P02-02 - Alarm Engineering - V8.1 - S0915 - EN

SCE Training Curriculum
Siemens Automation Cooperates with Education (SCE) | 09/2015
PA Module P02-02
SIMATIC PCS 7 – Alarm Engineering
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P02-02_Alarm Engineering_V8.1_S0915_EN.docx
ALARM ENGINEERING
TRAINING OBJECTIVE
In this module, the students are familiarized with the fundamentals of an alarm system.
They understand the purpose and the areas of application of alarm and signaling systems,
and they know the requirements for such systems resulting from this. They are familiarized
with the possibilities of representation, and interactions with messages and alarms. This
enables the students to design a suitable and useable alarm management in PCS 7.
THEORY IN BRIEF
Alarm systems play an extremely important role in modern process control concepts for the
economic operation of process plants. Designed ergonomically, they inform the operating
personnel specifically if there are unintended deviations of the process state from a defined
normal state (refer also to the chapter Functional Safety). Alarm systems make it possible
for the operator to localize the cause of the malfunction directly, and to adjust the process
control strategy through suitable intervention in a way that, despite the fault, either
specification-conforming products continue to be manufactured, or the process is stabilized
in a way that the fault causes minimal production outage.
The control system PCS 7 includes a number of technical resources for implementing an
alarm system. The palette ranges from function blocks for generating messages, icons for
representing alarm states, group alarms along the plant hierarchy to components for
representing and managing messages in lists (refer to Figure 1).
By following a number of design rules for specifying message texts and assigning priorities,
a very efficient alarm system can be implemented that meets all the requirements of the
national and international standards and guidelines currently valid.
Figure 1: From alarm block to visualization at alarm lists
THEORY
ALARM SYSTEMS
Through the consistent use of modern process control engineering, process plants are
highly automated and optimized regarding safety. For this reason, the operator of such a
plant monitors a largely automated process that requires operations only if, because of a
fault of the process or of the plant, manual intervention is necessary. The objective of such
manual intervention is always to take the process back to the normal state (refer also to the
chapter ‘Functional Safety’) before the automatic protection equipment is activated.
Since in general, protection equipment takes the monitored technical facility to a safe state,
this usually causes a loss in product quality, production delays or even the standstill of the
entire production. This has a considerable negative effect on the economic efficiency of the
plant. For that reason, the possibility that an impermissible fault activates the protection
equipment has to be detected early so that it can be prevented through suitable manual
intervention. In addition, the operator has to be informed of protection equipment being
activated so that he can monitor the consequences.
The alarm system is the central interface between the operator and the monitored process,
and makes available all setups for managing messages and alarms in the control system
[2]. The alarm system makes it possible for the operator to detect deviations from specified
conditions within the range of the intended operation early, and to specifically counteract it.
Figure 2 shows the four phases of interaction between the operator and the alarm system
of the process control system.
Alarm system of
Generation DCS
Operator Process
action Representation
plant
Assessment
Operator
Figure 2: Phases of interaction according to [2]
This means the alarm system has to provide the operator with the capability and the
opportunity to respond suitably to a signaled event. To attain this, the system has to meet a
number of requirements. Messages and alarms have to be represented clearly,
transparently and consistently.
The operator has to be supported in the situation-oriented evaluation of a message or an
alarm as well as in the selection of suitable intervention. To this end, a suitable action
prompt has to be provided, depending on the process state.
To prevent the operator from being overburdened, the number as well as the frequency of
messages and alarms has to be minimized. In addition, the operator’s workload should be
kept as low as possible when messages and alarms occur. Beyond this, the operator can
be supported in his work with suitable tools for documenting and evaluating messages and
alarms.
When designing an alarm system, the performance capability limits of the future operators
have to be taken into account. The totality of the tasks that an alarm system requires of an
operator to be performed must not exceed human performance limits either for short
periods of time nor continuously.
On the one hand, a sudden rise in the number of alarms or of the alarm rate can cause the
operator to be briefly overloaded (alarm shower). It has to be taken into account here that
on the average, an operator cannot process, as a maximum, more than 7 items of
information at the same time (7±2 rule).
On the other hand, a continuously high workload can cause the operator to be permanently
overloaded through a constant high number of arriving alarms. This leads to an increasing
drop of the operator’s performance and reliability.
An alarm system has to be designed that utilizes the characteristic features of human
perception and takes their limits into account. Important alarms have to be emphasized to
be noticed quickly. Events that occur rarely have to be presented in a special manner to
draw the attention of the user. Important information should be presented redundantly to
facilitate it being noticed. Moreover, several sense channels should be addressed for
transmitting information (for example, using acoustical warning signals).
Only if an alarm system meets these requirements can it actually support the operator in
his tasks: to monitor and control the plant.
ALARMS AND MESSAGES

Alarm systems are used to manage messages and alarms in control systems. In general,
‘Message’ means every report and every display referring to the occurrence of a specific
event. However, in the narrower sense the term is used only for such messages that do not
require immediate operator reaction [1]. Otherwise, the term alarm is used; i.e., the term
‘message’ is used as a generic term as well as subsidiary term. Below, the following
definitions will be used consistently:
– Alarm: Refers to a display or report that an event occurred that requires immediate
operator reaction. The reaction may be an activity; for example, performing an
operation. But it can also be only a mental reaction; for example, increased attention.
– Message: Refers to a display or report that an event occurred; no immediate operator
action is required.
Alarms signal deviations of the process or of the plant from the desired state and make it
possible for the operator to avert a danger situation or economic damage. To fulfill this
task, good alarms have to have the following features [3]:
– Relevant: The alarm is justified and valuable to the operator.
– Clear: The alarm contains information for the operator. It does not repeat another
alarm.
– Timely: The alarm arrives close to the time when an intervention is necessary. It
arrives in time for the operator to intervene.
– Prioritized: The alarm refers to the urgency of operator reaction.
– Can be understood: The alarm contains information that can be understood easily.
– Diagnostic: The alarm makes it possible for the operator to identify the problem that
occurred.
– Instructional: The alarm provides suitable action instructions to solve the problem
that occurred
– Focusing: The alarm guides the attention to the most important problems
Alarms should always be used purpose-oriented. We should clarify what is monitored,
how it is done and when an alarm is triggered. Furthermore, we have to define how the
operator can react to the alarm. Based on these criteria, alarms can be subdivided into a
variety of alarm types (refer to [3]). The most important types are:
– Absolute alarm: The alarm is generated when a specified limit is exceeded or
dropped below.
– Time delayed alarm: The alarm is generated when the alarm criterion for a specified
time span is met.
– Process alarm: The control system itself generates an alarm that requires immediate
operator reaction.
ALARM PROCESSING BY THE OPERATOR

The operator processes alarms in three phases: First, the operator has to recognize that a
problem occurred (1st phase: recognition). To this end, the alarm system has to draw the
operator’s attention to the problem. Then, with the aid of the control system, the operator
has to identify the problem (2nd phase: identification). After the operator located the
cause, he can initiate steps to remove the fault and to compensate for the consequences of
the problem (3rd phase: problem recovery).
During each of these phases, the alarm system has to support the operator in a suitable
manner. Table 1 lists the most important support capabilities of the alarm system.
Table 1: Options of the alarm system to support alarm processing
Phase Supporting options of the alarm system

Recognition – Effective guidance of attention
– Suitable presentation of information
– Pre-processing and sampling information
Identification – Significant description of errors
– Tools for investigation of errors
– Jumping to the appropriate operator display of PCS
Troubleshooting – Significant instructions for solving the problem
– Jumping to the appropriate operator display of PCS for
operator intervention
To make appropriate alarm processing possible for the operator of a plant, alarms that
occur have to be suitably managed by the alarm system. Alarm management supports all
phases of interaction between the operator and the alarm system of the process control
system.
Generation
Messages and alarms are generated process-oriented in the devices of the control system
equipment of the plant. Generation may be linked to certain conditions (for example, timing
conditions, and hysteresis) and is carried out always with time-synchronous stamping.
When defining messages and alarms, the operator’s reaction time has to be taken into
account. After a message or an alarm occurred, the operator has to have sufficient time to
remove the indicated problem before the next alarm is triggered.
This can be easily illustrated using the overflow protection of a reactor as an example.
Corresponding to the inflow rate of the reactor, a defined time elapses between the
overflow indication and the corresponding overflow alarm. If the operator’s counter
measures don’t take effect in time, the indication is not useful to the operator since the
alarm and the automated protection function are triggered in any case.
Prioritization
Large process plants have a considerable number of alarm sources available that in turn
can trigger different types of alarms. To keep this diversity controllable for the operator, it is
advisable to structure the alarm system. A suitable method for this is alarm prioritization.
This refers to the unambiguous classification of all alarms of an alarm system according to
their importance and urgency [2]. If several alarms are accumulating, a processing
sequence can be suggested to the operator based on alarm priorities.
Priority
Response time Seriousness
delay in
Shutdown Off spec
production
Priority
< 5 min High Medium Low
5 - 20 min Medium Medium Low
> 20 min Low Low Low

Figure 1: Example of a prioritization matrix according to [2]
To this end -as shown in Figure 1- a prioritization matrix can be set up. It depends on
the requirements of the respective process plant and is usually used for the entire plant.
Corresponding to this matrix, each individual alarm is assigned a priority (static
prioritization).
Alternatively, alarms can also be prioritized depending on the current plant situation and
the combination of other queued alarms (dynamic prioritization). Usually, alarms are
marked by color regarding their priority.
Prioritization is designed in a way that the long term average alarm rate for each operator
station in normal operation is not more than one alarm every ten minutes [2]. For that
reason, useful priority distribution is the aim. For example:
– 5% Priority High
– 15 % Priority Medium
– 80 % Priority Low
The reduction of operator load resulting from this avoids overload consequences and
ensures necessary time spans for monitoring and controlling [2].
Representation
The representation of alarms is of essential importance to the usability of an alarm system.
The representations below have proven themselves in practice and have prevailed [2]:
– Area overview of alarms: Arrangement of the alarms in an overall view that cannot
be covered up (also called common status display). The alarms are arranged in a
way that they can be assigned directly to the corresponding plant units. Using
corresponding jump functions, the assigned process and plant displays are directly
accessible.
– Representing alarms using an alarm list: Arranging the queued alarms in list
form. The list can be sorted and filtered in many ways. Often, jump functions are
provided to the assigned process and plant displays in this representation also.
– Alarm representation in schematic flow diagrams : Alarms are signaled
through saturated colors (preferably red or yellow) of the corresponding symbols in the
process and plant display.
– Initial message system: If alarms accumulate, the system determines the primary
alarm and filters out the subsequent alarms resulting from it. For the operator, this
decreases the number of alarms he has to process.
Often, the graphic representations are supplemented by optical or acoustical signal
transmitters. They inform the operator in addition of an occurring alarm.
The operator has to acknowledge alarms and messages that occurred; i.e., he documents
that he took notice of the state change,
Evaluation
In order to evaluate an alarm or a message, the operator has to be able to interpret the
current process and plant state correctly. He is assisted in doing this by the types of
representation just discussed, by suitable message texts and alarm descriptions as well as
suitable tools for pre-processing larger alarm volumes.
Operator Intervention
After the operator has evaluated the state of the plant and the consequences, he has to
decide what to do appropriate to the situation, and implement it. This takes place within the
control system but outside the alarm system. For that reason it is extremely helpful to the
operator if he can jump from the alarm system directly to the corresponding screen where
the necessary action can be taken. Often, alarm systems provide corresponding jump
functions. In addition, decisions regarding operator action are supported with help texts that
are assigned to the different alarms.
ALARM MANAGEMENT IN PCS 7

PCS 7 has an efficient alarm system. It informs the plant operator about occurring events
and indicates them in the process mode in the form of message lists and a group display.
An additional list shows the operator interventions. The display for messages is configured
in WinCC.
PCS 7 differentiates three message classes [4]:
– Control system messages: are generated in PCS 7 by driver blocks if they detect
faults on their own components (AS, OS etc.) These messages don’t have to be
configured.
– Process messages: signal events of the automated process such as limit violations
and operational messages. These messages don’t have to be configured. However,
messages texts and message priority can be changed if needed.
– Operation messages: are generated when process variables are operated; for
example, when the operating mode is changed. Operation messages are generated
automatically if PCS 7 faceplates (picture blocks) from the Advanced Process
Library are used, or own blocks that are configured in conformance with PCS 7.
Messages for the AS and distributed periphery are configured when the CFCs are
generated, or in the process object view. Messages of block types or individual block
instances can be changed and own message texts can be configured. SFCs. Types and
instances can also generate messages.
Messages for the OS are configured using the application Alarm Logging in WinCC
Explorer. There, the triggering event is specified for a message.
When configuring messages, different aspects have to be taken into account:
– Message text: Blocks with signaling behavior have preset message texts with the
corresponding message class and message type. These texts and attributes can be
adapted depending on requirements. In addition, information from the process or the
block comment can be added.
– Message number: During compilation, each message configured in the ES is
automatically assigned a unique message number in alarm logging. The message
number range is specified when the project is set up. Message numbers are assigned
either project wide or CPU wide and are unique. The latter is the precondition for
assigning message priorities.
– Message priority: A message can be assigned a priority between 0 (the lowest) and
16 (the highest). Message lists can be sorted and filtered according to their priority. The
message line in the overview area always displays the message that has the highest
priority and was not acknowledged.
Technological blocks that are visualized on the OS have the function Loop-In-Alarm. It
makes it possible to change directly from the message list to the corresponding faceplate
for process and control system messages.
PCS 7 uses a central acknowledgement concept. If a message is acknowledged on the
OS, the acknowledgement is sent first to the triggering block and from there forwarded to
all relevant OSs.
LITERATURE
[1] VDI/VDE 3699 (Ed. 2014-01): Process control using display screens
[2] NAMUR NA 102 (Ed. 2008-10): Alarm Management.
[3] EEMUA 191 (Ed. 2013, Edition 3): Alarm Systems.
[4] SIEMENS (2015): Process Control System PCS7: Engineering System (V8.1).
A5E32712311-AC. (http://support.automation.siemens.com/WW/view/en/90663380)
STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTIONS

TASK
In this task, alarms and warnings are set up for the operator system (OS). As an example,
we program level monitoring for reactor A1T2R001, and have the alarms and warnings we
set up there displayed in WinCC.
TRAINING OBJECTIVE
In this chapter, the students
– Learn to integrate monitoring and alarm blocks in the CFC
– Become familiarized with the WinCC message system
– Learn representing alarms and warnings in the operator system (OS)
– Are familiarized with the WinCC Graphics Designer.
These instructions are based on‚PCS7_SCE_0201_Ueb_R1305_en.zip‘.
PROGRAMMING
1. To program level monitoring, we first open the existing CFC A1T2L001 for the level of
reactor A1T2R001.
( A1_multipurpose_plant  T2_Reaction  Reactor R001  A1T2L001)
2. From the folder ‘Monitor’ of the PCS 7 Advanced Process Library V81 in the
library catalog, enter the block MonAnS and interconnect it as shown. ( Libraries 
PCS 7 AP Library V81  Blocks+Templates/Blocks  Monitor MonAnS)
!
Note: The block MonAnS is used to monitor a measured value (analog signal) for the
limit pairs:
– Warning limit (high/low)
– Alarm limit (high/low)
3. In the block properties, the connections shown for setting the upper and lower
alarm/warning limits are made visible.
( PV_AH_Lim  PV_WH_Lim  PV_WL_Lim  PV_AL_Lim  Visible(Invisible))
4. At the connections that are now visible, the warning and alarm limits shown are set
and the value of connection PV_Unit is set to ‘1040‘. It specifies the unit that is
displayed on the screen of the OS or in the faceplate. An excerpt from Siemens
documentation for possible units is also shown below.
Here, the changes in chart ‘A1T2L001Sheet1’ are listed once more:
Table 2: New blocks in chart ‘A1T2L001 Sheet1‘
Number of
Block Catalog/Folder
connectors
Libraries/PCS 7 AP Library V81/
MonAnS
Blocks+Templates\Blocks/Monitor
Table 3: Input wiring in chart ‘A1T2L001 Sheet1’
Input Wiring to Inverted

MonAnS.PV Pcs7AnIn.PV_Out
MonAnS.PV_AH_Lim 1000.0
MonAnS.PV_WH_Lim 900.0
MonAnS.PV_WL_Lim 150.0
MonAnS.PV_AL_Lim 50.0
MonAnS.PV_Unit 1040
Pcs7AnIn.PV_InUnit 1040
Table 4: Output wiring in chart ‘A1T2L001 Sheet1’
Output Wiring to Inverted

none none none
5. To compile and download AS and OS at the same time, highlight the project in the
component view of the SIMATIC Manager. Then select for the PLC 'Compile and
Download‘.
( SCE_PCS7_Prj  PLC  Compile and Download Objects)
6. Next–as shown here–select the objects for compiling and start the process as you
learned in the previous chapters. ( Start)
7. After the successful compilation, open the OS. ( OS(1)  Open Object)
8. Within WinCC, open in the Graphics Designer the picture ‘T2_Reaction.Pdl’.

( Graphics Designer  T2_Reaction.Pdl)
9. In this picture, the block symbol for the MonAnS block ‘A1T2L001’ was set up through
the compilation run. Position it to the right of the reactor and save the picture.
( A1T2L001  )
10. Now, in the Graphics Designer open the picture ‘A1_multipurpose_plant.Pdl’.
( Graphics Designer  A1_multipurpose_plant.Pdl)
11. In this picture, drag an IO field from the smart object of the object palette to display the
level of reactor A1T2R001. Then, open its variable selection. ( Object palette 
Smart Objects  I/O Field  )
12. Within the variable selection, select as data source the ES variables. In the left window
you will then see the hierarchy of your project. Here you can easily locate your
MonAnS block. To display it in the IO field, select the connection ‘PV#Value’.
( ES Variables  A1_multipurpose_plant  T2_Reaction  Reactor R001 

A1T2L001  2  PV#Value  OK)
13. This variable is now displayed in the configuration dialog. After the following changes,
accept this configuration.
( Update: Upon change Field type: Output  OK)
14. At Properties of the IO field, the output format is set for 4 digits before the comma
(period) without decimal places. ( Properties  Output/Input  Output Format 
9999  OK)
15. The following attributes for the font are selected. ( Properties  Font  X-
Alignment: Centered  Y-Alignment: centered)
16. To better interpret the value in runtime, enter a tooltip text. ( Properties 
Miscellaneous  Tooltip Text: Level of Reactor R001  Close)
17. Next, position the I/O field under Reactor A1T2R001 and add two static texts ‘Level‘
and ‘ml‘. ( Object Palette  Static Text)
18. Below the educt tank A1T1B003, we want to display with a text list whether this tank is
empty. After we dragged the display from the object palette into the picture, open its
variable selection. ( Standard Palette  Smart Objects  TextList  )
19. Within the variable selection, select this time as data source ‘STEP 7 Symbol Server’.
In the window to the left, the symbols of the S7 program are displayed. Select input.
I70.5 ‘A1.T1.A1T1L003.LSA-.SA-’. ( STEP 7 Symbol Server  S7 Program(1) 
Symbols  I70.5 ‘A1.T1.A1T1L003.LSA-.SA-’  OK)
20. This variable is then displayed in the configuration dialog. After the following changes,
accept the configuration.
( Update: Upon Change  Field Type: Output  OK)
21. Next, we set the representation of the font in the properties of the text list.
( Properties  Font  X-Alignment: Centered  Y-Alignment: Centered)
22. The texts are assigned to the values of the variable in the Properties also.
( Properties  Output/Input  Assignments)
23. To the value 0 we assign the indication ‘empty’ and to the value 1 the indication ‘OK’.
( Range type: Single Value  Value range: 0  Text: empty  Change  Range
type: Single Value  Value range: 1  Text: OK  Append  OK  Close)
24. You will need exactly such a text list once more for a textual display below the product
tank A1T3B001. It indicates whether the tank is full. The text list we already generated
is now highlighted and duplicated. ( Duplicate)
25. For product tank A1T3B001, select input I70.6 ‘A1.T3.A1T3L001.LSA+.SA+’. ( STEP
7 Symbol Server  S7 Program(1)  Symbols  I70.6 ‘A1.T3.A1T3L001.LSA+.SA+’
 OK)
26. Now, the assignment is changed for the attributes: To the value 0 we assign the
indication ‘OK’ and to the value 1 the indication ‘Full’. ( Range type: Single Value 
Value range: 0  Text: OK  Change  Range type: Single Value  Value range: 1
 Text: Full  Change  OK)
27. We now position the second text list below the product tank A1T3B001 and save the
picture. ( Save)
28. An illustration follows that shows how a warning is represented in runtime. In the
message line, the warning or alarm that occurred last but has not been acknowledged
appears. If the operator wants to switch directly to the picture where the alarm or
warning was triggered, he can do this in two ways:
– With the button Loop in Alarm in the message line
– By clicking on the fault indicator in the display hierarchy (  )
29. In the picture ‘T2_Reaction’, a display of the warning is provided in the block icon. By
clicking on the block icon, additional information is displayed in the faceplate for the
MonAnS block regarding the cause of the warning. Here, messages requiring
acknowledgement can be acknowledged or limits can be adapted.
30. By clicking on the button Alarm System in the message line, all queued messages
are displayed. ( )
EXERCISES
In the exercises we apply what we learned in the Theory section and in the Step by Step
Instructions. We are using and expanding on the existing multi-project from the step by
step instructions (PCS7_SCE_0202_R1504_en.zip).
In the step by step instructions, only the alarm for a level of only one reactor was
implemented. In the exercise, we are completing the alarm configuration of the level for
reactor R002 as well as implementing the alarms and warnings of temperature overrange
for both reactors. Finally, we are adding to the overview picture the missing displays.
TASKS
The tasks below are based on the step by step instructions. For each task, the
corresponding steps of the instructions can be used as an aid.
1. Implement alarm generation also for the level of the second reactor. To this end, insert
the block MonAnS in the CFC A1T2L002, assign a name and parameters to it. After
compilation, position the block in the operator screen ‘T2_Reaction.pdl‘.
2. Next, in the overview display ‘A1_multipurpose_plant.pdl’ insert an I/O field for the
level of reactor A1T2R002 and visualize the current reactor level.
3. Design alarms for the temperatures of the two reactors analogous to the levels. The
temperature warning is to be triggered at 55°C and the alarm at 60°C. No additional
monitor blocks are needed to design the temperature warnings and alarms since the
PidConL blocks include this functionality. The connections for the warning limits and
the alarm limits have the same name there as for the MonAnS blocks.
4. Now, set up I/O fields for the temperature below the level in the overflow display.
5. Finally, add the missing text lists for all elements.

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What is the purpose of alarm systems?

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What are the requirements for alarm systems?

SCE Training Curriculum

Siemens Automation Cooperates with Education (SCE) | 09/2015

Matching SCE Trainer Packages for these curriculum

Additional information relating to SIMATIC PCS 7 and SIMIT

Additional information relating to SCE

Figure 1: From alarm block to visualization at alarm lists

Figure 2: Phases of interaction according to [2]

ALARMS AND MESSAGES

ALARM PROCESSING BY THE OPERATOR

Table 1: Options of the alarm system to support alarm processing

Phase Supporting options of the alarm system

Response time Seriousness

< 5 min High Medium Low

5 - 20 min Medium Medium Low

> 20 min Low Low Low

ALARM MANAGEMENT IN PCS 7

STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTIONS

( A1_multipurpose_plant  T2_Reaction  Reactor R001  A1T2L001)

Here, the changes in chart ‘A1T2L001Sheet1’ are listed once more:

Table 2: New blocks in chart ‘A1T2L001 Sheet1‘

Table 3: Input wiring in chart ‘A1T2L001 Sheet1’

Input Wiring to Inverted

Table 4: Output wiring in chart ‘A1T2L001 Sheet1’

Output Wiring to Inverted

( SCE_PCS7_Prj  PLC  Compile and Download Objects)

8. Within WinCC, open in the Graphics Designer the picture ‘T2_Reaction.Pdl’.

10. Now, in the Graphics Designer open the picture ‘A1_multipurpose_plant.Pdl’.

( Graphics Designer  A1_multipurpose_plant.Pdl)

Smart Objects  I/O Field  )

( ES Variables  A1_multipurpose_plant  T2_Reaction  Reactor R001 

( Update: Upon change Field type: Output  OK)

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