Designation: E797/E797M − 15

Standard Practice for

Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo
Contact Method 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E797/E797M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
revision.
ion. A number in parentheses
parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Sco
Scope*
pe* 2.2   ASNT Documents:4
1.1 Thi
Thiss practicee2 prov
practic provides
ides guide
guidelines
lines for measur
measuring
ing the  Nondestructive Testing Handbook , 2nd Edition,
2nd  Edition, Vol 7
thickness of materials using the contact pulse-echo method at SNT-TC-1A Recommended
SNT-TC-1A  Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
temperatures not to exceed 93°C [200°F]. cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard
CP-189  Standard for Qualifi
Qualification
cation and Certifi-
1.2 This practice
practice is app
applica
licable
ble to any material
material in whi
which
ch cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity through- 2.3   Aerospace Industries Association Document:5
out the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained NAS-410 Certification
NAS-410  Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
and resolv
resolved.
ed. Testing Personnel
1.3   Units— The
T he va
valu
lues
es sta
stated
ted in ei
eith
ther
er SI un
units
its or in
inch
ch-- 2.4   ISO Standard: 6
pound
pou nd uni
units
ts are to be reg
regard
arded
ed sep
separa
arately
tely as sta
standa
ndard.
rd. The ISO 9712 
9712   Non-Destructive Testing—Qualification and Cer-
values
values stat
stated
ed in each system
system may not be exa exact
ct equ
equiva
ivalent
lents;
s; tification of NDT Personnel
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- 3. Terminology
conformance with the standard. 3.1   Definitions:
Definitions: Defini tions—For definitions of terms used
Definitions
1.4   This standar
standard d doe
doess not purport
purport to add
addre
ress
ss all of the in this practice, refer to Terminology E1316
Terminology  E1316..
safet
safetyy co
conc
ncer
erns
ns,, if an
anyy, as
asso
socia
ciate
ted
d wi
with
th its us
use.
e. It is th
thee
4. Summ
Summary
ary of Practice
Practice
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
 priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.1 Thickn ess (T ),
Thickness ), when measured by the pulse-echo ultra-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. sonicc me
soni meth
thod
od,, is a pr
prod
oduc
uctt of th
thee ve
velo
locit
city
y of so
soun
und
d in th
thee
material and one half the transit time (round trip) through the
2. Referenc
Referenced
ed Documents
Documents material.
2.1   ASTM Standards: 3 Vt 
T  5
 5
E317 Practice
E317  Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of  2
Ultrasonic
Ultras onic Pulse-
Pulse-Echo
Echo Testing Instruments
Instruments and System
Systemss
where:
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E494 Practice
E494  Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi- T  = thi
thickn
ckness,
ess,
als V  = veloci
velocityty,, and
t  = tra
transi
nsitt time
time..
E543 Specification
E543  Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing 4.2 The pulse-echo
pulse-echo ultrasonic
ultrasonic instrument
instrument measures the tran-
E1316 Terminology
E1316  Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations sit time of the ultrasonic pulse through the part.
4.3
4.3 The ve velo
loci
city
ty in th
thee ma
mate
teri
rial
al be
bein
ing
g ex
exam
aminined
ed is a
1
function of the physical properties of the material. It is usually
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07  on Nonde-
structive Testing
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility
responsibility of Subc
Subcommitt
ommittee
ee   E07.06 on
assumed to be a constant for a given class of materials. Its
Ultrasonic Method. approximate value can be obtained from Table X3.1 in Practice
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally
approv
app roved
ed in 198
1981.
1. Las
Lastt pre
previo
vious
us edi
editio
tion
n app
approv
roved
ed in 201
2010
0 as E79
E7977 - 10.
10. DOI
DOI::
4
10.1520/E0797_E0797M-15. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.P.O. Box
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Practice 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
SE-797 in Section II of that Code. Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA
VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
6
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For  Annual Book of ASTM  Availab
vailable
le from Intern
Internationa
ationall Organ
Organizatio
ization
n for Stand
Standardiza
ardization
tion (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central
Central Secre
Secretaria
tariat,
t, BIBC II, Chemi
Cheminn de Bland
Blandonnet
onnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier
Vernier,,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 E797/E797M − 15

NOTE  1—Slope of velocity conversion line is approximately that of steel.

FIG. 1 Transit Time/Thickness Relationship

E494 or from the  Nondestructive Testing Handbook , or it can 5. Significance and Use
be determined empirically. 5.1 The techniques described provide indirect measurement
4.4 One or more reference blocks are required having of thickness of sections of materials not exceeding tempera-
known velocity, or of the same material to be examined, and tures of 93°C [200°F]. Measurements are made from one side
having thicknesses accurately measured and in the range of  of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.
thicknesses to be measured. It is generally desirable that the 5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively
thicknesses be “round numbers” rather than miscellaneous odd on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision
values. One block should have a thickness value near the machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process
maximum of the range of interest and another block near the equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.
minimum thickness. 5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and
4.5 The display element (A-scan display, meter, or digital limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applica-
display) of the instrument must be adjusted to present conve- tions can be found in the cited references. 7,8
nient values of thickness dependent on the range being used.
6. Basis of Application
The control for this function may have different names on
different instruments, including   range, sweep, material 6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
standardize, or   velocity. ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.

4.6 The timing circuits in different instruments use various 6.2   Personnel Qualification:
conversion schemes. A common method is the so-called 6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel
time/analog conversion in which the time measured by the performing examinations to this standard shall be qualified in
instrument is converted into a proportional d-c voltage which is accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized
then applied to the readout device. Another technique uses a
very high-frequency oscillator that is modulated or gated by the 7
Bosselaar, H., and Goosens, J.C.J., “Method to Evaluate Direct-Reading
appropriate echo indications, the output being used either Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Thickness Meters,”   Materials Evaluation,  March 1971, pp.
45–50.
directly to suitable digital readouts or converted to a voltage for 8
Fowler, K.A., Elfbaum, G.M., Husarek, V., and Castel, J., “Applications of 
other presentation. A relationship of transit time versus thick- Precision Ultrasonic Thickness Gaging,”  Proceedings of the Eighth World Confer-
ness is shown graphically in  Fig. 1. ence on Nondestructive Testing,  Cannes, France, Sept. 6–11, 1976, Paper 3F.5.

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 E797/E797M − 15

NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as tions. (See   Fig. 2.) For optimum performance, it is often
ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or a necessary that the instrument and search units be matched.
similar document and certified by the employer or certifying
7.3   Standardization Blocks— The general requirements for
agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its
appropriate standardization blocks are given in 4.4,   8.1.3,
applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-
8.2.2.1, 8.3.2, and  8.4.3. Multi-step blocks that may be useful
ment between the using parties.
for these standardization procedures are described in Appendix
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies— If specified X1 (Figs. X1.1 and X1.2).
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
and evaluated as described in Specification  E543. The appli- 8. Standardization of Apparatus
cable edition of Specification   E543   shall be specified in the 8.1   Case I—Direct Contact, Single-Element Search Unit:
contractual agreement.
8.1.1   Conditions— The display start is synchronized to the
6.4   Procedures and Techniques— The procedures and tech- initial pulse. All display elements are linear. Full thickness is
niques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractual displayed on the A-scan display.
agreement. 8.1.2 Under these conditions, we can assume that the
velocity conversion line effectively pivots about the origin
6.5   Surface Preparation— T he pre-examination surface
(Fig. 1). It may be necessary to subtract the wear-plate time,
preparation criteria shall be specified in the contractual agree-
requiring minor use of delay control. It is recommended that
ment.
standardization blocks providing a minimum of two thick-
nesses that span the thickness range be used to check the
7. Apparatus
full-range accuracy.
7.1   Instruments— Thickness-measurement instruments are 8.1.3 Place the search unit on a standardization block of 
divided into three groups: ( 1) Flaw detectors with an A-scan known thickness with suitable couplant and adjust the instru-
display readout, (2) Flaw detectors with an A-scan display and ment controls (material standardization, range, sweep, or
direct thickness readout, and (3) Direct thickness readout. velocity) until the display presents the appropriate thickness
7.1.1 Flaw detectors with A-scan display readouts display reading.
time/amplitude information. Thickness determinations are 8.1.4 The readings should then be checked and adjusted on
made by reading the distance between the zero-corrected initial standardization blocks with thickness of lesser value to im-
pulse and first-returned echo (back reflection), or between prove the overall accuracy of the system.
multiple-back reflection echoes, on a standardized base line of 
8.2  Case II—Delay Line Single-Element Search Unit:
the A-scan display. The base line of the A-scan display should
8.2.1   Conditions— When using this search unit, it is neces-
be adjusted for the desired thickness increments.
sary that the equipment be capable of correcting for the time
7.1.2 Flaw detectors with numeric readout are a combina-
during which the sound passes through the delay line so that
tion pulse ultrasound flaw detection instrument with an A-scan
the end of the delay can be made to coincide with zero
display and additional circuitry that provides digital thickness
thickness. This requires a so-called “delay” control in the
information. The material thickness can be electronically
instrument or automatic electronic sensing of zero thickness.
measured and presented on a digital readout. The A-scan
8.2.2 In most instruments, if the material standardize circuit
display provides a check on the validity of the electronic
was previously adjusted for a given material velocity, the delay
measurement by revealing measurement variables, such as
control should be adjusted until a correct thickness reading is
internal discontinuities, or echo-strength variations, which
obtained on the instrument. However, if the instrument must be
might result in inaccurate readings.
completely standardized with the delay line search unit, the
7.1.3 Thickness readout instruments are modified versions following technique is recommended:
of the pulse-echo instrument. The elapsed time between the
8.2.2.1 Use at least two standardization blocks. One should
initial pulse and the first echo or between multiple echoes is
have a thickness near the maximum of the range to be
converted into a meter or digital readout. The instruments are
measured and the other block near the minimum thickness. For
designed for measurement and direct numerical readout of 
convenience, it is desirable that the thickness should be “round
specific ranges of thickness and materials.
numbers” so that the difference between them also has a
7.2   Search Units— M ost pulse-echo type search units convenient “round number” value.
(straight-beam contact, delay line, and dual element) are 8.2.2.2 Place the search unit sequentially on one and then
applicable if flaw detector instruments are used. If a thickness the other block, and obtain both readings. The difference
readout instrument has the capability to read thin sections, a between these two readings should be calculated. If the reading
highly damped, high-frequency search unit is generally used. thickness difference is less than the actual thickness difference,
High-frequency (10 MHz or higher) delay line search units are place the search unit on the thicker specimen, and adjust the
generally required for thicknesses less than about 0.6 mm material standardize control to expand the thickness range. If 
[0.025 in.]. Measurements of materials at high temperatures the reading thickness difference is greater than the actual
require search units specially designed for the application. thickness difference, place the search unit on the thicker
When dual element search units are used, their inherent specimen, and adjust the material standardize control to de-
nonlinearity usually requires special corrections for thin sec- crease the thickness range. A certain amount of over correction

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 E797/E797M − 15

(a ) Proportional sound path increases with decrease in thickness.

(b ) Typical reading error values.
FIG. 2 Dual Transducer Nonlinearity

is usually recommended. Reposition the search unit sequen- thickness end of the range. The variation is also shown
tially on both blocks, and note the reading differences while schematically in Fig. 2(a). Typical error values are shown in
making additional appropriate corrections. When the reading Fig. 2(b).
thickness differential equals the actual thickness differential, 8.3.2 If measurements are to be made over a very limited
the material thickness range is correctly adjusted. A single range near the thin end of the scale, it is possible to standardize
adjustment of the delay control should then permit correct the instrument with the technique in Case II using appropriate
readings at both the high and low end of the thickness range. thin standardization blocks. This will produce a correction
8.2.3 An alternative technique for delay line search units is curve that is approximately correct over that limited range.
a variation of that described in   8.2.2.  A series of sequential Note that it will be substantially in error at thicker measure-
adjustments are made, using the “delay” control to provide ments.
correct readings on the thinner standardization block and the 8.3.3 If a wide range of thicknesses is to be measured, it
“range” control to correct the readings on the thicker block. may be more suitable to standardize as in Case II using
Moderate over-correction is sometimes useful. When both standardization blocks at the high end of the range and perhaps
readings are “correct” the instrument is adjusted properly. halfway toward the low end. Following this, empirical correc-
8.3   Case III—Dual Search Units: tions can be established for the very thin end of the range.
8.3.1 The method described in 8.2  (Case II) is also suitable 8.3.4 For a direct-reading panel-type meter display, it is
for equipment using dual search units in the thicker ranges, convenient to build these corrections into the display as a
above 3 mm [0.125 in.]. However, below those values there is nonlinear function.
an inherent error due to the Vee path that the sound beam 8.4  Case IV—Thick Sections:
travels. The transit time is no longer linearly proportional to 8.4.1   Conditions— For use when a high degree of accuracy
thickness, and the condition deteriorates toward the low is required for thick sections.

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 E797/E797M − 15

8.4.2 Direct contact search unit and initial pulse synchroni- from steel walls having elevated temperatures is high (too
zation are used. The display start is delayed as described in thick) by a factor of about 1 % per 55°C [100°F]. Thus, if the
8.4.4. All display elements should be linear. Incremental instrument was standardized on a piece of similar material at
thickness is displayed on the A-scan display. 20°C [68°F], and if the reading was obtained with a surface
8.4.3 Basic standardization of the sweep will be made as temperature of 460°C [860°F], the apparent reading should be
described in Case I. The standardization block chosen for this reduced by 8 %. This correction is an average one for many
standardization should have a thickness that will permit stan- types of steel. Other corrections would have to be determined
dardizing the full-sweep distance to adequate accuracy, that is, empirically for other materials.
about 10 mm [0.4 in.] or 25 mm [1.0 in.] full scale. 9.6   Instrument— Time-base linearity is required so that a
8.4.4 After basic standardization, the sweep must be de- change in the thickness of material will produce a correspond-
layed. For instance, if the nominal part thickness is expected to ing change of indicated thickness. If a CRT is used as a
be from 50 to 60 mm [2.0 to 2.4 in.], and the basic standard- readout, its horizontal linearity can be checked by using
ization block is 10 mm [0.4 in.], and the incremental thickness Practice E317.
displayed will also be from 50 to 60 mm [2.0 to 2.4 in.], the
following steps are required. Adjust the delay control so that 9.7 Back Reflection Wavetrain— Direct-thickness readout
the fifth back echo of the basic standardization block, equiva- instruments read the thickness at the first half cycle of the
lent to 50 mm [2.0 in.], is aligned with the 0 reference on the wavetrain that exceeds a set amplitude and a fixed time. If the
A-scan display. The sixth back echo should then occur at the amplitude of the back reflection from the measured material is
right edge of the standardized sweep. different from the amplitude of the back reflection from the
8.4.5 This standardization can be checked on a known block  standardization blocks, the thickness readout may read to a
of the approximate total thickness. different half cycle in the wavetrain, thereby producing an
8.4.6 The reading obtained on the unknown specimen must error. This may be reduced by:
be added to the value delayed off screen. For example, if the 9.7.1 Using reference blocks having attenuation character-
reading is 4 mm [0.16 in.], the total thickness will be 54 mm istics equal to those in the measured material or adjusting back 
[2.16 in.]. reflection amplitude to be equal for both the standardizing
blocks and measured material.
9. Technical Hazards 9.7.2 Using an instrument with automatic gain control to
produce a constant amplitude back reflection.
9.1 Dual search units may also be used effectively with
rough surface conditions. In this case, only the first returned 9.8   Readouts— A-scan displays are recommended where
echo, such as from the bottom of a pit, is used in the reflecting surfaces are rough, pitted, or corroded.
measurement. Generally, a localized scanning search is made 9.8.1 Direct-thickness readout, without an A-scan display,
to detect the minimum remaining wall. presents hazards of misadjustment and misreading under cer-
tain test conditions, especially thin sections, rough corroded
9.2   Material Properties— The instrument should be stan- surfaces, and rapidly changing thickness ranges.
dardized on a material having the same acoustic velocity and
attenuation as the material to be measured. Where possible, 9.9  Reference Standards— Greater accuracy can be obtained
standardization should be confirmed by direct dimensional when the equipment is standardized on areas of known
measurement of the material to be examined. thickness of the material to be measured.

9.3   Scanning— The maximum speed of scanning should be 9.10 Variations in echo signal strength may produce an error
stated in the procedure. Material conditions, type of equipment, equivalent to one or more half-cycles of the RF frequency,
and operator capabilities may require slower scanning. dependent on instrumentation characteristics.

9.4   Geometry: 10. Procedure Requirements

9.4.1 Highest accuracy can be obtained from materials with 10.1 In developing the detailed procedure, the following
parallel or concentric surfaces. In many cases, it is possible to items should be considered:
obtain measurements from materials with nonparallel surfaces. 10.1.1 Instrument manufacturer’s operating instructions
However, the accuracy of the reading may be limited and the 10.1.2 Scope of materials/objects to be measured
reading obtained is generally that of the thinnest portion of the 10.1.3 Applicability, accuracy requirements
section being interrogated by the sound beam at a given instant. 10.1.4 Definitions
9.4.2 Relatively small-diameter curves often require special 10.1.5 Requirements
techniques and equipment. When small diameters are to be 10.1.5.1 Personnel
measured, special procedures including additional specimens 10.1.5.2 Equipment
may be required to ensure accuracy of setup and readout. 10.1.5.3 Procedure qualification
9.5 High-temperature materials, up to about 540°C 10.1.5.4 Training or certification levels
[1000°F], can be measured with specially designed instruments 10.1.6 Procedure
with high-temperature compensation, search unit assemblies, 10.1.6.1 Measurement conditions
and couplants. Normalization of apparent thickness readings 10.1.6.2 Surface preparation and couplant
for elevated temperatures is required. A rule of thumb often 10.1.6.3 Standardization and allowable tolerances
used is as follows: The apparent thickness reading obtained 10.1.6.4 Scanning parameters

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 E797/E797M − 15

10.1.7 Report 11.1.1.3 Size, frequency, and type of search unit.

10.1.7.1 Procedure used 11.1.1.4 Scanning method.
10.1.7.2 Standardization record 11.1.2 Results.
10.1.7.3 Measurement record 11.1.2.1 Maximum and minimum thickness measurements.
11. Report 11.1.2.2 Location of measurements.
11.1 Record the following information at the time of the 11.1.3 Personnel data, certification level.
measurements and include it in the report:
11.1.1 Examination procedure. 12. Keywords
11.1.1.1 Type of instrument. 12.1 contact examination; nondestructive testing; pulse-
11.1.1.2 Standardization blocks, size and material type. echo; thickness measurement; ultrasonics

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. Typical Multi-Step Thickness Gage Reference Blocks

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS
U.S. Customary Block, in. Metric Block 4A, mm Metric Block 4B, mm
Legend Dimension Tolerance Dimension Tolerance Dimension Tolerance

T1 0.250 0.001 6.25 0.02 5.00 0.02

T2 0.500 0.001 12.50 0.02 10.00 0.02
T3 0.750 0.001 18.75 0.02 15.00 0.02
T4 1.000 0.001 25.00 0.02 20.00 0.02
L 0.75 0.02 20.0 0.5 20.0 0.5
W 0.75 0.05 20.0 1.0 20.0 1.0

NOTE  1—Material to be as specified.

NOTE  2—Surface finish: “T” faces Ra 0.8 µm [32 µin.] max. Other surfaces Ra 1.6 µm [63 µin.] max.
NOTE 3—Location for optional 1.5 mm [1 ⁄ 16  in.] diameter through hole used for block support during plating; center 1.5 mm [1 ⁄ 16  in.] from block edges.
NOTE  4—All “T” dimensions to be after any required plating or anodizing.
NOTE  5—In order to prevent sharp edges, minimize plating buildup, or remove in-service nicks and burrs, block edges may be smoothed by beveling
or rounding, provided that the corner treatment does not reduce the edge dimension by more than 0.5 mm [0.020 in.].
FIG. X1.1 Typical Four-Step Thickness Reference Blocks

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 E797/E797M − 15

TABLE OF DIMENSIONS
U.S. Customary Block, in. Metric Block 5A, mm Metric Block 5B, mm
Legend Dimension Tolerance Dimension Tolerance Dimension Tolerance

T1 0.100 0.001 2.50 0.02 2.00 0.02

T2 0.200 0.001 5.00 0.02 4.00 0.02
T3 0.300 0.001 7.50 0.02 6.00 0.02
T4   0.400 0.001 10.00 0.02 8.00 0.02
T5   0.500 0.001 12.50 0.02 10.00 0.02
L 0.75 0.02 20.0 0.5 20.00 0.5
W 0.75 0.05 20.0 1.0 20.00 1.0

NOTE  1—Material to be as specified.

NOTE  2—Surface finish: “T” faces Ra 0.8 µm [32 µin.] max. Other surfaces Ra 1.6 µm [63 µin.] max.
NOTE 3—Location for optional 1.5 mm [1 ⁄ 16  in.] diameter through hole used for block support during plating; center 1.5 mm [1 ⁄ 16  in.] from block edges.
NOTE  4—All “T” dimensions to be after any required plating or anodizing.
NOTE  5—In order to prevent sharp edges, minimize plating buildup, or remove in-service nicks and burrs, block edges may be smoothed by beveling
or rounding, provided that the corner treatment does not reduce the edge dimension by more than 0.5 mm [0.020 in.].
FIG. X1.2 Typical Five-Step Thickness Reference Blocks

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(E797/E797M-10) that may impact the use of this standard.

(1)  Added ISO 9712 to 2.4 and 6.2.1. (2)  Summary of Changes added.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned 
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