Distributed Algorithms

Distributed Computing
• What is a distributed computing system ?
A distributed system is a model in which components located on
networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by
passing messages. The components interact with each other in order to
achieve a common goal.
The topology of a distributed system is represented by a graph
where the nodes represent processes, and the links represent
communication channels.

Distributed Algorithm
Distributed algorithms for various graph theoretic problems
have numerous applications in distributed computing system.
• Topology of a DS is represented by a graph

• A network of processes. The nodes are processes, and the

edges are communication channels.
Parallel vs Distributed
• In both parallel and distributed systems, the events are
partially ordered.
• The distinction between parallel and distributed is not always
very clear.
• In parallel systems, the primarily issues are
- speed-up and increased data handling capability.
• In distributed systems the primary issues are
- fault-tolerance, synchronization, scalability, etc.
Parallel Vs Distributed
• Tightly coupled systems
• Parallel processing systems.

• Loosely coupled systems

• Distributed computing
systems.
Examples
• Large networks are very commonplace these days. Think of
the world wide web.
Other examples are:
- Social Networks
- Sensor networks
- BitTorrent for downloading video / audio
- Skype for making free audio and video communication
- Computational grids
- Network of mobile robots
Why distributed systems???
• Geographic distribution of processes
• Resource sharing (example: P2P networks, grids)
• Computation speed up (as in a grid)
• Fault tolerance
• etc.
Important Services
• Internet banking
•Web search
• Net meeting
• Distance education
• Internet auction
• Google earth
• Skype
• Video distribution
• Publish subscribe
Important issues
• Knowledge is local
• Clocks are not synchronized
• No shared address space
• Topology and routing : everything is dynamic
• Scalability: all solutions do not scale well
• Processes and links fail: Fault tolerance
Common measures
• Space complexity
How much space is needed per process to run an
algorithm? (measured in terms of N, the size of the network)
• Time complexity
What is the max. time (number of steps) needed to
complete the execution of the algorithm?
• Message complexity
How many message are needed to complete the execution
of the algorithm?
Socket Programming

Nidhi Joraviya
Agenda
• Introduction
• Elements of Client Server Computing
• Networking Basics
• Understanding Ports and Sockets
• Java Sockets
• Implementing a Server
• Implementing a Client
• Sample Examples
• Conclusions
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Introduction
• Internet and WWW have emerged as global ubiquitous
media for communication and changing the way we
conduct science, engineering, and commerce.
• They also changing the way we learn, live, enjoy,
communicate, interact, engage, etc. It appears like the
modern life activities are getting completely centered
around the Internet.

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Internet Applications Serving Local and Remote Users

PC client

Internet
Server
Local Area Network

PDA
15
Increased demand for Internet applications
• To take advantage of opportunities presented by the Internet,
businesses are continuously seeking new and innovative ways and
means for offering their services via the Internet.
• This created a huge demand for software designers with skills to
create new Internet-enabled applications or migrate existing/legacy
applications on the Internet platform.
• Object-oriented Java technologies—Sockets, threads, RMI,
clustering, Web services-- have emerged as leading solutions for
creating portable, efficient, and maintainable large and complex
Internet applications.

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Elements of C-S Computing
a client, a server, and network

t
es
qu
Re
Client
Server
Network
Re
su
lt

Client machine
Server machine

17
Networking Basics
• Applications Layer • TCP/IP Stack
• Standard apps
• HTTP
• FTP Application
• Telnet
• User apps (http,ftp,telnet,…)
• Transport Layer Transport
• TCP (TCP, UDP,..)
• UDP
• Programming Interface: Network
• Sockets (IP,..)
• Network Layer
• IP Link
• Link Layer (device driver,..)
• Device drivers

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Networking Basics
• TCP (Transport Control Protocol) is • TCP/IP Stack
a connection-oriented protocol
that provides a reliable flow of Application
data between two computers. (http,ftp,telnet,…)
• Example applications: Transport
• HTTP (TCP, UDP,..)
• FTP
Network
• Telnet
(IP,..)
Link
(device driver,..)

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Networking Basics
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a protocol that sends independent packets
of data, called datagrams, from one computer to another with no
guarantees about arrival.
• Example applications:
• Clock server
• Ping

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Understanding Ports
P

• The TCP and UDP protocols o
 TCP
server
use ports to map incoming r
 Client
data to a particular process t
running on a computer.

app app app app

port port port port

TCP or UDP
Packet
Data port# 21
data
Understanding Ports
• Port is represented by a positive (16-bit) integer value
• Some ports have been reserved to support common/well known
services:
• ftp 21/tcp
• telnet 23/tcp
• smtp 25/tcp
• login 513/tcp
• User level process/services generally use port number value >=
1024

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Sockets
• Sockets provide an interface for programming networks at the transport
layer.
• Network communication using Sockets is very much similar to performing
file I/O
• In fact, socket handle is treated like file handle.
• The streams used in file I/O operation are also applicable to socket-based I/O
• Socket-based communication is programming language independent.
• That means, a socket program written in Java language can also communicate to a
program written in Java or non-Java socket program.

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Communication Diagram
24
Socket Communication
• A server (program) runs on a specific computer and has a
socket that is bound to a specific port. The server waits and
listens to the socket for a client to make a connection request.

Connection request
port

server
Client

25
Socket Communication
• If everything goes well, the server accepts the connection. Upon
acceptance, the server gets a new socket bounds to a different port. It
needs a new socket (consequently a different port number) so that it can
continue to listen to the original socket for connection requests while
serving the connected client.
port

server

port
Client
port Connection

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Sockets and Java Socket Classes
• A socket is an endpoint of a two-way communication link
between two programs running on the network.
• A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can
identify the application that data destined to be sent.
• Java’s .net package provides two classes:
• Socket – for implementing a client
• ServerSocket – for implementing a server

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Java Sockets
Server ServerSocket(1234)

Output/write stream Client

Input/read stream

Socket(“128.250.25.158”, 1234)
It can be host_name like “mandroo.cs.mu.oz.au” 28
Implementing a Server
1. Open the Server Socket:
ServerSocket server;
DataOutputStream os;
DataInputStream is;
server = new ServerSocket( PORT );
2. Wait for the Client Request:
Socket client = server.accept();
3. Create I/O streams for communicating to the client
is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() );
os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() );
4. Perform communication with client
Receive from client: String line = is.readLine();
Send to client: os.writeBytes("Hello\n");
5. Close sockets: client.close();
For multithreaded server:
while(true) {
i. wait for client requests (step 2 above)
ii. create a thread with “client” socket as parameter (the thread creates streams (as in step (3) and does
communication as stated in (4). Remove thread once service is provided.
} 29
Implementing a Client
1. Create a Socket Object:
client = new Socket( server, port_id );
2. Create I/O streams for communicating with the server.
is = new DataInputStream(client.getInputStream() );
os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() );
3. Perform I/O or communication with the server:
• Receive data from the server:
String line = is.readLine();
• Send data to the server:
os.writeBytes("Hello\n");
4. Close the socket when done:
client.close();
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A simple server (simplified code)
// SimpleServer.java: a simple server program

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

public class SimpleServer {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

// Register service on port 1234

ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(1234);

Socket s1=s.accept(); // Wait and accept a connection

// Get a communication stream associated with the socket

OutputStream s1out = s1.getOutputStream();

DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream (s1out);

// Send a string!

dos.writeUTF("Hi there");

// Close the connection, but not the server socket

dos.close();

s1out.close();

s1.close();

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A simple client (simplified code)
// SimpleClient.java: a simple client program
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class SimpleClient {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

// Open your connection to a server, at port 1234

Socket s1 = new Socket("mundroo.cs.mu.oz.au",1234);
// Get an input file handle from the socket and read the input
InputStream s1In = s1.getInputStream();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(s1In);

String st = new String (dis.readUTF());

System.out.println(st);
// When done, just close the connection and exit
dis.close();
s1In.close();

s1.close();
}
}

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Run
• Run Server on mundroo.cs.mu.oz.au
• [raj@mundroo] java SimpleServer

• Run Client on any machine (including mundroo):

• [raj@mundroo] java SimpleClient
Hi there

• If you run client when server is not up:

• [raj@mundroo] sockets [1:147] java SimpleClient
Exception in thread "main" java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(Native Method)
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.doConnect(PlainSocketImpl.java:320)
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(PlainSocketImpl.java:133)
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(PlainSocketImpl.java:120)
at java.net.Socket.<init>(Socket.java:273)
at java.net.Socket.<init>(Socket.java:100)
at SimpleClient.main(SimpleClient.java:6)

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Socket Exceptions
try {
Socket client = new Socket(host, port); handleConnection(client);
}
catch(UnknownHostException uhe) { System.out.println("Unknown host: " +
host); uhe.printStackTrace();
}
catch(IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IOException: " + ioe); ioe.printStackTrace();
}

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Server in Loop: Always up
// SimpleServerLoop.java: a simple server program that runs forever in a single thead

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

public class SimpleServerLoop {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

// Register service on port 1234

ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(1234);

while(true)

Socket s1=s.accept(); // Wait and accept a connection

// Get a communication stream associated with the socket

OutputStream s1out = s1.getOutputStream();

DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream (s1out);

// Send a string!

dos.writeUTF("Hi there");

// Close the connection, but not the server socket

dos.close();

s1out.close();

s1.close();

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Multithreaded Server: For Serving Multiple
Clients Concurrently

Client 1 Process Server Process

Server
Threads
■ Internet

Client 2 Process

36
Conclusion
• Programming client/server applications in Java is fun and
challenging.
• Programming socket programming in Java is much easier than
doing it in other languages such as C.
• Keywords:
• Clients, servers, TCP/IP, port number, sockets, Java sockets

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Socket Programming in C