Professor Deepak Somaya: Business Strategy
Professor Deepak Somaya: Business Strategy
Professor Deepak Somaya: Business Strategy
Business Strategy
Professor Deepak Somaya
Overview
Hello
and
welcome
to
this
module
on
Leading
Strategically.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
2]
In
it,
we
will
cover
three
main
topics.
First,
we
will
discuss
a
company’s
mission,
vision
and
values,
and
the
role
they
play
in
strategic
management.
Second,
you
will
learn
about
business
models,
and
work
through
a
new
framework
–
the
VARS
framework
–
to
analyze
and
develop
business
models.
Finally,
you
will
be
introduced
to
a
well-‐known
basic
strategic
management
tool
called
the
SWOT
framework,
through
which
you
will
also
learn
about
two
key
concepts
–
coherence
and
fit
–
that
are
central
to
understanding
the
role
of
strategy
in
companies.
Each
of
these
topics
are
introduced
and
described
in
separate
Key
Concept
lectures
in
this
module.
In
addition,
two
of
these
lectures
are
accompanied
by
my
interviews
with
our
executive
experts,
which
will
help
you
see
how
these
concepts
are
actually
used
by
business
leaders
in
their
companies.
In
the
third
lecture
–
on
coherence
and
fit
–
you
will
visit
the
soccer
field
with
me,
and
we
will
use
the
metaphor
of
a
team
sport
like
soccer
to
understand
these
concepts.
This
module
has
a
number
of
small
exercises
and
practice
quiz
questions
built
into
it.
Take
advantage
of
these
learning
opportunities,
which
will
deepen
your
knowledge
and
also
prepare
you
for
the
formal
module
quiz
and
case
analysis.
The
case
analysis
for
this
module
is
on
Uber,
which
is
at
the
forefront
of
transforming
the
taxi
and
limousine
car
industry
world-‐wide.
I
think
you
will
have
a
lot
of
fun
with
Uber,
and
applying
what
you
learned
in
this
module
to
this
company.
1
Key
Concept:
Mission,
Vision
&
Values
The
concepts
of
Mission,
Vision
and
Values
are
critical
for
setting
the
stage
for
strategic
management
inside
companies.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
3]
A
company’s
mission
is
a
brief
statement
about
what
the
company’s
ultimate
goals
and
objectives
are;
in
short,
what
is
its
purpose
in
the
world?
Here’s
Google’s
stated
mission:
“to
organize
the
world’s
information
and
make
it
universally
accessible
and
useful.”
Wow!
That
is
a
pretty
ambitious
mission
if
you
ask
me
…
to
organize
ALL
of
the
world’s
information,
and
to
make
it
accessible
and
useful
to
EVERYONE!
And
what
is
truly
amazing
is
that
Google’s
founders
–
Larry
Page
and
Sergey
Brin
–
had
already
identified
this
mission
as
well
as
a
set
of
core
values
or
beliefs
very
early
in
the
company’s
history.
This
is
not
unusual,
as
most
company
missions
are
often
defined
by
or
at
least
strongly
influenced
by
the
company’s
founders
and
early
managers.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
4]
So
why
do
companies
have
a
mission?
In
fact,
not
all
companies
have
a
mission,
and
there
are
also
some
companies
that
do
not
have
a
formal
mission
statement
but
may
implicitly
understand
what
their
mission
is
and
act
accordingly.
When
companies
do
have
a
mission
…
it
achieves
at
least
three
main
purposes.
First,
it
makes
it
completely
transparent
to
all
stakeholders
–
customers,
investors,
employees,
or
business
partners
–
why
the
company
exists
and
what
it
is
trying
to
achieve.
This
common
understanding
can
play
an
important
role
in
coordinating
action
…
if
all
stakeholders
understand
what
Google
is
about
–
that
it
is
committed
to
organizing
the
world’s
information,
and
to
making
it
universally
accessible
and
useful
–
they
can
more
easily
work
together
to
achieve
those
goals.
Second,
because
there
is
this
common
understanding,
it
becomes
easier
to
resolve
disputes
about
the
future
direction
of
the
company.
In
Google’s
case,
it
was
clear
even
when
it
acquired
the
phone
handset
company
Motorola
Mobility
that
the
handset
business
was
not
core
to
Google’s
mission.
So,
it
was
expected
that
Google
would
eventually
sell
this
business,
which
it
did
in
2014.
Even
if
there
were
managers
inside
Google
who
wanted
to
get
into
handsets
in
a
big
way,
it
would
have
been
easy
to
say
to
them:
“look,
that’s
not
who
we
are
as
a
company;
we
should
focus
on
businesses
that
have
a
closer
fit
with
our
mission.”
2
Last
but
not
least,
a
good
mission
can
be
a
great
inspiration
for
employees
and
managers
to
give
their
best
work.
Most
of
us
would
like
to
feel
that
we
are
a
part
of
something
bigger,
something
that
is
having
a
positive
impact
on
the
world.
It
would
give
us
a
sense
of
purpose
and
motivate
us.
And
a
good
corporate
mission
can
do
exactly
that.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
5]
Not
all
mission
statements
are
created
alike.
There
are
good
ones
and
bad
ones.
So,
what
makes
for
a
good
corporate
mission?
First,
good
missions
emphasize
the
creation
of
some
type
of
customer
or
social
value
–
improving
health,
or
learning,
or
quality
of
life,
etc.
–
instead
of
focusing
only
on
being
the
best
at
something
or
on
simply
making
money.
Second,
good
missions
do
not
lose
sight
of
the
customer
needs
or
problems
that
the
company
was
built
to
address.
Unfortunately,
some
missions
focus
too
narrowly
on
the
company’s
product
or
service,
and
as
a
result
companies
become
product-‐focused
and
get
surprised
when
new
technologies
or
trends
make
the
product
obsolete.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
6]
Third,
a
mission
is
only
worthwhile
if
it
is
actually
lived
and
practiced
by
the
company.
A
good
test
is
to
see
if
a
company’s
regular
employees
actually
know
its
mission
and
use
it
to
guide
their
daily
work.
In
Google’s
case,
I
understand
that
this
is
indeed
the
case,
which
is
quite
remarkable
considering
how
many
employees
the
company
now
has.
And
finally,
good
missions
are
memorable,
inspiring,
brief
statements
that
any
employee
or
manager
can
remember
and
use
at
all
times.
Google’s
mission
is
a
good
example
of
this.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
7,8]
In
addition
to
missions,
some
companies
also
articulate
a
vision
–
a
short
aspirational
statement
about
the
future
direction
and
impact
of
the
company.
Google’s
initial
vision
was
“to
provide
access
to
the
world’s
information
in
one
click.”
The
venture
capital
firm
Sequoia
Capital
supposedly
invested
in
Google
because
it
was
so
impressed
by
the
company’s
vision.
Sequoia
then
asked
all
other
startups
who
came
seeking
an
investment
to
provide
their
own
vision
statements,
like
Google.
As
you
can
see,
a
good
vision
statement
can
be
very
powerful.
Unlike
a
mission,
however,
companies
may
eventually
achieve
and/or
abandon
their
initial
vision,
and
move
on
to
a
new
one.
You
might
even
say
that
Google
has
achieved
its
original
vision,
and
has
now
moved
on
from
it.
3
[Lesson
1,
Slide
9]
Strategic
thinkers
Gary
Hamel
and
C.K.
Prahalad
coined
the
term
“strategic
intent”
to
describe
a
special
kind
of
stretch
vision
accompanied
by
a
strategic
plan.
They
cited
Japanese
photo-‐
electronics
company
Canon’s
plan
to
“beat
Xerox”
as
a
good
example
of
strategic
intent.
A
strategic
intent
goes
beyond
just
a
vision
statement
…
it
galvanizes
and
inspires
employees,
and
makes
the
company
expand
its
capabilities
to
achieve
that
vision.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
10]
Some
companies
also
have
a
set
of
values
that
they
declare
they
hold
and
will
stick
to.
These
values
can
be
seen
as
a
“code
of
conduct”
for
the
company
and
its
employees.
A
company’s
declared
values
essentially
says
to
everyone
–
this
is
how
we
will
behave
as
a
company,
and
if
you
are
an
employee
it
is
also
how
we
expect
you
to
behave.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
11]
For
example,
Google
has
a
list
of
10
core
beliefs,
which
its
founders
wrote
down
very
soon
after
they
founded
the
company.
#6
on
this
list
is
“You
can
make
money
without
doing
evil”
…
often
shortened
to
“don’t
be
evil.”
These
values
have
a
real
impact
on
how
Google
operates.
For
example,
Google
does
not
accept
pop-‐up
advertising
and
clearly
identifies
advertised
links
as
“sponsored
links”
because
of
this
value.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
12]
You
might
be
wondering
whether
company
values
or
visions
or
mission
statements
have
any
real
impacts
on
companies,
or
if
they
are
simply
for
show.
It
turns
out
that
company
leaders
can
play
a
very
important
role
in
this.
It
is
very
easy
to
have
formal
statements
that
are
not
followed
in
practice,
and
leaders
have
a
key
responsibility
to
communicate
the
company’s
mission
vision
and
values,
to
set
an
example
by
their
own
behavior,
and
to
encourage
and
urge
others
to
follow
them.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
13]
For
example,
do
you
know
which
company
these
four
core
values
come
from
–
on
communication,
respect,
integrity
and
excellence?
They
look
and
sound
very
good.
4
[Lesson
1,
Slide
14]
But
those
four
values
are
from
the
energy
company
Enron,
included
in
its
2000
annual
report.
In
2001,
the
company
went
bankrupt.
Despite
what
the
company’s
formal
values
stated,
the
company’s
executives
behaved
very
differently.
Instead
of
integrity,
respect,
and
open
communication,
there
was
too
much
risk
taking
and
highly
unethical
behavior.
The
company
developed
a
culture
of
unlimited
greed
and
cut-‐throat
competition
between
employees.
Enron’s
failure
to
uphold
its
own
values
resulted
in
the
failure
of
the
company
itself,
which
was
ultimately
a
failure
of
its
leadership.
[Lesson
1,
Slide
15]
So
I
hope
you
have
learned
a
little
about
what
a
company’s
mission,
vision
and
values
are,
and
that
these
can
matter
for
a
company’s
success
if
they
are
…
designed
well
…
lived
and
practiced
within
the
company
…
communicated
and
reinforced
by
the
leadership
…
and
of
course
they
also
have
to
be
a
true
reflection
of
the
company
itself.
Key
Concept:
Business
Model
and
Business
Model
Innovation
In
this
segment
you
will
learn
about
business
models
and
business
model
innovation,
a
truly
exciting
topic
that
is
of
great
relevance
to
strategic
leaders
today,
but
at
the
same
time
one
that
is
often
confusing
and
misunderstood.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
2]
To
begin
with,
let
us
ask
why
should
we
care
about
business
models
or
business
model
innovation?
You
may
have
your
own
thoughtful
answer
to
this
question,
but
let
me
give
you
one
based
on
my
own
personal
experience.
As
you
might
know
the
University
of
Illinois
is
based
in
the
twin
College
towns
of
Champaign
and
Urbana.
When
I
first
arrived
here
in
2008
our
town
had
a
number
of
major
stores
that
simply
don’t
exist
today.
So,
let’s
take
a
quick
tour
around
town
and
I’ll
show
you
where
some
of
these
stores
used
to
be.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
3]
We
are
now
to
the
South
of
town
in
front
of
a
Goodwill
store,
which
you
may
know
sells
affordably
priced
used
clothes
and
home
goods.
But,
many
years
ago,
what
we
had
here
was
a
5
very
nice
locally-‐owned
bookstore
here
called
“Pages
for
All
Ages”
which
had
operated
in
this
location
for
years,
and
was
very
popular
…
but
unfortunately
it
was
forced
to
close
and
has
now
been
replaced
by
this
Goodwill
store.
Now
moving
to
the
north
of
our
town,
we
had
a
Border’s
chain
bookstore
here
in
this
shopping
center,
which
is
now
replaced
by
the
liquor
chain
store
Binny’s.
We
also
had
the
electronics
store
Circuit
City,
which
operated
here
inside
this
storefront,
but
that
closed
down,
too.
It
has
been
replaced
by
an
outdoor
clothing
and
equipment
store.
In
addition,
we
had
several
video
rental
stores
around
town
–
we
had
the
national
chain
store
Blockbuster
operating
in
this
location
in
the
west
of
Champaign,
which
is
now
closed,
and
replaced
by
a
pizza
shop.
One
of
the
other
video
stores
in
town
was
an
eclectic
video
store
called
“That’s
Rentertainment”
located
right
in
campus
town
with
a
wide
selection
of
funky,
arty
and
foreign
films.
This
store
too
has
closed
down,
although
a
new
renter
has
not
yet
moved
in.
And
my
favorite
example
of
all
is
“Hollywood
Videos”;
another
chain
video
rental
store
that
used
to
operate
here
in
this
store
…
the
new
owners
didn’t
even
take
down
the
Hollywood
sign,
and
simply
added
liquors
to
it.
So
it
is
now
another
liquor
shop
–
clearly,
there’s
a
bit
of
a
theme
here
…
liquor
sales
seem
to
be
doing
well
in
Champaign
IL.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
4]
It
is
not
hard
to
guess
why
all
these
stores
have
closed
down
–
the
bookstores
and
electronics
stores
have
lost
business
to
internet
retailers,
and
the
video
stores
have
been
losing
business
to
internet
video
services
like
Netflix,
and
to
video
rental
kiosks
like
Redbox
which
have
popped
up
everywhere
in
the
United
States.
And
why
have
these
stores
been
replaced
by
liquor
stores,
at
least
in
some
instances?
It
turns
out
that
liquor
stores
have
less
effective
internet-‐based
competition
…
at
least
that
has
been
true
until
now.
So,
it
should
come
as
no
surprise
that
liquor
stores
seem
to
be
doing
better
than
bookstores
and
video
stores
in
retail
locations.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
5]
Now
it
is
not
unusual
for
retail
establishments
to
close
down
–
sometimes
they
are
badly
run,
or
they
run
out
of
cash,
or
run
into
labor
problems.
But
there
IS
something
unusual
about
the
6
retail
closings
we
have
just
seen.
First
of
all,
the
speed
with
which
these
historically
successful
businesses
have
been
pushed
out
is
breathtaking
–
it
is
a
really
high
level
of
“churn.”
Secondly,
and
more
importantly,
these
stores
have
failed
due
to
a
very
different
type
of
competition.
Blockbuster
was
very
good
at
what
it
did
–
at
operating
a
chain
of
video
rental
stores
all
over
the
U.S.
Blockbuster
did
not
close
because
it
stopped
running
its
stores
well,
or
because
another
better
video
rental
store
came
into
the
market.
Instead,
Blockbuster
disappeared
and
Hollywood
video
became
Hollywood
Liquors
because
the
likes
of
Netflix
and
Redbox
figured
out
a
very
different
way
–
a
better
business
model
–
for
meeting
the
same
needs
of
customers
…
to
enjoy
watching
videos.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
6]
There’s
also
some
interesting
data
from
an
IBM
CEO
survey
that
shows
that
while
business
model
innovation
gets
the
least
focus
among
CEOs,
the
companies
that
do
focus
on
it
have
had
large
increases
in
profitability
over
their
peers.
Now
it
is
important
to
note
that
this
is
merely
a
correlation
and
does
not
prove
causation.
That
said,
what
is
interesting
is
the
contrast
in
this
survey
that
product
and
process
innovation
are
essentially
uncorrelated
with
profitability,
but
business
model
innovation
is.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
7]
I
hope
you
now
appreciate
that
business
model
innovation
is
important,
or
at
least
represents
a
new
form
of
competition
that
business
leaders
must
understand,
and
if
possible
use.
But,
what
is
a
business
model
exactly?
I
have
spent
a
lot
of
time
reading
the
academic
research
and
other
writings
about
business
models,
and
concluded
that
there
is
no
generally
accepted
answer
to
this
seemingly
simple
question.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
8]
What
is
clear
is
that
the
term
“business
model”
became
popular
as
a
buzzword
during
the
internet
boom
of
the
1990s,
and
has
stayed
with
us
since
then.
In
this
graph
you
can
see
that
as
the
NASDAQ
stock
index
went
up
in
the
1990s,
the
usage
of
“Business
Models”
in
the
press
(shown
by
the
light
blue
line)
also
quickly
went
up
and
then
continued
to
be
used
in
the
2000s.
Early
on,
there
was
a
lot
of
confusion
about
what
business
models
meant,
and
so
it
even
acquired
something
of
a
bad
rap.
The
author
Michael
Lewis
channeled
this
negative
perception
7
when
he
wrote
that
the
term
business
model
was
being
routinely
invoked
during
the
dotcom
boom
to
“glorify
[as
he
put
it]
all
manner
of
half-‐baked
plans”.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
9]
As
I
said
earlier,
the
literature
shows
a
lot
of
confusion
about
how
to
define
what
a
business
model
is.
So,
let
us
take
a
more
practical
approach
…
[Lesson
2,
Slide
10]
…
and
try
to
make
sense
of
what
comprises
a
business
model.
What
are
its
key
elements?
Here,
the
literature
does
provide
some
guidance.
But,
I
found
no
existing
framework
for
analyzing
business
models
that
provides
a
good
practical
tool
for
practicing
managers
…
some
frameworks
are
too
narrow
and
focus
only
on
one
or
two
specific
aspects,
and
others
are
so
broad
and
complex
as
to
overlap
with
many
aspects
of
strategy
and
become
too
unwieldy
to
use
in
practice.
So,
I
have
chosen
to
develop
and
present
a
framework
of
my
own
that
I
feel
has
just
the
right
balance
and
utility
for
managers.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
11]
I
call
this
the
V-‐A-‐R-‐S
(or
VARS)
framework.
It
consists
of
four
key
elements
that
together
comprise
a
business
model
–
V
is
for
the
value
proposition
delivered
by
the
business
model,
A
for
the
activities,
resources
and
capabilities
(A-‐R-‐Cs)
needed
to
implement
the
business
model,
R
for
the
realization
of
value
or
revenue
model
used,
and
S
for
the
scope
of
the
enterprise
pursuing
the
business
model.
I
will
now
explain
each
of
these
elements
in
more
detail.
In
doing
so,
I
will
use
the
example
of
the
internet
video
company
Netflix
to
explain
what
I
mean
by
each
element.
If
you
are
not
familiar
with
Netflix,
this
would
be
a
good
time
to
pause
the
video
and
read
a
little
about
Netflix
before
returning
to
this
lecture.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
12]
Let
us
begin
with
Value
Proposition,
the
“V”
in
the
VARS
framework.
What
we
mean
by
a
value
proposition
is
how
the
new
business
model
is
creating
greater
Economic
Value
Added
than
existing
ones.
Economic
value
added
(or
EVA)
is
a
technical
term
that
refers
to
the
difference
between
the
value
or
utility
that
consumers
obtain
from
a
product
or
service
and
the
costs
incurred
to
provide
that
same
product
or
service.
For
example,
if
a
business
model
uses
an
average
of
3
dollars
to
create
a
product
and
the
average
customer
values
the
product
at
5
dollars,
then
the
economic
value
added
is
2
dollars
per
customer.
The
business
may
not
actually
8
charge
5
dollars
for
the
product,
and
the
price
charged
isn’t
necessarily
a
part
of
the
business
model
…
what
is
important
is
knowing
that
the
business
could
charge
a
price
in
the
3
dollar
to
5
dollar
range
and
still
make
a
profit.
Generally,
the
goal
of
new
business
models
or
business
model
innovation
–
as
shown
in
this
graph
here
–
is
to
increase
EVA
relative
to
existing
offerings,
which
it
can
do
by
creating
more
value
for
customers
or
reducing
the
cost
of
producing
value,
or
even
doing
both.
Now
let
us
see
how
this
applies
to
Netflix.
Netflix
offers
many
benefits
and
conveniences
for
customers,
but
perhaps
the
two
most
important
ones
are
the
convenience
of
being
able
to
watch
a
large
variety
of
videos
from
home,
and
the
Netflix
recommendation
system
which
suggests
videos
to
customers
based
on
past
viewing
patterns
and
ratings.
At
the
same
time,
the
Netflix
business
model
also
reduces
costs
by
avoiding
owning
and
operating
stores
and
carrying
large
in-‐store
inventories
that
were
a
part
of
the
video
stores’
business
model.
These
twin
advantages
allow
Netflix
to
charge
a
very
reasonable
price
and
still
provide
more
value
to
customers
than
video
store
companies.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
13]
In
order
to
offer
a
new
value
proposition
…
that
is,
to
increase
economic
value
added
…
a
new
business
model
must
introduce
something
new
to
the
way
the
business
is
operated.
This
can
be
a
new
set
of
activities
or
new
resources
or
new
capabilities,
which
can
be
key
for
enabling
or
creating
the
value
proposition.
For
example,
the
Netflix
business
model
was
based
on
internet
ordering,
so
the
company
developed
a
new
set
of
activities
around
designing
and
implementing
websites
and
web
applications,
including
its
well-‐known
recommendation
system.
Similarly,
once
Netflix
started
streaming
video
content,
it
had
to
put
in
place
the
technological
and
organizational
capabilities
to
do
that
as
well.
Interestingly,
Netflix
outsources
many
of
its
internet
infrastructure
needs,
which
are
often
provided
by
its
internet
partners,
including
Amazon
Web
Services.
This
highlights
an
important
point
–
while
a
new
business
model
generally
requires
new
Activities,
Resources
or
Capabilities,
it
is
not
necessary
that
all
of
these
A-‐R-‐Cs
be
necessarily
owned
and
operated
by
the
business
itself.
In
fact,
as
you
will
see
shortly,
one
of
choices
entailed
in
designing
a
business
model
is
deciding
which
things
the
business
should
do
internally
and
which
ones
should
be
outsourced.
In
recent
years,
a
number
of
new
business
models
have
been
created
by
adding
technology-‐
based
A-‐R-‐Cs,
which
have
helped
to
transform
many
existing
businesses.
But
it
is
important
to
keep
in
mind
that
other
non-‐technological
capabilities
may
be
important
even
in
technology-‐
driven
business
models
–
for
example,
Netflix
needed
to
develop
the
capability
for
building
and
9
managing
relationships
with
movie
and
television
studios,
which
own
most
of
the
video
content
that
Netflix
wants
to
stream.
So,
this
non-‐technological
capability
is
critical
for
the
success
of
Netflix’s
business
model,
even
though
its
business
model
builds
heavily
on
new
technology.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
14]
Even
if
a
business
model
creates
a
clear
value
proposition
by
using
new
A-‐R-‐Cs,
it
doesn’t
automatically
follow
that
it
will
be
able
to
realize
revenues
from
the
business.
Think
about
what
happened
when
newspapers
and
magazines
began
using
online
business
models.
Being
able
to
download
and
read
articles
through
the
internet
created
tremendous
convenience
and
value
for
users.
And
the
distribution
of
content
through
the
internet
was
also
very
low
cost
compared
to
printing
and
distributing
on
paper.
So,
online
newspapers
and
magazines
have
created
a
lot
of
economic
value
added.
But
they
have
struggled
to
translate
this
value
proposition
into
actual
revenues.
In
the
end,
even
if
a
business
creates
a
lot
of
economic
value
added,
it
cannot
sustain
itself
if
it
cannot
translate
some
of
that
value
into
revenues.
So,
how
the
business
plans
to
“realize
value”
has
to
be
an
important
element
of
its
business
model.
Commonly,
such
a
plan
to
realize
value
is
also
called
a
business’
“revenue
model”.
Perhaps
the
simplest
revenue
model
for
any
business
would
be
to
charge
customers
in
cash
for
the
product
or
service.
If
customers
are
not
able
to
afford
to
pay
in
cash,
they
can
be
given
credit
or
allowed
to
pay
in
installments,
which
is
what
we
see
with
a
lot
of
big
ticket
purchases
like
cars.
Other
types
of
revenue
models
include
taking
a
durable
product
and
then
selling
services
from
it,
or
leasing
and
subscription
models,
which
involve
periodic
payments
in
return
for
use
of
the
product
or
service.
Netflix,
of
course,
employs
exactly
such
a
subscription
model
–
rather
than
charge
for
each
video,
the
company
charges
a
fixed
monthly
subscription
fee
from
consumers.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
15]
In
technology-‐based
products
and
services,
in
particular,
companies
have
introduced
a
number
of
other
more
complex
revenue
models.
One
of
the
more
common
ones
is
the
so-‐called
the
razor-‐blade
model,
where
one
product
–
the
so-‐called
razor
–
is
sold
at
a
low
price
to
encourage
adoption,
and
revenues
are
made
up
by
selling
the
blades,
a
higher
profit-‐margin
complement
to
the
razor.
Examples
of
this
model
include
printers
and
ink
cartridges,
and
gaming
consoles
and
video
games.
10
Another
revenue
model
is
the
so-‐called
freemium
model,
where
some
digital
products
are
offered
for
free,
but
premium
add-‐ons
are
also
offered
that
cost
money.
The
idea
is
that
the
free
offer
will
get
users
to
try
the
service,
which
may
then
entice
them
to
pay
for
the
upgrade.
Think
of
Linked-‐In,
which
is
free
as
basic
service,
but
offers
a
premium
account
with
more
features
if
you
pay
a
fee.
Many
leading
free
email
services
also
offer
similar
premium
upgrades.
Increasingly,
in
technology
products,
companies
are
using
revenue
models
consisting
of
two-‐
sided
markets,
where
two
interested
parties
are
matched
in
a
product
and
the
company
benefits
by
charging
one
party.
Google,
for
example,
offers
free
search
to
users
but
then
cleverly
uses
the
attention
and
information
it
has
from
users
to
sell
targeted
keyword
advertising
to
advertisers.
E-‐Bay
helps
buyers
and
sellers
to
transact
and
takes
a
commission
from
the
sale.
Some
companies
even
operate
multi-‐sided
platforms
and
ecosystems,
where
the
goal
is
to
attract
multiple
participants
to
jointly
create
value,
and
then
charge
some
of
them
for
access,
transactions
or
services.
Facebook
operates
this
kind
of
complex
ecosystem
…
consisting
of
users,
App
developers,
service
providers
and
advertisers
on
its
platform,
which
allows
the
company
to
extract
revenues
in
multiple
ways.
Ultimately,
there
is
no
magic
formula
for
deciding
the
right
revenue
model
for
a
business.
Essentially,
the
revenue
model
should
be
aligned
with
other
aspects
of
the
business
model
and
with
the
challenges
associated
with
customer
adoption
of
the
new
product
or
service.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
16]
Another
key
element
of
the
business
model
is
the
scope
of
the
enterprise.
This
idea
of
enterprise
scope
refers
to
the
“footprint”
of
what
the
business
does,
and
can
be
mainly
envisioned
along
three
key
dimensions.
One
dimension
of
scope
relates
to
the
customer
segments
the
business
wants
to
serve;
some
business
models
are
inherently
narrow
and
seek
to
serve
only
a
few
customer
segments,
while
others
are
broad
and
may
even
seek
to
serve
all
segments
of
customers.
A
second
dimension
of
scope
is
the
business’
horizontal
scope
–
how
many
different
products
or
services
would
the
company
be
in?
And
which
ones?
Some
business
models
are
very
focused
and
envision
only
a
single
product
or
service,
whereas
others
include
multiple
products
and
services,
which
may
even
be
sold
in
very
different
markets.
A
third
dimension
of
scope
is
the
business’
vertical
scope
along
the
so-‐called
value
chain
–
what
things
does
the
firm
itself
do
and
what
activities
are
outsourced
to
suppliers
or
downstream
partners?
Some
business
models
entail
substantial
vertical
integration,
where
the
business
itself
11
undertakes
many
of
the
activities
needed
to
create
value,
whereas
others
may
significantly
rely
on
partners
who
provide
key
components
or
services.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
17]
In
the
case
of
Netflix,
the
company’s
target
customer
segments
are
very
broad
–
the
company
makes
its
video
service
widely
available
so
long
as
customers
have
an
adequate
internet
connection.
In
terms
of
horizontal
scope,
however,
the
company
has
remained
narrowly
focused
on
video
streaming
services
and
its
older
DVD-‐by-‐mail
business.
For
example,
Netflix
has
avoided
the
video
kiosk
business
that
companies
like
RedBox
have
entered
into.
And,
finally
in
its
vertical
scope,
we
have
already
seen
how
Netflix
has
been
outsourcing
many
of
its
cloud
based
services
to
other
companies.
At
the
same
time,
Netflix
has
chosen
not
to
rely
fully
on
outsourcing
for
its
video
content.
As
you
may
know,
Netflix
has
been
making
some
of
its
own
video
content,
such
as
the
popular
political
series
“House
of
Cards.”
One
of
the
important
implications
of
enterprise
scope
is
how
it
interacts
with
activities,
resources
and
capabilities
in
driving
value
and
cost.
For
example,
Netflix’s
broad
customer
base
means
that
it
can
spread
its
technology
development
costs
over
more
customers
and
lower
its
costs
per
customer.
It
can
also
improve
its
video
recommendation
system
by
using
a
huge
amount
of
customer
data.
Similarly,
by
outsourcing
cloud
based
services
the
company
can
reduce
its
costs
and
access
the
best
in
class
solutions
provided
by
other
firms
for
these
services.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
18]
In
fact,
it
is
important
to
think
of
the
entire
V-‐A-‐R-‐S
framework
in
this
way
…
that
it
consists
of
interdependent
elements.
What
this
means
is
that
each
of
the
elements
of
the
business
model
are
connected
to
the
others,
and
must
be
aligned
with
each
other
in
order
to
achieve
a
successful
business
model.
A
new
business
model
can
come
about
from
any
one
of
the
four
elements
–
new
A-‐R-‐Cs
could
dramatically
change
a
business,
or
you
might
start
with
a
compelling
value
proposition,
or
develop
a
new
revenue
model,
or
even
deploy
a
different
enterprise
scope
for
the
business.
But,
what
is
then
needed
is
that
all
the
other
V-‐A-‐R-‐S
elements
be
quickly
redesigned
to
fit
with
each
other
and
be
mutually
consistent.
For
example,
at
the
core
of
Netflix’s
business
model
is
the
insight
that
new
technologies
–
particularly
the
internet
–
could
be
used
to
fundamentally
alter
the
video
rental
business.
So,
there
was
this
sense
that
new
Activities-‐Resources-‐Capabilities
had
to
be
developed.
But,
to
12
truly
identify
what
A-‐R-‐Cs
were
needed,
it
was
also
important
to
understand
what
new
value
proposition
for
the
business
had
the
greatest
potential.
In
turn,
this
value
proposition
and
the
A-‐R-‐Cs
were
also
related
to
critical
enterprise
scope
decisions
as
discussed
earlier.
And
Netflix’s
revenue
model
also
needed
to
be
well-‐aligned
with
the
A-‐R-‐Cs
and
the
value
proposition
of
its
business
model.
For
example,
one
advantage
of
the
subscription
model
which
Netflix
uses
is
that
at
no
additional
cost
the
customer
can
sample
parts
of
a
movie
or
TV
program
and
then
decide
whether
or
not
to
watch
it.
It
turns
out
that
this
kind
of
sampling
is
easily
enabled
in
a
streaming
video
service
and
also
adds
to
the
value
proposition
of
the
business
as
a
whole.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
19]
I
hope
this
new
V-‐A-‐R-‐S
framework
for
understanding
business
models
has
helped
you
get
a
better
sense
for
what
business
models
are.
But
we
are
still
left
without
a
definition
of
what
a
business
model
is.
So
let
me
tentatively
offer
one.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
20]
The
way
I
view
business
models
–
which
some
of
the
research
also
does
–
is
that
in
the
end
they
are
“models”
…
just
like
we
have
say
climate
models.
So
a
business
model
is
a
theoretical
abstraction,
but
it
is
a
pragmatic
theory
of
how
a
business
will
create
and
realize
value.
In
turn,
this
means
that
a
business
model
also
has
embedded
in
it
a
set
of
hypotheses
about
how
a
business
can
be
created
and
made
to
work.
When
entrepreneurs
and
managers
go
about
actually
implementing
a
business
model
they
may
find
that
some
of
these
hypotheses
are
proven
wrong.
So
you
should
be
ready
to
revise
your
business
model
when
you
are
faced
with
such
contrary
evidence.
Consistent
with
that
idea
is
also
the
idea
that
a
business
model
can
be
thought
of
as
something
like
an
experiment
–
you
try
out
a
business
model
and
see
if
it
works,
and
if
it
doesn’t
you
modify
the
experiment
and
try
it
again,
and
so
on.
[Lesson
2,
Slide
21]
I
think
it
is
also
important
to
be
clear
what
a
business
model
is
not.
For
one
thing,
it
is
not
a
detailed
description
about
all
kinds
of
operational
and
tactical
plans.
To
be
useful,
a
business
model
must
remain
a
high-‐level
description
of
core
elements
of
the
business.
Secondly,
business
models
shouldn’t
attempt
to
encompass
all
of
strategy
…
there
are
many
other
strategic
factors
that
affect
a
company’s
long
run
performance,
and
in
particular
its
advantages
relative
to
competitors,
who
might
even
adopt
the
same
business
model.
As
you
13
learn
more
about
strategic
management,
you
will
begin
to
appreciate
these
other
aspects
that
we
have
left
out
of
our
analysis
of
business
models.
And
this
leads
me
to
a
final
point
…
which
is
that
a
business
model
need
not
be
specific
to
a
particular
firm,
and
in
fact
it
generally
is
not.
So
it
is
perfectly
reasonable
to
say
that
other
firms
are
operating
in
the
video
rental
industry
using
the
same
business
model
as
Netflix.
In
fact,
in
an
earlier
era,
Blockbuster
and
Hollywood
Video
(and
a
few
other
companies)
were
all
using
the
same
video
store
business
model
as
each
other.
Key
Concept:
Coherence,
Fit
and
SWOT
In
this
video
lecture
we
will
learn
about
two
core
ideas
in
strategy
–
coherence
and
fit.
As
it
happens,
these
two
ideas
are
also
at
the
center
of
a
historically
important
but
now
old
strategy
framework
–
the
SWOT
framework
–
which
you
will
also
learn
about.
To
understand
these
ideas
better
we
will
be
traveling
to
the
soccer
field,
and
yes
you
might
actually
see
me
play
a
little
soccer
…
c’mon
it
will
be
fun.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
2]
Hi,
we’re
here
today
at
a
local
soccer
facility
in
Urbana
called
Soccer
Planet.
It
is
an
indoor
facility,
and
has
artificial
turf
and
artificial
light,
so
one
of
the
nice
things
about
it
is
that
I
can
play
some
soccer
here
even
in
the
winter.
You
know,
just
to
get
out
and
have
fun,
and
get
some
exercise
as
well.
Soccer
Planet
is
a
private
business
that
runs
soccer
leagues
for
all
ages,
organizes
coaching
camps,
and
even
hosts
soccer-‐themed
birthday
parties.
I
play
here
once
a
week
in
a
recreational
co-‐ed
league,
so
the
games
in
this
league
are
less
competitive
and
the
teams
have
both
men
and
women.
If
you’re
trying
to
follow
along,
my
team
is
the
black
team.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
2]
If
you
think
about
any
team
sport,
and
soccer
is
no
exception,
one
of
the
critical
things
to
be
successful
is
that
the
team
should
work
well
together.
Often,
different
players
are
assigned
to
different
roles
–
in
soccer,
someone
plays
as
goalkeeper,
some
players
are
defenders,
some
are
midfielders,
some
play
as
forwards
or
strikers.
Although
the
players
have
different
roles,
they
must
work
together
with
a
common
understanding
and
consistency
of
approach.
For
example,
some
teams
may
focus
on
a
lot
of
passing
and
keeping
possession
of
the
ball,
others
may
14
resolute
defense
and
quick
counter
attacks.
If
the
team
is
to
succeed,
all
the
players
need
to
understand
what
the
team’s
overall
approach
is
and
also
communicate
and
coordinate
with
each
other
throughout
the
game.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
3]
It
is
the
same
in
any
large
company.
People
specialize
in
different
roles
and
are
often
located
in
different
functional
departments
like
Marketing
or
Finance
or
Operations.
But,
in
order
to
be
effective,
all
parts
of
the
company
–
just
like
all
parts
of
a
soccer
team
–
must
work
in
a
consistent
way
and
integrate
with
each
other.
They
must
have
a
common
understanding
of
what
the
company’s
strategy
is
and
what
each
person’s
role
is
within
it.
In
other
words,
if
is
to
succeed,
a
company’s
strategy
must
be
coherent
within
its
organization.
This
is
sometimes
referred
to
as
“the
first
rule
of
strategy.”
[Lesson
3,
Slide
4]
In
soccer,
just
as
it
is
important
to
have
a
coherent
approach
within
one’s
team,
it
is
also
important
to
adapt
to
the
external
environment
in
which
one
is
playing.
When
playing
soccer,
there
are
many
external
conditions
to
consider.
For
example,
the
size
of
the
field
and
goals
may
be
different
or
the
kind
of
turf
and
lighting
may
be
different.
In
our
case,
we
play
on
a
smaller
field
with
smaller
goals,
and
on
artificial
turf
with
artificial
lighting.
Also,
the
rules
of
the
game
–
set
by
different
institutional
authorities
–
may
be
different.
In
this
league,
we
not
only
allow
balls
to
bounce
back
into
play
from
the
boards,
but
there
are
no
off-‐sides
and
there
are
also
rules
about
women
members
in
the
teams.
In
outdoor
games,
we
might
also
consider
things
like
the
weather
and
crowd
support.
And
we
shouldn’t
forget
another
very
important
external
factor
–
the
competition.
What
are
their
strengths,
weaknesses
and
behavioral
patterns?
Our
strategies
should
ideally
be
adapted
to
all
of
these
external
conditions,
including
our
competitors.
More
importantly,
we
should
attempt
to
use
strategies
that
align
our
internal
strengths
and
abilities
as
a
team
with
the
external
environment
in
the
most
effective
way.
Perhaps
our
rival
team
has
slow
defenders
and
we
have
fast
forwards
who
can
get
past
them.
Or
maybe
we
can
use
the
deflections
off
the
side
boards
effectively
to
maybe
win
this
game.
We’ll
see
if
any
of
that
actually
happens
today.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
5]
This
idea
of
aligning
internal
aspects
of
an
organization
with
the
external
environment
is
another
core
idea
in
strategy,
which
is
called
strategic
fit.
The
central
insight
is
that
finding
a
15
good
strategic
fit
between
a
company’s
organization
–
its
values,
capabilities,
systems,
etc.
–
and
its
external
environment
is
critical
to
ensuring
the
performance
and
long
run
success
of
the
company.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
6]
An
early
strategy
framework
that
incorporates
this
idea
of
strategic
fit,
and
to
a
lesser
extent
coherence,
is
the
SWOT
framework.
SWOT
stands
for
strengths,
weaknesses,
opportunities
and
threats,
and
the
general
idea
with
this
framework
is
that
managers
should
examine
each
of
these
four
elements
and
seek
to
draw
strategic
conclusions
for
the
company.
One
thing
that
you
should
notice
right
away
is
that
strengths
and
weaknesses
relate
to
internal
elements
of
the
company,
and
opportunities
and
threats
relate
to
the
external
environment.
So,
the
idea
of
aligning
these
two
–
the
idea
of
strategic
fit
–
is
quite
central
to
this
framework.
You
could
also
see
elements
of
the
idea
of
coherence
in
the
framework,
especially
in
its
strengths
and
weaknesses
half.
SWOT
is
still
widely
used
in
business,
in
part
because
of
an
older
generation
of
managers
who
are
very
familiar
with
it,
and
in
part
because
it
is
so
intuitive
and
easy
to
understand.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
7]
To
understand
how
SWOT
can
be
used
in
practice
let
us
apply
it
to
the
giant
energy
company
ExxonMobil.
Looking
at
this
chart,
you
will
notice
that
I
have
listed
some
of
the
company’s
main
strengths
and
weaknesses,
as
well
as
some
opportunities
and
threats
for
the
company.
You
may
pause
the
video
here
and
take
a
minute
to
go
through
them.
Among
the
opportunities,
I
think
the
possibility
of
buying
up
cheap
energy
assets
while
prices
are
low
is
particularly
attractive
for
this
company.
Among
the
threats,
low
energy
prices
and
advances
non-‐fossil
fuel
renewable
technologies
like
solar
are
big
ones.
Given
ExxonMobil’s
strengths
in
fossil
fuels,
and
weaknesses
in
non-‐fossil
renewable
energy,
the
last
of
these
threats
might
be
the
most
worrisome
for
the
company.
When
applying
the
SWOT
framework,
the
idea
is
that
one
identifies
these
kinds
of
issues
and
acts
on
them.
So
for
example,
ExxonMobil
could
decide
to
get
more
active
in
renewables
–
maybe
doing
more
research
or
acquiring
a
renewables
company
–
after
conducting
such
an
analysis.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
8]
16
Despite
its
intuitive
appeal,
the
SWOT
framework
has
some
important
drawbacks.
The
analysis
is
often
at
a
very
high
abstract
level
and
open
ended,
with
very
little
guidance
on
what
exactly
should
be
analyzed.
So,
the
exercise
is
extremely
subjective.
Also,
what
aspects
should
be
put
into
each
of
the
four
categories
is
often
confusing.
For
example,
people
are
often
confused
by
whether
a
change
constitutes
an
opportunity
or
a
threat.
Think
about
renewables
for
example
–
with
a
couple
of
acquisitions,
ExxonMobil
could
easily
turn
it
into
an
opportunity
from
a
threat.
And
similarly
what
is
defined
as
a
strength
or
a
weakness
can
also
be
murky.
[Lesson
3,
Slide
9]
Moreover,
the
SWOT
framework
doesn’t
really
have
a
clear
connection
to
specific
courses
of
action,
and
especially
to
eventual
company
performance,
so
it
is
hard
to
know
what
to
do
with
it
even
after
the
analysis
is
complete.
So,
I
recommend
that
SWOT
should
only
be
your
starting
point
in
strategic
analysis.
The
framework
is
useful
if
you
wish
to
easily
communicate
and
establish
a
rapport
with
a
broad
audience.
But
to
develop
deeper
strategic
insights,
use
other
frameworks.
[Lesson
3,
Slide10]
To
summarize,
in
this
module
you
learnt
about
three
main
topics.
You
learned
about
the
role
played
by
a
company’s
mission,
vision
and
values
and
how
to
get
them
right.
Second
you
learned
about
business
models
–
what
they
are,
and
why
they
are
important.
You
also
learned
a
useful
framework
–
VARS
–
for
analyzing
business
models,
which
you
will
soon
be
able
to
use
in
your
case
exercise.
And
last
but
not
least,
you
learned
about
two
key
ideas
in
strategy
–
coherence
and
fit
–
and
also
a
little
bit
about
the
well-‐established
SWOT
framework.
17