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    Element-Content Model:: Example

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    ashutoshsk512
    The document describes element-content models and attributes in DTDs. It defines empty elements, text-only elements, complex content models using regular expressions over child elements, and mixed content allowing text and elements. Attributes are declared with ATTLIST and can have default values, be required, optional, or fixed. Entities can be declared internally or externally to define common text or external references. Validation checks an XML document against its DTD grammar to detect errors during parsing.

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    Element-Content Model:: Example

    Uploaded by

    ashutoshsk512
    29 views7 pages
    The document describes element-content models and attributes in DTDs. It defines empty elements, text-only elements, complex content models using regular expressions over child elements, and mixed content allowing text and elements. Attributes are declared with ATTLIST and can have default values, be required, optional, or fixed. Entities can be declared internally or externally to define common text or external references. Validation checks an XML document against its DTD grammar to detect errors during parsing.

    Original Description:

    CLASSES IN XML

    Original Title

    XML Class

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    The document describes element-content models and attributes in DTDs. It defines empty elements, text-only elements, complex content models using regular expressions over child elements, and mixed content allowing text and elements. Attributes are declared with ATTLIST and can have default values, be required, optional, or fixed. Entities can be declared internally or externally to define common text or external references. Validation checks an XML document against its DTD grammar to detect errors during parsing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    29 views7 pages

    Element-Content Model:: Example

    Uploaded by

    ashutoshsk512
    The document describes element-content models and attributes in DTDs. It defines empty elements, text-only elements, complex content models using regular expressions over child elements, and mixed content allowing text and elements. Attributes are declared with ATTLIST and can have default values, be required, optional, or fixed. Entities can be declared internally or externally to define common text or external references. Validation checks an XML document against its DTD grammar to detect errors during parsing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Element-content model:

    1) Empty Elements: keyword “EMPTY”:


    <!ELEMENT element-name (EMPTY)> example: <!ELEMENT img (EMPTY)>
    2) Text-only: Elements with text are declared:
    <!ELEMENT element-name (#PCDATA)> example: < ! ELEMENT name ( # PCDATA) >
    3) Any: keyword “ANY” declares an element with any content:<!ELEMENT element-name
    (ANY)>
    4) Complex: a regular expression over other elements.
    Example: < ! ELEMENT company ( (person | product)*) >
    5) Mixed content: Example: <!ELEMENT note (to+,from,header,message*,#PCDATA)>
    This example declares that the element note must contain at least one to child element, exactly
    one from child element, exactly one header, zero or more message, and some other parsed
    character data as well.
    Note: The elements in the regular expression must be defined in the DTD
    DTD - Attributes
    In DTD, XML element attributes are declared with an ATTLIST declaration. Attribute
    declaration has the following syntax:
    Attributes: Attributes provide extra information about elements. Attributes are placed inside the
    starting tag of an element.
    Example: <img src="computer.gif" />

    <!ATTLIST element-name
    attribute-name
    Example:
    <! ELEMENT person (ssn, name, attribute-type
    office, phone?) > default-
    value>
    <! ATTLIS person age CDATA #REQUIRED) >
    The attribute-type can have the following values:

    CDADA = string
    ID = key
    IDREF = foreign key
    IDREFS = foreign keys
    separated by space
    (val | val | …) = enumeration
    NMTOKEN = must be a valid XML
    name
    NMTOKENS = multiple valid XML
    The default-value can have the following values:
    names
    ENTITY = entity
    ENTITIES = a list of entities
    NOTATION = a name of a notation
    xml: = the value is
    predefined

    #DEFAULT value The attribute has


    a default
    value
    #REQUIRED The attribute
    value must be
    Attribute declaration examples

    included in the
    element
    Example 1:
    DTD example:

    IMPLIED The attribute is


    <!ELEMENT square EMPTY>
    <!ATTLIST square width CDATA "0">
    optional
    XML example:
    <square width="100"></square>

    FIXED value
    or The only value
    <square width="100”/>
    allowed
    Example 2:
    DTD example:
    < !DOCTYPE family [
    < !ELEMENT family (person)* >
    < !ELEMENT person ( name ) >
    < !ELEMENT name (#PCDATA) >
    < !ATTLIST person id ID #REQUIRED
    mother IDREF #IMPLIED
    father IDREF #IMPLIED
    children IDREFS #IMPLIED
    ]>
    XML example:
    <family>
    <person id = “jane” mother = “mary” father = “john”>
    <name> Jane Doe </name>
    </person>
    <person id = “john” children = “jane jack”>
    <name> John Doe </name>
    </person>
    <person id = “mary” children = “jane jack”>
    <name> Mary Smith </name>
    </person>
    <person id = “jack” mother = “smith” father = “john”>
    <name> Jack Smith </name>
    </person>
    </family>
    DTD – Entities
    Entities
    • Entities as variables used to define shortcuts to common text.
    • Entity references are references to entities.
    • Entities can be declared internal.
    • Entities can be declared external.
    Internal Entity Declaration
    Syntax:
    <!ENTITY entity-name "entity-
    value">

    DTD Example:
    <!ENTITY writer "Jan Egil Refsnes.">
    <!ENTITY copyright "Copyright
    XML101.">
    External Entity Declaration

    Syntax:
    <!ENTITY
    XML entity-name SYSTEM
    example:
    "URL">
    <author>&writer;&copyright;</aut
    DTD Example:
    hor> writer SYSTEM
    <!ENTITY
    "http://www.xml101.com/entities
    /entities.xml">
    <!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM
    "http://www.xml101.com/entities
    Entities: Entities as variables used to define common text. Entity references are references to

    /entities.dtd">
    entities.

    XML example:
    <author>&writer;&copyright;</aut
    hor>
    The following entities are predefined in XML:
    Entity References | Character
    ------------------------------------
    &lt; <
    &gt; >
    &amp; &
    &quot; "
    &apos; '
    Entities are expanded when a XML document is parsed by an XML parser.

    DTD Validation
    How to test for DTD errors while loading XML document?
    Since DTD is the grammar for XML, XML is a parse tree of its DTD. Then we can use a XML
    parser to check if the XML is valid.

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