DEPARTMENT OF

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

MOMENTUM TRANSFER
III Semester

By
Dr. S. Murthy Shekhar
Professor & Head

8/1/2018 Dept. of Chemical Engg., SIT, Tumakuru 1

Momentum Transfer
 Course Code: 3CH02
 Course: Momentum Transfer
 Credits: 4.5
 Duration/week: 5 hr
 Room No. CHL 203
 Class Timings:
Monday: 11.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
Wednesday: 11.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
Thursday: 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
Friday: 08.00 a.m. to 09.00 a.m.
Saturday: 9.00 a.m. to 10.00 a.m.

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Course Outcomes
 CO1: Apply the basic concepts of the fluid along with its
flow properties to laminar and turbulent conditions
 CO2: Analyse flow systems based on continuity,
Bernoulli’s equations for mass and energy balances
 CO3: Demonstrate the knowledge on transportation
of fluids, transport and flow measuring devices with
regard to principles, construction and working.
 CO4: Analyze and solve problems on flow through
closed conduit and open channels
 CO5: Apply the principles of dimensional analysis and
similitude to solve chemical engineering processes

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UNIT-1 10+2 Hrs
 Fluid statics and its applications: Concept of unit
operations, Concept of Momentum Transfer, Nature of
fluids and pressure concept, Variation of pressure with
height – hydrostatic equilibrium, Barometric equation,
Measurement of fluid pressure – manometers. Decanter
- Continuous gravity decanter and Centrifugal decanter.

 Fluid flow phenomena: Types of fluids – shear stress

and velocity gradient relation, Newtonian and non –
Newtonian fluids, Viscosity of gases and liquids. Types of
flow – laminar and turbulent flow, Reynolds stress, Eddy
viscosity. Flow in boundary layers, Reynolds number,
Boundary layer separation and wake formation.

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UNIT-II
 Basic equations of fluid flow: Average velocity,
Mass velocity, Continuity equation, Euler and
Bernoulli equations, Modified equations for real
fluids with correction factors. Pump work in
Bernoulli equation.Angular momentum equation.

 Flow of incompressible fluids in conduits and

thin layer: Laminar flow through circular and non-
circular conduits. Hagen Poiseuille’s equation, Laminar
flow of non-Newtonian liquids, Turbulent flow in pipes
and closed channels, Friction factor chart. Friction from
change in velocity or direction. Form friction losses in
Bernoulli equation. Flow of fluids in thin layers.

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UNIT –III & UNIT-IV
 Flow of compressible fluids: Continuity equation,
Concept of Mach number, Total energy balance, Velocity
of sound, Ideal gas equations. Flow through variable-area
conducts. Adiabatic frictional flow. Isothermal frictional
flow (elementary treatment only)

 Metering of fluids: Pipes, Fitting and valves,

Measurement of liquid and gas flow rates by orifice
meter, venturi meter, rotameter and pitot tube. Flow
through open channels – weirs and notches. Unsteady
state flow: Time to empty the liquid from a tank.

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UNIT-V
 Transportation of fluids: Elementary concept of
target meter, vortex shredding meters, turbine meters,
positive displacement meters, magnetic meters, coriolis
meters and thermal meters. Performance and
characteristics of pumps – positive displacement and
centrifugal pumps. Fans, blowers and compressors.

 Dimensional analysis: Dimensional homogeneity,

Rayleigh’s and Buckingham’s II–methods. Significance of
different dimensionless numbers. Elementary treatment
of similitude between model and prototype.

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Resources
Text Books:
1. McCabe W.L., Julian C Smith, Peter Harriott.“Unit
Operations of Chemical Engineering”, 7e, McGraw Hill
International. Singapore, 2017, ISBN- 978-9339213237.

2. Kumar K L.”Engineering Fluid Mechanics”, 7e, Eurasia Publishing

House Pvt,Ltd., New Delhi, 2010, ISBN- 978-8121901000

Reference Books:
1. Coulson J. II and Richardson J.F.“Chemical Engineering,
Vol.1”. 6e, Asian Books, New Delhi, 2006, ISBN- 978-
8181473868.
2. Badger W.I. and Banchero J.T.“Introduction to Chemical
Engineering”, 1e, Tata McGraw Hill, Singapore, 2017, ISBN- 978-
0074630501.
 www.chemicalengineeringresources.com

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What is a Chemical Process?
 The term chemical process and chemical processing is
very common in chemical engineering.
 A Chemical process is a combination of steps
in which starting materials are converted into
desired products using equipment and
conditions that facilitate that conversion.
 Chemical Engineering creatively combines the three
basic physical sciences viz., chemistry, physics and
biology along with mathematics to address world’s
need by creating new technology and solving
problems in exiting technology.

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What is Chemical Engineering?
 The application of basic sciences and mathematics
makes chemical engineering extremely versatile, since
nearly all physical phenomena can be described by the
combination of these four sciences.
 DEFINITION- American Institute of Chemical
Engineers(AIChE)
 Chemical Engineers use science and mathematics
especially chemistry, biochemistry, applied mathematics
and engineering principles, to take laboratory or
conceptual ideas and turn them into value added
products in a cost effective, safe (including
environmental) and cutting edge process

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 Combustion
Material processes Paints
and and
properties Dyels
Semicon
ductor Textiles
products

Oil and Petroche

gas oline micals

Medicine
Chemical Pharmac
Engineering euticals

Law Polymers

Environme Medical
ntal applicati
protection ons
Energy Agricult
producti ural
on Food products
products

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 Role and Activities
 Chemical Engineers use science and mathematics
especially chemistry, biochemistry, applied mathematics
and engineering principles, to take laboratory or
conceptual ideas and turn them into value added
products in a cost effective, safe (including
environmental) and cutting edge process
 From the development of smaller, faster computer chips
to innovations in recycling, treating disease, cleaning
water, and generating energy, the processes and
products that chemical engineers have helped create
touch every aspect of our lives
 To discover, develop and implement creative solutions to
the world’s problems and new ways to benefit mankind

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Achievements

 Semiconductor  Synthetic Fibers

Fabrication  Synthetic Rubber
 Medicine  Gases from Air
 Environmental  Food
Protection  Separation and
 CrudeOil Processing Use of Isotopes
 Plastics  Antibiotics

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Grand Challenges for 2050
 Make Solar Energy  Advance Health
economical Informatics
 Provide Energy from  Engineer Better
Fusion Medicine
 Develop Carbon  Reverse-Engineer Brain
sequestration  Prevent Nuclear Terror
Methods
 Secure Cyber Space
 Mange the Nitrogen
Cycle  Enhance Virtual Reality
 Provide access to  Advanced Personalized
Clean Water Learning
 Restore and Improve
Urban Infrastructure 8/1/2018 Dept. of Chemical Engg., SIT, Tumakuru 14
Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Material balance: It describes how material moves in
and out of a process and help us determine how much
material is needed to produce the desired products, as
well as the amount of specific materials leaving the
process, including both the desired products and
undesirable products such as pollutants and byproducts.
Examples:
 How of nitrogen is required to manufacture ammonia
 Find the composition of a mixture
 Find the amount of air required for burning of a fuel
 Estimate the amount of heat required to melt a
material
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Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Momentum Transfer/Fluid Mechanics: It describes
principles governing fluid flow, working of process
equipment based on fluids and methods available to
transfer fluids, energy required to transfer them and
extract work from fluids.
Examples:
 How much energy is required to draw water from a well?
 What type of device should be used for burning of fuel in a
car engine or an industrial boiler
 How to convert energy in steam to electricity?
 How to develop a artificial kidney/heart or develop
biomedical devices.

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 Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Heat Transfer: It deals with principles heat transfer
and working of process equipment used in transfer
of heat flow heat transfers and help us design
systems
Examples:
 Design of coolers of for cooling of milk?
 Design of ovens for baking biscuits?
 Design of heat exchangers and cooling towers to
conserve water and control temperature of a reactor?
 Design of boilers for generation of steam?

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Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Mass Transfer: It deals with phenomena wherein diffusion
is involved, design of systems for separation of
components from a given mixture viz., liquid-liquid, gas-
liquid.
Examples:
 How much of caffeine can be extracted from a given
coffee seed?
 How much time and energy is required to convert a
wet coconut to copra?
 How much energy is required to separate petrol and
diesel from a crude oil?
 How you can convert a non-potable water to potable
water? 8/1/2018 Dept. of Chemical Engg., SIT, Tumakuru 18
Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Reaction Engineering: It describes how fast chemical
reactions occur and helps us design systems (e.g.
reactors) to produce desired quantities of material by
reactions
Examples:
 What should be volume of a reactor to get 1000 kg of
urea from ammonia?
 What should be size of a bioreactor to make penicillin?

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Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Process Control: It deals with the control of process
parameters, such as flow rate, pH, concentration or
discharge from a given process unit. It helps in
maintaining product quality and reduction in cost and
reduction in manpower.
Examples:
 What are the different methods available to maintain
the temperature in the cooling tank constant
 How you can control the flow of oil to burner to meet
the changing needs of steam in a plant?
 How do you control the variation in baking
temperature inside a baking oven?

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Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Material Science: It describes the various types
of materials available, their characteristic and
engineering properties. It also helps in selection
of material for various process requirement from
environment and economic points of view.
Examples:
 Why plastic pipes are used in household water pipes?
 Why Stainless Steel pipes are used in pharmaceutical
industry
 Why underground sewerage pipes are made of
concrete?

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Curriculum of Chemical Engineering
Economics: It describes the variables that affect the
costs of chemical processing equipment and helps us
predict costs of various design and operating options
Examples:
 What would be the investment required for setting up
Mangalore petrochemicals and refinery?
 Why the pharmaceutical products are so costly?
 How much of man power and operating cost I need to
run a milk dairy?
 When I invest 500 crores on a fertilizer plant, when I
will get profit?

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History & Growth of Chemical Engg
 George E. Davis (1850-
1906) is considered the
father of Chemical
Engineering.
 Davis studies at the
slough Mechanics
Institute and the Royal
School of Mines in
Londown (now a part of
Imperial College,
London).
 He worked in chemical
industries around
Manchester.

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History & Growth of Chemical Engg
 Before he embarked on a career as consultant held
various positions – one as inspector for the Alkali Act of
1863.
 This was a very early piece of environmental legislation
that required soda manufacturer to reduced the
amount of hydrochloric acid gas vented in to the
atmosphere from their factories.
 His job profile was such that he had to visit various
chemical plants and inspect their operations. During
the course of his visit he found several similarities in the
processes occurring in various units of different plants

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History & Growth of Chemical Engg
 He made comprehensive study of the different
processes in these plants and highlighted the
fundamental principles on which these processes were
based.
 In 1887, Davis gave a series of lecturer at the
Manchester School of Technology which formed the
basis of Hand book of Chemical Engineering. At that
time, there were already several industrial chemistry
books written for each chemical industry viz., alkali
manufacturing, acid production, brewing, and dyeing.

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History & Growth of Chemical Engg
 Davis contribution was that he organized his text by the
basic operations common to many industries –
transporting solids, liquids and gases; distillation,
crystallization and evaporation to name a few. His
lectures were criticized as being common place know-
how since these were designed around operating
practices used by British Chemical industries

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Concept of Unit Operation:
 To make understanding of the various concepts related
to Chemical Engineering, George E. Davis coined the
term Unit Operations and later Unit Process was also
introduced
 Unit Operations deals with all the operations in a
process where only physical change is involved
 Examples:
 Transfer of natural gas to different places in a city
(momentum transfer)
 Separation of solid from a slurry ( Momentum transfer)
 Cooling of water in a heat exchanger (Heat Transfer)
 Evaporation of water in a Evaporator (Heat Transfer)

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Concept of Unit Process
 Distillation of Crude Oil in a distillation column (Mass
Transfer)
 Extraction of cur cumin from termaric (Mass Transfer)
 In the above operations material undergoes only
physical change
Unit Process:
 The operations in which a material undergo chemical
change, which is permanent
 Ex: alkylation, oxidation, reduction reactions
 Unit operations are carried out in reactors

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Transport Processes
 In present days, these unit operations are also termed
as Transport Processes
 Transport Processes depend on Rate of Transport
 Rate of Transport Processes
◦ = Driving Force/Resistance
 Examples
 Rate of momentum transfer = Velocity gradient/viscosity
 Rate of heat transfer = temperature gradient/resistance
to heat transfer viz., 1/conductivity, heat transfer
coefficient
 Rate of mass transfer= concentration gradient/diffusivity

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Transport Process

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