C.

BYREGOWDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KOLAR

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGNEERING

JAGADISH KUMAR G M,
Asst. Professor
Dept. of ECE B.E., VIII Semester, Electronics
Ph No.:8892325517 &Communication Engineering [As
Email:[email protected] per Choice Based Credit System
m (CBCS)]

FIBER OPTICS and

NETWORKS (15EC82)

MODULE 1 , SYLLABUS
Optical fiber Communications: Historical development, The general system, Advantages of
optical fiber communication, Optical fiber waveguides: Ray theory transmission, Modes in
planar guide, Phase and group velocity, Cylindrical fiber: Modes, Step index fibers, Graded
index fibers, Single mode fibers, Cutoff wavelength, Mode field diameter, effective refractive
index. Fiber Materials, Photonic crystal fibers.

Historical Development:
  Fiber optics deals with study of propagation of light through transparent dielectric waveguides. The
fiber optics is used for transmission of data from point to point location. Fiber optic systems
currently used most extensively as the transmission line between terrestrial hardwired systems.
 The carrier frequencies used in conventional systems had the limitations in handling the volume and rate
of the data transmission. The greater the carrier frequency larger the available bandwidth and information
carrying capacity.

First generation
 The first generation of light wave systems uses GaAs semiconductor laser and operating region was
near 0.8 μm. Other specifications of this generation are as under:
i) Bit rate : 45 Mb/s
ii) Repeater spacing : 10 km
Second generation
i) Bit rate : 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s
ii) Repeater spacing : 50 km
iii) Operation wavelength : 1.3 μm
iv) Semiconductor : In GaAsP

Third generation
i) Bit rate : 10 Gb/s
ii) Repeater spacing : 100 km
iii) Operating wavelength : 1.55 μm
Fourth generation
Fourth generation uses WDM technique.
Bit rate : 10 Tb/s
Repeater spacing : > 10,000 km
Operating wavelength : 1.45 to 1.62 μm
Fifth generation
Fifth generation uses Roman amplification technique and optical solitiors.
Bit rate : 40 - 160 Gb/s
Repeater spacing : 24000 km - 35000 km
Operating wavelength : 1.53 to 1.57 μm

Need of fiber optic communication

 Fiber optic communication system has emerged as most important communication system.
Compared to traditional system because of following requirements :
 1. In long haul transmission system there is need of low loss transmission medium
2. There is need of compact and least weight transmitters and receivers.
3. There is need of increase span of transmission.
4. There is need of increased bit rate-distance product.
 A fiber optic communication system fulfills these requirements, hence most widely accepting.

General Optical Fiber Communication System:

 Basic block diagram of optical fiber communication system consists of following important blocks.

1. Transmitter

2. Information channel

3. Receiver.

Fig.1.a shows block diagram of OFC system.

Message origin
 Generally message origin is from a transducer that converts a non-electrical message into an
electrical signal. Common examples include microphones for converting sound waves into currents
and video (TV) cameras for converting images into current. For data transfer between computers, the
message is already in electrical form.

Modulator
 The modulator has two main functions.

1) It converts the electrical message into the proper format.

2) It impresses this signal onto the wave generated by the carrier source.

Two distinct categories of modulation are used i.e. analog modulation and digital modulation.

Carrier source
  Carrier source generates the wave on which the information is transmitted. This wave is called the
carrier. For fiber optic system, a laser diode (LD) or a light emitting diode (LED) is used. They can
be called as optic oscillators, they provide stable, single frequency waves with sufficient power for
long distance propagation.

Channel coupler
 Coupler feeds the power into the information channel. For an atmospheric optic system, the channel
coupler is a lens used for collimating the light emitted by the source and directing this light towards
the receiver. The coupler must efficiently transfer the modulated light beam from the source to the
optic fiber. The channel coupler design is an important part of fiber system because of possibility of
high losses.
Information channel
 The information channel is the path between the transmitter and receiver. In fiber optic
communications, a glass or plastic fiber is the channel. Desirable characteristics of the information
channel include low attenuation and large light acceptance cone angle. Optical amplifiers boost the
power levels of weak signals. Amplifiers are needed in very long links to provide sufficient power to
the receiver. Repeaters can be used only for digital systems. They convert weak and distorted optical
signals to electrical ones and then regenerate the original digital pulse trains for further transmission.
 Another important property of the information channel is the propagation time of the waves
travelling along it. A signal propagating along a fiber normally contains a range of optic frequencies
and divides its power along several ray paths. This results in a distortion of the propagating signal. In
a digital system, this distortion appears as a spreading and deforming of the pulses. The spreading is
so great that adjacent pulses begin to overlap and become unrecognizable as separate bits of
information.

Optical detector
 The information being transmitted is detector. In the fiber system the optic wave is converted into an
electric current by a photo detector. The current developed by the detector is proportional to the
power in the incident optic wave. Detector output current contains the transmitted information. This
detector output is then filtered to remove the constant bias and then amplified.
 The important properties of photo detectors are small size, economy, long life, low power
consumption, high sensitivity to optic signals and fast response to quick variations in the optic
power.

Signal processing
  Signal processing includes filtering, amplification. Proper filtering maximizes the ratio of signal to
unwanted power. For a digital system decision circuit is an additional block. The bit error rate (BER)
should be very small for quality communications.

Message output
 The electrical form of the message emerging from the signal processor are transformed into a sound
wave or visual image. Sometimes these signals are directly usable when computers or other
machines are connected through a fiber system.
Modulator
 The modulator has two main functions.

1) It converts the electrical message into the proper format.

2) It impresses this signal onto the wave generated by the carrier source.

Two distinct categories of modulation are used i.e. analog modulation and digital modulation.

Carrier source
 Carrier source generates the wave on which the information is transmitted. This wave is called the
carrier. For fiber optic system, a laser diode (LD) or a light emitting diode (LED) is used. They can
be called as optic oscillators; they provide stable, single frequency waves with sufficient power for
long distance propagation.
Channel coupler
 Coupler feeds the power into the information channel. For an atmospheric optic system, the channel
coupler is a lens used for collimating the light emitted by the source and directing this light towards
the receiver. The coupler must efficiently transfer the modulated light beam from the source to the
optic fiber. The channel coupler design is an important part of fiber system because of possibility of
high losses.

Information channel
 The information channel is the path between the transmitter and receiver. In fiber optic
communications, a glass or plastic fiber is the channel. Desirable characteristics of the information
channel include low attenuation and large light acceptance cone angle. Optical amplifiers boost the
power levels of weak signals. Amplifiers are needed in very long links to provide sufficient power to
the receiver. Repeaters can be used only for digital systems. They convert weak and distorted optical
signals to electrical ones and then regenerate the original digital pulse trains for further transmission.
 Another important property of the information channel is the propagation time of the waves
travelling along it. A signal propagating along a fiber normally contains a range of optic frequencies
and divides its power along several ray paths. This results in a distortion of the propagating signal. In
 a digital system, this distortion appears as a spreading and deforming of the pulses. The spreading is
so great that adjacent pulses begin to overlap and become unrecognizable as separate bits of
information.
Optical detector
 The information being transmitted is detector. In the fiber system the optic wave is converted into an
electric current by a photo detector. The current developed by the detector is proportional to the
power in the incident optic wave. Detector output current contains the transmitted information. This
detector output is then filtered to remove the constant bias and then amplified.

 The important properties of photo detectors are small size, economy, long life, low power
consumption, high sensitivity to optic signals and fast response to quick variations in the optic
power.
Signal processing :
 Signal processing includes filtering, amplification. Proper filtering maximizes the ratio of signal to
unwanted power. For a digital system decision circuit is an additional block. The bit error rate (BER)
should be very small for quality communications.

Message output:
 The electrical form of the message emerging from the signal processor is transformed into a soud
wave or visual image. Sometimes these signals are directly usable when computers or other
machines are connected through a fiber system.

Advantages of Optical Fiber Communications:

Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Communications:

Applications of Optical Fiber Communications:

Optical Fiber Waveguides:
Fig.1.b shows electromagnetic frequency spectrum

Fig 1.c shows law of reflection

 Fig.1.d Shows Refraction

Snell’s Law
Fig.1.e Refractive model for Snell’s Law
Fig.1.f Critical Angle
Concept of Modes:
Modes In Planer Waveguide:

TE and TM Modes:
Wave picture of wave guides:

Phase Velocity and Group Velocity:

Group Velocity:

Cylindrical fiber:
Fiber Materials:
*************