxication; toxic cardiopathy,
due to the effect of some toxin; and valvular cardiopathy, due to faulty valve
action.
No:290 - cardiopulmonary
pertaining to the heart and lungs.
No:291 - cardiorespiratory
relating to the heart and lungs and their function.
No:292 - cardioselective
having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue.
No:293 - cardiotonic
1. having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. an agent that has a tonic effect on the
heart.
No:294 - cardiotoxic
having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart.
No:295 - cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
No:296 - caries
(L. 'rottenness') 1. the molecular decay or death of a bone, in which it becomes
softened, discoloured, and porous. It produces a chronic inflammation of the
periosteum and surrounding tissues, and forms a cold abscess filled with a cheesy,
fetid, puslike liquid, which generally burrows through the soft parts until it opens
externally by a sinus or fistula. 2. dental c.
No:297 - castration
(L. castratio) removal of the gonads, or their destruction as by radiation or
parasites.
No:298 - catabolism
(Gr. katabol a throwing down) any destructive metabolic process by which
organisms convert substances into excreted compounds.
No:299 - catalyse
to speed up a chemical reaction.
300 - cataract
(L. cataracta, from Gr. katarrakts waterfall, floodgate, portcullis (perhaps
because an ocular opacity and a portcullis are obstructions) an opacity, partial or
complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity
impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified

23
 by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of
occurrence).
No:301 - catarrh
(L. catarrhus, from Gr. katarrhein to flow down) inflammation of a mucous
membrane, with a free discharge (Hippocrates); especially such inflammation of
the air passages of the head and throat.
No:302 - catheter
(Gr. kathetr) a tubular, flexible, surgical instrument for withdrawing fluids from
(or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body, especially one for introduction
into the bladder through the urethra for the withdraw of urine.
No:303 - catheterization
the employment or passage of a catheter.
No:304 - caudal
denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of
reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy.
No:305 - causal
pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause.
No:306 - caustic
(L. causticus; Gr. kaustikos) an escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also
cauterant.
No:307 - cavity
(L. cavitas) a hollow place or space, or a potential space, within the body or in
one of its organs; it may be normal or pathological.
No:308 - cell membrane
cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the
cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids,
proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which
integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.
No:309 - cellulitis
(cellule + -itis) an acute, diffuse, spreading, edematous, suppurative inflammation
of the deep subcutaneous tissues and sometimes muscle, which may be associated
with abscess formation. It is usually caused by infection of an operative or
traumatic wound, burn, or other cutaneous lesion by various bacteria, but group A
streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common etiologic agents.
Cellulitis may also occur in immunocompromised hosts, or it may follow
erysipelas. It tends to spread to tissue spaces and cleavage planes owing to
bacterial elaboration of large amounts of hyaluronidases that, break down
polysaccharide ground substance, fibrinolysins that digest fibrin barriers, and
lecithinases that destroy cell membranes. Clinical manifestations include an area
of edema, warmth, and tenderness with indistinct margins. Cf. erysipelas.
No:310 - cephalalgia
(Gr. kephalalgia) pain in the head; headache. Called also cephalgia and
cephalodynia.

24
 No:311 - cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum.
No:312 - cerebral
of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain.
No:313 - cerebrospinal
pertaining to the brain and spinal cord.
No:314 - cerebrovascular
pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain.
No:315 - cerumen
(L. from cera wax) the waxlike secretion found within the external meatus of the
ear; called also earwax.
No:316 - cervical
(L. cervicalis, from cervix neck) pertaining to the neck, or to the neck of any
organ or structure.
No:317 : cervix
neck; (NA) a term denoting the front portion of the collum, or neck (the part
connecting the head and trunk), or a constricted part of an organ (e.g. cervix
uteri). c. of axon, a constricted part of an axon, before the myelin sheath is added.
c. columnae posterioris medullae spinalis NA alternative for c. cornus dorsalis
medullae spinalis. c. cornus dorsalis medullae spinalis (NA), neck of dorsal
horn of spinal cord : the constricted portion of the dorsal horn, or column, of grey
matter in the spinal cord between the base of the horn and the head; called also c.
cornus posterioris medullae spinalis (NA alternative) and neck of posterior horn
of spinal cord. c. dentis, (NA), the slightly constricted region of union of the
crown and the root or roots of a tooth; called also collum dentis, dental neck, and
neck of tooth. c. glandis, collum glandis penis. incompetent c., one that is
abnormally prone to dilate in the second trimester of pregnancy, resulting in
premature expulsion of the fetus (middle trimester abortion). c. mallei, collum
mallei. tapiroid c., a uterine cervix with a peculiarly elongated anterior lip. c.
uteri, neck of uterus : the lower and narrow end of the uterus, between the
isthmus and the ostium uteri.
No:318 - chelation
combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring.
No:319 - chemical
1. of, or pertaining to, chemistry. 2. a substance composed of chemical elements
or obtained by chemical processes.
No:320 - chemoreceptor
a receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and
gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic
(supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream,
especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and
blood pressure. See receptor.
No:321 - chemotherapeutics
noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy.

25
No:322 - chemotherapy
the treatment of disease by means of chemicals that have a specific toxic effect
upon the disease - producing microorganisms or that selectively destroy cancerous
tissue.
No:323 - chloasma
(Gr. chloazein to be green) melasma c. hepaticum a term formerly used to refer
to circumscribed facial hyperpigmentation resembling melasma that may occur as
a cutaneous manifestation of chronic liver disease.
No:324 - cholangiography
(chol- + Gr. angeion vessel + graphein to write) roentgenography of the biliary
ducts after administration or injection of a contrast medium, orally, intravenously
or percutaneously.
No:325 - cholangitis
(chol- + Gr. angeion vessel + -itis) inflammation of a bile duct.
No:326 - cholecystitis
(cholecyst + -itis) inflammation of the gallbladder.
No:327 - cholelithiasis
(chole- + lithiasis) the presence or formation of gallstones.
No:328 - choleretic
a choleretic agent.
No:329 - cholestasia
(chole- + Gr. stasis stoppage) stoppage or suppression of the flow of bile, having
intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes.
No:330 - cholesterol
(chole- + Gr. stereos solid) 1. a pearly, fatlike steroid alcohol, C27H45OH,
crystallizing in the form of leaflets or plates from dilute alcohol, and found in
animal fats and oils, in bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, yolk of egg, myelin sheaths
of nerve fibres, the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It constitutes a large part of
the most frequently occurring type of gallstones and occurs in atheroma of the
arteries, in various cysts, and in carcinomatous tissue. Most of the body's
cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, but some is absorbed from the diet. It is a
precursor of bile acids and is important in the synthesis of steroid hormones. 2.
(USP) a commercial preparation of cholesterol is used as a pharmaceutic aid.
Called also cholesterin.
No:331 - cholinergic
resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing
acetylcholine or a related compound.
No:332 - chorea
(L.; Gr. choreia dance) the ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly
complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are performed
involuntarily.
No:333 - chromosomal
pertaining to chromosomes.

26
 No:334 - chronic
(L. chronicus, from Gr. chronos time) persisting over a long period of time.
No:335 - chronotropic
(chrono- + Gr. tropikos turning) affecting the time or rate, as the rate of
contraction of the heart.
No:336 - cicatrization
the formation of a cicatrix or scar.
No:337 - circulation
(L. circulatio) movement in a regular or circuitous course, as the movement of the
blood through the heart and blood vessels.
No:338 - cirrhosis
(Gr. kirrhos orange-yellow) liver disease characterized pathologically by loss of
the normal microscopic lobular architecture, with fibrosis and nodular
regeneration. The term is sometimes used to refer to chronic interstitial
inflammation of any organ.
No:339 - classic
of first class of rank; standard.
340 - classification
the systematic arrangement of similar entities on the basis of certain differing
characteristics.
No:341 - claudication
(L. claudicatio) limping or lameness.
No:342 - clearance
the process of clearing; the rate at which a substance is removed from the blood.
No:343 - clinical
pertaining to a clinic or to the bedside; pertaining to or founded on actual
observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or basis
sciences.
No:344 - clitoral
pertaining to the clitoris.
No:345 - cloaca
(L. 'drain') 1. in zoology, a common passage for faecal, urinary, and reproductive
discharge in most lower vertebrates. 2. in mammalian embryology, the terminal
end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia. 3.
in pathology, an opening in the involucrum of a necrosed bone.
No:346 - clonic
pertaining to or of the nature of clonus.
No:347 - coagulation
(L. coagulatio) 1. the process of clot formation. 2. in colloid chemistry, the
solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or
of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase
and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible.

27
 3. in surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous
residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation.
No:348 - cochlear
of or pertaining to the cochlea.
No:349 - coenzyme
an organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a
water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form
the active enzyme (holoenzyme).
No:350 - cognitive
of, pertaining, to, or characterized by cognition.
No:351 - coitus
(L. coitio a coming together, meeting) sexual connection per vaginam between
male and female.
No:352 - colitis
inflammation of the colon.
No:353 - collagen
(Gr. kolla glue + gennan to produce) the protein substance of the white fibres
(collagenous fibres) of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and all other connective
tissue; composed of molecules of tropocollagen (q.v.), it is converted into gelatin
by boiling. collagenous pertaining to collagen; forming or producing collagen.
No:354 - collapse
(L. collapsus) 1. a state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of
circulation. 2. abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ.
No:355 - colloidal
of the nature of a colloid.
No:356 - collyrium
(L.; Gr. kollyrion eye salve) a lotion for the eyes; an eye wash.
No:357 - colonic flora
the bacteria normally residing within the colon.
No:358 - colonopathy
(colon + Gr. pathos disease) any disease or disorder of the colon.
No:359 - colorectal
pertaining to or affecting the colon and rectum.
360 - comatose
pertaining to or affected with coma.
No:361- combination
the result or product of combining; a series of events or result occurring in an
ordered sequence; the act or process of combining; the act or process of uniting to
form a chemical compound : the chemical compound so formed.
No:362 - comedo
a plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently
containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and
Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. See also acne.

28
No:363 - commensal
(L. com- together + mensa table) 1. living on or within another organism, and
deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. an organism
living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host.
No:364 - commotion
(L. 'disturbance') a concussion; a violent shaking, or the shock which results from
it.
No:365 - compatible
1. capable of harmonious coexistence; of medications, suitable for simultaneous
administration without nullification or aggravation of the effects of either. 2.
denoting a donor and recipient of a blood transfusion in which there is no
transfusion reaction. 3. histocompatible; denoting a donor and recipient of an
organ transplant that is not rejected.
No:366 - compensation
(L. compensatio, from cum together + pensare to weigh) the counterbalancing of
any defect of structure or function. In psychology, a conscious process or, more
frequently, an unconscious defense mechanism by which a person attempts to
make up for real or imagined physical or psychological deficiencies. In
cardiology, the maintenance of an adequate blood flow without distressing
symptoms, accomplished by such cardiac and circulatory adjustments as
tachycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, and increase of blood volume by sodium and
water retention.
No:367 - competitive
relating to, characterized by, arising from or designated to exhibit rivalry among
two individuals or forces.
No:368 - complement
a term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes
immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the
entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins
that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic
functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic
and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed
'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9.
C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s.
The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or
trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement
proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated
fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components
or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g.
C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic
pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1,
IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The
alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by
nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial

29
 polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an
enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative
pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the
cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement
activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement
fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors.
No:369 - complementary
(L. complere to fill) supplying a defect, or helping to do so; making complete;
accessory.
No:370 - complex
(L. complexus woven together, encompassing) complicated, not simple.
No:371 - complication
(L. complicatio from cum together + plicare to fold) 1. a disease or diseases
concurrent with another disease. 2. the concurrence of two or more diseases in the
same patient.
No:372 - component
a constituent element or part; specifically in neurology, a series of neurons
forming a functional system for conducting the afferent and efferent impulses in
the somatic and splanchnic mechanisms of the body.
No:373 - concentration
(L. concentratio) 1. increase in strength by evaporation. 2. the ratio of the mass or
volume of a solute to the mass or volume of the solution or solvent.
No:374 - conception
(L. conceptio) the onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst;
the formation of a viable zygote.
No:375 - concomitant
(L. concomitans from cum together + comes companion) accompanying;
accessory; joined with another.
No:376 - concrete
(L. concretus) solid, tangible.
No:377 - condition
a mode or state of being; the state of being fit : the physical status of the body as a
whole, or of one of its parts - usually used to indicate abnormality.
No:378 - conduction
(L. conductio) the transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity.
No:379 - condyloma
(Gr. kondyloma, knuckle or knob) c. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core
of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually
occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the
perianal region.
380 - confusion
disturbed orientation in regard to time, place, or person, sometimes accompanied
by disordered consciousness.

30
No:381 - congenital
(L. congenitus born together) existing at, and usually before; birth; referring to
conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation.
No:382 - congestion
(L. congestio, from congerere to heap together) excessive or abnormal
accumulation of blood in a part.
No:383 - conjugated
acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous.
No:384 - conjugation
(L. conjugatio a blending) 1. the act of joining together or the state of being
conjugated. 2. a sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi
in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells
(conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor
bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated
set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information
into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to
its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating
types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a
fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes,
resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. in chemistry, the
joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the
combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a
detoxified product, which is then eliminated.
No:385 - conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia
associated with a discharge.
No:386 - conservative
(L. conservare to preserve) designed to preserve health, restore function, and
repair structures by nonradical methods, as conservative surgery.
No:387 - conserve
to keep in a safe or sound state, preserve from change or destruction.
No:388 - constipation
(L. constipatio a crowding together) infrequent or difficult evacuation of the
faeces.
No:389 - constitutional
1. affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. pertaining to the
constitution.
No:390 - contact
(L. contactus a touching together) a mutual touching of two bodies or persons.
No:391 - contamination
(L. contaminatio from con together + tangere to touch) the soiling or pollution by
inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into
a stream.

31
 No:392 - continuous
(L. continuus) not interrupted; having no interruption.
No:393 - contraception
the prevention of conception or impregnation.
No:394 - contraceptive
an agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception.
No:395 - contractility
capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus.
No:396 - contraction
(L. contractus drawn together) a shortening or reduction in size; in connection
with muscles contraction implies shortening and/or development of tension.
No:397 - contracture
(L. contractura) a condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a
muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints,
or from disorders of the muscle fibres.
No:398 - contraindication
any condition, especially any condition of disease, which renders some particular
line of treatment improper or undesirable.
No:399 - contrast medium
a substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the
difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding
tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure.
400 - contusion
(L. contusio, from contundere to bruise) a bruise; an injury of a part without a
break in the skin.
No:401 - convalescence
(L. convalescere to become strong) the stage of recovery following an attack of
disease, a surgical operation, or an injury.
No:402 - conventional
following what is traditional or customary.
No:403 - conversion
(L. con with + versio turning) 1. an unconscious defense mechanism by which the
anxiety that stems from intrapsychic conflict is converted and expressed in a
symbolic somatic.
No:404 - convulsion
(L. convulsio, from convellere to pull together) a violent involuntary contraction
or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles.
No:405 - coordination
the harmonious functioning of interrelated organs and parts; applied especially to
the process of the motor apparatus of the brain which provides for the co-working
of particular groups of muscles for the performance of definite adaptive useful
responses.
No:406 - cornea

32
 (L. corneus horny) (NA) the transparent structure forming the anterior part of the
fibrous tunic of the eye. It consists of five layers : (1) the anterior corneal
epithelium, continuous with that of the conjunctiva, (2) the anterior limiting layer
(Bowman's membrane), (3) the substantia propria, or stroma, (4) the posterior
limiting layer (Descemet's membrane), and (5) the endothelium of the anterior
chamber, called also keratoderma.
No:407 - coronary
(L. corona; Gr. koron) encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to
vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply
the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them.
No:408 - cor
(L. cordis) (NA) the muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c.
adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an
accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left
side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c.
biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial
and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and
a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart')
a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c.
taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and
ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart.
c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood
vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which
the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the
right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly
dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to
pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels,
with hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
No:409 - corpus luteum
(L. 'yellow body') (NA), a yellow glandular mass in the ovary formed by an
ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum; if the ovum has been
impregnated, the corpus luteum increases in size and persists for several months
(true c. luteum, c. luteum of pregnancy, c. luteum graviditatis); if impregnation
has not taken place, the corpus luteum degenerates and shrinks (false c. luteum, c.
luteum of menstruation, c. luteum menstruationis). The corpus luteum secretes
progesterone. Called also yellow body of ovary.
No:410 - correction
(L. correctio straightening out; amendment) a setting right, as the provision of
specific lenses for the improvement of vision, or an arbitrary adjustment made in
values or devices in performance of experimental procedures.
No:411 - correlation
most generally, the degree to which one phenomenon or random variable is
associated with or can be predicted from another. In statistics, correlation usually
refers to the degree to which a linear predictive relationship exists between
random variables, as measured by a correlation coefficient (q.v.). Correlation may

33
 be positive, i.e., both variables increase or decrease together, or negative or
inverse, i.e., one variable increases when the other decreases.
No:412 - correspond
to be in conformity a agreement : suit, agree; to be equivalent, to be parallel.
No:413 - cortex
(L. 'bark, rind, shell') (NA) the outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as
distinguished from the internal substance.
No:414 - cortical
(L. corticalis) pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark.
No:415 - corticosteroid
any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones
of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic
hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these
steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant
biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the
regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some
corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert
only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal
replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary,
as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the
immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid.
No:416 - cosmetic
(Gr. kosmtikos a beautifying substance or preparation.
No:417 - coxalgia
(L. coxa hip + -algia) 1. hip-joint disease. 2. pain in the hip.
No:418 - cranial
(L. cranialis) pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior
(in humans) end of the body.
No:419 - creatinaemia
(creatin +Gr. haima blood + -ia) excess of creatine in the blood.
No:420 - crisis
(L.; Gr. krisis) a sudden paroxysmal intensification of symptoms in the course of
a disease.
No:421 - criterion
(Gr. kritrion a means for judging) a standard by which something may be judged.
No:422 - crossallergy
an allergic response to several cross-reactive allergens; the fact that a patient
allergic to one component will also tend to be allergic to a similar component.
No:423 - crossinfection
infection transmitted between individuals infected with different pathogenic
microorganisms.
No:424 - crossresistance

34
 immunologic resistance to the pathogenic effects of a microorganism because of
previous exposure to another species or type having cross-reactive antigens.
No:425 - crystallization
the formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form.
No:426 - crystalluria
the excretion of crystals in the urine, producing renal irritation.
No:427 - cumulative
increasing or growing by accumulation or successive additions.
No:428 - curarize
to bring under the influence of curare : to induce curarization (= to induce
relaxation of voluntary muscles by curare).
No:429 - curative
(L. curare to take care of) tending to overcome disease and promote recovery.
No:430 - curettage
(Fr.) the removal of growths or other material from the wall of a cavity or other
surface, as with a curet; called also curettement.
No:431 - curve
a nonangular deviation from a straight course in a line or surface.
No:432 - cutaneous
(L. cutis skin) pertaining to the skin; dermal; dermic.
No:433 - cyanosis
(Gr. kyanos blue) a bluish discoloration, applied especially to such discoloration
of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced
haemoglobin in the blood.
No:434 - cycle
(Gr. kyklos circle) a round or succession of observable phenomena, recurring
usually at regular intervals and in the same sequence.
No:435 - cyclic
(Gr. kyklikos) pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to
chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus.
No:436 - cycloderma
(delete: no definition found in any dictionary ; probably a misprint or a specialist
term used by one firm)
No:437 - cycloplegia
(cyclo- + Gr. plg stroke) paralysis of the ciliary muscle; paralysis of
accommodation.
No:438 - cyst
(Gr. kystis sac, bladder) any closed cavity or sac; normal or abnormal, lined by
epithelium, and especially one that contains a liquid or semisolid material.
No:439 - cystic fibrosis
a generalized, autosomal recessive disorder of infants, children, and young adults,
in which there is widespread dysfunction of the exocrine glands; characterized by

35
 signs of chronic pulmonary disease (due to excess mucus production in the
respiratory tract), pancreatic deficiency, abnormally high levels of electrolytes in
the sweat, and occasionally by biliary cirrhosis. Pathologically, the pancreas
shows obstruction of the pancreatic ducts by amorphous eosinophilic concretions,
with consequent deficiency of pancreatic enzymes, resulting in steatorrhoea and
azotorrhoea. The degree of involvement of organs and glandular systems may
vary greatly, with consequent variations in the clinical picture.
No:440 - cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
No:441 - cystoscopy
direct visual examination of the urinary tract with a cystoscope.
No:442 - cytochrome
(cyto- + Gr. chroma colour) any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of
action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence
change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and
+3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a
formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar
heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which
protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in
which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes
have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups
and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes
c, c1, C2, ... New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in
nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in
pyridine, e.g., c-555.
No:443 - cytoplasm
(cyto- + Gr. plasma plasm) the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the
nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles
and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the
chemical activities of the cell.
No:444 - cytostatic
(cyto- + Gr. statikos bringing to a stand-still) an agent that suppresses cell growth
and multiplication.
No:445 - cytotoxic
pertaining to or exhibiting cytotoxicity.
No:446 - decompensation
failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous
engorgement, and edema.
No:447 - decongestant
an agent that reduces congestion or swelling.
No:448 - decorum
propriety and good taste especially in conduct, manners, or appearance.
No:449 - decubitus
(L. 'a lying down') an act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down.

36
No:450 - defaecation
the act or process of defecating, discharge of feces.
No:451 - defibrillation
the act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across
the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return.
No:452 - deficiency
a lack or defect.
No:453 - deficit
a lack or deficiency.
No:454 - degenerative
undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or
involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration.
No:455 - degradation
the reduction of a chemical compound to one less complex, as by splitting off one
or more groups.
No:456 - dehydration
(L. de away + Gr. hydor water) the condition that results from excessive loss of
body water. Called also anhydration, deaquation and hypohydration.
No:457 - delirium
(de- + L. lira furrow or track; i.e., 'off the track') (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible
organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to
external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant,
or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory
misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of
psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory
impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in
derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning,
drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic
disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base
imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and
acute brain syndrome.
No:458 - dementia
(de- + L. mens mind) (DSM III) an organic mental disorder characterized by a
general loss of intellectual abilities involving impairment of memory, judgment,
and abstract thinking as well as changes in personality. It does not include loss of
intellectual functioning caused by clouding of consciousness (as in delirium) nor
that caused by depression or other functional mental disorder (pseudodementia).
Dementia may be caused by a large number of conditions, some reversible and
some progressive, that cause widespread cerebral and damage or dysfunction. The
most common cause is Alzheimer's disease; others are cerebrovascular disease
(multi-infarct dementia), central nervous system infection, brain trauma or
tumours, pernicious anaemia, folic acid deficiency, Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and, neurological diseases such as
Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.

37
No:459 - demulcent
soothing; bland; allaying the irritation of inflamed or abraded surfaces.
No:460 - dendritic
1. branched like a tree. 2. pertaining to or possessing dendrites.
No:461 - dental plaque
a soft, thin film of food debris, mucin, and dead epithelial cells deposited on the
teeth, providing the medium for the growth of various bacteria. The main
inorganic components are calcium and phosphorus with small amounts of
magnesium, potassium, and sodium; the organic matrix consists of
polysaccharides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other components. Plaque
plays an important etiologic role in the development of dental caries and
periodontal and gingival diseases and provides the base for the development of
materia alba; calcified plaque forms dental calculus.
No:462 - dentition
(L. dentitio) the teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural
teeth in position in their alveoli.
No:463 - dependent
exhibiting dependence or dependency.
No:464 - depersonalization
alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality
is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body
image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen
in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal
personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization
and derealization, using depersonalization to include both.
No:465 - depigmentation
(de- + pigmentation) removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin.
No:466 - depletion
(L. deplere to empty) 1. the act or process of emptying; removal of a fluid, as the
blood. 2. exhausted state which results from excessive loss of blood.
No:467 - depolarization
the process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the
resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency
of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential
outside the cell.
No:468 - depression
(L. depremere to press down) 1. a lowering or decrease of functional activity. 2. a
mental state of depressed mood characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and
discouragement. Depression ranges from normal feelings of 'the blues' through
dysthymia to major depression. It in many ways resembles the grief and mourning
that follow bereavement; there are often feelings of low self-esteem; guilt, and
self-reproach, withdrawal from interpersonal contact, and somatic symptoms such
as eating and sleep disturbances.

38
 No:469 - deprivation
(L. de from + privare to remove) loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or
things that are needed.
No:470 - derivative
a chemical substance derived from another substance either directly or by
modification or partial substitution.
No:471 - dermatitis
(dermato- + -itis) inflammation of the skin.
No:472 - dermatologic, dermatological
pertaining to dermatology; of or affecting the skin.
No:473 - dermatomycosis
(dermato- + Gr. mykes fungus) a superficial infection of the skin or its appendages
by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of
tinea, as well as deep fungous infections. Called also epidermomycosis.
No:474 - dermatophytosis
(dermatophyte + -osis) any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte
and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly
comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes
being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also
epidermomycosis.
No:475 - dermatosis
(dermat- + -osis) any skin disease, especially one not characterized by
inflammation.
No:476 - dermographia
a condition in which pressure or friction on the skin gives rise to a transient raised
usually reddish mark so that a word traced on the skin becomes visible.
No:477 - desensitization
the prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by
administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and
immunotherapy.
No:478 - desquamation
(L. de from + squama scale) the shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the
skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation.
No:479 - detection
act of detecting, discovery; the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or of
what tends to elude observation.
No:480 - detergent
(L. detergere to cleanse) an agent which purifies or cleanses.
No:481 - detoxification
treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit.
No:482 - diabetes
(Gr. diabts a syphon, from dia through + bainein to go) a general term referring to
disorders characterized by excessive urine excretion (polyuria), as in diabetes

39
 mellitus and diabetes insipidus. When used alone, the term refers to diabetes
mellitus.
No:483 - diagnosis
(dia- + Gr. gnosis knowledge) the determination of the nature of a case of disease.
No:484 - dialysis
(dia- + Gr. lysis dissolution) the process of separating crystalloids and colloids in
solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable
membrane; crystalloids pass through readily, colloids very slowly or not at all.
See also haemodialysis.
No:485 - diameter
the length of a straight line passing through the centre of a circle and connecting
opposite points on its circumference; hence the distance between two specified
opposite points on the periphery of a structure such as the cranium or pelvis.
No:486 - diaphoresis
(Gr. diaphorsis) perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Called also
sudoresis.
No:487 - diarrhoea
(dia- + Gr. rhein to flow) abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges.
No:488 - diastolic
of or pertaining to the diastole.
No:489 - diathermy
(dia- + Gr. therm heat) heating of the body tissues due to their resistance to the
passage of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, electric currents, or
ultrasonic waves. In medical d. (thermopenetration) the tissues are warmed but
not damaged; in surgical d. (electrocoagulation) tissue is destroyed.
No:490 - diathesis
(Gr. 'arrangement, disposition') a constitution or condition of the body which
makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends
to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
No:491 - differentiation
the distinguishing of one thing or disease from another.
No:492 - diffuse
(L. dis- apart + fundere to pour) not definitely limited or localized; widely
distributed.
No:493 - diffusion
the process of becoming diffused, or widely spread; the spontaneous movement of
molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to
reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no
addition of energy to the system.
No:494 - digestive
pertaining to digestion.
No:495 - digitalization

40
 the administration of digitalis in a dosage schedule designed to produce and then
maintain optimal therapeutic concentrations of its cardiotonic glycosides.
No:496 - dilatation
the condition, as of an orifice or tubular structure, of being dilated or stretched
beyond the normal dimensions.
No:497 - diphtheria
(Gr. diphthera leather + -ia) an acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic
strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, acquired by contact with an infected
person or a carrier of the disease, which is usually confined to the upper
respiratory tract, and characterized by the formation of a tough membrane (false
membrane or pseudomembrane) attached firmly to the underlying tissue that will
bleed if forcibly removed. In the most serious infections the membrane begins in
the tonsillar (faucial) area on one tonsil and may spread to involve the other
tonsil, uvula, soft palate, and pharyngeal wall, from where it may extend to the
larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree, and may cause bronchial obstruction and death
by hypoxia. Diphtheria also occurs in a cutaneous form and may rarely involve
the eyes, middle ear, buccal mucosa, genitalia and umbilical stump, usually
secondarily. Systemic effects, chiefly myocarditis and peripheral neuritis, are
caused by the exotoxin produced by C. diphtheriae. Called also Bretonneau's
angina or disease.
No:498 - diplopia
(diplo- + -opia) the perception of two images of a single object; called also
ambiopia, double vision, and binocular polyopia.
No:499 - direct
(L. directus) 1. straight; in a straight line. 2. performed immediately and without
the intervention of subsidiary means.
No:500 - discoid
(Gr. diskos disk + -oid) shaped like a disk.
No:501 - disinfectant
an agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects.
Cf. antiseptic.
No:502 - dislocation
(dis- + L. locare to place) the displacement of any part, more especially of a bone.
Called also luxation.
No:503 - disorientation
the loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or
identity.
No:504 - disposition
a tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases.
No:505 - disseminate
to scatter or distribute over a considerable area.
No:506 - dissociation
(L. dis- neg. + sociatio union) 1. the act of separating or state of being separated.
2. the separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules,

41
 ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by
solvation. 3. in psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental
processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to
avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an
idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is
roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. a defect of mental
integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated
off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole.
No:507 - distal
(L. distans distant) remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to
proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from
the median line of the jaw.
No:508 - distention
the state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending.
No:509 - distil
(L. destillare; de from + stillare to drop) to volatilize by heat and then cool and
condense the evaporated matter, as to purify a substance or to separate a volatile
substance from other less volatile substances.
No:510 - distortion
(L. dis- apart + torsio a twisting) the state of being twisted out of a natural or
normal shape or position.
No:511 - distribution
(L. distributio) 1. the specific location or arrangement of continuing or successive
objects or events in space or time. 2. the extent of a ramifying structure such as an
artery or nerve and its branches. 3. the geographical range of an organism or
disease. 4. probability.
No:512 - diuresis
(Gr. diourein to urinate, to pass in urine) increased excretion of urine.
No:513 - diuretic
(Gr. diourtikos promoting urine) an agent that promotes the excretion of urine.
No:514 - diurnal
occurring during the day.
No:515 - diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum, especially inflammation related to colonic
diverticula, which may undergo perforation with abscess formation. Sometimes
called left-sided or L-sides appendicitis.
No:516 - document
(L. docere to teach) an original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof or
support of something; a writing (as a book, report or letter) conveying
information; a publication of federal, state, or local government - chiefly in library
usage.
No:517 - dominance

42
 (L. dominari to govern) in genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in
both heterozygotes and homozygotes.
No:518 - donor
an individual organism that supplies living tissue to be used in another body, as a
person who furnished blood for transfusion, or an organ for transplantation in a
histocompatible recipient.
No:519 - doping
(Dutch doop, sauce) the action of administering a drug to someone before a sports
event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered.
No:520 - dorsal
(L. dorsalis; from dorsum back) 1. pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2.
denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of
reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of
quadrupeds.
No:521 - dosage
the determination and regulation of the size, frequency, and number of doses.
No:522 - dosage schedule
a scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses.
No:523 - dose
(Gr. dosis a giving) a quantity to be administered at one time, such as a specified
amount of medication.
No:524 - double-blind
pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor
the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject
is receiving.
No:525 - douching
a jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent,
applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes.
No:526 - drainage
the systematic withdrawal of fluids and discharges from a wound, sore or cavity.
No:527 - duct
(L. ductus from ducere to draw or lead) a passage with well-defined walls,
especially a tube for the passage of excretions or secretions; called also ductus
(NA).
No:528 - duodenum
(L. duodeni twelve at a time) (NA) the first or proximal portion of the small
intestine, extending from the pylorus to the jejunum; so called because it is about
12 fingerbreadths in length.
No:529 - dura mater
(L. 'hard mother') the outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three
membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also
pachymeninx.
No:530 - dysarthria

43
 (dys- + Gr. arthroun to utter distinctly + -ia) imperfect articulation of speech due
to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or
peripheral nervous system.
No:531 - dyscrasia
(Gr. dyskrasia bad temperament) a term formerly used to indicate an abnormal
mixture of the four humours; in surviving usages it now is roughly synonymous
with 'disease' or 'pathologic condition'.
No:532 - dysentery
(L. dysenteria, from Gr. dys- + enteron intestine) any of various disorders marked
by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in
the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes
include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms.
No:533 - dysfunction
disturbance, impairment, or abnormality of the functioning of an organ.
No:534 - dysgenesis
defective development.
No:535 -dysgeusia
(dys- + Gr. geusis taste) distortion of the sense of taste.
No:536 - dyskinesia
(Gr. dyskinsia difficulty of moving) impairment of the power of voluntary
movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.
No:537 - dysmenorrhoea
(dys- + Gr. mn month + rhein to flow) painful menstruation.
No:538 - dyspareunia
(Gr. dyspareunos badly mated) difficult or painful coitus.
No:539 - dyspepsia
(dys- + Gr. peptein to digest) impairment of the power of function of digestion;
usually applied to epigastric discomfort following meals
No:540 - dysphagia
(dys- + Gr. phagein to eat) difficulty in swallowing.
No:541 - dysphoria
(Gr. 'excessive pain, anguish, agitation') disquiet; restlessness; malaise.
No:542 - dysplasia
(dys- + Gr. plassein to form) abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration
in size, shape, and organization of adult cells.
No:543 - dyspnoea
(Gr. dyspnoia difficulty of breathing) difficult or laboured breathing.
No:544 - dystonia
(dys- + Gr. tonos) disordered tonicity of muscle.
No:545 - dystrophy
(L. dystrophia, from dys- + Gr. trephein to nourish) any disorder arising from
defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies.

44
No:546 - dysuria
(dys- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) painful or difficult urination.
No:547 - ecchymosis
(Gr. ekchymosis) a small haemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or
mucous membrane forming a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish
patch.
No:548 - echography
ultrasonography; the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound waves are
directed at the tissues, and a record is made, as on an oscilloscope, of the waves
reflected back through the tissues, which indicate interfaces of different acoustic
densities and thus differentiate between solid and cystic structures.
No:549 - eclampsia
(Gr. eklampein to shine forth) convulsions and coma occurring in a pregnant or
puerperal woman, associated with preeclampsia, i.e., with hypertension, edema,
and/or proteinuria.
No:550 - ectopic
pertaining to or characterized by ectopia.
No:551 - eczema
(Gr. ekzein to boil out) a pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a
reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents, characterized in the acute
stage by erythema, edema associated with a serous exudate between the cells of
the epidermis (spongiosis) and an inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, oozing
and vesiculation, and crusting and scaling; and in the more chronic stages by
lichenification or thickening or both, signs of excoriations, and hyperpigmentation
or hypopigmentation or both. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of
dermatitis. Called also eczematous dermatitis.
No:552 - effect
the result produced by an action.
No:553 - effective
producing the intended result.
No:554 - efficient
serving as or characteristic of an immediate agent in the production of an event;
causally productive.
No:555 - effusion
(L. effusio a pouring out) the escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation
or a transudation.
No:556 - ejaculation
(L. ejaculation) a sudden act of expulsion, as of the semen.
No:557 - ejection fraction
a measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower
values indicate ventricular dysfunction.
No:558 - elastic

45
 (L. elasticus) susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression
or distortion applied by a force.
No:559 - elective
subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures
that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent.
No:560 - electrocardiography
the making of graphic records of the variations in electrical potential caused by
electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a
method for studying the action of the heart muscle.
No:561 - electroencephalography
the recording of the electric currents developed in the brain, by means of
electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain (intracranial e.) or
placed within the substance of the brain (depth e.).
No:562 - electrolyte
(electro- + Gr. lytos that may be dissolved) a substance that dissociates into ions
when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an
ionic solute.
No:563 - electrophysiological
pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned
with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their
functional activity.
No:564 - elimination
(L. eliminatio, from e out + limen threshold) the act of expulsion or of extrusion,
especially of expulsion from the body.
No:565 - embolism
(L. embolismus, from Gr. en in + ballein to throw) the sudden blocking of an
artery by a clot or foreign material which has been brought to its site of lodgment
by the blood current.
No:566 - embryo
(Gr. embryon) in animals, those derivatives of the fertilized ovum that eventually
become the offspring, during their period of most rapid development, i.e., after
the long axis appears until all major structures are represented. In man, the
developing organism is an embryo from about two weeks after fertilization to the
end of seventh or eighth week.
No:567 - emesis
(Gr. emein to vomit) vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word
termination, as in haematemesis.
No:568 - emetic
(Gr. emetikos; L. emeticus) an agent that causes vomiting.
No:569 - emollient
(L. emolliens softening, from e out + mollis soft) softening or soothing; called
also malactic.
No:570 - emotional

46
 pertaining to the emotions.
No:571 - emphysema
(Gr. 'an inflation') a pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs; applied
especially to such a condition of the lungs.
No:572 - empiric
empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using
scientific method or theory.
No:573 - empyema
(Gr. empyema) accumulation of pus in a cavity of the body; when used without a
descriptive qualifier, it refers to thoracic empyema (q.v.).
No:574 - emulsify
to convert or to be converted into an emulsion.
No:575 - emulsion
(L. emulsio, emulsum) a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules
throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous
phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the
dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as
an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed
phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a
water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards
have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with
malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum
emulsion.
No:576 - enanthema
(Gr. en in + anthema a blossoming) an eruption upon a mucous surface.
No:577 - encephalitis
inflammation of the brain.
No:578 - encephalopathy
(encephalo- + Gr. pathos illness) any degenerative disease of the brain.
No:579 - endemic
(Gr. endmos dwelling in a place) present or usually prevalent in a population or
geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. Cf.
epidemic.
No:580 - endocarditis
exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium,
characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or
in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but
sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium
elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in
association with another disease.
No:581 - endocrine
(endo- + Gr. krinein to separate) pertaining to internal secretions; hormonal. Cf.
exocrine.

47
No:582 - endogenous
(endo- + Gr. gennan to produce) developing or originating within the organisms
or arising from causes within the organism.
No:583 - endometriosis
(endometrium + -osis) a condition in which tissue more or less perfectly
resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing
typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various
locations in the pelvic cavity; called also adenomyosis externa and endometriosis
externa.
No:584 - endoscopy
visual inspection of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope.
No:585 - endothelium
(endo- + Gr. thl nipple) (NA) the layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of
the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels, and the serous cavities of the body,
originating from the mesoderm.
No:586 - endotoxic
of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the
outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted
and are released only when the cells are disrupted).
No:587 - enema
a clyster or injection; a liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum.
No:588 - energetic
exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect.
No:589 - enteric-coated
a term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents
release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines.
No:590 - enteritis
(enter- + -itis) inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of
the small intestine; see also enterocolitis.
No:591 - enterocolitis
(entero- + colitis) inflammation involving both the small intestine and the colon;
see also enteritis.
No:592 - enterohepatic
of or involving the intestine and liver.
No:593 - enuresis
(Gr. enourein to void urine) involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which
urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific
reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-
wetting, nocturnal enuresis).
No:594 - environment
(Fr. environner to surround, to encircle) the sum total of all the conditions and
elements which make up the surroundings and influence the development and
actions of an individual.

48
No:595 - enzyme
(Gr. en in + zyme leaven) a protein molecule that catalyses chemical reactions of
other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the
reactions. Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the
Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each
enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC)
number. They are divided into six main groups; oxidoreductases, transferases,
hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
No:596 - eosinophilia
(eosin + Gr. philein to love) the formation and accumulation of an abnormally
large number of eosinophils in the blood.
No:597 - epicondylitis
inflammation of the epicondyle or of the tissues adjoining the epicondyle of the
humerus.
No:598 - epidemic
(Gr. epidmios prevalent) occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of
normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any
disease, injury, or other health-related event occurring in such outbreaks. Cf.
endemic and sporadic.
No:599 - epidemiological
relating to, or involving epidemiology.

No:600 - epidermal
pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid.
No:601 - epidural
situated upon or outside the dura mater.
No:602 - epigastralgia
(epigastrium + -algia) pain in the epigastrium.
No:603 - epigastric
(epi- + Gr. gastr belly) pertaining to the epigastrium.
No:604 - epilepsy
(Gr. epilpsia seizure) paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that
may be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal
motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or perturbation of the
autonomic nervous system. Symptoms are due to paroxysmal disturbance of the
electrical activity of the brain. On the basis of origin, epilepsy is idiopathic
(cryptogenic, essential, genetic) or symptomatic (acquired, organic). On the basis
of clinical and electroencephalographic phenomenon, four subdivisions are
recognized : (1) grand mal e. (major e., haut mal e.) - subgroups : generalized,
focal (localized), jacksonian (rolandic), (2) petit mal e., (3) psychomotor e.
(temporal lobe e., psychic, psychic equivalent, or variant) - subgroups :
psychomotor proper (tonic with adversive or torsion movements or masticatory
phenomena), automatic (with amnesia), and sensory (hallucinations, or dream
states or déjà vu), (4) autonomic e. (diencephalic), with flushing, pallor,

49
 tachycardia, hypertension, perspiration, or other visceral symptoms. Called also
epilepsia.
No:605 - epiphyseal
pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis.
No:606 - episiotomy
(episio- + Gr. tom a cutting) surgical incision into the perineum and vagina to
prevent traumatic tearing during delivery.
No:607 - episode
a noteworthy happening or series of happenings occurring in the course of
continuous events, as an episode of illness; a separate but not unrelated incident.
No:608 - epistaxis
nosebleed; haemorrhage from the nose.
No:609 - epithelioma
(epithelium + -oma) a neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign
(adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma).
No:610 - epithelium
(epi- + Gr. thl nipple) (NA) the covering of internal and external surfaces of the
body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells
joined by small amounts of cementing substances. Epithelium is classified into
types on the basis of the number of layers deep and the shape of the superficial
cells.
No:611 - equivalent
(L. aequivalens, from aequus equal + valere to be worth) having the same value;
neutralizing or counterbalancing.
No:612 - erection
(L. erectio) the condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when
filled with blood.
No:613 - ergotism
chronic poisoning from excessive or misdirected use of ergot as a medicine, or
from eating ergotized grain; it is marked by cerebrospinal symptoms, spasms, and
cramps, or by a kind of dry gangrene. Called also St. Anthony's fire.
No:614 - erosion
(L. erosio, from erodere to eat out) 1. an eating away; destruction of the surface
of a tissue, material, or structure. 2. progressive loss of the hard substance of a
tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. See also
abrasion . 3. a gradual breakdown or very shallow ulceration of the skin which
involves only the epidermis and heals without scarring.
No:615 - eructation
(L. eructatio) the act of belching, or of casting up wind from the stomach through
the mouth.
No:616 - eruption
(L. eruptio a breaking out) 1. the act of breaking out, appearing, or becoming
visible, as eruption of the teeth. 2. visible efflorescent lesions of the skin due to

50
 disease, especially an exanthematous disease, and marked by redness and
prominence; a rash. See also exanthema.
No:617 - erysipelas
(Gr. erythros red + pella skin) an acute superficial form of cellulitis involving the
dermal lymphatics, usually caused by infection with group A streptococci, and
chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, edematous,
brawny, infiltrated, and sharply circumscribed plaque with a raised indurated
border. Formerly called St. Anthony's fire. Cf. cellulitis and phlegmon.
No:618 - erythema
(Gr. erythma flush upon the skin) a name applied to redness of the skin produced
by congestion of the capillaries, which may result from a variety of causes, the
etiology or a specific type of lesion often being indicated by a modifying term.
No:619 - erythrasma
a chronic, superficial bacterial infection of the skin involving the body folds and
toe webs, sometimes becoming generalized, caused by Corynebacterium
minutissimum, and characterized by the presence of sharply demarcated, dry,
brown, slightly scaly, and slowly spreading patches.
No:620 - erythropoiesis
(erythro- + Gr. poisis making) the production of erythrocytes.
No:621 - euphoria
(Gr. 'the power of bearing easily') an exaggerated feeling of physical and mental
well-being, especially when not justified by external reality. Euphoria may be
induced by drugs such as opioids, amphetamines, and alcohol and is also a feature
of mania.
No:622 - evacuation
(L. evacuatio, from e out + vacuus empty) an emptying, as of the bowels.
No:623 - evaluation
the act or result of evaluating.
No:624 - evolution
(L. evolutio, from e out + volvere to roll) 1. an unrolling. 2. a process of
development in which an organ or organism becomes more and more complex by
the differentiation of its parts; a continuous and progressive change according to
certain laws and by means of resident forces.
No:625 - exacerbation
(ex- + L. acerbus harsh) increase in the severity of a disease of its symptoms.
No:626 - exanthema
(Gr. exanthma) exanthem; an eruptive disease or its symptomatic eruption.
No:627 - excessive
exceeding the usual, proper, or normal quantity; given to excess.
No:628 - excipient
(L. excipiens, from ex out + capere to take) any more or less inert substance
added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the
drug; a vehicle.

51
No:629 - excitation
(L. excitatio, from ex out + citare to call) an act of irritation or stimulation or of
responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule
by absorption of photons.
No:630 - exclusive
1. excluding or inclined to exclude others (at outsiders) from participation. 2.
single. 3. undivided, whole.
No:631 - excretion
(L. excretio) the act, process, or function of excreting.
No:632 - exfoliation
(L. exfoliatio) a falling off in scales or layers.
No:633 - exocrine
(exo- + Gr. krinein to separate) 1. secreting outwardly, via a duct; cf. endocrine.
2. denoting such a gland or its secretion.
No:634 - exogenous
(exo- + Gr. gennan to produce) developed or originating outside the organism, as
exogenous disease.
No:635 - exophthalmos
(ex- + Gr. ophthalmos eye) abnormal protrusion of the eyeball; called also
proptosis.
No:636 - expectorant
(ex- + L. pectus breast) 1. promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other
fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. an agent that promotes the ejection of mucus
or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all
remedies that quiet cough (antitussives).
No:637 - experimental
1. of, relating to, or based on experience : empirical. 2. of a disease : intentionally
produced especially in laboratory animals for the purpose of study.
No:638 - expiration
(ex + L. spirare to breathe) the act of breathing out, or expelling air from the
lungs.
No:639 - extension
(L. extensio) 1. the movement by which the two elements of any jointed part are
drawn away from each other. 2. a movement which brings the members of a limb
into or toward a straight relation.
No:640 - external
(L. externus outside) situated or occurring on the outside; many anatomical
structures formerly called external are now more correctly termed lateral.
No:641 - extracellular
outside a cell or cells.
No:642 - extracorporeal
(extra- + L. corpus body) situated or occurring outside the body.

52
No:643 - extract
(L. extractum) a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug obtained
by removing the active constituents therefrom with a suitable menstruum,
evaporating all or nearly all the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder
to a prescribed standard. Extracts are prepared in three forms; semiliquid or of
syrupy consistency, pilular or solid, and as dry powder.
No:644 - extraction
(L. ex out + trahere to draw) the process or act of pulling or drawing out.
No:645 - extrapyramidal
outside of the pyramidal tracts.
No:646 - extrarenal
outside of the kidney.
No:647 - extrasystole
a premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm and
arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sinoatrial
node; called also premature beat.
No:648 - extravasation
(extra + L. vas vessel) a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the
tissues.
No:649 - extravascular
situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels.
No:650 - extreme
as far away as possible from the centre, the beginning or the average; of the
highest degree or intensity
No:651 - extremity
a limb; an arm or leg (membrum (NA)); sometimes applied specifically to a hand
or foot.
No:652 - exudate
(L. exsudare to sweat out) material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which
has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue
surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a
transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials
derived from cells.
No:653 - facial
(L. facialis from facies face) of or pertaining to the face.
No:654 - factor
(L. 'maker') any of several substances or activities that are necessary to produce a
result, e.g. a coagulation factor. Often, use of the term 'factor' indicates that the
chemical nature of the substance or its mechanism of action is unknown, as in
endocrinology, where 'factors' are renamed as 'hormones' when their chemical
nature is determined.
No:655 - faecal
pertaining to or of the nature of feces.

53
No:656 - feces
(L. faeces, pl. of faex refuse) the excrement discharged from the intestines,
consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of
the liver, and a small amount of food residue.
No:657 - fasciculation
a small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a
spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve
filament.
No:658 - fatal
causing death, deadly; mortal; lethal.
No:659 - febrile
(L. febrilis) pertaining to or characterized by fever.
No:660 - feedback
the return of some of the output of a system as input so as to exert some control in
the process.
No:661 - femoral
(L. femoralis) pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh.
No:662 - fermentation
(L. fermentatio) the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds,
especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol,
resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); the process is
used in the production of alcohol, bread, vinegar; and other food or industrial
products. It differs from respiration in that organic substances rather than
molecular oxygen are used as electron acceptors. Fermentation occurs widely in
bacteria and yeasts, the process usually being identified by the product formed;
e.g. , acetic, alcoholic, butyric, and lactic fermentation are those that result in the
formation of acetic acid, alcohol, butyric acid, and lactic acid, respectively.
No:663 - ferriprive
suffering from, or characterized by iron deficiency.
No:664 - fertility
the capacity to conceive or induce conception.
No:665 - fibrillation
a small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin,
resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres.
No:666 - fibrin
the insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the proteolytic action of thrombin
during normal clotting of blood. Fibrin forms the essential portion of the blood
clot.
No:667 - fibrinolytic
pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic
action
No:668 - fibrosis
the formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous degeneration

54
No:669 - filmcoated
coated by a thin transparent sheet of cellulose acetate or similar material with an
emulsion that is sensitive to light or radiation.
No:670 - filtration
the passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or
vacuum (suction).
No:671 - firstpass
connected with the first barrier the medicine has to pass, where it is filtered.
No:672 - fissure
(L. fissura) any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the
cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall.
No:673 - fistula
(L. 'pipe') an abnormal passage or communication, usually between two internal
organs, or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body; frequently
designated according to the organs or parts with which it communicates, as
anovaginal, brochocutaneous, hepatopleural, pulmonoperitoneal, rectovaginal,
urethrovaginal, and the like. Such passages are frequently created experimentally
for the purpose of obtaining body secretions for physiologic study.
No:674 - fixation
(L. fixatio) 1. the act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed
position. 2. the condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. in psychiatry, a term
with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular
stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal
reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of
developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating
attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother
or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to
'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at
the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father
fixation. 4. the use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological
specimens. 5. in chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the
gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen
fixation. 6. in ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the
object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. in film processing, the chemical removal of
all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to
form a permanent image.
No:675 - flaccid
(L. flaccidus) weak, lax and soft.
No:676 - flatulence
(L. flatulentia) the presence of excessive amounts of air or gases in the stomach or
intestine, leading to distention of the organs.
No:677 - flegmon or phlegmon
(Gr. phlegmon) 1. a spreading, diffuse inflammatory reaction to infection with
microaerophilic streptococci, which forms a suppurative or gangrenous and

55
 undermining lesion that may extend into deep subcutaneous tissues and muscles,
creating multiple small pockets of pus. Called also phlegmonous cellulitis. Cf.
cellulitis and erysipelas. 2. a solid, swollen, inflamed mass of pancreatic tissue
occurring as a complication of acute pancreatitis, which may subside
spontaneously or become secondarily infected and develop into an abscess.
No:678 - flexion
(L. flexio) in gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent
so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the
cervix.
No:679 - fluor albus
(L. 'a flow', a discharge) leucorrhea.
No:680 - flush
transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases,
ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical
exertion.
No:681 - flutter
a rapid vibration or pulsation.
No:682 - foetal
of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic
period.
No:683 - foetoplacental
pertaining to the fetus and placenta.
No:684 - foetotoxic
toxic to the foetus in utero.
No:685 - folliculitis
inflammation of a follicle or follicles; used ordinarily in reference to hair follicles,
but sometimes in relation to follicles of other kinds.
No:686 - fontanelle
(Fr., dim. of fontaine spring, filter) a soft spot, such as one of the membrane-
covered spaces (fonticuli cranii (NA)) remaining in the incompletely ossified
skull of a fetus or infant.
No:687 - fraction
in chemistry, one of the separable constituents of a substance.
No:688 - fracture
(L. fractura, from frangere to break) a break or rupture in a bone.
No:689 - frequency
1. the number of occurrences of a periodic or recurrent process per unit time, e.g.
the number of vibrations of a particle per second or the number of repetitions of a
complete wave form (cycles) per second. 2. the number of members of a
population or statistical sample falling in a particular class. 3. relative frequency;
the average number of occurrences of a particular event in a large number of
repeated trials.
No:690 - frigidity

56
 coldness; especially, lack of sexual response in the female.
No:691 - function
(L. functio, from fungi to do) the special, normal, or proper physiologic activity of
an organ or part.
No:692 - fundamental
pertaining to a base or foundation.
No:693 - fungicide
an agent that destroys fungi.
No:694 - fungistatic
inhibiting the growth of fungi.
No:695 - fungus
a general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including
mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the
absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of
chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple
morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the
formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom.
The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or
yeasts.
No:696 - furunculosis
1. the persistent sequential occurrence of furuncles over a period of weeks or
months. 2. the simultaneous occurrence of a number of furuncles.
No:697 - galactorrhoea
(galacto- + Gr. rhoia flow) excessive or spontaneous flow of milk; persistent
secretion of milk irrespective of nursing.
No:698 - galenical
1. usually cap : of or relating to Galen or his medical principles or method. 2.
constituting a galenical.
No:699 - ganglion
(Gr. 'knot') 1. a knot, or knotlike mass. 2. (NA) a general term for a group of
nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied
to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. a
benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or
dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous
fluid.
No:700 - gangrene
(L. gangraena; Gr. gangraina an eating sore, which ends in mortification) death
of tissue, usually in considerable mass and generally associated with loss of
vascular (nutritive) supply and followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction.
Cf. necrosis.
No:701 - gastralgia
(gastr- + -algia) gastric colic.
No:702 - gastritis

57
 (gastr- + -itis) inflammation of the stomach.
No:703 - gastroduodenal
pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a
gastroduodenal fistula.
No:704 - gastroenteritis
(gastro- + enteritis) an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and
intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and
weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection
with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella
species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as
anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis.
No:705 - gastrointestinal
(gastro- + intestinal) pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and
intestine, as a gastrointestinal fistula.
No:706 - gastrooesophageal
pertaining to the stomach and oesophagus, as the gastrooesophageal junction.
No:707 - genetic
pertaining to reproduction, or to birth or origin.
No:708 - genital
(L. genitalis belonging to birth) pertaining to the genitalia.
No:709 - genitourinary
pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual.
No:710 - geriatric
pertaining to the treatment of the aged.
No:711 - germicide
an agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms.
No:712 - gestation
(L. gestatio, from gestare to bear) the period of development of the young in
viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth.
No:713 - gingivitis
(gingiv- + -itis) inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony
changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis.
No:714 - glaucoma
(Gr. glaukoma opacity of the crystalline lens (from the dull grey gleam of the
affected eye)) a group of eye diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular
pressure which causes pathological changes in the optic disk and typical defects in
the field of vision.
No:715 - glomerular
pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus.
No:716 - glomerulonephritis
(glomerulus +nephritis) a variety of nephritis characterized by inflammation of
the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and

58
 chronic forms and may be secondary to haemolytic streptococcal infection.
Evidence also supports possible immune or autoimmune mechanisms.
No:717 - glossitis
(gloss- + -itis) inflammation of the tongue.
No:718 - glossodynia
(glosso- + Gr. odyn pain) pain in the tongue; glossalgia.
No:719 - glottis
(Gr. glottis) (NA) the vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal
cords (plica) vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis).
No:720 - glucose
(Gr. gleukos sweetness; glykys sweet) D-glucose, a monosaccharide (hexose),
C6H12O6, also known as dextrose (q.v.), found in certain foodstuffs, especially
fruits, and in the normal blood of all animals. It is the end product of carbohydrate
metabolism and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, its utilization
being controlled by insulin. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in
the liver and muscles for use as needed and, beyond that, is converted to fat and
stored as adipose tissue. Glucose appears in the urine in diabetes mellitus.
No:721 - gluten
(L. 'glue') the protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough
elastic character.
No:722 - glycoside
any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any
such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and
a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained,
as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc.
No:723 - glycosuria
(glyco- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) the presence of glucose in the urine; especially
the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e.,
more than 1 gm. in 24 hours.
No:724 - gonadal
pertaining to a gonad.
No:725 - gonadotropic
(gonad + Gr. tropos a turning) stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the
anterior pituitary which influence the gonads.
No:726 - gonioscopy
examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with the gonioscope.
No:727 - gonorrhoea
(gono- + Gr. rhein to flow) infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted
sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal
children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is
marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly
asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative
salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs

59
 in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or
endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea.
No:728 - gradual
taking place by a series of small changes over a long period; not sudden.
No:729 - gram-negative
losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary
characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of
peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and
lipopolysaccharide. Cf. gram- positive.
No:730 - gram-positive
retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of
staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a
thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. Cf. gramnegative.
No:731 - Grandry's corpuscles
(M. Grandry, Belgian physician of the 19th century) menisci tactus.
No:732 - granule
(L. granulum) a small pill made from sucrose.
No:733 - granulocytopenia
(granulocyte + Gr. penia poverty) agranulocytosis.
No:734 - gravidity
(L. graviditas) pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the
outcome.
No:735 - gynaecological
pertaining to gynaecology.
No:736 - gynaecomastia
(gyneco- + Gr. mastos breast) excessive development of the male mammary
glands, even to the functional state.
No:737 - habitual
of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of
habit, customary.
No:738 - haematemesis
(haemat- + Gr. emesis vomiting) the vomiting of blood.
No:739 - haematoma
(haemato- + -oma) a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ,
space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel.
No:740 - haematuria
(haemat- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) blood in the urine.
No:741 - haemeralopia
(Gr. hmera day + alaos blind + -opia) day blindness; defective vision in a bright
light.
No:742 - haemodialysis

60
 the removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the
rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a
haemodialyzer.
No:743 - haemolysis
(haemo- + Gr. lysis dissolution) disruption of the integrity of the red cell
membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by
bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by
placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane.
No:744 - haemopathy
(haemo- + Gr. pathos disease) any disease of the blood.
No:745 - haemoperfusion
1. the act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of blood through the
vessels of a specific organ. 2. blood poured over or through an organ or tissue.
No:746 - haemophilia
(haemo- + -philia) a haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms : (1)
haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder
due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; (2) haemophilia B (factor IX
deficiency, Christmas disease), also X-linked, due to deficiency of coagulation
factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the
long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by
subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums,
lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses.
No:747 - haemopoietic
haematopoietic; pertaining to or effecting the formation of blood cells.
No:748 - haemoptysis
(haemo- + Gr. ptyein to spit) the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained
sputum.
No:749 - haemorrhage
(haemo- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst forth) the escape of blood from the vessels;
bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very
small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation
of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma.
No:750 - haemorrhoid
(Gr. haimorrhois) a varicose dilatation of a vein of the superior or inferior
haemorrhoidal plexus, resulting from a persistent increase in venous pressure.
No:751 - haemostasis
(haemo- + Gr. stasis halt) the arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological
properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means.
No:752 - hallucination
(L. hallucinatio; Gr. alyein to wander in the mind) a sense perception without a
source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the
absence of such an object.
No:753 - haematological

61
 relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the
morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.
No:754 - hemiplegia
(haemi- + Gr. plg stroke) paralysis of one side of the body.
No:755 - hepatic
(L. hepaticus; Gr. hpatikos) pertaining to the liver.
No:756 - hepatitis
(hepat- + -itis) inflammation of the liver.
No:757 - hepatobiliary
pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts.
No:758 - hepatocellular
pertaining to or affecting liver cells.
No:759 - hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver.
No:760 - hepatotoxic
toxic to liver cells.
No:761 - heredity
(L. hereditas) 1. the genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from
parent to offspring. 2. the genetic constitution of an individual.
No:762 - hermetic
(L. hermeticus) impervious to air; airtight.
No:763 - hernia
(he protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal
opening.
No:764 - progenitalis
a group of acute infections causes by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2,
characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a
raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane, and occurring as a
primary infection or recurring because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1
infections usually involve nongenital regions of the body, whereas in type 2
infections the lesions are primarily seen on the genital and surrounding areas.
Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or to ultraviolet
rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury.
No:765 - herpes
(L.; Gr. herps, a spreading cutaneous eruption, from herpein to creep) any
inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the
formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to
herpes simplex or to herpes zoster.
No:766 - hirsutism
abnormal hairiness, especially an adult male pattern of hair distribution in women.
Cf. hypertrichosis.
No:767 - histologic, histological
pertaining to histology.

62
No:768 - homeostasis
(homeo- + Gr. stasis standing) a tendency to stability in the normal body states
(internal environment) of the organism. It is achieved by a system of control
mechanisms activated by negative feedback; e.g. a high level of carbon dioxide in
extracellular fluid triggers increased pulmonary ventilation, which in turn causes a
decrease in carbon dioxide concentration.
No:769 - homogeneous
(homo- + Gr. genos kind) consisting of or composed of similar elements or
ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout.
No:770 - homologous
(Gr. homologos agreeing, correspondent) corresponding in structure, position,
origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its
specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. Cf. analogous.
No:771 - hormonal
pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone.
No:772 - hospitalization
the confinement of a patient in a hospital, or the period of such confinement.
No:773 - humeral
1. of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus : brachial. 2. of or
belonging to the shoulder. 3. of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that
are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder.
No:774 - humeroscapular
humero- com form : humeral and < humerodorsal >. Scapular : of or relating to
the shoulder or the scapula.
No:775 - humoral
of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of
endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic.
No:776 - humour
1. a normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or
bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. a secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as
certain hormones).
No:777 - hydration
the condition of being combined with water.
No:778 - hydroalcoholic
(hydr- + alcohol + -ic) of or relating to water and alcohol.
No:779 - hydrocephalus
(hydro- + Gr. kephal head) a condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral
ventricles, most often occurring secondarily to obstruction of the cerebrospinal
fluid pathways, and accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
within the skull; the fluid is usually under increased pressure, but occasionally
may be normal or nearly so. It is typically characterized by enlargement of the
head, prominence of the forehead, brain atrophy, mental deterioration, and

63
 convulsions; may be congenital or acquired; and may be of sudden onset (acute
h.) or be slowly progressive (chronic or primary b.).
No:780 - hydrolysis
(hydro- + Gr. lysis dissolution) the splitting of a compound into fragments by the
addition of water, the hydroxyl group being incorporated in one fragment, and the
hydrogen atom in the other.
No:781 - hydrophilic
readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily
interact with water.
No:782 - hydrophobic
not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a
hydrophobic colloid.
No:783 - hydroxylation
hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by
replacement of hydrogen.
No:784 - hygienic
pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health.
No:785 - hyperaemia
(hyper + Gr. haima blood + -ia) an excess of blood in a part; engorgement.
No:786 - hyperaesthesia
(hyper- + Gr. aisthsis sensation + -ia) increased sensitivity to stimulation.
No:787 - hyperaldosteronism
aldosteronism.
No:788 - hyperalgesia
(hyper- + Gr. algsis pain) excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain.
No:789 - hyperbaric
(hyper- + Gr. baros weight) characterized by greater than normal pressure or
weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric
oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a
standard of reference.
No:790 - hypercapnia
(hyper + Gr. kapnos smoke) excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.
No:791 - hyperemesis
excessive vomiting.
No:792 - hyperglycaemia
(hyper- + Gr. glykys sweet +haima blood + -ia) abnormally increased content of
sugar in the blood.
No:793 - hyperhidrosis
(hyper- + Gr. hidrosis sweating) excessive perspiration. Called also hyperidrosis,
polyhidrosis, and polyidrosis.
No:794 - hyperkalaemia
Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood.

64
No:795 - hyperkeratosis
1. hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. any of various conditions
marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. a disease of cattle marked by thickening and
wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous
membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose,
diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed
to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils.
No:796 - hyperkinesia
(hyper- + Gr. kinsis motion + -ia) abnormally increased motor function or
activity; hyperactivity.
No:797 - hyperlipidaemia
(hyper- + lipid + -emia) a general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of
the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia,
etc.
No:798 - hyperostosis
(hyper- + Gr. osteon bone + -osis) hypertrophy of bone; exostosis.
No:799 - hyperplasia
(hyper- + Gr. plasis formation) the abnormal multiplication or increase in the
number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue. Cf. hypertrophy.
No:800 - hyperpyrexia
exceptionally high fever either in comparison of the fever usually accompanying a
particular disease or absolutely (as in heat stroke).
No:801 - hyperreflexia
(hyper- + reflex + -ia) exaggeration of reflexes.
No:802 - hypersecretion
excessive secretion.
No:803 - hypersensitivity
a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune
response to a foreign substance. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified as
immediate or delayed, types I and IV, respectively, in the Gell and Coombs
classification (q.v.) of immune responses.
No:804 - hyperstimulation
excessive stimulation.
No:805 - hypertension
(hyper- + tension) persistently high arterial blood pressure. Various criteria for its
threshold have been suggested, ranging from 140 mm. Hg systolic and 90 mm. Hg
diastolic to as high as 200 mm. Hg systolic and 110 mm. Hg diastolic.
Hypertension may have no known cause (essential or idiopathic h.) or be
associated with other primary diseases (secondary h.).
No:806 - hyperthermia
(hyper- + Gr. therm heat + -ia) abnormally high body temperature, especially that
induced for therapeutic purposes.
No:807 - hyperthyroidism

65
 1. excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. 2. the abnormal condition
resulting from hyperthyroidism marked by increased metabolic rate, enlargement
of the thyroid gland, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and various secondary
symptoms.
No:808 - hypertonia
or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity. n. Pathology:
increased rigidity, tension and spasticity of the muscles.
No:809 - hypertrichosis
(hyper + Gr. thrix hair + -osis) excessive growth of the hair. Called also
polytrichia and polytrichosis. Cf. hirsutism.
No:810 - hypertrophy
(hyper- + Gr. troph) nutrition) the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part
due to an increase in size of its constituent cells. Cf. hyperplasia.
No:811 - hyperuricaemia
excess of uric acid or urates in the blood; it is a prerequisite for the development
or gout and may lead to renal disease. Called also uricacidaemia and, formerly,
lithemia.
No:812 - hyperventilation
a state in which there is an increased amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli
(increased alveolar ventilation), resulting in reduction of carbon dioxide tension
and eventually leading to alkalosis.
No:813 - hypervitaminosis
a condition due to ingestion of an excess of one or more vitamins; called also
supervitaminosis.
No:814 - hypervolaemia
(hyper- + volume + Gr. haima blood + -ia) abnormal increase in the volume of
circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.
No:815 - hypnotic
(Gr. hypnotikos) a drug that acts to induce sleep.
No:816 - hypoacusis or hypacusis
(hypo- Gr. akousis hearing) slightly diminished auditory sensitivity, with hearing
threshold levels above the normal limit so that the impairment is measurable in
decibels.
No:817 - hypochondriasis
(so called because it was supposed by the ancients to be due to disturbed function
of the organs of the upper abdomen) (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized
by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal
sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel
movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains,
or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems
needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and
reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his
health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also
hypochondriacal neurosis.

66
No:818 - hypodermic
(hypo- + Gr. derma skin) applied or administered beneath the skin.
No:819 - hypoglycaemia
(hypo- + Gr. glykys sweet + haima blood + -ia) an abnormally diminished
concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold
sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability,
confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and
coma.
No:820 - hypogonadism
a condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional
activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development.
No:821 - hypokalaemia
abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from
potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting
or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging
from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of
the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal
disorders.
No:822 - hypomania
(hypo- + Gr. mania madness) an abnormality of mood resembling mania
(persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.)
but of lesser intensity.
No:823 - hypophyseal
hypophysial.
No:824 - hypoplasia
(hypo- + Gr. plasis formation + -ia) incomplete development or
underdevelopment of an organ or tissue.
No:825 - hypotension
abnormally low blood pressure; seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of it.
No:826 - hypotensive
characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low
blood pressure.
No:827 - hypothalamic
of or involving the hypothalamus.
No:828 - hypothermia
(hypo- + Gr. therm heat + -ia) a low body temperature, as that due to exposure in
cold weather or a state of low temperature of the body induced as a means of
decreasing metabolism of tissues and thereby the need for oxygen, as used in
various surgical procedures, especially on the heart, or in an excised organ being
preserved for transplantation.
No:829 - hypothesis

67
 a supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a
basis for further investigation; a proposition that is subject to proof or to an
experimental or statistical test.
No:830 - hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is
characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy,
sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-
blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In
juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and
developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due
to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary
hypothyroidism.
No:831 - hypotonia
(hypo- + Gr. tonos tone + -ia) a condition of diminished tone of the skeletal
muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching.
No:832 - hypotrophy
(hypo- + Gr. troph nutrition) abiotrophy.
No:833 - hypouricaemia
deficiency of uric acid in the blood, along with xanthinuria, due to deficiency of
xanthine oxidase, the enzyme required for conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine
and of xanthine to uric acid.
No:834 - hypoventilation
a state in which there is a reduced amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.
No:835 - hypovitaminosis
a condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins.
No:836 - hypovolaemia
(hypo- + volume + Gr. haima blood + -ia) abnormally decreased volume of
circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.
No:837 - hypoxemia
(hypo- + oxygen + Gr. haima blood + -ia) deficient oxygenation of the blood;
hypoxia.
No:838 - hypoxia
reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate
perfusion of the tissue by blood. Cf. anoxia.
No:839 - hysterectomy
(hystero- + Gr. ektom excision) the operation of excising the uterus, performed
either through the abdominal wall (abdominal h.) or through the vagina (vaginal
h.)
No:840 - iatrogenic
(iatro- + Gr. gennan to produce) resulting from the activity of physicians.
Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on
the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any
adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician

68
 or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of
treatment. Cf. nosocomial.
No:841 - ichthyosis
(ichthy- + -osis) a group of cutaneous disorders characterized by increased or
aberrant keratinization, resulting in noninflammatory scaling of the skin. Many
different metaphors have been used to describe the appearance and texture of the
skin in the various types and stages of ichthyosis, e.g. alligator, collodion,
crocodile, fish, and porcupine skin. Most ichthyoses are genetically determined,
while some may be acquired and develop in association with various systemic
diseases or be a prominent feature in certain genetic syndromes. The term is
commonly used alone to refer to i. vulgaris.
No:842 - icterus
(L.; Gr. ikteros) jaundice.
No:843 - identical
having the same cause or origin.
No:844 - identification
an unconscious defense mechanism by which a person patterns himself after
another person.
No:845 - idiopathic
of the nature of an idiopathy; self-originated; of unknown causation.
No:846 - idiosyncrasy
(idio- + Gr. synkrasis mixture) an abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein,
or other agent which is peculiar to the individual.
No:847 - ileitis
inflammation of the ileum.
No:848 - ileus
(L.; Gr. eileos, from eilein to roll up) obstruction of the intestines.
No:849 - immaturity
the state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed.
No:850 - immobilization
the act of rendering immovable, as by a cast or splint.
No:851 - immune
(L. immunis free, exempt) protected against, infectious disease by either specific
or nonspecific mechanisms.
No:852 - immunity
(L. immunitas) the condition of being immune; the protection against infectious
disease conferred either by the immune response generated by immunization or
previous infection or by other nonimmunologic factors (innate i.).
No:853 - immunization
the induction of immunity.
No:854 - immunogenic
producing immunity; evoking an immune response.

69
No:855 - immunologic, immunological
pertaining to immunology.
No:856 - immunosuppressant
an agent capable of suppressing immune responses.
No:857 - impetigo
a contagious pyoderma caused by direct inoculation of group A streptococci or
Staphylococcus aureus into superficial cutaneous abrasions or compromised skin,
most commonly seen in children, usually located on the face, especially about the
nose and mouth, and characterized by the presence of discrete fragile vesicles
surrounded by an erythematous border that become pustular and rupture to
discharge a thin, amber-coloured seropurulent fluid that dries and forms a thick
yellowish crust; the pustules may spread peripherally with central healing,
evolving into annular, circinate, or gyrate patterns; Called also i. contagiosa, i.
vulgaris and streptococcal i.
No:858 - implantation
(L. in into + plantare to set) the insertion or grafting into the body of biological,
living, inert, or radioactive material.
No:859 - implication
a possible later effect of an action.

No:860 - impotentia
impotence; inability.
No:861 - impregnation
(L. impregnatio) 1. the act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. the process
or act of saturation; a saturated condition.
No:862 - inactive
not active.
No:863 - inadequate
1. not adequate of sufficient; inept of unsuitable. 2. Psychiatry, ineffectual in
response to emotional, social, intellectual, and physical demands in the absence of
any obvious mental or physical deficiency.
No:864 - incarceration
(L. incarceration-, incarceratio, Fr. L. incarceratus + -ion-, -io, -ion) abnormal
retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of
a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible.
No:865 - incidence
1a. an act or the fact or manner of falling upon or affecting. 1b. rate, range, or
amount of occurrence or influence.
No:866 - incidental
1. small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. accompanying, but not a major part
of something; 3. (to something) liable to occur because of something or in
connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, ...)
No:867 - incision

70
 1. cleft, cut, gash. 2. an act or action of incising.
No:868 - incisive
1. having the power or quality of cutting. 2. pertaining to the incisor teeth.
No:869 - inclusive
including something, including much or all.
No:870 - incompatible
(L. incompatibilis) not suitable for combination or simultaneous administration;
mutually repellent.
No:871 - incompetence
(L. in not + competens sufficient) physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency.
No:872 - incontinence
(L. incontinentia) inability to control excretory functions, as defecation (faecal i.)
or urination (urinary i.).
No:873 - incorporation
(L. in into + corpus body) 1. the union of one substance with another, or with
others, in a composite mass. 2. in psychoanalytic theory, a primitive unconscious
defense mechanism in which aspects of another person are assimilated into the
self through a figurative process of symbolic oral ingestion.
No:874 - incubation
(L. incubatio) the development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the
pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms.
No:875 - indicate
1. to show the probable presence of existence or nature or course of : give fair
evidence of : be a fairly certain sign or symptom of (...). 2. to demonstrate or
suggest the probable necessity or advisability.
No:876 - indication
(L. indicatio) a sign or circumstance which points to or shows the cause,
pathology, treatment, or issue of an attack of disease; that which points out; that
which serves as a guide or warning.
No:877 - indicative
that indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly.
No:878 - indirect
(L. indirectus) 1. not immediate or straight. 2. acting through an intermediary
agent.
No:879 - individual
marked by a distinctness and a complexity within a unity that characterizes
organized things, concepts, organic beings and persons.
No:880 - induction
(L. inductio) the act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the
production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through
the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or
unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents.
No:881 - induration

71
 (L. induratio) 1. the quality of being hard; the process of hardening. 2. an
abnormally hard spot or place.
No:882 - inertia
inactivity, inability to move spontaneously.
No:883 - infantile
(L. infantilis) pertaining to an infant or to infancy.
No:884 - infarction
(L. infarcire to stuff in) 1. the formation of an infarct. 2. an infarct.
No:885 - infaust
(L. infaustus unlucky) unfavourable.
No:886 - infection
1. invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be
clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive
metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The
infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive
mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension
to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local
infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the
lymphatic or vascular system. 2. an infectious disease.
No:887 - infiltration
(L. in into + filtration) the diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of
substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so
accumulated.
No:888 - inflammation
(L. inflammatio; inflammare to set on fire) a localized protective response elicited
by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off
(sequester) both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. It is characterized in the
acute form by the classical signs of pain (dolour), heat (colour), redness (rubor),
swelling (tumour), and loss of function (functio laesa). Histologically, it involves
a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and
venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids,
including plasma proteins; and leucocytic migration into the inflammatory focus.
No:889 - influenza
(Ital. 'influenza') an acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract, occurring
in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics striking many continents
simultaneously or in sequence. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa,
the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized
myalgia. Fever, chills, and prostration are common. Involvement of the
myocardium and of the central nervous system occur infrequently. A necrotizing
bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia are prominent features of severe influenza
and account for the susceptibility of patients to secondary bacterial pneumonia
due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The incubation period is one to three days and the disease ordinarily lasts
for three to ten days. Influenza is caused by a number of serologically distinct

72
 strains of virus, designated A (with many subgroups), B, and C. Called also flu
and grippe (grip).
No:890 - infuse
to pour (a liquid) into something.
No:891 - infusion
the therapeutic introduction of a fluid other than blood, as saline solution,
solution, into a vein.
No:892 - ingestion
the act of taking food, medicines, etc., into the body, by mouth.
No:893 - inguinal
(L. inguinalis) pertaining to the inguen, or groin.
No:894 - inhalation
(L. inhalatio) the drawing of air or other substances into the lungs.
No:895 - inherent
(L. inhaerens sticking fast) implanted by nature; intrinsic; innate.
No:896 - inhibition
(L. inhibre to restrain, from in in + habre to hold) arrest or restraint of a process.
No:897 - initial
(L. initialis from initium beginning) pertaining to the very first stage of any
process.
No:898 - injection
(L. injectio, from inicere to throw into) the act of forcing a liquid into a part, as
into the subcutaneous tissues, the vascular tree, or an organ. Cf. infusion.
No:899 - innervation
(L. in into + nervus nerve) 1. the distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. the
supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part.
No:900 - inoperable
not suitable to be operated upon.
No:901 - inorganic
(in- not + organic) pertaining to substances not of organic origin.
No:902 - inotropic
(ino- + Gr. trepein to turn or influence) affecting the force or energy of muscular
contractions.
No:903 - insertion
(L. inserere to join to) 1. the place of attachment, as of a muscle to the bone
which it moves. 2. in genetics, a rare nonreciprocal translocation (q.v.) involving
three breaks in which a segment is removed from one chromosome and then
inserted into a broken region of a nonhomologous chromosome.
No:904 - in situ
in the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of
neighbouring tissues.
No:905 - insomnia

73
 (L. in not + somnus sleep + -ia) inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness.
No:906 - inspiration
(L. inspirare, from in in + spirare to breathe) the act of drawing air into the lungs.
No:907 - instability
the quality or state of being unstable.
No:908 - instillation
(L. instillatio, from in into + stillare to drop).
No:909 - instruction
the act of furnishing with authoritative directions.
No:910 - insufficiency
(L. insufficientia, from in not + sufficiens sufficient) the condition of being
insufficient or inadequate to the performance of the allotted duty.
No:911 - insult
(L. insultus attack) injury or trauma; attack.
No:912 - intact
of a living body or its parts : physically and functionally complete : having no
relevant component removed or destroyed.
No:913 - integrity
1. quality of being honest and morally upright; 2. condition of being whole or
undivided (a nation's integrity, the integrity of the patient).
No:914 - integumentary
pertaining to or composed of skin.
No:915 - intelligence
(L. intelligere to understand) the ability to comprehend or understand.
No:916 - intensity
(L. intensus intense; in on + tendere to stretch) the condition or quality of being
intense; a high degree of tension, activity, or energy.
No:917 - intention tremor
a tremor which arises or which is intensified when a voluntary, coordinated
movement is attempted.
No:918 - interaction
the quality, state, or process of (two or more things) acting on each other.
No:919 - intercostal
(inter- ++ L. costa rib) situated between the ribs.
No:920 - interference
(inter- + L. ferire to strike) opposition or hampering of an action or procedure.
No:921 - interindividual
occurring between two or more individuals.
No:922 - intermediary
(inter- + L. medius middle) 1. performed or occurring in a median stage; neither
early nor late; intermediate. 2. an intermediate stage.
No:923 - intermittent

74
 (L. intermittens; inter between + mittere to send) occurring at separated intervals;
having periods of cessation of activity.
No:924 - internal
(L. internus) situated or occurring within or on the inside; many anatomical
structures formerly called internal are now correctly termed medial.
No:925 - interpretation
in psychotherapy, the therapist's explanation of the latent or hidden meanings of
what the patient says, does, or experiences, in terms which are understandable to
him.
No:926 - interstitial
(L. interstitialis; inter between + sistere to set) pertaining to or situated between
parts or in the interspaces of a tissue.
No:927 - intertrigo
(inter- + L. terere to rub) a superficial dermatitis occurring on apposed skin
surfaces, such as the axillae, creases of the neck, intergluteal fold, groin, between
the toes, and beneath pendulous breasts, with obesity being a predisposing factor,
caused by moisture, friction, warmth, and sweat retention, and characterized by
erythema, maceration, burning, itching, and sometimes erosions, fissures, and
exudations and secondary infections. Called also eczema intertrigo.
No:928 - interval
(inter- + vallum rampart) the space between two objects or parts; the lapse of time
between two recurrences or paroxysms.
No:929 - intervention
the act or fact of interfering so as to modify.
No:930 - intervertebral
(inter- + vertebra) situated between two contiguous vertebrae.
No:931 - intestinal
(L. intestinalis) pertaining to the intestine.
No:932 - intolerance
(L. in not + tolerare to bear) inability to withstand; sensitivity, as to a drug.
No:933 - intoxication
(L. in intensive + Gr. toxikon poison) poisoning, the state of being poisoned.
No:934 - intraindividual
being or occurring within the individual.
No:935 - intramuscular
(intra- + L. musculus muscle) within the substance of a muscle.
No:936 - intraocular
within the eye.
No:937 - intrathecal
within a sheath.
No:938 - intravascular
(intra- + L. vasculum vessel) within a vessel or vessels.

75
No:939 - intravenous
within a vein or veins.
No:940 - intrinsic
(L. intrinsecus, situated on the inside) situated entirely within or pertaining
exclusively to a part.
No:941 - intubation
(L. in into + tuba tube) the insertion of a tube into a body canal or hollow organ,
as into the trachea or stomach.
No:942 - invalidate
to weaken or make valueless : to discredit.
No:943 - invasive
1. having the quality of invasiveness. 2. involving puncture or incision of the skin
or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic
techniques.
No:944 - invert sugar
subjected to chemical inversion : inverted.
No:945 - in vitro
within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment.
No:946 - in vivo
within the living body.
No:947 - involution
(L. involutio; in into + volvere to roll) 1. a rolling or turning inward. 2. one of the
movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. a retrograde change
of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female
genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. the progressive
degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of
organs or tissues.
No:948 - ionization
1. any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a
net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion
production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. iontophoresis.
No:949 - ionogram
the result of ionography.
No:950 - iridocyclitis
(irido- + cyclitis) inflammation of the iris and of the ciliary body; anterior uveitis.
No:951 - iritis
(iris + -itis) inflammation of the iris, usually marked by pain, congestion in the
ciliary region, photophobia, contraction of the pupil, and discoloration of the iris.
No:952 - irreversible
incapable of being reversed.
No:953 - irrigation

76
 (L. irrigatio, in into + rigare to carry water) washing by a stream of water or
other fluid.
No:954 - irritation
(L. irritatio) a state of overexcitation and undue sensitivity.
No:955 - ischemia
(Gr. ischein to suppress + haima blood + -ia) deficiency of blood in a part, due to
functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel.
No:956 - isolate
to separate from other persons, materials, or objects.
No:957 - isotonic
(iso- + Gr. tonos tone) a biological term denoting a solution in which body cells
can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell
membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other
solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood
serum.
No:958 - jejunum
(L. 'empty') (NA) that portion of the small intestine which extends from the
duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum.
No:959 - juvenile
pertaining to youth or childhood; young or immature.
No:960 - keloid
(Gr. kl tumour + eidos form) a sharply elevated, irregularly- shaped, progressively
enlarging scar due to the formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the
corium during connective tissue repair.
No:961 - keratitis
(kerat- + -itis) inflammation of the cornea. Cf. keratoconjunctivitis.
No:962 - keratoconjunctivitis
(kerato- + conjunctivitis) inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
No:963 - keratolytic
an agent that promotes keratolysis.
No:964 - ketoacidosis
acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body
tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis.
No:965 - kinetic
(Gr. kintikos) pertaining to or producing motion.
No:966 - koilonychia
(koilo- + onyx nail + -ia) dystrophy of the fingernails, sometimes associated with
iron deficiency anaemia, in which they are thin and concave, with the edges
raises; called also spoon nail.
No:967 - labile
(L. labilis unstable, from labi to glide) 1. gliding; moving from point to point over
the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. chemically unstable.

77
No:968 - laceration
(L. laceratio) 1. the act of tearing. 2. a torn, ragged, mangled wound.
No:969 - lacrimal
pertaining to the tears.
No:970 - lactation
(L. lactatio, from lactare to suckle) the period of the secretion of milk.
No:971 - laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx, a condition attended with dryness and soreness of the
throat, hoarseness, cough and dysphagia.
No:972 - lassitude
(L. lassitudo weariness) weakness; exhaustion.
No:973 - latent period
a seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious
agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation
and the beginning of response.
No:974 - lateral
(L. lateralis) 1. denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of
the body or of a structure. 2. pertaining to a side.
No:975 - laxative
(L. laxativus) an agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or
purgative.
No:976 - lenticular
(L. lenticularis) 1. pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. pertaining to the
crystalline lens. 3. pertaining to the lenticular nucleus.
No:977 - lesion
(L. laesio; laedere to hurt) any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue or
loss of function of a part.
No:978 - lethal
(L. lethalis, from lethum death) deadly, fatal.
No:979 - lethargy
(Gr. lthargia drowsiness) abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of
indifference.
No:980 - leukaemia
an acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded
animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal
increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a
corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified
according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved.
No:981 - leukocytic or leucocytic
pertaining to leucocytes.
No:982 - leukocytosis or leucocytosis

78
 a transient increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood, resulting from
various causes, as haemorrhage, fever, infection, inflammation, etc.
No:983 - leukopenia or leucopenia
(leucocyte + Gr. penia poverty) reduction in the number of leucocytes in the
blood, the count being 5000 per cu. mm. or less.
No:984 - leukoplakia or leucoplakia
(leuko- + Gr. plax plate + -ia) 1. a white patch on a mucous membrane that will
not rub off. 2. oral.
No:985 - leukorrhea or leucorrhea
(leuko- + Gr. rhoia flow) a whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina and uterine
cavity.
No:986 - libido
sexual desire.
No:987 - lichenification
hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with
exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike
appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on
seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous
disorder.
No:988 - ligament
a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and
strengthen joints.
No:989 - limbic
pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around.
No:990 - linear
(L. linearis) pertaining to or resembling a line.
No:991 - lipid
any of a heterogeneous group of flats and fatlike substances characterized by
being water-insoluble and being extractable by nonpolar (or fat) solvents such as
alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. All contain as a major constituent
aliphatic hydrocarbons. The lipids, which are easily stored in the body, serve as a
source of fuel, are an important constituent of cell structure, and serve other
biological functions. Lipids may be considered to include fatty acids, neutral fats,
waxes, and steroids. Compound lipids comprise the glycolipids, lipoproteins, and
phospholipids.
No:992 - lipodystrophy
(lipo- + dystrophy) 1. any disturbance of fat metabolism. 2. a group of conditions
due to defective metabolism of fat, resulting in the absence of subcutaneous fat,
which may be congenital or acquired and partial or total. Called also lipoatrophy
and lipodystrophia.
No:993 - lipophilic
having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia.
No:994 - lipoprotein

79
 any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood;
lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or
cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids,
cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-
density, and very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons.
No:995 - liposome
(lipo- + Gr. soma body) a spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a
lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment.
No:996 - liquifilm
a thin liquid layer of coating.
No:997 - liquor
1. a liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. a
general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. See
also solution.
No:998 - livedo
a discoloured spot or patch on the skin, commonly due to passive congestion;
commonly used alone to refer to l. reticularis.
No:999 - loading dose
a quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of
therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug
No:1000 - lobe
(L. globus, from Gr. lobos) a more or less well-defined portion of any organ,
especially of the brain, lungs, and glands. Lobes are demarcated by fissures, sulci,
connective tissue, and by their shape.
No:1001 - local
(L. localis) restricted to or pertaining to one spot or part; not general.
No:1002 - localization
1. the determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. restriction to a
circumscribed or limited area. 3. prelocalization.
No:1003 - lochia
(Gr. lochia) the vaginal discharge that takes place during the first week or two
after childbirth.
No:1004 - locomotor
of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus
of the body.
No:1005 - locoregional
the characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically
to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, ...)
No:1006 - luetic
syphilitic: affected with, caused by, or pertaining to syphilis.
No:1007 - lumbago
(L. lumbus loin) pain in the lumbar region.
No:1008 - lumbar

80
 pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis.
No:1009 - lumen
(L. 'light') the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ.
No:1010 - luxatio
dislocation.
No:1011 - lymphadenopathy
(lymphaden + Gr. pathos disease) disease of the lymph nodes.
No:1012 - lymphangitis
inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result
from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci)
into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the
course of the vessels.
No:1013 - lymphocytic
pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of lymphocytes.
No:1014 - lymphoma
(lymph- + -oma) any neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue, the term
lymphoma often is used alone to denote malignant lymphoma.
No:1015 - lyophilisate
the product of lyophilization ( the creation of a stable preparation of a biological
substance, such as blood plasma or serum, by rapid freezing and dehydration of
the frozen product under high vacuum).
No:1016 - lytic
1. pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. producing lysis.
No:1017 - maceration
(L. maceratio) the softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a
tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so
dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the
degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual
disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death.
No:1018 - macula
a stain, spot, or thickening (NA). Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae.
No:1019 - maculopapular
both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules;
sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated.
No:1020 - malabsorption
impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients.
No:1021 - malaise
a vague feeling of bodily discomfort.
No:1022 - malformation
(L. malus evil + formatio a forming) a morphologic defect resulting from an
intrinsically abnormal developmental process.
No:1023 - malignant

81
 (L. malignans acting maliciously) tending to become progressively worse and to
result in death. Having the properties of anaplasia, invasion, and metastasis; said
of tumours.
No:1024 - mammary
(L. mammarius) pertaining to the mamma, or breast.
No:1025 - mania
excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical
hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood.
No:1026 - manic
affected with mania.
No:1027 - manifest
being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely
expressed in behaviour.
No:1028 - manifestation
something that manifest or constitutes on expression of something else : a
perceptible, outward, or visible expression.
No:1029 - massage
(Fr.; Gr. massein to knead) the systematic therapeutic friction, stroking, and
kneading of the body.
No:1030 - massive
having a solid bulky form; heavy; in a mass; complete.
No:1031 - masticatory
1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2.
a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed.
No:1032 - mastitis
(mast- + -itis) inflammation of the mammary gland, or breast.
No:1033 - mastocyte
(German Mast food + -cyte) a mast cell.
No:1034 - mastodynia
(masto- + Gr. odyn pain) pain in the breast.
No:1035 - mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid antrum and cells.
No:1036 - maxillary
(L. maxillaris) pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its
fellow forms the upper jaw.
No:1037 - maximal
the greatest possible, allowable, or appreciable; the reverse of minimal.
No:1038 - maximum
(L. 'greatest') 1. the greatest possible or actual effect or quantity. 2. the acme of a
disease or process.
No:1039 - mechanism

82
 (Gr. mchan machine) the manner of combination of parts; processes, etc., which
subserve a common function.
No:1040 - median
(L. medianus) any value that divides the probability of a random variable in half,
i.e. the probability of observing a value above the median and the probability of
observing a value below the median are both less than or equal to one half. For a
finite population or sample, the median is the middle value of an odd number of
values (arranged in ascending order) or any value between the two middle values
of an even number of values; in the latter case it is conventional to use the average
of the two middle values.
No:1041 - mediate
indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium.
No:1042 - mediator
an object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of
the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a
chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable
tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result
of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a
sensitized lymphocyte.
No:1043 - medical
pertaining to medicine or to the treatment of diseases; pertaining to medicine as
opposed to surgery.
No:1044 - medicament
(L. medicamentum) a medicinal substance or agent.
No:1045 - medication
(L. medicatio) impregnation with a medicine. 2. the ad-ministration of remedies.
3. a medicament.
No:1046 - medicinal
(L. medicinalis) 1. having healing qualities. 2. pertaining to a medicine or to
healing.
No:1047 - medullary
(L. medullaris) pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow.
No:1048 - megacolon
an abnormally large or dilated colon; the condition may be congenital or acquired,
acute or chronic.
No:1049 - megaloblastic
a large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia.
No:1050 - melena
(Gr. melaina, feminine of Gr. melas black) 1. the passage of dark, pitchy, and
grumous stools stained with blood pigments or with altered blood. 2. black vomit.
No:1051 - melanoma
(melano- + -oma) a tumour arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and
other organs. When used alone the term refers to malignant melanoma.

83
No:1052 - melanosis
(melano- + -osis) a disorder caused by a disturbance in melanin pigmentation;
melanism.
No:1053 - membrane
a thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or
organ.
No:1054 - menarche
(Gr. mn month + arch beginning) the establishment or beginning of the menstrual
function.
No:1055 - meningitis
(Gr. mninx membrane + -itis) inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the
dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia
mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper.
No:1056 - menopause
(meno- + Gr. pausis cessation) cessation of menstruation in the human female,
occurring usually around the age of 50.
No:1057 - menorrhagia
(meno- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst forth) excessive uterine bleeding occurring at the
regular intervals of menstruation, the period of flow being of greater than usual
duration.
No:1058 - menstruation
the cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues
from the nonpregnant uterus; it is under hormonal control and normally recurs,
usually at approximately four-week intervals, in the absence of pregnancy during
the reproductive period (puberty through menopause) of the female of the human
and a few species of primates. It is the culmination of the menstrual cycle.
No:1059 - mental
(L. mens mind) pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to
the chin.
No:1060 - mesenteric
(Gr. mesenterikos) pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching
various organs to the body wall.
No:1061 - metabolism
(Gr. metaballein to turn about, change, alter) the sum of all the physical and
chemical processes by which living organized substance is produced and
maintained (anabolism), and also the transformation by which energy is made
available for the uses of the organism (catabolism).
No:1062 - metabolite
any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process.
No:1063 - metabolization
the chemical process by which matter is broken down into simpler substances,
said especially of food processed by the human body.
No:1064 - metaplasia

84
 (meta- + Gr. plassein to form) the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a
form which is not formal for that tissue.
No:1065 - metastasis
(meta- + Gr. stasis stand) 1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to
another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of
pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., tubercle bacilli) or to transfer of cells, as in
malignant tumours. The capacity to metastasize is a characteristic of all malignant
tumours. 2. Pl. metastases. A growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of
abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process.
No:1066 - meteorism
(Gr. meteorizein to raise up) tympanites; the presence of gas in the abdomen or
intestine.
No:1067 - methaemoglobinaemia
(methemoglobin + Gr. haima blood + -ia) the presence of methemoglobin in the
blood, resulting in cyanosis. It may be drug-induced or be due to a defect in the
enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an
abnormality in haemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait).
No:1068 - metrorrhagia
(metro- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst out) uterine bleeding, usually of normal amount,
occurring at completely irregular intervals, the period of flow sometimes being
prolonged.
No:1069 - micelle
a colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules.
No:1070 - microbiological
pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including
algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses.
No:1071 - microcirculation
the flow of blood in the entire system of finer vessels (100 microns or less in
diameter) of the body (the microvasculature).
No:1072 - microgram
a unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (10-6
gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.).
No:1073 - micrography
(micro- + Gr. graphein to write) examination with the microscope.
No:1074 - micronize
(Gr. micron a small thing) to reduce to a fine powder, to reduce to particles a
micron in diameter.
No:1075 - microorganism
(micro- + organism) a microscopic organism; those of medical interest include
bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
No:1076 - microscopic, microscopical
1. of extremely small size; visible only by the aid of the microscope. 2. pertaining
or relating to a microscope or to microscopy.

85
No:1077 - microsomal
of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum
formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells.
No:1078 - microsporum
(micro + Gr. sporos seed) a genus of small-spored ectothrix ringworm fungi
(dermatophytes) of the Fungi Imperfecti, order Moniliales, family Moniliaceae,
which cause various diseases of the skin and hair. As the perfect (sexual) stages
are identified, they are classified in the genus Nannizzia. Called also
microsporon.
No:1079 - microvillus
a minute process or protrusion from the free surface of a cell.
No:1080 - micturition
(L. micturire to urinate) the passage of urine; urination.
No:1081 - migraine
(Fr., from Gr. hemikrania an affection of half of the head) an often familial
symptom complex of periodic attacks of vascular headache, usually temporal and
unilateral in onset, commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting,
constipation or diarrhoea, and often photophobia; attacks are preceded by
constriction of the cranial arteries, usually with resultant prodromal sensory
(especially ocular) symptoms, and commence with the vasodilation that follows.
No:1082 - mime
facial expression. (NOT: mimicry = adaptation for survival in which an organism
takes on the semblance another organism or a non-living object.)
No:1083 - mineralization
the action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized.
No:1084 - mineralocorticoid
1. any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly
involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on
ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of
sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of
glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume,
serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by
anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or
resembling a mineralocorticoid.
No:1085 - minimal
(L. minimus least) smallest or least; the smallest possible.
No:1086 - minimize
to reduce to the smallest possible number, degree, or extent.
No:1087 - minimum
(L. 'smallest') the smallest amount or lowest limit.
No:1088 - miotic

86
 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil.
2. an agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. meiotic : characterized by cell
division.
No:1089 - miscible
susceptible of being mixed.
No:1090 - mitosis
a method of indirect division of a cell, consisting of a complex of various
processes, by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical
complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of
the species. Mitosis, the process by which the body grows and replaces cells, is
divided into four phases. 1. Prophase : formation of paired chromosomes;
disappearance of nuclear membrane; appearance of the achromatic spindle;
formation of polar bodies. 2. Metaphase : arrangement of chromosomes in the
equatorial plane of the central spindle to form the monaster. Chromosomes
separate into exactly similar halves. 3. Anaphase : the two groups of daughter
chromosomes separate and move along the fibres of the central spindle, each
toward one of the asters, forming the diaster. 4. Telophase : the daughter
chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum and the daughter nuclei are
formed; the cytoplasm divides, forming two complete daughter cells. NOTE : the
term mitosis is used interchangeably with cell division, but strictly speaking it
refers to nuclear division, whereas cytokinesis refers to division of the cytoplasm.
In some cells, as in many fungi and the fertilized eggs of many insects, nuclear
division occurs within the cell unaccompanied by division of the cytoplasm and
formation of daughter cells.
No:1091 - mobility
(L. mobilitas) capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely.
No:1092 - mobilization
the process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a
part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure
or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the
body.
No:1093 - modify
to change somewhat the form or qualities of; alter partially.
No:1094 - modulator
a specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region.
No:1095 - molecular
of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter.
No:1096 - monitoring
the process of continually checking, observing, recording or testing the operation
of some procedure. Monitoring occurs e.g. during anaesthesia or radiation.
No:1097 - monocomponent
a drug containing only one significant molecule.
No:1098 - mononucleosis

87
 the presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes
(monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious
mononucleosis.
No:1099 - monotherapy
a therapy which uses only one drug.

No:1100 - morbidity
a diseased condition or state; the incidence of a disease or of all diseases in a
population.
No:1101 - morphinomimetic
marked by simulation of (body processes induced by) morphine.
No:1102 - mortality
the mortality rate; the proportion of deaths to population or to a specific number
of the population.
No:1103 - motility
the ability to move spontaneously.
No:1104 - motor
a muscle, nerve, or centre that effects or produces movement.
No:1105 - mucociliary
pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes,
nose hair, ...): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement (
particularly in the respiratory system).
No:1106 - mucocutaneous
(mucus + cutaneous) pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the
skin.
No:1107 - mucolytic
destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or
glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus.
No:1108 - mucopurulent
containing both mucus and pus.
No:1109 - mucosa
(L. 'mucus') a mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa.
No:1110 - mucus
the free slime of the mucous membranes, composed of secretion of the glands,
along with various inorganic salts, desquamated cells, and leucocytes.
No:1111 - multidose
occurring in, or using multiple doses.
No:1112 - multiparous
1. having had two or more pregnancies which resulted in viable fetuses. 2.
producing several ova or offspring at one time.
No:1113 - multiple

88
 (L. multiplex) manifold; occurring in or affecting various parts of the body at
once.
No:1114 - muscle relaxant
(L. relaxare to loosen) an agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension,
as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or
at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds).
No:1115 - muscular
(L. muscularis) pertaining to or composing muscle.
No:1116 - musculature
the muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it.
No:1117 - mutagenic
inducing genetic mutation.
No:1118 - mutation
(L. mutatio from mutare to change) 1. a change in form, quality, or some other
characteristic. 2. in genetics, a permanent transmissible change in the genetic
material, usually in a single gene. Also, an individual exhibiting such a change.
Called also (in classical genetics) a sport.
No:1119 - mutism
(L. mutus unable to speak, inarticulate) inability or refusal to speak.
No:1120 - myalgia
(my- + algia) pain in a muscle or muscles.
No:1121 - myasthenia
(my- + Gr. astheneia weakness) muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of
muscle.
No:1122 - mycobacterium
an organism of the genus Mycobacterium.
No:1123 - mycological
relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi.
No:1124 - mycosis
(myco- + -osis) any disease caused by a fungus.
No:1125 - mycotic
pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi.
No:1126 - mydriatic
1. dilating the pupil. 2. any drug that dilates the pupil.
No:1127 - myeloma
(myelo- + -oma) a tumour composed of cells of the type normally found in the
bone marrow.
No:1128 - myelomatosis
multiple myeloma.
No:1129 - myelosuppression
suppression of bone marrow activity, resulting in reduction in the number of
platelets, red cells, and white cells.

89
No:1130 - myelotoxic
(myelo- + Gr. toxikon poison) 1. destructive to bone marrow. 2. arising from
diseased bone marrow.
No:1131 - myocarditis
(myo- + Gr. kardia heart + -itis) inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation
of the muscular walls of the heart.
No:1132 - myopathy
(myo- + -pathy) any disease of a muscle.
No:1133 - myopia
(Gr. myein to shut + -opia) that error of refraction in which rays of light entering
the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a
result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an
increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called
also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in
emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation.
No:1134 - myositis
(Gr. myos of muscle + -itis) inflammation of a voluntary muscle.
No:1135 - nadir
the lowest point; point of greatest adversity or despair.
No:1136 - narcotic
(Gr. narkotikos benumbing, deadening) 1. pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2.
an agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids,
i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions.
No:1137 - nasal
(L. nasalis) pertaining to the nose.
No:1138 - nasolacrimal
pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus.
No:1139 - natriuresis
(L. natrium sodium + Gr. oursis a making water) the excretion of abnormal
amounts of sodium in the urine.
No:1140 - nausea
(L.; Gr. nausia seasickness) an unpleasant sensation, vaguely referred to the
epigastrium and abdomen, and often culminating in vomiting.
No:1141 - necrolysis
(necro- + Gr. lysis dissolution) separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis.
No:1142 - necrosis
(Gr. nekrosis deadness) the sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell
death and caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes; it may affect
groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ.
No:1143 - negative
not affirming the presence of the organism or condition in question <a negative
diagnosis>

90
No:1144 - neonatal
(neo- + L. natus born) pertaining to the first four weeks after birth.
No:1145 - neoplastic
pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to
neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm).
No:1146 - nephritis
(Gr. nephros kidney + -itis) inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse
proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or
interstitial renal tissue.
No:1147 - nephrolith
(nephro- + Gr. lithos stone) a renal calculus; gravel in a kidney.
No:1148 - nephropathy
(nephro- + Gr. pathos disease) disease of the kidneys.
No:1149 - nephrotic
pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis.
No:1150 - nephrotoxic
toxic or destructive to kidney cells.
No:1151 - nervousness
excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest.
No:1152 - neural
(L. neuralis; Gr. neuron nerve) 1. pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. situated
in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch.
No:1153 - neuralgia
(neur- + -algia) paroxysmal pain which extends along the course of one or more
nerves. Many varieties of neuralgia are distinguished according to the part
affected or to the cause, as brachial, facial, occipital, supraorbital, etc., or
anaemic, diabetic, gouty, malarial, syphilitic, etc.
No:1154 - neuritis
(neur- + -itis) inflammation of a nerve, a condition attended by pain and
tenderness over the nerves, anaesthesia and paraesthesias, paralysis, wasting, and
disappearance of the reflexes. In practice, the term is also used to denote
noninflammatory lesions of the peripheral nervous system; see neuropathy.
No:1155 - neurodermatitis
(neuro- + dermatitis) an extremely variable eczematous dermatosis presumed to
be a cutaneous response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to
relieve intense pruritus, having the potential to produce polymorphic lesions at the
same or different times, and varying in severity, course, and morphologic
expression in different individuals. It is believed by some authorities to be a
psychogenic disorder. The term is also used to refer to lichen simplex chronicus
(circumscribed n.) and sometimes to atopic dermatitis (disseminated n.).
No:1156 - neuroleptanalgesia

91
 (neuro- + Gr. lpsis a taking hold + analgesia) a state of quiescence, altered
awareness, and analgesia produced by the administration of a combination of a
narcotic analgesic and a neuroleptic agent.
No:1157 - neuroleptic
(neuro- + Gr. lpsis a taking hold, a seizure) a term coined to refer to the effects on
cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy,
lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a
reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity.
No:1158 - neurologic
pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system.
No:1159 - neuromuscular
pertaining to muscles and nerves.
No:1160 - neuronal
pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system).
No:1161 - neuropathy
a general term denoting functional disturbances and/or pathological changes in the
peripheral nervous system. The etiology may be known e.g. arsenical n., diabetic
n., ischemic n., traumatic n.) or unknown. Encephalopathy and myelopathy are
corresponding terms relating to involvement of the brain and spinal cord,
respectively. The term is also used to designate noninflammatory lesions in the
peripheral nervous system, in contrast to inflammatory lesions (neuritis).
No:1162 - neurotic
1. pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. a person affected with a neurosis.
No:1163 - neurotoxic
poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue.
No:1164 - neurotransmitter
any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon
terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and
travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the
many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine,
norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid,
substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin.
No:1165 - neurovegetative
pertaining to the vegetative (autonomic) nervous system.
No:1166 - neutralization
an act or process of neutralizing.
No:1167 - neutropenia
leukopenia in which the decrease in white blood cells is chiefly in neutrophils.
No:1168 - neutrophil
(of a cell or cell part) having an affinity for neutral dyes.
No:1169 - nidation
(L. nidus nest) implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium.
No:1170 - nil

92
 nothing, zero.
No:1171 - nocturia
(L. nox night + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) excessive urination at night.
No:1172 - nocturnal
(L. nocturnus) pertaining to, occurring at, or active at night.
No:1173 - nodose
(L. nodosus) having nodes or projections.
No:1174 - nonspecific
1. not due to any single known cause, as to a particular pathogen. 2. not directed
against a particular agent, but rather having a general effect, as nonspecific
therapy.
No:1175 - normalization
the process of bringing or restoring to the normal standard.
No:1176 - normotensive
1. characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure.
2. a person with normal blood pressure.
No:1177 - nosocomial
(nosa- + Gr. komeion to take care of) pertaining to or originating in the hospital,
said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital,
but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer
to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection.
Cf. iatrogenic.
No:1178 - nulliparous
having never given birth to a viable infant.
No:1179 - nummular
(L. nummularis) coin-sized and coin-shaped.
No:1180 - nutrient
(L. nutriens) 1. nourishing, affording nutriment. 2. a nutritious substance; food, or
a component of food.
No:1181 - nystagmus
(Gr. nystagmos drowsiness, from nystazein to nod) an involuntary, rapid,
rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or
mixed, i.e., of two varieties.
No:1182 - obesity
(L. obesus fat) an increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and
physical requirement, as the result of an excessive accumulation of fat in the
body.
No:1183 - objective
(L. objectivus) 1. perceptible to the external senses. 2. the lens or system of lenses
in a microscope (or telescope) that is nearest to the object under examination.
No:1184 - observation

93
 an act or the faculty of observing or taking notice : an act of seeing or fixing the
mind upon something; an act of recognizing and noting measurement of some
magnitude with suitable instruments.
No:1185 - obsession
(L. obsessio) a recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted
and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts
to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence,
contamination, and self-doubt.
No:1186 - obstetric, obstetrical
(L. obstetricius) pertaining to obstetrics (= branch of surgery that deals with
pregnancy, labour and puerperium.
No:1187 - obstipation
(L. obstipatio) intractable constipation.
No:1188 - obstruction
(L. obstructio) 1. the act of blocking or clogging. 2. the state or condition of being
clogged.
No:1189 - occasional
appearing or occurring irregularly and according to no fixed or certain scheme.
No:1190 - occlusion
(L. occlusio) 1. the act of closure or state of being closed. 2. the relationship
between all of the components of the masticatory system in normal function,
dysfunction, and parafunction. 3. momentary complete closure of some area in the
vocal tract, causing stoppage of the breath and accumulation of pressure.
No:1191 - occult
obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand.
No:1192 - ocular
(L. ocularis, from oculus eye) 1. of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2.
eyepiece.
No:1193 - oculogyric
pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oculogyration (circular movements of
the eyeballs, as in an oculogyric crisis).
No:1194 - oculomucocutaneous
pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin around the eyes.
No:1195 - odour
a volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell.
No:1196 - oedema
(Gr. oidema swelling) the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the
intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable
accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be
localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular
permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease.
Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites

94
 (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium
(pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca.
No:1197 - oesophagitis
(esophagus + -itis) inflammation of the esophagus.
No:1198 - oestrogen
a generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex
hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal
cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both
sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex
characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to
produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition
of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in
cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include
the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment
of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders.

No:1199 - oligoelement
a chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms.
No:1200 - oligomenorrhoea
(oligo- + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow) markedly diminished menstrual flow;
relative amenorrhea.
No:1201 - oliguria
(oligo- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) secretion of a diminished amount of urine in
relation to the fluid intake. Called also hypouresis and oligouresis.
No:1202 - oncolytic
pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oncolysis (= the lysis or destruction of
tumour cells).
No:1203 - oncotic
pertaining to, caused by, or marked by swelling.
No:1204 - oophorectomy
(oophor- + Gr. ektom excision) the removal of an ovary or ovaries; called also
ovariectomy.
No:1205 - opalescent
showing a milky iridescence, like an opal.
No:1206 - ophthalmic
pertaining to the eye.
No:1207 - ophthalmologic
pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye).
No:1208 - opiate
a remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep.
No:1209 - opisthotonos
(opistho- + Gr. tonos tension) a form of spasm in which the head and the heels are
bent backward and the body bowed forward.

95
No:1210 - opportunistic
1. denoting a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but that, under
certain circumstances (e.g. impaired immune responses resulting from other
disease or drug treatment), becomes pathogenic. 2. denoting a disease or infection
caused by such an organism.
No:1211 - optic
(Gr. optikos of or for sight) of or pertaining to the eye.
No:1212 - optimal
the best; the most favourable.
No:1213 - oral
pertaining to the mouth, taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral
medication or an oral thermometer.
No:1214 - orbital
pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball).
No:1215 - orchitis
(orchio- + -itis) inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling,
and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with
conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis.
No:1216 - organism
any individual living thing, whether animal or plant.
No:1217 - orgasm
(Gr. orgasmos swelling, or organ to swell, to be lustful) the apex and culmination
of sexual excitement.
No:1218 - orientation
awareness of one's environment, with reference to p lace, time, and people.
No:1219 - orofacial
of or relating to the mouth and face.
No:1220 - orthopaedic
(ortho- + Gr. pais child) pertaining to the correction of deformities of the
musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics.
No:1221 - orthostatic
(ortho- + Gr. statikos causing to stand) pertaining to or caused by standing erect.
No:1222 - osmolality
the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of
osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional
to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation,
freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering.
No:1223 - osmolarity
the concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of
solute per litre of solution.
No:1224 - osmotic

96
 pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a
solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are
separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute
molecules, but is permeable to the solvent).
No:1225 - ossicle
(L. ossiculum) a small bone.
No:1226 - ossification
(L. ossificatio) the formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of
fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
No:1227 - osteoarthritis
(osteo- + Gr. arthron joint + -itis) noninflammatory degenerative joint disease
occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular
cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins, and changes in the synovial
membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged
activity.
No:1228 - osteodystrophy
defective bone formation.
No:1229 - osteolysis
(osteo- + Gr. lysis dissolution) dissolution of bone; applied especially to the
removal or loss of the calcium of bone.
No:1230 - osteomalacia
(osteo- + Gr. malakia softness) a condition marked by softening of the bones (due
to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain,
tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from
deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.
No:1231 - osteomyelitis
(osteo- + Gr. myelos marrow) inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic
organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the
marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum.
No:1232 - osteoporosis
(osteo- + Gr. poros passage + -osis) reduction in the amount of bone mass,
leading to fractures after minimal trauma.
No:1233 - osteotomy
(osteo- + Gr. temnein to cut) the surgical cutting of a bone.
No:1234 - otitis
(ot- + -itis) inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever,
abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo.
No:1235 - otorhinolaryngology
(oto- + Gr. rhis nose + larynx larynx + -logy) that branch of medicine concerned
with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose
and throat.
No:1236 - otorrhea
(oto- + Gr. rhoia to flow) a discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one.

97
No:1237 - otosclerosis
(oto- + Gr. sklrosis hardening) a pathological condition of the bony labyrinth of
the ear, in which there is formation of spongy bone (otospongiosis), especially in
front of and posterior to the footplate of the stapes; it may cause bony ankylosis of
the stapes, resulting in conductive hearing loss. Cochlear otosclerosis may also
develop, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss.
No:1238 - ototoxic
having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing
and balance.
No:1239 - ovarian
pertaining to an ovary or ovaries (= female gonad).
No:1240 - overdosage
1. the administration of an excessive dose. 2. the condition resulting from an
excessive dose.
No:1241 - overdose
1. to administer an excessive dose. 2. an excessive dose.
No:1242 - ovulation
the discharge of a secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle of the ovary.
No:1243 - ovum
1. the female reproductive cell which, after fertilization, develops into a new
member of the same species (von Baer, 1827); an egg. 2. the human ovum : a
round cell about 0.1 mm. in diameter, produced in the ovary, where there is
deposited around it a noncellular covering (oolemma; zona pellucida; zona
radiata). It consists of protoplasm which contains some yolk, enclosed by a thin
cell wall (vitelline membrane). There is a large nucleus (germinal vesicle), within
which is a nucleolus (germinal spot). By extension, the word is also used to
designate any early stage of the conceptus, when the embryo itself constitutes a
tiny and insignificant part of the whole.
No:1244 - oxidation
the act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the
increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most
biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen
atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied
by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron;
divalent o., the loss of two electrons.
No:1245 - oxygenation
the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 - oxygenation
the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen.
No:1246 - oxytocic
1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labour). 2. an
agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the
myometrium.
No:1247 - pacemaker

98
 an object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon
occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial
cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the
pace for a series of interrelated reactions.
No:1248 - paediatric
of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or
concerned with paediatrics.
No:1249 - palliative
(L. palliatus cloaked) 1. affording relief, but not cure. 2. an alleviating medicine.
No:1250 - palpebra
eyelid; either of the two movable folds that protect the anterior surface of the
eyeball.
No:1251 - palpitation
(L. palpitatio) a subjective sensation of an unduly rapid or irregular heart beat.
No:1252 - pancreatitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or
symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own
enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less
commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism,
abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia.
No:1253 - pancytopenia
(pan- + cyto- + -penia) deficiency of all cell elements of the blood; aplastic
anaemia.
No:1254 - panniculitis
(panniculus + -itis) an inflammatory reaction of the subcutaneous fat, which may
involve the connective tissue septa between the fat lobes, the septa lobules and
vessels, or the fat lobules, characterized by the development of single or multiple
cutaneous nodules.
No:1255 - papillary
pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple.
No:1256 - papillitis
(papilla + -itis)- inflammation of the optic papilla (disk).
No:1257 - papilloedema
choked disk, edema of the optic disk (papilla), most commonly due to increased
intracranial pressure, malignant hypertension, or thrombosis of the central retinal
vein : called also choke disk.
No:1258 - papule
(L. papula) a small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin.
No:1259 - paracentesis
(para- + Gr. kentsis puncture) surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity for the
aspiration of peritoneal fluid.
No:1260 - paradoxical
occurring at variance with the normal rule.

99
No:1261 - paraesthesia
(para- + Gr. aisthsis perception) morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal
sensation, as burning, prickling, formication, etc.
No:1262 - parallel
1. pertaining to straight lines or planes that do not intersect. 2. pertaining to
electric circuit components connected 'in parallel' so that the current flow divides,
each branch passing through one component, and rejoins; applied by extension to
any similar parallel circuit, e.g. the systemic circulation to the various organs.
No:1263 - paralysis
(para- + Gr. lyein to loosen) loss or impairment of motor function in a part due to
lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism; also by analogy, impairment of
sensory function (sensory paralysis). In addition to the types named below,
paralysis is further distinguished as traumatic, syphilitic, toxic, etc., according to
its cause; or as obturator, ulnar, etc., according to the nerve part, or muscle
specially affected.
No:1264 - parameter
(para- + meter) a variable whose measure is indicative of a quantity or function
that cannot itself be precisely determined by direct methods; e.g., blood pressure
and pulse rate are parameters of cardiovascular function, and the level of glucose
in blood and urine is a parameter of carbohydrate metabolism.
No:1265 - paranoia
(Gr. 'madness, delirium, a mind 'beside itself'', from para- + noein to think) a
psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional
jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as
suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid
schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in
that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic
features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with
five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose.
No:1266 - paraplegia
(para- + Gr. plg stroke + -ia) paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body.
No:1267 - parasitic
(Gr. parasitikos) pertaining to, of the nature of, or caused by a parasite.
No:1268 - parasympathomimetic
(parasympathetic + Gr. mimtikos imitative) 1. producing effects resembling those
of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. an agent that
produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic
nerves. Called also cholinergic.
No:1269 - parathyroid
(para- + thyroid) 1. situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. one of the parathyroid
glands. 3. a sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid
glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the
treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany.
No:1270 - paravenous

100
 beside a vein.
No:1271 - parenchyma
(Gr. 'anything poured in beside') the essential elements of an organ; used in
anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of
an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma.
No:1272 - parenteral
(para- + Gr. enteron intestine) not through the alimentary canal but rather by
injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital,
intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc.
No:1273 - paresis
(Gr. 'relaxation') slight or incomplete paralysis.
No:1274 - parietal
(L. parietalis) 1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. pertaining to or
located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe.
No:1275 - parkinsonism
a group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and
muscular rigidity.
No:1276 - paronychia
(para Gr. onyx nail + -ia) inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding
the nail. Called also perionychia.
No:1277 - parotitis
inflammation of the parotid gland. Called also parotiditis.
No:1278 - paroxysmal
recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures).
No:1279 - particle
(L. particula, dim. of pars part) a tiny mass of material.
No:1280 - parturition
(L. parturitio) the act or process of given birth to a child.
No:1281 - passage
1. an evacuation of the bowels. 2. the introduction of a catheter, probe, sound, or
bougie through a natural channel such as the urethra.
No:1282 - passive
(L. passivus) neither spontaneous nor active; not produced by active efforts.
No:1283 - pathogen
(patho- + Gr. gennan to produce) any disease-producing microorganism.
No:1284 - pathologic
1. indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. pertaining to pathology (=
branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the
structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the
disease).
No:1285 - patient

101
 1. a person who is receiving medical treatment, especially in a hospital; 2. a
person who is registered with a doctor, dentist, etc and is treated by him when
necessary.
No:1286 - peak flow
the maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this
amount.
No:1287 - pediculosis
(pediculus + -osis) infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially
infestation with Pediculus humanus.
No:1288 - pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis.
No:1289 - pemphigus
(Gr. pemphix blister) a group of chronic, relapsing, sometimes fatal skin diseases
characterized clinically by the development of successive crops of vesicles and
bullae, histologically by acantholysis, and immunologically by serum
autoantibodies directed against antigens in the intracellular zones of the
epidermis. The specific disease is usually indicated by a modifying term; but the
term pemphigus is often used alone to designate pemphigus vulgaris.
No:1290 - penetration
(L. penetratio) the act of piercing or entering deeply.
No:1291 - penicillinase
penicillin amino-ß-lactamhydrolase : an enzyme produced by certain bacteria
which converts penicillin to an inactive product and thus increases resistance to
the antibiotic. A purified preparation from cultures of a strain of Bacillus cereus is
used in treatment of reactions to penicillin.
No:1292 - penis
the male organ of copulation and of urinary excretion, comprising a root, body,
and extremity, or glans penis. The root is attached to the descending portions of
the pubic bone by the crura, the latter being the extremities of the corpora
cavernosa, and beneath them the corpus spongiosum, through which the urethra
passes. The glans is covered with mucous membrane and ensheathed by the
prepuce, or foreskin. The penis is homologous with the clitoris in the female.
No:1293 - peptic
(Gr. peptikos) pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric
juices.
No:1294 - peptic ulcer
an ulcer in the wall of the stomach or duodenum resulting from the digestive
action of the gastric juice on the mucous membrane when the latter is rendered
susceptible to its action.
No:1295 - perception
(L. percipere to take in completely) the conscious mental registration of a sensory
stimulus.
No:1296 - percutaneous

102
 (per- + L. cutis) performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material
in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a
needle.
No:1297 - perennial
(L. perennis, from per through + annus year) lasting through the year of for
several years.
No:1298 - perforation
(L. perforare to pierce through) 1. the act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. a
hole made through a part or substance.
No:1299 - perfusion
1. the act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of a fluid through the
vessels of a specific organ. 2. a liquid poured over or through an organ or tissue.
No:1300 - perianal
(peri- + L. anus anus) located around the anus.
No:1301 - periarthritis
inflammation of the tissues around a joint.
No:1302 - pericarditis
(pericardium + -itis) inflammation of the pericardium.
No:1303 - peridural
around or external to the dura mater.
No:1304 - perinatal
(peri- + L. natus born) pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and
after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to
twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth.
No:1305 - perineal
pertaining to the perineum.
No:1306 - periodic
(Gr. periodikos) recurring at regular intervals of time.
No:1307 - perioperative
pertaining to the period extending from the time of hospitalization for surgery to
the time of discharge.
No:1308 - perioral
(peri- + L. os mouth) situated or occurring around the mouth.
No:1309 - periorbital
situated around the orbit, or eye socket.
No:1310 - peripheral
pertaining to or situated at or near the periphery; situated away from a centre or
central structure.
No:1311 - peristalsis
(peri- + Gr. stalsis contraction) the wormlike movement by which the alimentary
canal or other tubular organs provided with both longitudinal and circular muscle

103
 fibres propel their contents. It consists of a wave of contraction passing along the
tube for variable distances.
No:1312 - peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the
peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and
tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever.
No:1313 - perivascular
situated around a vessel.
No:1314 - permanent
continuing or enduring (as the same state, status, place) without fundamental or
marked change : not subject to fluctuation or alteration : fixed or intended to be
fixed : lasting, stable.
No:1315 - permeability
the property or state of being permeable.
No:1316 - pernicious
(L. perniciosus) tending to a fatal issue.
No:1317 - peroral
(L. per through + os, oris the mouth) performed through or administered through
the mouth.
No:1318 - persistent
continuing to exist in spite of interference or treatment; tending to recur.
No:1319 - perspiration
(L. perspirare to breathe through) sweating; the functional secretion of sweat.
No:1320 - pertussis
(L. per intensive + tussis cough) an acute, highly contagious infection of the
respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by
Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B.
parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage,
beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever,
sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal
stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep
inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is
expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn,
shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage
lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which
paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also
whooping cough.
No:1321 - perversion
(L. per through + versio a turning) a turning aside from the normal course; a
morbid alteration of function which may occur in emotional, intellectual, or
volitional fields. In psychiatry, sexual deviation.
No:1322 - pessary

104
 (L. pessarium) 1. an instrument placed in the vagina to support the uterus or
rectum or as a contraceptive device. 2. a medicated vaginal suppository.
No:1323 - petechia
a pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or
submucous haemorrhage. Cf. ecchymosis.
No:1324 - petit mal
(Fr. 'little illness') see under epilepsy.
No:1325 - pH
the symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution
to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to
the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral;
above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases.
No:1326 - phagocytosis
endocytosis of particulate material, such as microorganisms or cell fragments. The
material is taken into the cell in membrane-bound vesicles (phagosomes) that
originate as pinched off invaginations of the plasma membrane. Phagosomes fuse
with lysosomes, forming phagolysosomes in which the engulfed material is killed
and digested.
No:1327 - phallic
(Gr. phallikos) pertaining to the phallus, or penis.
No:1328 - pharmaceutical
1. pertaining to pharmacy or to drugs. 2. a medicinal drug.
No:1329 - pharmacodynamics
(pharmaco + Gr. dynamis power) the study of the biochemical and physiological
effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of
actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the
actions of a particular drug or drugs.
No:1330 - pharmacokinetics
the action of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes of
absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation, and excretion.
No:1331 - pharmacologic
pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs.
No:1332 - pharmacon
(Gr. pharmakon) a drug.
No:1333 - pharyngitis
(pharyngo- + -itis) inflammation of the pharynx.
No:1334 - phase
(Gr. phasis an appearance) any one of the varying aspects or stages through which
a disease or process may pass.
No:1335 - phenomenon
(Gr. phainomenon thing seen) any sign or objective symptom; any observable
occurrence or fact.
No:1336 - phlebitis

105
 (phleb- + -itis) inflammation of a vein. The condition is marked by infiltration of
the coats of the vein and the formation of a thrombus. The disease is attended by
edema, stiffness, and pain in the affected part, and in the septic variety by pyemic
symptoms.
No:1337 - phlebography
(phlebo- + Gr. graphein to write) 1. roentgenography of a vein or veins by use of
contrast medium. 2. the graphic recording of the venous pulse.
No:1338 - phobia
(Gr. phobos fear + -ia) a persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object,
activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being
excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a
significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered
a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are
subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word
termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the
stem to which it is affixed.
No:1339 - photophobia
(photo- + phobia) abnormal visual intolerance of light.
No:1340 - photosensitivity
(photo- + sensitivity) an abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction
between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at
wavelengths of 280-400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and
photoxicity.
No:1341 - photosensitization
the development of abnormally heightened reactivity of the skin to sunlight.
No:1342 - physical
pertaining to the body, to material things, or to physics.
No:1343 - physicochemical
pertaining to physics and chemistry.
No:1344 - physiologic
normal; not pathologic; characteristic of or conforming to the normal functioning
or state of the body or a tissue or organ; physiological.
No:1345 - pigmentation
1. the deposition of colouring matter; the coloration or discoloration of a part by
pigment. 2. coloration, especially abnormally increased coloration, by melanin.
No:1346 - piloerection
(pilo- + erection) erection of the hair.
No:1347 - pityriasis
(Gr. pityron bran + -iasis) a name originally applied to a group of skin diseases
characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a
modifier.
No:1348 - placebo

106
 (L. 'I will please') any dummy medical treatment; originally, a medicinal
preparation having no specific pharmacological activity against the patient's
illness or complaint given solely for the psychophysiological effects of the
treatment; more recently, a dummy treatment administered to the control group in
a controlled clinical trial in order that the specific and nonspecific effects of the
experimental treatment can be distinguished - i.e., the experimental treatment
must produce better results than the placebo in order to be considered effective.
No:1349 - placenta
(L. 'a flat cake') an organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy,
joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretion and selective
exchange of soluble, but not particulate, blood-borne substances through an
apposition of uterine and trophoblastic vascularized parts. According to species,
the area of vascular apposition may be diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary or discoid;
the nature of apposition may be labyrinthine or villous; the intimacy of apposition
may vary according to what layers are lost of those originally interposed between
maternal and fetal blood (maternal endothelium, uterine connective tissue, uterine
epithelium, chorion, extraembryonic mesoderm, and endothelium of villous
capillary). The chorion may be joined by and receive blood vessels from either the
yolk sac or the allantois, and the uterine lining may be largely shed with the
chorion at birth (deciduate) or may separate from the chorion and remain
(nondeciduate). The human placenta is discoid, villous, haemochorial,
chorioallantoic, and deciduate. After birth, it weighs about 600 gm. and is about
16 cm. in diameter and 2 cm. thick, discounting a principal functional part, the
maternal blood in the intervillous space (which leaks out at birth) into which the
chorionic villi dip. The villi are grouped into adjoining cotyledons making about
20 velvety bumps on the side of the placenta facing outward to the uterus; the
inner side of the placenta facing the fetus is smooth, being covered with amnion, a
thin avascular layer that continues past the edges of the placenta to line the entire
hollow sphere of chorion except where it is reflected to cover the umbilical cord,
which joins fetus and placenta. The cord usually joins the placenta near the centre
but may insert at the edge, on the nonplacental chorion, or on an accessory
placenta.
No:1350 - plasma expander
artificial plasma extender.
No:1351 - plasma protein
one of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including
carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other
coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme
inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and
many other types of proteins.
No:1352 - plasminogen
the inactive precursor of plasmin (=enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of
peptide bonds at the carbonyl end of lysine or arginine residues).
No:1353 - pleurisy

107
 (Gr. pleuritis) inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon
its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy
the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and
cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in
which a copious exudation of serum occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The
inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united by adhesions, which are
usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by
fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a
diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side.
No:1354 - plexus
(L. 'braid) a network or tangle; (NA) a general term for a network of lymphatic
vessels, nerves, or veins.
No:1355 - pneumonia
(Gr. pneumonia) inflammation of the lungs with consolidation.
No:1356 - pneumonopath
(pneumono- + Gr. pathos disease) any disease of the lung.
No:1357 - poliomyelitis
(polio- + Gr. myelos marrow + -itis) an acute viral disease, occurring sporadically
and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and
vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may
be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by
the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system,
stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be
subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent
deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and
Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines.
No:1358 - polyarthritis
(poly- + Gr. arthron joint + -itis) an inflammation of several joints together.
No:1359 - polydipsia
(poly- + Gr. dipsa thirst + -ia) chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or
diabetes insipidus.
No:1360 - polymorphic
(poly- + Gr. morph form) occurring in several or many forms; appearing in
different forms at different stages of development.
No:1361 - polyneuritis
(poly- + Gr. neuron nerve + -itis) inflammation of many nerves at once; multiple
or disseminated, neuritis.
No:1362 - polypeptide
(poly- + peptide) a peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino
acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino
acids contained.
No:1363 - polytherapy
a therapy which uses more than one drug.

108
No:1364 - polyuria
(poly- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) the passage of a large volume of urine in a given
period, a characteristic of diabetes.
No:1365 - polyvalent
having more than one valence.
No:1366 - population
(L. populatio, from populus people) 1. in genetics, a stable group of randomly
interbreeding individuals. 2. in statistics, the set of objects or individuals from
which a random sample is drawn.
No:1367 - porphyria
a pathological state in man and some lower animals that is often due to genetic
factors, is characterized by abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism, and results in
the excretion of large quantities of porphyrins in the urine and in extreme
sensitivity to light.
No:1368 - positive
(L. positivus) having a value greater than zero; indicating existence or presence of
a condition, organism, etc. as chromatin positive or Wassermann positive;
characterized by affirmation or cooperation.
No:1369 - posterior
(L. 'behind'; neut. posterius) situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting
the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end
of the body.
No:1370 - postmenopausal
occurring after the menopause.
No:1371 - postnatal
occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. Cf. postpartum.
No:1372 - postoperative
occurring after a surgical operation.
No:1373 - post partum
after childbirth, or after delivery.
No:1374 - postprandial
occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal.
No:1375 - post-traumatic
occurring as a result of or after injury.
No:1376 - postural
pertaining to posture or position.
No:1377 - potency
(L. potentia power) power, especially (1) the ability of the male to perform sexual
intercourse, (2) the power of a medicinal agent to produce the desired effects (3)
the ability of an embryonic part to develop and complete its destiny.
No:1378 - potential
(L. potential power) existing and ready for action but not yet active.

109
No:1380/1379 - potentialization, potentiation
the synergistic action of two drugs, being greater than the sum of the effects of
each used alone.
No:1381 - precipitation
(L. praecipitatio) the act or process of precipitating.
No:1382 - preclinical
before a disease becomes clinically recognizable.
No:1383 - precordial
pertaining to the precordium (= region over the heart and lower part of the
thorax).
No:1384 - precursor
(L. praecursor a forerunner) something that precedes. In biological processes, a
substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed.
In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another.
No:1385 - predisposition
(pre- + L. disponere to dispose) a latent susceptibility to disease which may be
activated under certain conditions, as by stress.
No:1386 - preeclampsia
a toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and
proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia.
No:1387 - preliminary
lying before : leading to : being at the threshold of.
No:1388 - preload
the tension in the heart muscle at the end of diastole (before the contraction).
No:1389 - premature
(L. praematurus early ripe) 1. occurring before the proper time. 2. a premature
infant.
No:1390 - premedication
preliminary medication, particularly internal medication to produce narcosis prior
to inhalation anaesthesia.
No:1391 - premenstrual
occurring before menstruation.
No:1392 - prenatal
(pre- + L. natalis natal) existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the
fetus.
No:1393 - preoperative
preceding an operation.
No:1394 - preparation
(L. praeparatio) 1. a medicine made ready for use. 2. an anatomic or pathologic
specimen made ready and preserved for study.
No:1395 - prepuce
a covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis.

110
No:1396 - prescription
(L. praescriptio) a written direction for the preparation and administration of a
remedy. A prescription consists of the heading or superscription - that is, the
symbol R or the word Recipe, meaning 'take'; the inscription, which contains the
names and quantities of the ingredients; the subscription, or directions for
compounding; and the signature, usually introduced by the sign S. for signa,
'mark', which gives the directions for the patient which are to be marked on the
receptacle.
No:1397 - presentation
(L. praesentatio) in obstetrics; (a) the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to
that of the mother (called also lie); (b) the presenting part, i.e., that portion of the
fetus which is touched by the examining finger through the cervix, or during
labour, is bounded by the girdle of resistance.
No:1398 - presynaptic
situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed.
No:1399 - prevention
a going before : state of being before : precedence; anticipation, forestalment,
preventive, precaution.
No:1400 - priapism
(L. priapismus; Gr. priapismos) persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually
without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in
diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus
and certain injuries to the penis.
No:1401 - primary
(L. primarius) principal; primus first) first in order or in time of development;
principal.
No:1402 - primary vaccination
first or principal vaccination ( = introduction of a vaccine into the body for the
purpose of inducing immunity).
No:1403 - procedure
(L. procedere, from pro forward + cedere move) a series of steps by which a
desired result is accomplished.
No:1404 - procreation
(L. procreatio) the entire process of bringing a new individual into the world.
No:1405 - proctitis
(proct- + -itis) inflammation of the rectum.
No:1406 - production
the act or process of producing, bringing forth, or making.
No:1407 - productive
producing or forming; said especially of an inflammation that produces new tissue
or of a cough that brings forth sputum or mucus.
No:1408 - progestogen
a term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity.

111
No:1409 - prognosis
(Gr. prognosis foreknowledge) a forecast as to the probable outcome of an attack
of disease; the prospect as to recovery from a disease as indicated by the nature
and symptoms of the case.
No:1410 - progressive
advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or
severity.
No:1411 - prolapse
(L. prolapsus; pro before + labi to fall) 1. the falling down, or sinking, of a part or
viscus; procidentia. 2. to undergo such displacement.
No:1412 - proliferation
(L. proles offspring + ferre to bear) the reproduction or multiplication of similar
forms, especially of cells and morbid cysts.
No:1413 - prophylaxis
(Gr. prophylassein to keep guard before) the prevention of disease; preventive
treatment.
No:1414 - proportional
being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same
or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions.
No:1415 - proptosis
forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos.
No:1416 - propulsive
tending or having power to propel; driving onward or forward; impelling to action
or motion.
No:1417 - prostaglandin
(prostate gland + -in because they were originally discovered in semen) any of a
group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily
arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent
mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for
prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the
letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon
skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the
hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring
prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic
acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration.
The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids
having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double
bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a
or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of
the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a
configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific
cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second
messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced
by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there

112
 is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin
synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP.
No:1418 - prostatism
a symptom complex resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra, due
most commonly to hyperplasia of the prostate; symptoms include diminution in
the calibre and force of the urinary stream, hesitancy in initiating voiding,
inability to terminate micturition abruptly (with postvoiding dribbling), a
sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, and, occasionally, urinary retention.
No:1419 - prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate.
No:1420 - prosthesis
(Gr. 'a putting to') an artificial substitute for a missing body part, such as an arm
or leg, eye or tooth, used for functional or cosmetic reasons, or both.
No:1421 - protease
proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a
protein).
No:1422 - protective
(L. protegere to cover over) an agent that affords defense against a deleterious
influence, such as a substance applied to the skin (skin p.) to avoid the effects of
the sun's rays (solar p.) or other noxious influences; called also screen.
No:1423 - protein
(Gr. protos first) any of a group of complex organic compounds which contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulphur, the characteristic
element being nitrogen, and which are widely distributed in plants and animals.
Proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells, are of high
molecular weight and consist essentially of combinations of a-amino acids in
peptide linkages. Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins,
and each protein has a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence which
determines its specific shape and function. They serve as enzymes, structural
elements, hormones, immunoglobulins, etc., and are involved in oxygen transport,
muscle contraction, electron transport, and other activities throughout the body,
and in photosynthesis.
No:1424 - proteolytic
1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. an enzyme that
promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide
bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides).
No:1425 - prothrombin
(pro + Gr. thrombos cloth -in chemical suffix) Factor II.
No:1426 - protozoan
1. any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. of or pertaining to the protozoa;
protozoal.
No:1427 - protrusion
(L. protrudere to push forward) the state of being trust forward or laterally, as in
masticatory movements of the mandible.

113
No:1428 - proximal
(L. proximus next) nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal.
No:1429 - pruritic
pertaining to or characterized by pruritus.
No:1430 - pruritus
(L. from prurire to itch) 1. itching; an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that
provokes the desire to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. 2. any of various
conditions marked by itching, the specific site or type being indicated by a
modifying term.
No:1431 - pseudomenbranous
marked by or pertaining to a pseudomembrane.
No:1432 - pseudotumour
an enlargement that resembles a tumour.
No:1433 - psoriasis
(Gr. psoriasis) a common chronic, squamous dermatosis, marked by
exacerbations and remissions and having a polygenic inheritance pattern. The
most distinctive histological findings in well-developed psoriasis are Munro
microabscesses and spongiform pustules. It is characterized clinically by the
presence of rounded, circumscribed, erythematous, dry scaling patches of various
sizes, covered by greyish white or silvery white, umbilicated, and lamellar scales,
which have a predilection for the extensor surfaces, nails, scalp, genitalia, and
lumbosacral region. Central clearing and coalescence of the lesions produce a
wide variety of clinical configurations, including annular or circinate, discoid or
nummular, figurate, and gyrate arrangements. Called also p. vulgaris
No:1434 - psychiatric
pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry.
No:1435 - psychic
pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental.
No:1436 - psychogenic
produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors.
No:1437 - psycholeptic
of or relating to psycholepsy; that is an attack of hopelessness and mental inertia
especially following elation and occurring typically in psychasthenic (=
characterologically weak) patients.
No:1438 - psychologic, psychological
pertaining to psychology.
No:1439 - psychomotor
pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity.
No:1440 - psychosis
(psych- + -osis) a mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality
testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or
disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the
patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more

114
 general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is
sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the
ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many
conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic
patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic.
No:1441 - psychosomatic
(psycho- + Gr. soma body) pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having
bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also
psychophysiologic.
No:1442 - psychotropic
(psycho- + Gr. trop a turning) exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of
modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state.
No:1443 - ptosis
(Gr. ptosis fall) 1. prolapse of an organ or part. 2. drooping of the upper eyelid
from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation.
No:1444 - puberty
(L. pubertas) the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to
develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained.
No:1445 - puerperium
the period or state of confinement after labour.
No:1446 - pulmonary
(L. pulmonarius) pertaining to the lungs.
No:1447 - pulsation
(L. pulsatio) a throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart.
No:1448 - puncture
(L. punctura) 1. the act of piercing or penetrating with a pointed object or
instrument. 2. a wound so made.
No:1449 - pupillary dilation
the action of stretching or enlarging the pupil e.g. by atropine.
No:1450 - purgative
(L. purgativus) 1. cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. a
cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action.
No:1451 - purpura
1. a small haemorrhage (up to about 1 cm in diameter) in the skin, mucous
membrane, or serosal surface, which may be caused by various factors, including
blood disorders, vascular abnormalities, and trauma. Purpuric lesions may be
associated with inflammation, in which case they present as papular purpura, or
the haemorrhage may not be accompanied by inflammation, in which case they
are macular. The term also comprises a group of haemorrhagic diseases
characterized by the presence of purpuric lesions , ecchymoses, and a tendency to
bruise easily, which may be caused by decreased platelet counts, the presence of
abnormal platelets, vascular defects, or reactions to certain drugs.
No:1452 - purulent

115
 (L. purulentus) consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of
or caused by pus.
No:1453 - pustular
pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible
collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis).
No:1454 - pyelitis
(pyel- + -itis) inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It is attended by pain and
tenderness in the loins, irritability of the bladder, remittent fever, bloody or
purulent urine, diarrhoea, vomiting, and a peculiar pain on flexion of the thigh.
No:1455 - pyelonephritis
(pyelo- + Gr. nephros kidney + -itis) inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis,
beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules,
glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection.
No:1456 - pylorus
(Gr. pyloros gatekeeper) the opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the
intestine.
No:1457 - pyoderma
(pyo- + Gr. derma skin) any purulent skin disease. Called also pyodermia.
No:1458 - pyogenic
producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a
thin fluid called liquor puris).
No:1459 - pyrexia
(Gr. pyressein to be feverish) a fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of
the body temperature.
No:1460 - pyrogenic
(pyro- + Gr. gennan to produce) inducing fever.
No:1461 - pyrosis
(Gr. pyrosis burning) heartburn.
No:1462 - QRS complex
usually cap Q & R & S : the deflections in an electrocardiographic tracing and
represent ventricular activity of the hearth.
No:1463 - interval
(inter- + L. vallum rampart) the space between two objects or parts; the lapse of
time between two recurrences or paroxysms.
No:1464 - qualitative, qualitive
(L. qualitativus) pertaining to quality.
No:1465 - quantitative
(L. quantitativus) denoting or expressible as quantity; relating to the proportionate
quantities or to the amount of the constituents of a compound.
No:1466 - quaternary
(L. quaternarius, from quattuor four) 1. fourth in order. 2. containing four
elements or groups.

116
No:1467 - quiescent
(L. quiescent pres. part. of quiescere, to be silent) marked by a state of inactivity
or repose.
No:1468 - radioactivity
the quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic
radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical
elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known
elements.
No:1469 - radiography
(radio- + Gr. graphein to write) the making of film records (radiographs) of
internal structures of the body by passage of x-rays or gamma rays through the
body to act on specially sensitized film.
No:1470 - radiologic, radiological
pertaining to radiology.
No:1471 - radiotherapy
(radio- + Gr. therapeia cure) the treatment of disease by ionizing radiation.
No:1472 - raucousness
(L. raucus hoarse) the quality or state of being raucous.
No:1473 - Raynaud's phenomenon
(Maurice Raynaud, French physician, 1834-1881) intermittent bilateral attacks of
ischemia of the fingers or toes and sometimes of the ears or nose, marked by
severe pallor, and often accompanied by paraesthesia and pain; it is brought on
characteristically by cold or emotional stimuli and relieved by heat, and is due to
an underlying disease or anatomical abnormality. When the condition is
idiopathic or primary it is termed Raynaud's disease.
No:1474 - reabsorption
1. the act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys
of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal
tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. resorption.
No:1475 - reaction
(re- + L. agere to act) 1. the phenomena caused by the action of chemical agents;
a chemical process in which one substance is transformed into another substance
or substances. 2. in psychology, the mental and/or emotional state elicited in
response to any particular situation.
No:1476 - reactivation
the restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated.
No:1477 - reactivity
the process or property of reacting.
No:1478 - reagent
(re- + L. agere to act) a substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as
to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances.
No:1479 - rebound effect

117
 the characteristic of a drug to produce reverse effects when either the effect of the
drug has passed, or when the patient no longer responds to the drug.
No:1480 - receptor
1. a molecular structure within a cell or on the surface characterized by (1)
selective binding of a specific substance and (2) a specific physiologic effect that
accompanies the binding, e.g., cell-surface receptors for peptide hormones,
neurotransmitters, antigens, complement fragments, and immunoglobulins and
cytoplasmic receptors for steroid hormones. 2. a sensory nerve terminal that
responds to stimuli of various kinds.
No:1481 - recidivist
(Fr. récidiviste from L. recidere to fall back) one who tends to relapse.
No:1482 - recipient
one who receives, as blood in transfusion, or a tissue or organ graft.
No:1483 - recombinant
1. a cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in
either parent; usually applied to linked genes.
No:1484 - reconstitution
1. a type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of
tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. the restoration to
original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the
restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and
stored.
No:1485 - reconvalescence
renewed convalescence; complete convalescence.
No:1486 - rectal
pertaining to the rectum (= distal portion of the large intestine).
No:1487 - recuperation
(L. recuperatio) the recovery of health and strength.
No:1488 - recurrent
(L. recurrens returning) returning after intermissions.
No:1489 - reduction
(L. reductio) the correction of a fracture, dislocation, or hernia.
No:1490 - reference
the act of referring or consulting; something that refers to something else.
No:1491 - reflective
capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting.
No:1492 - reflex
(L. reflexus) 1; reflected. 2. a reflected action or movement; the sum total of any
particular involuntary activity.
No:1493 - reflux
(re- + L. fluxus flow) a backward or return flow.
No:1494 - refractory

118
 (L. refractorius) not readily yielding to treatment.
No:1495 - regeneration
(re- + L. generare to produce, bring to life) the natural renewal of a structure, as
of a lost tissue or part.
No:1496 - region
a plane area with more or less definite boundaries.
No:1497 - regional
pertaining to, limited to, or affecting a certain region or regions.
No:1498 - regression
(L. regressio a return) 1. a return to a former or earlier state. 2. a subsidence of
symptoms or of a disease process. 3. a return to earlier, especially to infantile,
patterns of thought or behaviour, a characteristic of many mental disorders also
exhibited by normal persons in many situations, e.g. feelings of helplessness and
dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness.
No:1499 - regulation
(L. regula rule) 1. in biology, the adaption of form or behaviour of an organism to
changed conditions. 2. the power of a pregastrula stage to form a whole embryo
from a part.
No:1500 - regurgitation
(re- + L. gurgitare to flood) a backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested
food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of
the heart when a valve is incompetent.
No:1501 - rehydration
the restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has
become dehydrated.
No:1502 - reinfection
a second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an
organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent.
No:1503 - relaxant
(L. relaxare to loosen) 1. lessening or reducing tension. 2. an agent that lessens
tension.
No:1504 - relevant
(L. relevare to raise up, lift up) bearing upon or properly applying to the matter at
hand; affording evidence tending to prove or disprove the matters at issue or
under discussion.
No:1505 - remission
(L. remissio) a diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease; also the
period during which such diminution occurs.
No:1506 - renal
pertaining to the kidney; nephric.
No:1507 - renin
an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyses cleavage of the leucine-leucine
bond in angiotensin to generate angiotensin. 1. The enzyme is synthesized as

119
 inactive prorenin in the kidney and released into the blood in the active form in
response to various metabolic stimuli. Not to be confused with rennin (chymosin).
No:1508 - renovascular
of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys.
No:1509 - repetitive
containing repetition; repetitions.
No:1510 - replication
(L. replicatio a fold backwards) 1. a turning back of a part so as to form a
duplication. 2. the process of duplicating or reproducing, as the replication of an
exact copy of a polynucleotide strand of DNA or RNA.
No:1511 - reproduction
(L. re- again + productio production) the production of offspring by organized
bodies.
No:1512 - research
careful a diligent search; a close searching; studious inquiry or examination.
No:1513 - resection
excision of a portion or all of an organ or other structure.
No:1514 - reservoir
(Fr. réservoir from réserver to reserve) 1. a place or cavity for storage; for
anatomical structures serving as a storage space for fluids. 2. reservoir host or
reservoir of infection; an alternate or passive host or carrier that harbours
pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which
other individuals can be infected.
No:1515 - residual
(L. residuus) remaining or left behind.
No:1516 - resistant
making or having powers of resistance; resisting.
No:1517 - resorption
(L. resorbere to swallow again) the loss of substance through physiologic or
pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the
alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla.
No:1518 - respiratory
(re- + L. spirare to breathe) pertaining to respiration.
No:1519 - respond
to say something in return; make an answer; to show some reaction to a force or
stimulus; to render satisfaction.
No:1520 - response
(L. respondere to answer, reply) an action or movement due to the application of
a stimulus.
No:1521 - restless legs
legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest.
No:1522 - resuscitation

120
 (L. resuscitare to revive) the restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently
dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage.
No:1523 - retard
characterized by retarded action, said of a drug when it is supposed to exercise its
maximum effect later in the cycle.
No:1524 - retardation
(L. retardare to slow down, impede) delay; hindrance; delayed development.
No:1525 - retention
(L. retentio, from retentare to hold firmly back) 1. the persistent keeping within
the body of matters normally excreted. 2. in cavity preparation, the prevention of
displacement of a restoration. 3. in orthodontic therapy, the period during which
the patient is wearing an appliance(s) to maintain and stabilize the teeth in the
position into which they were moved.
No:1526 - retinal
1. pertaining to the retina. 2. the aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative
enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity.
In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer,
11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or
visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin)
results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is
converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones
(photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also
retinal, and retinene1.
No:1527 - retinopathy
(retina + -pathy) 1. retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. retinosis (=
degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina).
No:1528 - retraction
(L. retrahere to draw back) 1. the act of drawing back; the condition of being
drawn back. 2. distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an
orthodontic appliance.
No:1529 - retrobulbar
(retro- + L. bulbus bulb) behind the pons.
No:1530 - retrograde
(retro- + L. gradi to step) 1. moving backward or against the usual direction of
flow. 2. degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic.
No:1531 - retrosternal
(retro- + sternum) situated or occurring behind the sternum.
No:1532 - revaluation
a revised or new evaluation or estimate : reappraisal; the act or process of
revaluating.
No:1533 - reversible
capable of going through a series of changes in either direction, forward or
backward, as a reversible chemical reaction.

121
No:1534 - revulsive
(L. re- back + vellere to draw) 1. effecting revulsion. 2. an agent causing
revulsion; a counterirritant.
No:1535 - rhagades
(pl. of Gr. rhagas rent) fissures, cracks, or fine linear scars in the skin, especially
such lesions around the mouth or other regions subjected to frequent movement.
No:1536 - rheumatoid
(Gr. rheuma flux + eidos form) resembling rheumatism.
No:1537 - rhinitis
(rhin- + -itis) inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.
No:1538 - rhinopharyngitis
inflammation of the nasopharynx.
No:1539 - rhinorrhea
(rhino- + Gr. rhoia flow) the free discharge of a thin nasal mucus.

No:1540 - rhonchus
(L.; Gr. rhonchos a snoring sound) a rattling in the throat; also a dry, coarse rale
in the bronchial tubes, due to a partial obstruction.
No:1541 - rickets
(thought to be a corruption of Gr. rhachitis a spinal complaint) a condition caused
by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance
of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the
bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the
ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the
muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an
adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning
properly.
No:1542 - rigidity
(L. rigiditas; rigidus stiff) stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal
or morbid; rigor.
No:1543 - risk factor
a clearly defined occurrence or characteristic that has been associated with the
increased rate of a subsequently occurring disease
No:1544 - risk patient
patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of
person he/she is.
No:1545 - routinely
usual, habitual, regular
No:1546 - rubella
(L., from rubellus reddish, from ruber red) an acute, usually benign, infectious
disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune
young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and
spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat,

122
 and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical
lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and
spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and
three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish.
No:1547 - rupture
1. forcible tearing or disruption of tissue. 2. a hernia.
No:1548 - salicylism
a group of commonly occurring toxic effects of excessive dosage with salicylic
acid or its salts, usually marked by tinnitus, nausea, and vomiting.
No:1549 - saline
(L. salinus; sal salt) salty; of the nature of a salt; containing a salt or salts.
No:1550 - salivation
(L. salivatio) 1. the secretion of saliva. 2. ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva).
No:1551 - salpingitis
(salpingo- + itis inflammation) 1. inflammation of the uterine tube. 2.
inflammation of the auditory tube.
No:1552 - saluric
(MISPRINT! replace by: saluretic.) No:1552 - saluretic pertaining to,
characterized by, or promoting saluresis (= the excretion of sodium and chloride
ions in the urine).
No:1553 - saprophyte
(sapro- + Gr. phyton plant) a saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of
dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism.
No:1554 - sarcoma
(sarco- + -oma) a tumour made up of a substance like the embryonic connective
tissue; tissue composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or
homogeneous substance. Sarcomas are often highly malignant.
No:1555 - scabies
(L., from scabere scratch) a contagious dermatitis of humans and various wild and
domestic animals caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, transmitted by close
contact, and characterized by a papular eruption over tiny, raised sinuous burrows
(cuniculi) produced by digging into the upper layer of the epidermis by the egg-
laying female mite, which is accompanied by intense pruritus and sometimes
associated with eczema from scratching and secondary bacterial infection. Called
also the itch and seven-year itch.
No:1556 - scarlatina
(L. 'scarlet') scarlet fever.
No:1557 - schizophrenia
(schizo + Gr. phrn mind + -ia) (DSM III-R) a mental disorder or heterogeneous
group of disorders (the schizophrenias or schizophrenic disorders) comprising
most major psychotic disorders and characterized by disturbances in form and
content of thought (loosening of associations, delusions, and hallucinations) mood
(blunted, flattened, or inappropriate affect), sense of self and relationship to the

123
 external world (loss of ego boundaries, dereistic thinking, and autistic
withdrawal), and behaviour (bizarre, apparently purposeless, and stereotyped
activity or inactivity). The definition and clinical application of the concept of the
concept of schizophrenia have varied greatly. The DSM III-R criteria emphasize
marked disorder of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder
accompanied by disordered affect or behaviour), deterioration from a previous
level of functioning, and chronicity (duration of more than 6 months), thus
excluding from this classification conditions referred to by others as acute,
borderline, simple, or latent schizophrenia. Originally called dementia praecox
and characterized as a psychosis with adolescent onset and a chronic course
ending in deterioration. The term schizophrenia was introduced by Bleuler
because neither early onset nor terminal deterioration is an essential feature; he
emphasized the splitting and lack of personality integration seen in the disorder.
No:1558 - sciatica
a syndrome characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and
into the lower extremity along its posterior or lateral aspect, and most commonly
caused by prolapse of the intervertebral disk; the term is also used to refer to pain
anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve.

No:1559 - sclera
(L.; Gr. skleros hard) (NA) the tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering
approximately the posterior five-sixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly
with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve.
No:1560 - sclerosis
(Gr. sklrosis hardness) a induration, or hardening; especially hardening of a part
from inflammation and in diseases of the interstitial substance. The term is used
chiefly for such a hardening of the nervous system due to hyperplasia of the
connective tissue or to designate hardening of the blood vessels.
No:1561 - scotoma
(Gr. skotoma) 1. an area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field,
surrounded by an area of less depressed or of normal vision. 2. mental s.
No:1562 - seborrhoea
(L. sebum suet + Gr. rhoia flow) 1. excessive secretion of sebum; called also
hypersteatosis 2. seborrhoeic dermatitis.
No:1563 - secondary
(L. secundarius; secundus second) second or inferior in order of time, place, or
importance; derived from or consequent to a primary event or thing.
No:1564 - secretion
(L. secretio, from secernere to secrete) 1. the process of elaborating a specific
product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from
separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical
substance. 2. any substance produced by secretion.
No:1565 - sedative

124
 (L. sedativus) 1. allaying activity and excitement. 2. an agent that allays
excitement.
No:1566 - sedentary
(L. sedentarius) 1. sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. pertaining to a sitting
posture.
No:1567 - sediment
(L. sedimentum) a precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously.
No:1568 - sedimentation
the act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal
machine.
No:1569 - segment
(L. segmentum a piece cut off) a portion of a larger body or structure, set off by
natural or arbitrarily established boundaries.
No:1570 - selectivity
in pharmacology, the degree to which a dose of a drug produces the desired effect
in relation to adverse effects.
No:1571 - semisynthetic
produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances.
No:1572 - senility
old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age.
No:1573 - sensitization
1. administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming;
immunization. 2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of
hypersensitivity. 3. the coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are
subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first
stage of a complement fixation test.
No:1574 - sensory
(L. sensorius) pertaining to or subserving sensation.
No:1575 - septic
(septic + Gr. sptikos) produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms;
putrefactive.
No:1576 - septicemia
(septic + Gr. haima blood + -ia) systemic disease associated with the presence
and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called
also blood poisoning.
No:1577 - septum
a dividing wall or partition; (NA) a general term for such a structure. The term is
often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum.
No:1578 - sequela
any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease.
No:1579 - sequestrum
a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis
from the sound bone.

125
No:1580 - seroconversion
the change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the
development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization.
No:1581 - serologic, serological
pertaining to serology.
No:1582 - serum
(L. 'whey') the clear portion of any body fluid; the clear fluid moistening serous
membranes. 2. blood serum; the clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting.
3. immune serum; blood serum from an immunized animal used for passive
immunization; an antiserum; antitoxin, or antivenin.
No:1583 - shock
1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a condition of profound
haemodynamic and metabolic disturbance characterized by failure of the
circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs; it may result
from inadequate blood volume (hypovolaemic shock); inadequate cardiac
function (cardiogenic shock), or inadequate vasomotor tone (neurogenic shock,
septic shock).
No:1584 - shunt
1. to turn to one side; to divert; to bypass. 2. a passage or anastomosis between
two natural channels, especially between blood vessels. Such structures may be
formed physiologically (e.g. to bypass a thrombosis) or they may be structural
anomalies. 3. a surgically created anastomosis; also, the operation of forming a
shunt.
No:1585 - side effect
a consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the
adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other
than the one sought to be benefited by its administration.
No:1586 - sigmoid
(Gr. sigmoeids, from the letter sigma + eidos form) 1. shaped like the letter S or
the letter C. 2. the sigmoid colon.
No:1587 - significant
in statistics, probably resulting from something other than chance.
No:1588 - simultaneous
existing or occurring at the same time : coincident, concurrent.
No:1589 - singultus
hiccup.
No:1590 - sinusal
pertaining to the sinus.
No:1591 - sinusitis
inflammation of a sinus. The condition may be purulent or nonpurulent, acute or
chronic. Depending on the site of involvement it is known as ethmoid, frontal,
maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis.
No:1592 - skeletal

126
 pertaining to the skeleton.
No:1593 - solution
(L. solutio) 1. a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes)
dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent). The
solute may be gas, liquid, or solid; the solvent is usually liquid, but may be solid,
as in a solid solution of copper in silver (sterling silver). In pharmacology, a liquid
preparation containing one or several soluble chemical substances usually
dissolved in water and not, for various reasons, falling into another category. 2.
the process of dissolving. 3. a loosening or separation.
No:1594 - solvent
(L. solvens) 1. dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. a liquid that dissolves or that is
capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater
amount.
No:1595 - somatic
(Gr. somatikos) 1. pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2.
pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera.
No:1596 - somatotrophin
growth hormone; somatotropin.
No:1597 - somnambulism
(L. somnus sleep + ambulare to walk) sleepwalking; rising out of bed and
walking about during an apparent state of sleep, usually occurring in the first third
of the night and lasting a few minutes to a half hour.
No:1598 - somnolence
(L. somnolentia sleepiness) sleepiness; also unnatural drowsiness.
No:1599 - soporific
(L. soporificus) 1. causing or inducing profound sleep. 2. a drug or other agent
which induces sleep.
No:1600 - soufffle
(Fr. 'a puff'; L. sufflare to blow) a soft, blowing, auscultatory sound; called also
bruid de soufflet and bellows murmur.
No:1601 - spasm
(L. spasmus; Gr. spasmos) 1. a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a
muscle or a group of muscles, attended by pain and interference with function,
producing involuntary movement and distortion. 2. a sudden but transitory
constriction of a passage, canal or orifice.
No:1602 - spasmodic
(Gr. spasmods) of the nature of a spasm.
No:1603 - spasmolytic
checking spasms; antispasmodic.
No:1604 - spastic
(Gr. spastikos) 1. of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. hypertonic, so
that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. a person exhibiting
spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy.

127
No:1605 - spasticity
a state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with
heightened deep tendon reflexes.
No:1606 - species
a taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a
subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters
distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic
level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name
followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun.
No:1607 - specific
(L. specificus) 1. pertaining to a species. 2. produces by a single kind of
microorganism. 3. a remedy specially indicated for any particular disease. 4. in
immunology, pertaining to the special affinity of antigen for the corresponding
antibody.
No:1608 - spectrum
(L. 'image') a charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained
by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such
as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete
range of manifestations of a disease.
No:1609 - spermatogenesis
(spermato- + Gr. genesis production) the process of formation of spermatozoa,
including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
No:1610 - spermicide
an agent that is destructive to spermatozoa.
No:1611 - sphincter
(L.; Gr. sphinktr that which binds tight) a ringlike band of muscle fibres that
constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter
(NA).
No:1612 - spinal
(L. spinalis) pertaining to a spine or to the vertebral column.
No:1613 - splenomegaly
(spleno- + Gr. megas large) enlargement of the spleen.
No:1614 - spondylitis
inflammation of the vertebrae.
No:1615 - sporadic
(Gr. sporadikos scattered; L. sporadicus) neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring
occasionally in a random or isolated manner.
No:1616 - spotting
a slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral
contraceptives.
No:1617 - spray
a liquid minutely divided or nebulized as by a jet of air of steam.
No:1618 - sputum

128
 matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth.
No:1619 - squamous
(L. squamosus scaly) scaly, or platelike.
No:1620 - stability
the quality of maintaining a constant character in the presence of forces which
threaten to disturb it; resistance to change.
No:1621 - stabilization
the creation of a stable state.
No:1622 - standard dosing
an established model of administering medication.
No:1623 - standardize
to compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards.
No:1624 - stasis
(Gr. 'a standing still') a word termination indicating the maintenance of (or
maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication.
No:1625 - statistic
(back formation from statistics) any function computed from the values of a
random sample, such as the sample mean or median, when considered as a
random variable with a known probability distribution.
No:1626 - status
state or condition.
No:1627 - steady state
(L. status state : the crisis, or the turning point of an attack of disease) dynamic
equilibrium.
No:1628 - steatorrhoea
(steato- + Gr. rhoia a flow) excessive amounts of fats in the feces, as in
malabsorption syndromes.
No:1629 - steatosis
fatty degeneration.
No:1630 - stenosis
(Gr. stenosis) narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal.
No:1631 - sterility
(L. sterilitas) 1. the inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive
(female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. the state of being aseptic, or free
from microorganisms.
No:1632 - sterilization
1. the complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms,
accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene
oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical
methods (filtration). 2. any procedure by which an individual is made incapable of
reproduction, as by castration, vasectomy, or salpingectomy.
No:1633 - steroid

129
 a group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included
in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones,
cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins,
and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons.
No:1634 - stimulant
(L. stimulans) 1. producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by
causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. an agent or remedy
that produces stimulation.
No:1635 - stomatitis
inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may
involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the
gingivae.
No:1636 - stomatological
pertaining to stomatology.
No:1637 - strabismus
(Gr. strabismos a squinting) deviation of the eye which the patient cannot
overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from
that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are
spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as
cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast,
heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint.
No:1638 - stress
1. forcibly exerted influence; pressure. In dentistry, the pressure of the upper teeth
against the lower in mastication. 2. the sum of the biological reactions to any
adverse stimulus, physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external, that tends to
disturb the organism's homeostasis; should these compensating reactions be
inadequate or inappropriate, they may lead to disorders. The term is also used to
refer to the stimuli that elicit the reactions.
No:1639 - stria
(L. 'a furrow, groove') 1. a streak, or line. 2. a narrow bandlike structure; (NA) a
general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain.
No:1640 - structural
pertaining to or affecting the structure.
No:1641 - struma
goitre.
No:1642 - stupor
partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's
responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked
by reduced responsiveness.
No:1643 - subacute
somewhat acute; between acute and chronic.
No:1644 - subarachnoid

130
 situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater.
No:1645 - subcapsular
situated below a capsule.
No:1646 - subclinical
without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other
disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable
by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection
or other disease or abnormality.
No:1647 - subconjunctival
situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva.
No:1648 - subcuticular
situated beneath the epidermis, subepidermal.
No:1649 - subjective
(L. subjectivus) pertaining to or perceived only by the affected individual, not
perceptible to the senses of another person.
No:1650 - sublingual
located beneath the tongue.
No:1651 - substance
(L. substantia) the material constituting an organ or body; called also substantia
(NA).
No:1652 - substitution
(L. substitutio, from sub under + statuere to place) 1. the act of putting one thing
in the place of another, especially the chemical replacement of one element or
radical by some other. 2. a defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which
an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one that is
attainable or acceptable.
No:1653 - substrate
(L. sub under + stratum layer) a substance upon which an enzyme acts.
No:1654 - superinfection
a new infection complicating the course of antimicrobial therapy of an existing
infectious process, and resulting from invasion by bacteria or fungi resistant to the
drug(s) in use. It may occur at the site of the original infection or at a remote site.
No:1655 - supervision
the act, process, or occupation of supervising : direction, inspection, and critical
evaluation: oversight, superintendence.
No:1656 - supination
(L. supinatio) the act of assuming the supine position, or the state of being supine.
Applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward (anteriorly) or upward,
performed by lateral rotation of the forearm. Applied to the foot, it generally
implies movements resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot, hence of
the longitudinal arch.
No:1657 - supplement

131
 something that supplies a want or make an addition : something that completes,
adds a finishing touch, or brings closer to completion or a desired state.
No:1658 - suppository
(L. suppositorium) a medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal,
vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room
temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are
cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene
glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.
No:1659 - suppressive
tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress
activity, function, symptoms.
No:1660 - suppuration
(L. sub under + puris pus) the formation of pus; the act of becoming converted
into and discharging pus.
No:1661 - supraventricular
situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or
atrioventricular node.
No:1662 - surdity
(L. surditas) deafness.
No:1663 - surgical
of, pertaining to, or correctable by surgery.
No:1664 - suspension
(L. suspensio) 1. a condition of temporary cessation, as of animation, of pain, or
of any vital process. 2. a preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be
incorporated (suspended) in some suitable liquid vehicle before it is used, or
already incorporated in such a vehicle.
No:1665 - sympathetic
(Gr. sympathtikos) 1. pertaining to, caused by, or exhibiting sympathy. 2. a
sympathetic nerve or the sympathetic nervous system.
No:1666 - sympathomimetic
(sympathetic + Gr. mimtikos imitative) 1. mimicking the effects of impulses
conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system.
2. an agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by
adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also
adrenergic.
No:1667 - symptom
(L. symptoma; Gr. symptoma anything that has befallen one) any subjective
evidence of disease or of a patient's condition, i.e. such evidence as perceived by
the patient; a change in a patient's condition indicative of some bodily or mental
state.
No:1668 - symptomatic
(Gr. symptomatikos) 1. pertaining to or of the nature of a symptom. 2. indicative
(of a particular disease or disorder). 3. exhibiting the symptoms of a particular

132
 disease but having a different cause. 4. directed at the allying of symptoms, as
symptomatic treatment.
No:1669 - symptomatology
1. that branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of
symptoms. 2. the combined symptoms of a disease.
No:1670 - synaptic
pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between
neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by
electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-
point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female
pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis).
No:1671 - syncope
a temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a
faint or swoon.
No:1672 - syndrome
(Gr. syndrom concurrence) a set of symptoms which occur together; the sum of
signs of any morbid state; a symptom complex. In genetics, a pattern of multiple
malformations thought to be pathogenetically related).
No:1673 - synergistic
acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent.
No:1674 - synovial
(L. synovialis) of pertaining to, or secreting synovia.
No:1675 - synovitis
inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on
motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a
synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic,
lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous,
urethral, etc.
No:1676 - synthesis
(Gr. 'a putting together, composition') 1. the artificial building up of a chemical
compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials.
2. in psychiatry, the integration of the various elements of the personality; the
opposite of analysis.
No:1677 - systematic
(Gr. systmatikos) pertaining or according to a system.
No:1678 - systemic
pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.
No:1679 - systolic
(of blood pressure) indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of
the left ventricle of the heart.
No:1680 - tachyarrhythmia
(tachy- + a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm) tachycardia associated with an
irregularity in the normal heart rhythm.

133
No:1681 - tachycardia
(tachy- + Gr. kardia heart) excessive rapidity in the action of the heart; the term is
usually applied to a heart rate above 100 per minute and may be qualified as
atrial, junctional (nodal), or ventricular, and as paroxysmal.
No:1682 - tachyphylaxis
(tachy- + Gr. phylaxis protection) 1. rapid immunization against the effect of toxic
doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. 2. rapidly
decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration
of a few doses.
No:1683 - tardive
(Fr. 'tardy, late') marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the
characteristic lesion is late in appearing.
No:1684 - telangiectasia
(tele-(1) + ectasia) permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (capillaries,
arterioles, venules), creating small focal red lesions, usually in the skin or mucous
membranes. Called also telangiectasis.
No:1685 - tendency
a presumptive course of future behaviour in continuation of observed acts and
attitudes.
No:1686 - tendinitis
inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments.
No:1687 - tenesmus
(L.; Gr. teinesmos) straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool
or in urination.
No:1688 - tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon sheath.
No:1689 - tensio-active
having an effect on surface tension.
No:1690 - tension
(L. tensio; Gr. tonos) 1. the act of stretching. 2. the condition of being stretched or
strained; the degree to which anything is stretched or strained. 3. voltage. 4. the
partial pressure of a gas in a fluid, e.g., of oxygen in blood.
No:1691 - teratogenic
tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation
or development : condition of a monster).
No:1692 - teratologic, teratological
pertaining to teratology (= division of embryology and pathology which deals
with abnormal development and congenital malformations.
No:1693 - terminal
(L. terminalis) 1. forming or pertaining to an end; placed at the end. 2. a
termination, end, or extremity.
No:1694 - test
1. a significant chemical reaction. 2. a reagent. For specific test.

134
No:1695 - testicular
pertaining to a testis.
No:1696 - tetanus
(Gr. tetanos, from tenein to stretch) 1. an acute, often fatal infectious disease
caused by the anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus Clostridium tetani; the agent
most often enters the body through contaminated puncture wounds(e.g. those
caused by metal nails, wood splinters, or insect bites), although other portals of
entry include burns, surgical wounds, cutaneous ulcers, injections sites of drug
abusers, the umbilical stump of neonates (t; neonatorum), and the postpartum
uterus. 2. physiological tetanus; a state of sustained muscular contraction without
periods of relaxation caused by repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve trunk at
frequencies so high that individual muscle twitches are fused and cannot be
distinguished from one another; called also tonic spasm and tetany.
No:1697 - tetany
1. hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of
extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as
parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from
ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular
twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and
choreiform movements. 2. tetanus.
No:1698 - thalamus
(L.; Gr. thalamos inner chamber) (NA) either of two large, ovoid masses,
consisting chiefly of grey substance, situated one on each side of and forming part
of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. It is divided into two major parts : dorsal
and ventral, each of which contains many nuclei.
No:1699 - theoretical
of, pertaining to, or consisting in theory; not practical (distinguished from
applied).
No:1700 - therapeutic
(Gr. therapeutikos inclined to serve) 1. pertaining to therapeutics, or to the art of
healing. 2. curative.
No:1701 - therapy
(Gr. therapeia service done to the sick) the treatment of disease; therapeutics.
No:1702 - thermal
pertaining to or characterized by heat.
No:1703 - thermoregulation
heat regulation.
No:1704 - thoracic
(L. thoracicus; Gr. thorakikos) pertaining to or affecting the chest.
No:1705 - thrombocytopenia
(thrombocyte + Gr. penia poverty) decrease in the number of blood platelets.
No:1706 - thrombocytosis
increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood.

135
No:1707 - thromboembolism
obstruction of a blood vessel with thrombotic material carried by the blood stream
from the site of origin to plug another vessel.
No:1708 - thrombolytic
1. dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. a thrombolytic agent.
No:1709 - thrombophlebitis
(thrombo- + Gr. phleps vein + -itis) inflammation of a vein associated with
thrombus formation.
No:1710 - thrombosis
(Gr. thrombosis) the formation, development, or presence of a thrombus.
No:1711 - thrombus
(Gr. thrombos clot) an aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin
with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at
the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation
from simple coagulation or clot formation. Cf. embolism.
No:1712 - thyrostatic
antithyroid agent.
No:1713 - thyrotoxicosis
the condition resulting from presentation to the tissues of excessive quantities of
the thyroid hormones, whether the excess results from overproduction by the
thyroid gland (as in Graves' disease), originated outside the thyroid, or is due to
loss of storage function and leakage from the gland.
No:1714 - tic
an involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a
purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their
normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders.
No:1715 - tinea pedis
tinea involving the feet, particularly the interdigital spaces and soles, most often
caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton
floccosum, and characterized by intensely pruritic lesions varying from mild,
chronic, and scaling to acute exfoliative, pustular and bullous.
No:1716 - tinnitus
(L. 'a ringing') a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, etc. Such
sounds may at times be heard by others than the patient.
No:1717 - titre
(Fr. titre standard) the quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with
a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to
correspond with a given amount of another substance.
No:1718 - tolerance
(L. tolerantia) 1. the ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2.
acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a
drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response.
No:1719 - tomography

136
 (tomo- + Gr. graphein to write) the recording of internal body images at a
predetermined plane by means of the tomograph; called also body section
roentgenography.
No:1720 - tone
(Gr. tonos; L. tonus) 1. the normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the
resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. a particular quality of sound
or of voice. 3. to make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by
chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal.
No:1721 - tonic
(Gr. tonikos) 1. producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. characterized by
continuous tension. 3. a term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations
believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue.
No:1722 - tonsillitis
(L. tonsilla tonsil + -itis) inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine
tonsils.
No:1723 - tophus
(L. 'porous stone') a chalky deposit of sodium urate occurring in gout; tophi form
most often around joints in cartilage, bone, bursae, and subcutaneous tissue and in
the external ear, producing a chronic foreign-body inflammatory response.
No:1724 - topical
(Gr. topikos) pertaining to a particular surface area, as a topical anti-infective
applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is
applied.
No:1725 - torsades de pointes
(Fr. 'fringe of pointed tips') an atypical rapid ventricular tachycardia with periodic
waxing and waning of amplitude of the QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram;
it may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation.
No:1726 - torsion
(L. torsio, from torquere to twist) 1. a type of mechanical stress, whereby the
external forces (load) twist an object about its axis. 2. in ophthalmology any
rotation of the vertical corneal meridians.
No:1727 - torticollis
(L. tortus twisted + collum neck) wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical
muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head.
No:1728 - toxaemia
(toxin + Gr. haima blood + -ia) 1. the condition resulting from the spread of
bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. a condition resulting from
metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy.
No:1729 - toxic
pertaining to, due to, or of the nature of a poison or toxin; manifesting the
symptoms of severe infection.
No:1730 - toxicity

137
 the quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic
microbe or of a poison.
No:1731 - toxicologic
pertaining to toxicology.
No:1732 - toxicomania
(NL, Fr. toxic + mania) addiction to a drug (as opium or cocaine).
No:1733 - toxin
(Gr toxikon arrow poison, from Gr. toxikos of or for a bow) a poison; frequently
used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain
animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms.
Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the
vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity.
No:1734 - toxoplasmosis
(toxo- + plasma + -osis) an acute or chronic, widespread disease of animals and
humans caused by the obligate intracellular protozoon Toxoplasma gondii,
transmitted by oocysts containing the pathogen in the feces of cats (the definitive
host), usually by contaminated soil, direct exposure to infected feces, tissue cysts
in infected meat, or tachyzoites (proliferating forms) in blood.
No:1735 - tracheitis
inflammation of the trachea.
No:1736 - trachoma
(Gr. trachoma roughness) a chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and
cornea, producing photophobia, pain, and lacrimation, caused by an organism
once thought to be a virus but now classified as a strain of the bacteria Chlamydia
trachomatis.
No:1737 - tract
(L. tractus) a region, principally one of some length; specifically a collection or
bundle of nerve fibres having the same origin, function, and termination (tractus
(NA)), or a number of organs, arranged in series, subserving a common function.
No:1738 - tranquillizer
(L. tranquillus quiet, calm + -ize verb ending meaning to make + - er agent) a
drug with a calming, soothing effect.
No:1739 - transaminase
aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse
the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an
acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-
proteins.
No:1740 - transcutaneous
transdermal.
No:1741 - transdermal
entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the
skin in ointment or patch form.
No:1742 - transfer

138
 (trans- + L. ferre to carry) the conveyance of something from one place to
another.
No:1743 - transformation
(trans- + L. formatio formation) change of form or structure; conversion from one
form to another. In oncology, the change that a normal cell undergoes as it
becomes malignant. In eukaryotes, the conversion of normal cells to malignant
cells in cell culture.
No:1744 - transfusion
(L. transfusio) the introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into
the blood stream. Cf. infusion.
No:1745 - transit
an act, process, or instance of passing or journeying across, through, or over.
No:1746 - transitory
marked by the quality of passing away : evanescent, transient; of brief duration :
existing momentarily : temporary.
No:1747 - transmission
(trans- + L. missio a sending) 1. a passage or transfer, as of a disease from one
individual to another, or of neutral impulses from one neuron to another. 2. the
communication of inheritable qualities from parent to offspring
No:1748 - transplantation
(trans- + L. plantare to plant) the grafting of tissues taken from the patient's own
body or from another.
No:1749 - transurethral
performed through the urethra.
No:1750 - traumatic
(L. traumaticus from Gr. traumaticos, from trauma wound + -ikos - ic) : of,
relating to, or resulting from a trauma ( = wound or injury, whether physical or
psychic).
No:1751 - tremor
(L.; from tremere to shake) an involuntary trembling or quivering.
No:1752 - tricyclic
containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure.
No:1753 - trigger zone
dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain).
No:1754 - trismus
(Gr. trismos grating, grinding) motor disturbance of the trigeminal nerve,
especially spasm of the masticatory muscles , with difficulty in opening the
mouth; a characteristic early symptom of tetanus. Called also lockjaw.
No:1755 - trivalent
(tri- + L. valens powerful) having a valence of three.
No:1756 - trophic
(Gr. trophikos) of or pertaining to nutrition.

139
No:1757 - tube
(L. tubus) an elongated hollow cylindrical organ or instrument.
No:1758 - tubercular
of, pertaining to, or resembling tubercles or nodules.
No:1759 - tuberculostatic
inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
No:1760 - tubular
(L. tubularis) shaped like a tube; of or pertaining to a tubule.
No:1761 - tumour
(L.; from tumere to swell) 1. swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations;
morbid enlargement. 2. a new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells
is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm.
No:1762 - turnover
the movement of something into, through, and out of a place; the rate at which a
thing is depleted and replaced.
No:1763 - tympanum
(L.; Gr. tympanon drum) 1. loosely, the tympanic membrane (membrana tympani
(NA)). 2. the tympanic cavity (cavitas tympanica (NA)).
No:1764 - ulcer
(L. ulcus; Gr. helkosis) a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or
tissue; which is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
No:1765 - ulceration
(L. ulceratio) 1. the formation or development of an ulcer. 2. an ulcer.
No:1766 - ulcerogenic
causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers.
No:1767 - ulcus cruris
ulcer of the foot
No:1768 - uniform
marked by lack of variation, diversity, change in form, degree, or character in all
occurrences or manifestations.
No:1769 - unilateral
(uni- + L. latus side) affecting but one side.
No:1770 - unitdose
occurring in, or using a single dose, seen as a standard of measurement.
No:1771 - uraemia
(Gr. ouron urine + haima blood + -ia) 1. an excess in the blood of urea,
creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids
metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. in current usage the entire
constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea,
vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath,
pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in

140
 the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and
electrolyte imbalances.
No:1772 - urethritis
inflammation of the urethra.
No:1773 - urgency
the sudden compelling urge to urinate.
No:1774 - uricosuric
1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric
acid in the urine). 2. an agent that promotes uricosuria.
No:1775 - urinary
pertaining to the urine; containing or secreting urine.
No:1776 - urogenital
pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary.
No:1777 - urography
roentgenography of a part of the urinary tract which has been rendered opaque by
some opaque medium.
No:1778 - urticaria
Pathology: a transient condition of the skin, usually caused by an allergic reaction,
characterized by pale or reddened irregular, elevated patches and severe itching;
hives.
No:1779 - uterus
(L.; Gr. hystera) (NA) the hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which
the fertilized ovum normally becomes embedded and in which the developing
embryo and fetus is nourished. In the nongravid human, it is a pear-shaped
structure; about 3 inches in length, consisting of a body, fundus, isthmus, and
cervix. Its cavity opens into the vagina below, and into the uterine tube on either
side at the cornu. It is supported by direct attachment to the vagina and by indirect
attachment to various other nearby pelvic structures. Called also metra.
No:1780 - uveitis
an inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye,
and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina).
No:1781 - vaccination
(L. vacca cow) the introduction of vaccine into the body for the purpose of
inducing immunity. Coined originally to apply to the injection of smallpox
vaccine, the term has come to mean any immunizing procedure in which vaccine
is injected.
No:1782 - vaccine
(L. vaccinus) a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria,
viruses, or rickettsiae), administered for the prevention, amelioration or treatment
of infectious diseases.
No:1783 - vaccinia
(L., from vacca cow) the cutaneous and sometimes systemic reactions associated
with vaccination with smallpox vaccine.

141
No:1784 - vagal
pertaining to the vagus nerve.
No:1785 - vaginal
1. of the nature of a sheath; ensheathing. 2. pertaining to the vagina. 3. pertaining
to the tunica vaginalis testis.
No:1786 - vagolytic
having an effect resembling that produced by interruption of impulses transmitted
by the vagus nerve; parasympatholytic.
No:1787 - vagotonia
(vagus + Gr. tonos tension + -ia) hyperexcitability of the vagus nerve; a condition
in which the vagus nerve dominates in the general functioning of the body organs.
It is marked by vasomotor instability, constipation, sweating, and involuntary
motor spasms with pain.
No:1788 - validity
1. the extent to which a measurement, test, or study measures what it purports to
measure. 2. occasionally, accuracy (q.v.).
No:1789 - valvula
(L., dim of valva) a small valve; once used in official nomenclature as a general
term to designate a valve, such as in the heart, but in NA restricted to designation
of a cusp of the aortic valve of the valve of the pulmonary trunk, or the valves of
the anus, foramen ovale, navicular fossa, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, or of
the lymphatic vessels and veins.
No:1790 - variability
the state of being variable.
No:1791 - variation
in genetics, deviation in characters in an individual from those typical of the
group to which it belongs; also, deviation in characters of the offspring from those
of its parents.
No:1792 - varicella
chicken pox.
No:1793 - varicose vein
an abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs.
No:1794 - vascular
pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply.
No:1795 - vasculitis
(L. vasculum vessel + -itis) inflammation of a vessel, angiitis.
No:1796 - vasoactive
exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels.
No:1797 - vasoconstriction
the diminution of the calibre of vessels, especially constriction of arterioles
leading to decreased blood flow to a part.
No:1798 - vasodilatation

142
 a state of increased calibre of the blood vessels.
No:1799 - vasomotor
(vaso- + L. motor mover) 1. affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood
vessel. 2. any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel.
No:1800 - vasopressor
1. stimulating contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. 2.
an agent that stimulates contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and
arteries.
No:1801 - vegetative
1. concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. functioning involuntarily or
unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. resting; denoting the portion
of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. of, pertaining
to, or characteristic of plants.
No:1802 - vehicle
(L. vehiculum) 1. an excipient. 2. any medium through which an impulse is
propagated.
No:1803 - venereal
(L. venereus) pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact.
No:1804 - venous
(L. venosus) of or pertaining to the veins.
No:1805 - ventilation
(L. ventilatio) 1. in respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between
the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres
per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the
effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes
place. 2. in psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems.
No:1806 - ventral
(L. ventralis) 1. pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. denoting a position
more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as
anterior in human anatomy.
No:1807 - ventricular
pertaining to a ventricle.
No:1808 - vertebral
(L. vertebralis) of or pertaining to a vertebra.
No:1809 - vertigo
(L. vertigo) an illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were
revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving
in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean
any form of dizziness.
No:1810 - vesicular
(L. vesicula a little bladder) 1. composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2.
pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin.
No:1811 - vestibular

143
 (L. vestibularis) pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to
refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth.
No:1812 - vial
(Gr. phial) a small bottle.
No:1813 - vigilance
(L. vigilantia) wakefulness; watchfulness; arousal.
No:1814 - viral
pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus.
No:1815 - virilization
the induction or development of male secondary sec characters, especially the
induction of such changes in the female, including enlargement of the clitoris,
growth of facial and body hair, development of a hairline typical of the male
forehead, stimulation of secretion and proliferation of the sebaceous glands (often
with acne), and deepening of the voice. Called also masculinization)
No:1816 - visceral
(L. visceralis), from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus.
No:1817 - viscosity
a physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces.
No:1818 - vision
(L. visio, from vidre to see) 1. the act or faculty of seeing; sight. 2. an apparition;
a subjective sensation of vision not elicited by actual visual stimuli. 3. visual
acuity; symbol V.
No:1819 - visual
(L. visualis, from videre to see) pertaining to vision or sight.
No:1820 - vital capacity
the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full
inspiration, with no limit to the duration of expiration; it is equal to the inspiratory
capacity plus the expiratory reserve volume.
No:1821 - vitreous
glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye
(corpus vitreum (NA)).
No:1822 - voluntary
(L. voluntas will) accomplished in accordance with the will.
No:1823 - vomitus
1. vomiting. 2. matter vomited.
No:1824 - vulval, vulvar
pertaining to the vulva.
No:1825 - vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands.
No:1826 - withdrawal
1. a pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as
may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal

144
 personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) a substance-specific organic brain syndrome
that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive
substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication.
No:1827 - xanthoma
(xanth- + -oma) a tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are
histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma.
No:1828 - xanthopsia
(xantho- + Gr. opsis vision + -ia) a form of chromatopsia in which objects looked
at appear yellow.
No:1829 - xerophthalmia
(xero- + Gr. ophthalmos eye + -a) dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to
vitamin A deficiency. The condition begins with night blindness and conjunctival
xerosis and progresses to corneal xerosis, and, in the late stages, to keratomalacia.
No:1830 - xerostomia
(xero- + Gr. stoma mouth + -ia) dryness of the mouth from salivary gland
dysfunction, as in Sjögren's syndrome.

http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/DIC/dictio92.html

145