Unit 6 Module 10 Standard Costing: Practical Problems
Unit 6 Module 10 Standard Costing: Practical Problems
Unit 6 Module 10 Standard Costing: Practical Problems
UNIT ‐ 6
MODULE ‐ 10
STANDARD COSTING
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
MATERIAL VARIANCE
Problem – 1:
A manufacturing concern, which has adopted standard costing, furnished the
following information:
Standard Material for 70 kg finished product: 100 kg.
Price of materials: Re. 1 per kg.
Actual Output: 2,10,000 kg.
Material used: 2,80,000 kg.
Cost of material: Rs. 2,52,000.
Calculate:
(a) Material Usage Variance (b) Material Price Variance (c) Material Cost
Variance
Solution:
(1) Standard quantity For 70 kg standard output
Standard quantity of material = 100 kg.
2,10,000 kg. of finished products
2,10,000 x 100 = 3,00,000 kg.
70
(2) Actual price per kg. Rs.2,52,000 = Re.0.90
2,80,000
(a) Material Usage Variance = Standard Rate (Standard quantity for
actual output – Actual quantity)
=Re. 1 (3,00,000 – 2,80,000)
=Re. 1 x 20,000
=Rs. 20,000 (favorable)
(b) Material Price Variance =Actual quantity(Standard price ‐Actual
price)
2,80,000 (Re.1 – Re.0.90)
2,80,000 x Re.0.10
Rs. 28,000 (Favorable)
(c) Material Cost Variance = Standard quantity for actual output x
Standard rate) – (Actual quantity x Actual
rate)
=(3,00,000 x 1) – (2,80,000 x 0.90)
= Rs.3,00,000 x Rs. 2,52,000
Rs.48,000(favorable)
Verification:
MCV = MPV + MUV
Rs. 48,000 (F) = Rs.28,000 (F) + Rs.20,000 (F)
Problem – 2
The standard mix to produce one unit of product is as follows:
Material A 60 units @ Rs. 15 per unit = Rs. 9,00
Material B 80 units @ Rs. 20 per unit = Rs. 1,600
Material C 100 units @ Rs. 25 per unit = Rs. 2,500
240 units Rs. 5,000
During the month of April, 10 units were actually produced and consumption was
as follows:
Material A 640 units @ Rs. 17.50 per unit = Rs. 11,200
Material B 950 units @ Rs. 18.00 per unit = Rs. 17,100
Material C 870 units @ Rs. 27.50 per unit =Rs. 23,925
2,460 units Rs. 52,225
Calculate all material variances.
Solution:‐
(1) Material Cost Variance = Standard cost – Actual cost
=Rs. 50,000 – Rs.52,225
MCV = Rs.2,225(A)
MPV = Rs.1,875 (A)
MUV = Rs.350 (A)
Check:
MCV = MPV + MUV
Rs. 2,225 (A) = Rs. 1,875 (A) + Rs.350 (A)
MMV = Rs. 900(F)
*Revised Standard Quantity is calculated as follows:
= (10 ‐10.25 ) x 5000 = Rs. 1,250 (A)
Check
MCV = MPV + MMV + MYV
Rs. 2,225 (A) = Rs. 1,875 (A) + 900 (F) + Rs.1,250 (A)
Problem : 3
For making 10 kg. of yarn, the standard material requirement is:
Material Quantity (kg.) Rate per kg. (Rs.)
White 8 6.00
Black 4 4.00
In March, 1,000 kg. of yarn was produced. The actual consumption of
materials is as under:
Material Quantity (kg.) Rate per kg. (Rs.)
White 750 7.00
Black 500 5.00
Calculate: (1) MCV (2) MPV (3) MUV
Solution:
Standard for 1000 kgs. Actual for 1000 kgs.
Particular
Quantity Rate Amount Quantity Rate Amount
A 800 6 4,800 750 7 5,250
B 400 4 1,600 500 5 2,500
Total 1,200 6,400 1,250 7,750
(1) MCV: SC ‐ AC
= 6,400 ‐ 7,750 = Rs. 1,350 (A)
(2) MPV: (SP ‐ AP) x AQ
A = (6 ‐ 7) x 750 = Rs. 750 (A)
B = (4 ‐5) x 500 = Rs. 500 (A)
= 1,250(A)
(3) MUV: (SQ ‐ AQ) x SP
A = (800 ‐ 750) x 6 = Rs. 300 (F)
B = (400 ‐ 500) x 4 = Rs. 400 (A)
= Rs. 100 (A)
Labour Variance:
Problem‐4
Calculate Labour cost variance from the information:
Standard production : 100 units
Standard Hours : 500 hours
Wage rate per hour : Rs. 2
Actual production : 85 units
Actual time taken : 450 hours
Actual wage rate paid : Rs. 2.10 per hour
Solution:
Standard time for one unit = 500 hours ÷ 100 units = 5 hours
Standard hours for actual production 85 units = 85 x 5 = 425 hours
Labour cost Variance = (Std. Hours of Actual Production x Std. Rate) ‐‐‐
(Actual Hours x Actual Rate)
= (425 Hours x Rs. 2) ‐‐‐ (450 Hours x Rs. 2.10)
= ( Rs .850 ‐‐ Rs. 945)
= RS. 95 (U)
Problem – 5
Standard wage rate is Rs. 2 per hour and standard time is 10 hours. But actual
wage rate is Rs. 2.25 per hour and actual hours used are 12 hours.
Calculate Labour cost variance.
Solution:
Labour cost variance = (Std. Rate x Std. Hours) ‐‐‐ (Actual Rate x Actual Hours)
=(Rs. 2 x 10 ) – (Rs. 2.25 x 12)
= Rs. 20 – Rs. 27
=Rs. ‐‐‐ 7 (U)
Here labour variance is adverse because actual labour cost exceeds standard cost
by Rs. 7
Problem – 6
Standard labour hours and rate for production of one unit of Article P is given
below:
Actual Data Rate per Hour Total (Rs.)
Articles produced
1,000 units
Calculate Labour cost variance.
Solution:
Labour cost variance = (SH for actual production x SR) ‐‐‐ (AH x AR)
Skilled worker = (5,000 x 1.50) ‐‐‐ (4,500 x 2 )
= 7,500 – 9,000
= Rs. 1,500 (Adverse)
Unskilled worker = (8,000 x 0.50) ‐‐‐ (10,000 x 0.45)
= 4,000 ‐‐‐ 4,500
= Rs. 500 (Adverse)
Semi‐ skilled worker = (4,000 x 0.75) ‐‐‐ (4,200 x 0.75)
= 3,000 ‐‐‐ 3,150
= Rs. 150 (Adverse)
Total Labour cost variance = Rs. 2,150(Adverse)
Problem – 7
India Ltd. Manufactures a particular product, the standard direct labour cost
of which is Rs. 120 per unit whose manufacture involves the following:
Type of workers Hours Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A 30 2 60
B 20 3 60
50 120
During a period, 100 units of the product were produced, the actual labour
cost of which was as follows:
Type of workers Hours Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A 3,200 1.50 4,800
B 1,900 4.00 7,600
5,100 12,400
Calculate: (1) Labour cost variance (2) Labour Rate variance (3) Labour
Efficiency variance (4) Labour mix variance.
Solution:
Standard for 100 units Actual for 100 units
Type of Worker
Hours Rate Amount Hours Rate Amount
A 3,000 2 6,000 3,200 1.50 4,800
B 2,000 3 6,000 1,900 4.00 7,600
Total 5,000 12,000 5,100 12,400
(1) LCV: SC ‐AC
LCV = 12,000 ‐ 12,400 = Rs. 400 (A)
(2) LRV: (SR ‐ AR) x AH
A = (2 ‐ 1.50) x 3,200 = Rs. 1,600 (F)
B = (3 ‐ 4) x 1,900 = Rs. 1,900 (A)
= Rs. 300 (A)
(3) LEV: (SH ‐ AH) x SR
A = (3,000 ‐ 3,200) x 2 = Rs. 400 (A)
B = (2,000 ‐ 1,900) x 3 = Rs. 300 (F)
= Rs. 100 (A)
(4) LMV: (RSH ‐ AH) x SR
A = (3,060 ‐ 3,200) x 2 = Rs. 280 (A)
B = (2,040 ‐ 1,900) x 3 = Rs. 420 (F)
= Rs. 140 (F)
Working: Revised standard Hours:
RSH = St. hours of the type x Total actual hours / Total St. hours
A = 3,000 x 5,100 / 5,000 = 3,060 hrs.
B = 2,000 x 5,100 / 5,000 = 2,040 hrs.
Overhead Variance:
Problem – 8
MLM Ltd. has furnished you the following information for the month of
January:
Budget Actual
Calculate overhead variances.
Solution:
Necessary calculations
Standard hour per unit = Budgeted hours = 30,000
Budgeted units 30,000
Standard hour for actual output = 32,500 units x 1 hour = 32,500
Standard overhead rate per hour = Budgeted overheads
Budgeted hours
For fixed overhead = 45,000 = Rs. 1.50 per unit
30,000
For variable overhead = 60,000 = Rs. 2 per unit
30,000
Standard fixed overhead rate per day = Rs. 45,000 ÷ 25 days = Rs. 1,800
Recovered overhead = Standard hours for actual output x Standard Rate
For fixed overhead = 32,500 hours x Rs. 1.50 = Rs. 48,750
For variable overhead = 32,500 hours x Rs. 2 = Rs. 65,000
Standard overhead =Actual hours x Standard Rate
For fixed overhead =33,000 x 1.50 =Rs. 49,500
For variable overhead =33,000 x 2 = Rs. 66,000
Revised budgeted hours = Budgeted Hours x Actual days
Budgeted Days
30,000 x 26 = 31,200 hours
25
Revised budgeted overhead = 31,200 x 1.50 = Rs. 46,800
Calculation of Variances
Fixed Overhead Variances:
• Fixed Overhead Cost Variance = Recovered Overhead – Actual Overhead
= 48,750 – 50,000 =Rs. 1,250 (A)
• Fixed Overhead Expenditure Variance = Budgeted Overhead – Actual
Overhead
=45,000 – 50,000 =Rs. 5,000 (A)
• Fixed Overhead Volume Variance = Recovered Overhead – Budgeted
Overhead
= 48,750 – 45,000 =Rs. 3,750 (F)
• Fixed Overhead Efficiency Variance = Recovered Overhead – Standard
Overhead
= 48,750 – 49,500 = Rs. 750 (A)
• Fixed Overhead Capacity Variance = Standard Overhead – Revised
Budgeted Overhead
= 49,500 – 46,800 =Rs. 2,700 (F)
• Calendar Variance =(Actual days – Budgeted days) x
Standard rate per day=
(26—25) x 1,800 =Rs. 1,800 (F)
Variable Overhead Variances:
• Variable Overhead Cost Variance = Recovered Overhead – Actual
Overhead
= 65,000 – 68,000 = Rs. 3,000 (A)
• Variable Overhead Expenditure Variance = Standard Overhead – Actual
Overhead
= 66,000 – 68,000 =Rs. 2,000(A)
• Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance = Recovered Overhead – Actual
Overhead = 65,000 ‐‐ 66,000 = Rs. 1,000 (A)