FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 146556. April 19, 2006.]

DANILO L. PAREL , petitioner, vs . SIMEON B. PRUDENCIO , respondent.

DECISION

AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ , J : p

Before us is a petition for review on certiorari led by Danilo Parel (petitioner)

which seeks to set aside the Decision 1 dated March 31, 2000 of the Court of Appeals
(CA) which reversed the Decision of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 60, Baguio, in
Civil Case No. 2493-R, a case for recovery of possession and damages. Also assailed is
CA Resolution 2 dated November 28, 2000.
On February 27, 1992, Simeon Prudencio (respondent) led a complaint for
recovery of possession and damages against petitioner with the RTC Baguio alleging
that: he is the owner of a two-storey residential house located at No. 61 Forbes Park
National Reservation near Department of Public Service (DPS) compound, Baguio City;
such property was constructed solely from his own funds and declared in his name
under Tax Declaration No. 47048; he commenced the construction of said house in
1972 until its completion three years later; when the second oor of said house
became habitable in 1973, he allowed petitioner's parents, Florentino (now deceased)
and Susan Parel, to move therein and occupy the second oor while the construction of
the ground oor was on-going to supervise the construction and to safeguard the
materials; when the construction of the second oor was nished in 1975, respondent
allowed petitioner's parents and children to transfer and temporarily reside thereat; it
was done out of sheer magnanimity as petitioner's parents have no house of their own
and since respondent's wife is the older sister of Florentino, petitioner's father; in
November 1985, respondent wrote Florentino a notice for them to vacate the said
house as the former was due for retirement and he needed the place to which
petitioner's parents heeded when they migrated to U.S. in 1986; however, without
respondent's knowledge, petitioner and his family unlawfully entered and took
possession of the ground oor of respondent's house; petitioner's refusal to vacate the
house despite repeated demands prompted respondent to le the instant action for
recovery of possession. Respondent also asked petitioner for a monthly rental of
P3,000.00 from April 1988 and every month thereafter until the latter vacates the said
premises and surrender possession thereof; and for moral and exemplary damages,
attorney's fees and cost of suit.
Petitioner filed his Answer with Counterclaim alleging that: his parents are the co-
owners of the said residential house, i.e., the upper story belongs to respondent while
the ground oor pertains to petitioner's parents; he is occupying the ground oor upon
the instruction of his father, Florentino, with respondent's full knowledge; his parents
spent their own resources in improving and constructing the said two-storey house as
co-owners thereof; the late Florentino was an awardee of the land on which the house
stands and as a co-owner of the house, he occupied the ground oor thereof; the
demand to vacate was respondent's attempt to deprive petitioner's parents of their
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 rights as co-owner of the said house; that respondent had led ejectment case as well
as criminal cases against them involving the subject house which were all dismissed.
Petitioner asked for the dismissal of the complaint and prayed for damages and
attorney's fees. IHTASa

After trial on the merits, the RTC rendered a Decision 3 dated December 15, 1993,
the dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court hereby declares that the
house erected at No. 61 DPS Compound, Baguio City is owned in common by the
late Florentino Parel and herein plaintiff Simeon Prudencio and as such the
plaintiff cannot evict the defendant as heirs of the deceased Florentino Parel from
said property, nor to recover said premises from herein defendant.

Likewise, the plaintiff is ordered to:

(a) pay the defendant in the total sum of P20,000.00 for moral and
actual damages;

(b) pay the defendant P20,000.00 in Attorney's fees and P3,300.00 in

appearance fees;

(c) pay the costs of this suit. 4

The RTC found the following matters as conclusive: that petitioner's father was
an allocatee of the land on which the subject house was erected, as one of the lowly-
paid government employees at that time when then Mayor Luis Lardizabal gave them
the chance to construct their own house on said reservation; that respondent failed to
show proof of any contract, written or oral, express or implied, that the late Florentino
and his family stayed on the house not as co-owners but as mere lessees, nor any other
proof that would clearly establish his sole ownership of the house; and, that the late
Florentino was the one who gathered the laborers for the construction of the house and
paid their salaries. Thus, the RTC ruled that co-ownership existed between respondent
and petitioner's father, Florentino.
The RTC concluded that respondent and petitioner's father agreed to contribute
their money to complete the house; that since the land on which said house was
erected has been allocated to petitioner's father, the parties had the understanding that
once the house is completed, petitioner's father could keep the ground oor while
respondent the second oor; the trial court questioned the fact that it was only after 15
years that respondent asserted his claim of sole ownership of the subject house;
respondent failed to disprove that petitioner's father contributed his own funds to
nance the construction of the house; that respondent did not question (1) the fact that
it was the deceased Florentino who administered the construction of the house as well
as the one who supplied the materials; and (2) the fact that the land was in Florentino's
possession created the impression that the house indeed is jointly owned by
respondent and Florentino.
The RTC did not give credence to the tax declaration as well as the several
documents showing the City Assessor's assessment of the property all in respondent's
name since tax declarations are not conclusive proof of ownership. It rejected the
a davit executed by Florentino declaring the house as owned by respondent saying
that the a davit should be read in its entirety to determine the purpose of its
execution; that it was executed because of an advisement addressed to the late
Florentino by the City Treasurer concerning the property's tax assessment and
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 Florentino, thought then that it should be the respondent who should pay the taxes; and
that the affidavit cannot be accepted for being hearsay.
Aggrieved by such decision, respondent appealed to the CA. In a Decision dated
March 31, 2000, the CA reversed the trial court and declared respondent as the sole
owner of the subject house and ordered petitioner to surrender possession of the
ground oor thereof to respondent immediately. It also ordered petitioner to pay
respondent a monthly rental of P2,000.00 for use or occupancy thereof from April 1988
until the former actually vacates the same and the sum of P50,000.00 as attorney's
fees and cost of suit. CDAHaE

The CA found as meritorious respondent's contention that since petitioner failed

to formally offer in evidence any documentary evidence, there is nothing to refute the
evidence offered by respondent. It ruled that the trial court's statement that
"defendants' occupancy of the house is due to a special power of attorney executed by
his parents most specially the deceased Florentino Parel who is in fact a co-owner of
said building" is wanting of any concrete evidence on record; that said power of
attorney was never offered, hence, could not be referred to as petitioner's evidence to
support his claim; that except for the bare testimonies of Candelario Regua, the
carpenter-foreman, that it was Florentino who constructed the house and Corazon
Garcia, the former barangay captain, who testi ed that the lot was allocated to
petitioner's father, there was no supporting document which would su ciently
establish factual bases for the trial court's conclusion; and that the rule on offer of
evidence is mandatory.
The CA found the a davit dated September 24, 1973 of Florentino, petitioner's
father, stating that he is not the owner of the subject house but respondent, as
conclusive proof of respondent's sole ownership of the subject house as it is a
declaration made by Florentino against his interest. It also found the tax declarations
and o cial receipts representing payments of real estate taxes of the questioned
property covering the period 1974 to 1992 su cient to establish respondent's case
which constitute at least proof that the holder has a claim of title over the property.
Petitioner's motion for reconsideration was denied in a Resolution dated
November 28, 2000.
Hence, the instant petition for review on certiorari with the following Assignment
of Errors:
1. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN FINDING
RESPONDENT AS THE OWNER OF THE BUILDING AT 61 FORBES PARK
NATIONAL RESERVATION, NEAR DPS COMPOUND, BAGUIO CITY,
NOTWITHSTANDING THE FINDING OF THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF
CO-OWNERSHIP BETWEEN THE LATE FLORENTINO PAREL AND
RESPONDENT;
2. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN ORDERING
PETITIONER TO SURRENDER POSSESSION OF THE GROUND FLOOR OF
THE SUBJECT BUILDING TO RESPONDENT;
3. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN ORDERING
PETITIONER TO PAY RESPONDENT P2,000.00/MONTH FOR USE OR
OCCUPANCY OF THE SUBJECT PREMISES FROM APRIL 1988 UNTIL
PETITIONER ACTUALLY VACATES THE SAME;
4. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN ORDERING
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 PETITIONER TO PAY TO RESPONDENT P50,000.00 ATTORNEY'S FEES
AND COSTS OF SUIT;

5. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN DENYING PETITIONER'S

MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION. 5

Petitioner concedes that while his former counsel failed to make a formal offer
of his documentary evidence before the trial court and that the court shall consider no
evidence which has not been formally offered, he maintains that the said rule is not
absolute, citing the case of Bravo, Jr. v. Borja ; 6 that his documentary evidence which
were not formally offered in evidence were marked during the presentation of the
testimony of petitioner's witnesses and were part of their testimonies; that these
evidence were part of the memorandum led by him before the trial court on July 12,
1993. ECaSIT

Petitioner insists that even in the absence of the documentary evidence, his
testimony as well as that of his witnesses substantiated his claim of co-ownership of
the subject house between his late father and respondent as found by the trial court.
Petitioner argues that the CA erred in nding the a davit of petitioner's father
declaring respondent as owner of the subject house as conclusive proof that
respondent is the true and only owner of the house since the a davit should be read in
its entirety to determine the purpose for which it was executed.
Petitioner further contends that since he had established his father's co-
ownership of the subject house, respondent has no legal right to eject him from the
property; that he could not be compelled to pay rentals for residing in the ground oor
of the subject house; that respondent should bear his own expenses and be adjudged
liable for damages which petitioner sustained for being constrained to litigate.
The principal issue for resolution is whether petitioner was able to prove by
preponderance of evidence that his father was a co-owner of the subject two-storey
residential house.
The issue raised by petitioner is mainly factual in nature. In general, only
questions of law are appealable to this Court under Rule 45. However, considering that
the findings of the RTC and CA are contradictory, the review of the case is in order. 7
We agree with the CA that respondent had shown su cient evidence to support
his complaint for recovery of possession of the ground oor of the subject house as
the exclusive owner thereof. Respondent presented the a davit dated September 24,
1973 executed by Florentino and sworn to before the Assistant City Assessor of
Baguio City, G.F. Lagasca, which reads:
I, FLORENTINO PAREL, 42 years of age, employee, and residing at Forbes
Park, Reservation No. 1, after having been sworn to according to law depose and
say:

That he is the occupant of a residential building located at Forbes Park,

Reservation No. 1, Baguio City which is the subject of an advicement addressed
to him emanating from the O ce of the City Assessor, Baguio City, for
assessment and declaration for taxation purposes;
That I am not the owner of the building in question;

That the building in question is owned by Mr. Simeon B. Prudencio who is

presently residing at 55 Hyacinth, Roxas District, Quezon City.
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 Further, affiant say not. 8 (Underscoring supplied)

Section 38 of Rule 130 of the Rules of Court provides:

SEC. 38. Declaration Against Interest. — The declaration made by a
person deceased, or unable to testify, against the interest of the declarant, if the
fact asserted in the declaration was at the time it was made so far contrary to the
declarant's own interest, that a reasonable man in his position would not have
made the declaration unless he believed it to be true, may be received in evidence
against himself or his successors-in-interest and against third persons.

The theory under which declarations against interest are received in evidence
notwithstanding they are hearsay is that the necessity of the occasion renders the
reception of such evidence advisable and, further that the reliability of such declaration
asserts facts which are against his own pecuniary or moral interest. 9
The a ant, Florentino, who died in 1989 was petitioner's father and had
adequate knowledge with respect to the subject covered by his statement. In said
a davit, Florentino categorically declared that while he is the occupant of the
residential building, he is not the owner of the same as it is owned by respondent who
is residing in Quezon City. It is safe to presume that he would not have made such
declaration unless he believed it to be true, as it is prejudicial to himself as well as to his
children's interests as his heirs. 1 0 A declaration against interest is the best evidence
which affords the greatest certainty of the facts in dispute. 1 1 Notably, during
Florentino's lifetime, from 1973, the year he executed said a davit until 1989, the year
of his death, there is no showing that he had revoked such a davit even when a
criminal complaint for trespass to dwelling had been led by respondent against him
(Florentino) and petitioner in 1988 regarding the subject house which the trial court
dismissed due to the absence of evidence showing that petitioner entered the house
against the latter's will and held that the remedy of respondent was to le an action for
ejectment; 1 2 and even when a complaint for unlawful detainer was led against
petitioner and his wife also in 1988 which was subsequently dismissed on the ground
that respondent's action should be an accion publiciana which is beyond the jurisdiction
of the Municipal Trial Court. 1 3
Moreover, the building plan of the residential house dated January 16, 1973 was
in the name of respondent and his wife. It was established during petitioner's cross-
examination that the existing structure of the two-storey house was in accordance with
said building plan. 1 4
Notably, respondent has been religiously paying the real estate property taxes on
the house declared under his name since 1974. 1 5 In fact, petitioner during his cross-
examination admitted that there was no occasion that they paid the real estate taxes
nor declared any portion of the house in their name. 1 6
We agree with the CA that while tax receipts and declarations are not
incontrovertible evidence of ownership, they constitute at least proof that the holder
has a claim of title over the property. 1 7 The house which petitioner claims to be co-
owned by his late father had been consistently declared for taxation purposes in the
name of respondent, and this fact, taken with the other circumstances above-
mentioned, inexorably lead to the conclusion that respondent is the sole owner of the
house subject matter of the litigation. cHCIEA

Respondent having established his claim of exclusive ownership of the subject

property, it was incumbent upon petitioner to contravene respondent's claim. The
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 burden of evidence shifted to petitioner to prove that his father was a co-owner of the
subject house.
We held in Jison v. Court of Appeals, to wit: 1 8
. . . Simply put, he who alleges the a rmative of the issue has the burden
of proof, and upon the plaintiff in a civil case, the burden of proof never parts.
However, in the course of trial in a civil case, once plaintiff makes out a prima
facie case in his favor, the duty or the burden of evidence shifts to defendant to
controvert plaintiff's prima facie case, otherwise, a verdict must be returned in
favor of plaintiff. Moreover, in civil cases, the party having the burden of proof
must produce a preponderance of evidence thereon, with plaintiff having to rely
on the strength of his own evidence and not upon the weakness of the
defendant's. The concept of "preponderance of evidence" refers to evidence which
is of greater weight, or more convincing, that which is offered in opposition to it;
at bottom, it means probability of truth. 1 9

In this case, the records show that although petitioner's counsel asked that he be
allowed to offer his documentary evidence in writing, he, however, did not le the same.
2 0 Thus, the CA did not consider the documentary evidence presented by petitioner.
Section 34 of Rule 132 of the Rules of Court provides:
Section 34. Offer of evidence. — The court shall consider no evidence
which has not been formally offered. The purpose for which the evidence is
offered must be specified.

A formal offer is necessary because it is the duty of a judge to rest his findings of
facts and his judgment only and strictly upon the evidence offered by the parties to the
suit. 2 1 It is a settled rule that the mere fact that a particular document is identi ed and
marked as an exhibit does not mean that it has thereby already been offered as part of
the evidence of a party. 2 2
Petitioner insists that although his documentary evidence were not formally
offered, the same were marked during the presentation of the testimonial evidence,
thus it can properly be taken cognizance of relying in Bravo, Jr. v. Borja. 2 3
Such reliance is misplaced. In Bravo Jr., we allowed evidence on minority by
admitting the certi ed true copy of the birth certi cate attached to a motion for bail
even if it was not formally offered in evidence. This was due to the fact that the birth
certi cate was properly led in support of a motion for bail to prove petitioner's
minority which was never challenged by the prosecution and it already formed part of
the records of the case. The rule referred to in the Bravo case was Section 7 of Rule
133 of the Rules of Court which provides:
Section 7. Evidence on motion. — When a motion is based on facts not
appearing of record, the court may hear the matter on a davits or depositions
presented by the respective parties, but the court may direct that the matter be
heard wholly or partly on oral testimony or depositions.

and not Section 34 of Rule 132 of the Rules of Court which is the one applicable to the
present case.
Even assuming arguendo that the documentary evidence of petitioner should be
considered in his favor, the evidence showing that respondent had led civil and
criminal cases against petitioner which were dismissed as well as the alleged Special
Power of Attorney of petitioner's parents whereby they authorized petitioner to stay in
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 the ground oor of the house, did not establish co-ownership of Florentino and
respondent of the subject house. HCaDIS

The testimonies of petitioner and his witnesses failed to show that the subject
house is co-owned by petitioner's father and respondent.
Candelario Regua merely testi ed that he was hired by petitioner's father,
Florentino, to construct the residential building in 1972; 2 4 that he listed the materials
to be used for the construction which was purchased by Florentino; 2 5 that he and his
men received their salaries every Saturday and Wednesday from Florentino or his wife,
respectively; 2 6 that he had not met nor seen respondent during the whole time the
construction was on-going. 2 7 On cross-examination, however, he admitted that he
cannot tell where the money to buy the materials used in the construction came from.
28

Corazon Garcia merely testi ed that Florentino started building the house when
he was allocated a lot at DPS compound, that she knew Florentino constructed the
subject house 2 9 and never knew respondent. 3 0 The bare allegation that Florentino was
allocated a lot is not su cient to overcome Florentino's own a davit naming
respondent as the owner of the subject house.
Petitioner himself testi ed that it was his father who saw the progress of the
construction and purchased the materials to be used; 3 1 and as a young boy he would
follow-up some deliveries upon order of his father 3 2 and never saw respondent in the
construction site. The fact that not one of the witnesses saw respondent during the
construction of the said house does not establish that petitioner's father and
respondent co-owned the house.
We also nd that the CA did not err in ordering petitioner to pay respondent
being the sole owner of the subject house a monthly rental of P2,000.00 from April
1988, the date of the extra-judicial demand, until petitioner actually vacates the subject
house. Although the CA made no ratiocination as to how it arrived at the amount of
P2,000.00 for the monthly rental, we nd the same to be a reasonable compensation
for the use of the ground oor of the subject house which consists of a living room, a
dining room, a kitchen and three bedrooms. The rental value refers to the value as
ascertained by proof of what the property would rent or by evidence of other facts from
which the fair rental value may be determined. 3 3
We likewise a rm the CA's award of attorney's fees in favor of respondent.
Article 2208 of the Civil Code allows the recovery of attorney's fees in cases when the
defendant's act or omission has compelled the plaintiff to litigate with third persons or
to incur expenses to protect his interest 3 4 and in any other case where the court
deems it just and equitable that attorney's fees and expenses of litigation should be
recovered 3 5 which are both shown in the instant case.
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals dated March 31, 2000 and its
Resolution dated November 28, 2000 are AFFIRMED. cHTCaI

Costs against petitioner.

SO ORDERED.
Panganiban, C.J., Ynares-Santiago, Austria-Martinez, Callejo, Sr. and Chico-
Nazario, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
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 1. Penned by Associate Justice Corona Ibay-Somera (retired) and concurred in by Associate
Justices Portia Aliño-Hormachuelos and Elvi John S. Asuncion; rollo, pp. 32-41.
2. Penned by Associate Justice Portia Aliño-Hormachuelos, concurred in by Associate
Justices Martin S. Villarama, Jr. and Elvi John S. Asuncion; Id. at 60-61.
3. Penned by Judge Pastor V. de Guzman, Jr.; Id. at 81-84.
4. Id. at 84.
5. Id. at 15-16.
6. G.R. No. L-65228, February 18, 1985, 134 SCRA 466.
7. Heirs of Miguel Franco v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123924, December 11, 2003, 418
SCRA 60, 67. Among the exceptional circumstances that would compel the Supreme
Court to review the findings of fact of the lower courts is when the findings of fact are
conflicting. See e.g., Sacay v. Sandiganbayan, 226 Phil. Rep. 496, 510 (1986).
8. Records, p. 154.
9. Evidence, Ricardo J. Francisco, Vol. VII, Part I, 1997 edition, p. 554, citing 20 Am. Jur.
468.
10. Del Mundo v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-25788, April 30, 1980, 97 SCRA 373, 380.
11. Supra note 7, citing Noda v. Cruz-Arnaldo, G.R. No. L-57322, June 22, 1987, 151 SCRA
227.

12. Records, p. 199.

13. Id. at pp. 346-347.
14. TSN, March 10, 1993, pp. 30-34.
15. Records, p. 167 to 181; Exhibits "N," "N-1" to " N-18".
16. TSN, April 21, 1993, pp. 12-13.

17. Director of Lands v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 68946, May 22, 1992, 209
SCRA 214, 227.

18. 350 Phil. 138 (1998).

19. Id. at 173.
20. Records, p. 318.
21. Francisco, Comments on the Rules of Court, Vol. VI, 1980 edition, p. 123, citing U.S. v.
Solana, 33 Phil. 582 (1916) and Dayrit v. Gonzalez, 7 Phil. 182 (1906).
22. People v. Gecomo, 324 Phil. 297, 318 (1996); Tabuena v. Court of Appeals, 274 Phil. 51,
55 (1991).
23. Supra note 6.
24. TSN, February 24, 1993, pp. 9-11.

25. Id. at 11.

26. Id. at 12.
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 27. Id. at 12-14.
28. Id. at 23.
29. TSN, March 10, 1993, pp. 10-11.

30. Id. at 13.

31. Id. at 29.
32. Id.
33. Asian Transmission Corporation v. Canlubang Sugar Estates, G.R. No. 142383, August
29, 2003, 410 SCRA 202, 223 citing Herpolsheimer v. Christopher, 111 N.W. 359 (1907).
34. Art. 2208 (2).
35. Art. 2208 (11).

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