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    Bootstrap and Autoconfiguration (DHCP) : Internetworking With TCP/IP Vol 1 - Part 22 2005

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    Nacho Alvarez
    DHCP and BOOTP are used to bootstrap TCP/IP stacks and automatically configure hosts with necessary IP parameters. DHCP extends BOOTP by allowing for dynamic assignment of IP addresses. A host broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message and servers respond with DHCPOFFER messages. The host then requests an address from a selected server via DHCPREQUEST. The server grants a lease for the address via DHCPACK and the host must renew the lease before it expires to retain the address. DHCP supports autoconfiguration of hosts and dynamic allocation of addresses for hosts such as those in ISP networks.

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    Bootstrap and Autoconfiguration (DHCP) : Internetworking With TCP/IP Vol 1 - Part 22 2005

    Uploaded by

    Nacho Alvarez
    14 views18 pages
    DHCP and BOOTP are used to bootstrap TCP/IP stacks and automatically configure hosts with necessary IP parameters. DHCP extends BOOTP by allowing for dynamic assignment of IP addresses. A host broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message and servers respond with DHCPOFFER messages. The host then requests an address from a selected server via DHCPREQUEST. The server grants a lease for the address via DHCPACK and the host must renew the lease before it expires to retain the address. DHCP supports autoconfiguration of hosts and dynamic allocation of addresses for hosts such as those in ISP networks.

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    dhcp-bootp-part 22

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    DHCP and BOOTP are used to bootstrap TCP/IP stacks and automatically configure hosts with necessary IP parameters. DHCP extends BOOTP by allowing for dynamic assignment of IP addresses. A host broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message and servers respond with DHCPOFFER messages. The host then requests an address from a selected server via DHCPREQUEST. The server grants a lease for the address via DHCPACK and the host must renew the lease before it expires to retain the address. DHCP supports autoconfiguration of hosts and dynamic allocation of addresses for hosts such as those in ISP networks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views18 pages

    Bootstrap and Autoconfiguration (DHCP) : Internetworking With TCP/IP Vol 1 - Part 22 2005

    Uploaded by

    Nacho Alvarez
    DHCP and BOOTP are used to bootstrap TCP/IP stacks and automatically configure hosts with necessary IP parameters. DHCP extends BOOTP by allowing for dynamic assignment of IP addresses. A host broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message and servers respond with DHCPOFFER messages. The host then requests an address from a selected server via DHCPREQUEST. The server grants a lease for the address via DHCPACK and the host must renew the lease before it expires to retain the address. DHCP supports autoconfiguration of hosts and dynamic allocation of addresses for hosts such as those in ISP networks.

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    of 18

    PART XXII

    BOOTSTRAP AND AUTOCONFIGURATION


    (DHCP)

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 1 2005


    System Startup

    d To keep protocol software general


    – IP stack designed with many parameters
    – Values filled in when system starts
    d Two possible sources of information
    – Local storage device (e.g., disk)
    – Server on the network

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 2 2005


    Bootstrapping

    d BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP)


    – Early alternative to RARP
    – Provided more than just an IP address
    – Obtained configuration parameters from a server
    – Used UDP
    d Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
    – Replaces and extends BOOTP
    – Provides dynamic address assignment

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 3 2005


    Apparent Contradiction

    d DHCP used to obtain parameters for an IP stack


    d DHCP uses IP and UDP to obtain the parameters
    d Stack must be initialized before being initialized

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 4 2005


    Solving The Apparent Contradiction

    d DHCP runs as application


    d Only needs basic facilities
    d In particular:

    An application program can use the limited broadcast IP


    address to force IP to broadcast a datagram on the local
    network before IP has discovered the IP address of the local
    network or the machine’s IP address.

    d Note: server cannot use ARP when replying to client


    because client does not know its own IP address

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 5 2005


    DHCP Retransmission

    d Client handles retransmission


    d Initial timeout selected at random
    d Timeout for successive retransmissions doubled

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 6 2005


    Two-Step Bootstrap

    d DHCP provides information, not data


    d Client receives
    – Name of file that contains boot image
    – Address of server
    d Client must use another means to obtain the image to run
    (typically TFTP)

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 7 2005


    Dynamic Address Assignment

    d Needed by ISPs
    – Client obtains an IP address and uses temporarily
    – When client finishes, address is available for another
    client
    d Also used on many corporate networks

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 8 2005


    DHCP Address Assignment

    d Backward compatible with BOOTP


    d Can assign addresses in three ways
    – Manual (manager specifies binding as in BOOTP)
    – Automatic (address assigned by server, and machine
    retains same address)
    – Dynamic (address assigned by server, but machine may
    obtain new address for successive request)
    d Manager chooses type of assignment for each address

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 9 2005


    DHCP Support For Autoconfiguration

    Because it allows a host to obtain all the parameters needed for


    communication without manual intervention, DHCP permits
    autoconfiguration. Autoconfiguration is, of course, subject to
    administrative constraints.

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 10 2005


    Dynamic Address Assignment

    d Client is granted a lease on an address


    d Server specifies length of lease
    d At end of lease, client must renew lease or stop using
    address
    d Actions controlled by finite state machine

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 11 2005


    Server Contact

    To use DHCP, a host becomes a client by broadcasting a


    message to all servers on the local network. The host then
    collects offers from servers, selects one of the offers, and
    verifies acceptance with the server.

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 12 2005


    DHCP Finite State Machine

    Host Boots INITIALIZE

    / DHCPDISCOVER

    SELECT DHCPNACK DHCPNACK


    or
    Lease Expires

    Lease Reaches
    DHCPOFFER 87.5% Expiration /
    DHCPREQUEST
    REBIND RENEW
    Select Offer /
    DHCPREQUEST

    DHCPACK

    REQUEST DHCPACK

    Lease Reaches
    50% Expiration /
    DHCPACK DHCPREQUEST

    BOUND
    Cancel Lease / DHCPRELEASE

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 13 2005


    DHCP Message Format
    0 8 16 24 31

    OP HTYPE HLEN HOPS

    TRANSACTION ID

    SECONDS FLAGS

    CLIENT IP ADDRESS

    YOUR IP ADDRESS

    SERVER IP ADDRESS

    ROUTER IP ADDRESS

    CLIENT HARDWARE ADDRESS (16 OCTETS)


    .
    .
    .

    SERVER HOST NAME (64 OCTETS)


    .
    .
    .

    BOOT FILE NAME (128 OCTETS)


    .
    .
    .

    OPTIONS (VARIABLE)
    .
    .
    .

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 14 2005


    Message Type Field

    0 8 16 23

    CODE (53) LENGTH (1) TYPE (1 - 7)

    2TYPE FIELD Corresponding DHCP Message Type


    2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
    1 DHCPDISCOVER
    2 DHCPOFFER
    3 DHCPREQUEST
    4 DHCPDECLINE
    5 DHCPACK
    6 DHCPNACK
    7 DHCPRELEASE
    8 DHCPINFORM

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 15 2005


    Questions For Discussion

    d Explain the relationship between DHCP and DNS


    d What basic facility is needed? Why?

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 16 2005


    Summary

    d Two protocols available for bootstrapping


    – BOOTP (static binding of IP address to computer)
    – DHCP (extension of BOOTP that adds dynamic binding
    of IP addresses)
    d DHCP
    – Server grants lease for an address
    – Lease specifies length of time
    – Host must renew lease or stop using address when lease
    expires
    – Actions controlled by finite state machine

    Internetworking With TCP/IP vol 1 -- Part 22 17 2005


    Questions?

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