Unit 2 Solutions UST Template

UNIT 2
Solutions
maidliu 01.22.2019
Solutions
Solvent: the fraction of a solution in which the other
components are dissolved.
Solute: a substance that is dissolved in a solvent to produce a
solution.
Types of Solutions
Saturated solution: the solvent contains the maximum amount
of a solute that can be dissolved at equilibrium at a given
temperature.
Unsaturated solution: contains less than the maximum amount

of a solute that can be dissolved
Supersaturated solution: contains more than the equilibrium

amount of a solute that can be dissolved. When supersaturated
solution is disturbed in any way, the excess solute separates
and the equilibrium solubility is restored.
Concentration: Molarity, Molality & Normality
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity (M) 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molality (m) 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝐾𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐾𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Normality (N) 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑀 = ൘𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (ℎ)
Normality is related to molarity by the equation: 𝑁 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ

Concentration: Part per notation
"Parts per" is a convenient notation used for low and very low concentrations.
pph 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

%(𝑤/𝑤) = 𝑥102 %(𝑤/𝑣) = 𝑥102
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

ppt 𝒑𝒑𝒕 = 𝑥103 𝒑𝒑𝒕 = 𝑥103
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

ppm 𝒑𝒑𝒎 = 𝑥106 𝒑𝒑𝒎 = 𝑥106
ppb 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝒑𝒑𝒕 = 𝑥109 𝒑𝒑𝒃 = 𝑥109
Common units expressing Parts per notation
Concentration: Mole fraction (X)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑋) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
In a mixture that has two components, 1 & 2:

Dilution
Dilution: addition of solvent; no change in the number of
moles of solute
Concentration problems
1. Calculate the molarity of 9.00g NaCl (MW = 58.44
g/mole) in 86.4mL solution.
2. How many grams of K2Cr2O7 (MW = 294.185 g/mole)
are required to prepare 250.0mL solution whose
concentration is 2.16M?
3. Calculate molality and percent by mass H2SO4 that
contains 24.4g H2SO4 (MW = 98.079 g/mole) in 198g
H2O.
4. A solution was prepared by dissolving 367mg K3Fe(CN)6
(MW = 329.24 g/mole) in sufficient water to give
750mL. Calculate the following:
a. Molar conc of K3Fe(CN)6
b. Normality
c. Molar conc of K+
d. Molar conc of Fe(CN)6—3
e. %(w/v) K3Fe(CN)6
5. What mass of water must be added to 5.00g urea
in the preparation of a 1.5% by mass solution?
6. The density of an aqueous solution containing

10.0% ethanol by mass is 0.984g/mL. Calculate
the molarity and molality of the solution.
7. A vinegar solution contains 5.11% acetic acid. Its
density is 1.007g/mL. What is its molarity?
8. The density of a sulfuric acid solution taken from a

car battery is 1.225g/cm3. This corresponds to a
3.75M solution. Express the concentration of the
solution in terms of:
• Molality
• Mole fraction of H2SO4
• Percentage of water by mass
9. Complete the table:
10. What volume of water would you add to 15.00mL
of 6.77M HNO3 solution to make 1.50M solution?
11. What percent by mass NaHCO3 is present in

0.25g sample if it requires 10.5mL of 0.098M HCl
to reach the methyl orange endpoint?
Assignment
Skoog Bettelheim
3-20 a, b, d 6-40 c
3-21 a-c 6-46
3-22 a-b 6-47
6-51 a, b

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UNIT 2

Unsaturated solution: contains less than the maximum amount

Supersaturated solution: contains more than the equilibrium

Normality is related to molarity by the equation: 𝑁 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ

pph 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

ppb 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

In a mixture that has two components, 1 & 2:

6. The density of an aqueous solution containing

8. The density of a sulfuric acid solution taken from a

11. What percent by mass NaHCO3 is present in

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